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244:. Argumosa, a Spanish parapsychologist, spent two years evaluating what he believed was a Gothic mystery, but published nothing on the subject either. Bender did mention the case in passing and referred to it in some of his lectures. His crucial statement referred to the sealing of areas of the floor where some faces were in progress with a transparent plastic material:
165:(Sociology of the miracle): the first book that a skeptic has written about this case exclusively. Throughout his book Serrano interviews dozens of Bélmez inhabitants but he never mentions anyone by name. However, Serrano's study is a contribution to explain the social dynamics of what he believes was a hoax perpetrated for financial gain.
224:(The bald one) could indicate that an aluminum-type cement was being dealt with. However, in his report Alonso does not indicate the percentage of said cation, nor its structure, resistance to compression, elasticity module, chemical resistance or other characteristics necessary to differentiate a Portland cement from an aluminum cement.
136:, Luis Ruiz-Noguez noted that the presence of three cations used as pigments in the manufacture of paint must be mentioned: zinc, lead and chromium. Two of these, lead and chromium, lay the foundation for suspecting the use of paint in making the Bélmez faces. Ruiz-Noguez postulated that lead was used for several reasons:
183:
asked Jordán to head a commission that appointed diverse technicians specializing in concrete chemistry to carry out an exhaustive study of the strange occurrences in Bélmez and present a report on such to the authorities. In the report Jordán deals with several possibilities of fraud: "pigmentation
467:
María Gómez, the purported psychic that allegedly produced the appearances, died in
February 2004 at the age of 85. After her death the popular psychic researcher Pedro Amorós tried to "discover" more thoughtographic appearances in Gómez's house. A new wave of Bélmez faces thus took place. However,
450:
After extracting samples from the faces under the house owner's permission, Gracenea proceeded to analyze them and concluded that the images "weren't made with paint" and "according to scientific knowledge and techniques employed in the analysis, there is no external manipulation or elements" in the
106:
Reports of appearances in Bélmez began on 23 August 1971, when María Gómez Cámara claimed that a human face formed spontaneously on her concrete kitchen floor. María's husband, Juan
Pereira and their son, Miguel, destroyed the image with a pickaxe and new concrete was laid down. However, the Pereira
384:
Luis Ruiz-Noguez believes that the most likely explanation for the visual effect of the Bélmez images is Jordán's suggestion of the use of an oxidizing chemical agent. For example, nitric, sulfuric, muriatic, acetic acid, and others, could be used to obtain such an effect. Another explanation might
279:
or ICV (Institute of
Ceramics and Glass), with samples from two of the faces recovered by Father J.M. Pilón's team in September 1990. The samples, one 30 milligrams, the other 60 milligrams, were subjected to various tests such as granulometric, mineralogical and chemical. According to Carballal,
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easily attacked by acids); (2) products that leave the cement intact but change their chemical structure upon contact with external agents such as light or chemical reagents; and (3) the utilization of a pigment in a vehicle or resin, as discussed by Ruiz-Noguez in his commentary on the ICV chart.
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In general, there may be at least three chemical sources capable of producing an effect similar to that of the Bélmez faces: (1) Products that affect the chemical structure of the cement which include some oxidizing agents and several acids (all types of cement are of alkaline nature and therefore
153:
The ICV analysis does not demonstrate the non-existence of paint. On the other hand, Ruiz-Noguez also points to several objections to the hypothesis of utilization of paint on the ICV samples: alkydalic-type enamels do not withstand abrasion; paint leaves a film that is easily differentiated from
83:
Various faces have supposedly appeared and disappeared at irregular intervals since 1971 and have been frequently photographed by the local newspapers and curious visitors. Many Bélmez residents believe that the faces were not made by human hand. Some paranormal investigators believe that it is a
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In general, artificial cement is made from limestone, clay and gypsum (natural cements are obtained from rocks containing lime and clay). The main components are lime and kaolinitic clay. There are some cements such as the aluminous, derived from aluminous and lime materials, that are black
280:"The result, expressed in extremely abridged form, was that no traces of paint were found at any place." Carballal does not mention which faces were analyzed, nor which part of the faces correspond to each of the samples, nor what kind of mineralogical or chemical analysis was performed.
216:, the journal of the Spanish Society of Parapsychology. However, the results are ambiguous on the subject of how the images were formed. Also, Alonso refused to wield judgment on the thoughtographic claims. However, his analysis did confirm the presence of a melanocratic compound.
114:(The House of the Faces). By Easter of 1972 hundreds of people were flocking to the house to see the faces. For the next 30 years the Pereira family claimed that faces continued to appear, both male and female and of different shapes, sizes and expressions.
