1999:
200:
2049:
394:
1374:
1899:
1424:
2224:
1199:
2199:
2099:
2249:
36:
1274:
849:
674:
1774:
549:
1674:
1049:
1824:
2274:
1574:
1349:
949:
649:
1474:
1924:
699:
1449:
974:
724:
599:
749:
2024:
1799:
899:
1249:
2149:
1299:
1074:
2299:
799:
2074:
1974:
1949:
1524:
1499:
1024:
2124:
2590:
1099:
2174:
1399:
774:
1724:
1849:
1149:
2605:
1174:
1874:
1324:
1649:
1549:
1224:
624:
1749:
1624:
999:
574:
924:
1599:
874:
824:
524:
1124:
1699:
72:
against the tower, and chose names of those who had distinguished themselves since 1789. The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about 60 cm (24 in) tall, and were originally painted in gold. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of
77:
contracts to operate the Tower. The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour. There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well.
199:
393:
296:
102:
297:
103:
206:
2615:
400:
2414:
17:
2655:
2609:
2337:
Fourteen hydraulic engineers and scholars are listed on the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading scientists in the field.
91:
The list is split in four parts (one for each side of the tower). The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces:
2630:
1359:
370:
659:
427:
303:
2660:
2571:
2533:
2480:
109:
73:
the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of
2516:
Chanson, Hubert (13 April 2009). "Hydraulic
Engineering Legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower". In Rogers, Jerry R. (ed.).
2321:, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself.
1998:
2034:
1384:
374:
140:
152:
2418:
2184:
164:
2650:
2451:
609:
419:
2391:
2518:
Great Rivers
History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium
2209:
1984:
168:
132:
2670:
2635:
1584:
237:
2645:
2346:
2234:
1659:
1234:
350:
249:
172:
2640:
834:
455:
64:
men (scientists, engineers, and mathematicians) are engraved in recognition of their contributions.
1959:
1373:
1259:
354:
128:
1898:
1759:
265:
2341:
is missing; some of his work did not come into wide use until the 20th century. Also missing are
1423:
984:
809:
451:
310:
2500:
2325:
is not included, yet she has saved several people’s lives, whilst sacrificing her own. In 1913,
2223:
1809:
273:
69:
2564:
Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour
2555:
Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour
2468:
2048:
1559:
1184:
342:
233:
2502:
Women in
Science: With an Introductory Chapter on Women's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind
2009:
136:
2665:
2441:
2134:
1909:
1484:
1459:
1409:
909:
634:
467:
423:
221:
217:
209:
156:
120:
1284:
358:
2378:
1109:
934:
709:
584:
471:
435:
415:
330:
8:
2496:
2326:
2084:
1709:
1198:
884:
734:
534:
463:
439:
407:
257:
148:
1034:
383:
318:
1059:
322:
2350:
2109:
1434:
213:
189:
2567:
2529:
2476:
2447:
2059:
1934:
784:
447:
346:
144:
124:
2198:
1784:
859:
459:
269:
2521:
2354:
2317:
The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of
1509:
1009:
314:
225:
2342:
1634:
245:
2553:
2358:
2098:
1084:
326:
2284:
1159:
338:
180:
2318:
2248:
2159:
1884:
1734:
1309:
759:
684:
443:
431:
261:
160:
116:
65:
1273:
848:
673:
2624:
2595:
2259:
1834:
1773:
1609:
1334:
1134:
366:
334:
277:
241:
176:
2525:
1859:
1684:
1673:
559:
548:
411:
362:
253:
112:
57:
1823:
35:
2338:
2322:
2273:
1573:
1534:
1348:
1048:
959:
948:
648:
509:
403:
306:
229:
1923:
1473:
1448:
1209:
973:
723:
698:
598:
2023:
1798:
1248:
898:
748:
2298:
2148:
1298:
1073:
2073:
1973:
1948:
798:
2123:
1523:
1498:
1023:
286:
68:
chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the
1098:
2173:
1723:
1398:
773:
2353:. Other famous French mathematicians are missing from the list:
1848:
1148:
2604:
1873:
1323:
1173:
61:
2349:, who was early in his career at the time; and mathematician
1648:
1548:
2329:
suggested that
Germain was excluded because she was a woman.
1748:
1223:
623:
74:
1623:
998:
573:
923:
1598:
873:
823:
1123:
523:
1698:
483:
In the table below are all the names on the four sides.
95:
The North-East side (also known as La
Bourdonnais side)
2520:. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 1–7.
2585:
2332:
2471:. In Grinstein, Louise S.; Campbell, Paul (eds.).
2622:
2473:Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook
28:
2443:The Tallest Tower: Eiffel And The Belle Epoque