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With regard to the enigma of the chemical procedure, I solved it by discovering that this compound can be found in any drugstore by asking for a German product to remove concrete stains. that the images were invisible and latent for some time is thereby
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has written that "the faces were shown to have been painted on the concrete floor, the first with paint and later with acid, and the woman living in the house found to be perpetrating a hoax on the public for financial gain."
240:. They collaborated in Bélmez and Freiburg in the early 1970s when the alleged phenomena began. Neither Bender nor de Argumosa published an official report on them. Bender wrote very little about the case in his journal
481:, which has the double meaning of "The Faces of Bélmez" and "The Scoundrels of Bélmez", where they explain the history of the scam and pointed to María's son, Diego Pereira, as author of the mysterious paintings.
184:
with a dark, brownish substance", "a mixture of soot and vinegar" and "the aggressive action of a chemical compound". In an interview by two members of the
Spanish Society of Parapsychology, Jordán stated:
385:
be the use of agents sensitive to light (which was not mentioned in either Jordán's or Perera's repertoire of forgery hypotheses): silver nitrate which, when subjected to ultraviolet sunlight, darkens.
211:
Besides the ICV's, there are other chemical analysis on the Bélmez faces, performed by J.J. Alonso, a researcher of the
Spanish National Research Council. The Alonso report was originally published in
924:
201:
Through infrared photography we saw that this one had added pigmentation , and even the paint brush bristles could be perceived. Of course, after that we had no doubts it had been painted.
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faces. Alamancos then attempted to reproduce similar images through the variety of methods considered valid in previous investigations, including but not limited to concrete solvents,
193:
In Spain other skeptical parapsychologists have also maintained the forgery hypothesis. Ramos Perera, president of the
Spanish Society of Parapsychology, stated that it was found that
107:
story goes, a new face formed on the floor. The mayor of Bélmez was informed and forbade the destruction of the new face. Instead, the floor concrete was cut out and taken for study.
267:. MacKenzie did not speak Spanish and during his stay in Bélmez lacked an interpreter. Only a taxi driver and Martínez-Romero's son were able to assist him, though very little.
248:
In Bélmez, slight changes of the faces' configuration during the period when the phenomenon was under seal (attested by a notary) have contributed to ensure its paranormal origin.
69:
phenomenon in a private house in Spain. The phenomenon started in 1971 when residents claimed images of extremely unsettling faces appeared in the concrete floor of the house.
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is a collection of anecdotes. Argumosa who used to be the main defender of this case in Spain, believes that Martínez-Romero discredited the phenomenon with his book.
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The most common and cheapest primary colors are enamels that contain lead; these enamels are widely used in the home, since they are easy to apply.
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396:. Presently this old face is fading out in the dark, humid cement as can be seen in the photographs of a website. Skeptical investigator
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432:, carried on a technical analysis in order to discover the possible hoax. The research was realized by José Javier Gracenea, doctor in
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681:
Alonso, J.J. (1976). "Informe acerca de unas muestras traídas para su análisis al
Instituto Hidrológico y Mineralógico de Valencia".
459:. He declared failure in his attempt to replicate the faces, concluding "the words summarizing opinion are absolute bewilderment."
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443:, chairman of Gabinete Pericial Inpeval and director of the Spanish Institute of Applied Criminalistics, later awarded with the
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According to Ramos Perera, hypothesis #3 was the case of the first "wall face" appearance of Bélmez: the ghastly face known as
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Although José Luis Jordán was vice-president of the
Spanish Society of Parapsychology, he was rather skeptical. In Jordán's
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have performed extensive tests on the faces and believe that they are fabrications possibly created as part of a
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80:, Andalusia, Spain, the Bélmez faces have been responsible for bringing large numbers of sightseers to Bélmez.
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947:"Las nuevas caras de Bélmez fueron falsificadas por unos 'cazafantasmas' en complicidad con el ayuntamiento"
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has written that the Bélmez Faces were deliberately faked, and the faces looked very amateurish in design.
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Tort, César, J.; Luis Ruiz Noguez (1993). "Are the faces of Bélmez permanent paranormal objects?".
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Tort, César, J.; Luis Ruiz Noguez (1993). "Are the faces of Bélmez permanent paranormal objects?".
567:
Tort, César, J.; Luis Ruiz Noguez (1993). "Are the faces of Bélmez permanent paranormal objects?".
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In May 2007, journalist Javier
Cavanilles and investigator Francisco Máñez published a book called
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Lead tends to cause dark, difficult-to-see colorations; something that does not happen in chromium.
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The only believer who has published an entire book on the case is José Martínez-Romero. His book
197:, the first and most famous of the Bélmez faces, had coloration and deduced it had been painted:
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the substratum; and the alkydalics' chemical tolerance to acids, alkalis and detergents is low.
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phenomenon, subconsciously produced by the deceased former owner of the house, Maria Cámara.
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The most serious publication to date by a believer appears in the first chapter of the book
98:. It is suspected that the Pereira family may have perpetrated the hoax for financial gain.
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published the article "New Belmez Faces Faked by 'Ghostbusters' and
Municipal Government."
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8:
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547:
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Amorós' claims have been debunked in the Spanish media. In November 2004 the newspaper
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Tort, César (1995). "Bélmez Faces Turned Out to Be Suspiciously Picture-like Images".
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Lead was, for many years, the most commonly used pigment in making the primary colors.
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220:(melanocratic). The presence of aluminum in the analysis of the Bélmez face called
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Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures
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917:"Dr. Luis Alamancos: "La palabra que resume mi opinión es desconcierto absoluto""
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The percentage of chromium in the analysis is too low to be a viable option.
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370:. in 1992 Pilón published the above chart in the popular Spanish magazine
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Institute for Border Areas of Psychology and Psycho-Hygiene's Newsletter
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Sociología del milagro: las caras de Belmez (Barcelona: Barral Editores)
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Sociología del milagro: las caras de Belmez (Barcelona: Barral Editores)
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was later embedded in the wall of María's home for exhibition purposes.
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Scientific studies carried out on a Bélmez face were performed by the
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Los Caras de Bélmez (Valencia, Spain: Redactors i Editors – RIE)
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There have been several investigations into the Bélmez case:
32:
882:"¿Resolvió Íker Jiménez el misterio de las caras de Bélmez?"
1306:
Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
763:
The seen and the unseen (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
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Jiménez, Iker; Lorenzo Fernández (5 May 1991). "unknown?".
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In an article published in the July 1993 issue of the
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ICV is a respectable institution that belongs to the
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Located at the Pereira family home at Calle Real 5,
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Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory
436:and general manager of Medco, and Luis Alamancos,
1518:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
971:
633:Casas encantadas, poltergeist (Barcelona: Noguer)
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1326:International Association for Near-Death Studies
710:
462:
110:María's home was advertised to the tourists as
1387:International Institute for Psychical Research
713:Las caras de Bélmez (Barcelona: Martínez Roca)
517:
515:
1417:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
1026:
815:Journal of the Society for Psychical Research
729:Journal of the Society for Psychical Research
569:Journal of the Society for Psychical Research
232:The main researchers of the Bélmez case were
227:
133:Journal of the Society for Psychical Research
1525:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
989:Los caras de Bélmez – Spanish Kindle edition
911:
909:
907:
831:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
745:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
585:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
157:Manuel Martín Serrano, a sociologist at the
972:Javier Cavanilles, Francisco Máñez (2007).
876:
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696:Bender, Hans (December 1973). "Rundbrief".
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888:. Madrid. 8 September 2014. Archived from
1402:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
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1539:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
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31:
1301:American Society for Psychical Research
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600:
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996:from the original on 19 September 2016
776:Carballal, Manuel (1992). "Más Allá".
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680:
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1657:Reportedly haunted locations in Spain
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927:from the original on 18 February 2019
176:in Spain, including the Bélmez case.
125:
60:
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1316:Institut Métapsychique International
953:from the original on 21 October 2007
852:"Skeptoid #193: The Faces of Belmez"
544:
846:
491:List of allegedly haunted locations
36:A 1992 image of an alleged face in
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1377:British College of Psychic Science
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1546:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
1490:Journal of Scientific Exploration
368:Spanish National Research Council
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181:Spanish Ministry of the Interior
159:Complutense University of Madrid
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616:Serrano, Manuel Martín (1972).
601:Serrano, Manuel Martín (1972).
528:. Prometheus Books. pp. 38–40.
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242:Zeitschrift für Parapsychologie
1407:Oxford Phasmatological Society
1397:Metropolitan Psychical Society
1351:Society for Psychical Research
1175:Parapsychology research at SRI
711:Martínez Romero, José (1978).
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445:European Police Cross of Honor
277:Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio
172:he analyzes cases of supposed
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1:
1476:Journal of Near-Death Studies
1336:Parapsychological Association
1185:Plant perception (paranormal)
662:El Testigo Incómodo de Bélmez
506:
379:
284:Chemical Analysis by ICV (%)
179:In 1971, a department of the
170:Casas Encantadas, Poltergeist
27:Alleged paranormal phenomenon
1372:American Psychical Institute
1331:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
1321:Institute of Noetic Sciences
7:
1110:Electronic voice phenomenon
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161:, wrote a laborious study,
10:
1673:
1438:Skeptics of parapsychology
1392:London Dialectical Society
1311:College of Psychic Studies
761:MacKenzie, Andrew (1987).
631:Jordán, José Luis (1982).
228:Thoughtographic hypothesis
101:
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1483:Journal of Parapsychology
1446:
1433:List of parapsychologists
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1341:Parapsychology Foundation
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1652:Province of Jaén (Spain)
1532:The Roots of Coincidence
1095:Dermo-optical perception
420:investigative journalism
1462:Extrasensory Perception
1455:An Experiment with Time
1382:Cambridge Ghost Society
1115:Extrasensory perception
1065:Apparitional experience
811:De Argumosa, quoted in
725:De Argumosa, quoted in
565:De Argumosa, quoted in
261:The Seen and the Unseen
1160:Out-of-body experience
793:Cite journal requires
414:2014 forensic analysis
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163:Sociología del Milagro
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38:The House of the Faces
1365:Defunct organizations
1346:Rhine Research Center
1150:Near-death experience
265:Andrew Carr MacKenzie
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92:Skeptical researchers
74:Bélmez de la Moraleda
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1294:Active organizations
1180:Past life regression
923:. 8 September 2014.
434:chemical engineering
112:La Casa de las Caras
1604: /
1130:Kirlian photography
1120:Ganzfeld experiment
892:on 18 February 2019
668:12 May 2007 at the
479:Los Caras de Bélmez
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254:Las Caras de Bélmez
1608:37.7238°N 3.3808°W
1090:Deathbed phenomena
685:. 2. (3/4): 77–80.
635:. pp. 144–46.
548:Skeptical Inquirer
463:"New" Bélmez faces
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238:Germán de Argumosa
126:Forgery hypothesis
62:[ˈbel.meθ]
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1637:Paranormal hoaxes
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1205:Psychic detective
1165:Pam Reynolds case
1070:Astral projection
765:. pp. 23–41.
453:hydrochloric acid
403:Brian Dunning of
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118:Investigations
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1255:Spoon bending
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1230:Reincarnation
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555:(Mar/Apr): 4.
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534:1-57392-680-9
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39:
34:
30:
19:
1589:
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1511:Mental Radio
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1447:Publications
1245:Second sight
1195:Precognition
1085:Clairvoyance
1000:19 September
998:. Retrieved
988:
982:
973:
967:
955:. Retrieved
941:
929:. Retrieved
920:
894:. Retrieved
890:the original
885:
861:. Retrieved
855:
842:
827:cite journal
818:
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786:cite journal
777:
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741:cite journal
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581:cite journal
572:
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561:
552:
546:
540:
525:
522:Nickell, Joe
478:
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469:
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449:
430:Iker Jiménez
423:
417:
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393:
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371:
365:
276:
274:
271:ICV analysis
260:
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90:
82:
71:
48:
45:Bélmez Faces
44:
42:
37:
29:
1647:Telekinesis
1611: /
1285:Zener cards
1265:Telekinesis
1225:Pyrokinesis
1220:Psychometry
1190:Poltergeist
931:16 February
896:9 September
441:criminalist
398:Joe Nickell
343:Phosphorus
234:Hans Bender
1626:Categories
1596:37°43′26″N
1280:Xenoglossy
1170:Paranormal
1145:Mediumship
1135:Levitation
1080:Bilocation
957:19 October
921:Cuatro.com
524:. (1993).
507:References
501:Pareidolia
380:Commentary
67:paranormal
1599:3°22′51″W
1270:Telepathy
1105:Ectoplasm
821:: 161–71.
735:: 161–71.
575:: 161–71.
418:In 2014,
332:Chromium
294:Sample B
291:Sample A
1566:Category
994:Archived
951:Archived
925:Archived
857:Skeptoid
780:: 36–43.
666:Archived
650:: 56–57.
485:See also
471:El Mundo
438:forensic
422:TV show
406:Skeptoid
373:Más Allá
222:El Pelao
1578:Commons
1200:Psychic
1051:Outline
863:19 June
837:(p.165)
751:(p.163)
591:(p.164)
394:La Pava
321:Copper
310:Barium
206:La Pava
195:La Pava
189:solved.
102:History
53:Spanish
47:or the
1426:People
1125:Ghosts
1058:Topics
551:. 19.
532:
1075:Auras
360:0.06
357:0.21
354:Lead
349:0.30
346:0.06
338:0.02
335:0.09
327:0.16
324:0.01
316:0.15
313:0.02
305:0.40
302:0.96
299:Zinc
1002:2017
959:2007
933:2019
898:2014
865:2017
833:link
799:help
747:link
648:Jaén
587:link
530:ISBN
455:and
236:and
96:hoax
78:Jaén
43:The
1155:Orb
886:ABC
263:by
1628::
992:.
949:.
919:.
906:^
884:.
873:^
854:.
850:.
829:}}
825:{{
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788:}}
784:{{
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739:{{
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579:{{
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571:.
514:^
447:.
376:.
76:,
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1027:t
1020:v
1004:.
976:.
961:.
935:.
900:.
867:.
835:)
801:)
797:(
749:)
715:.
700:.
605:.
589:)
553:2
51:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
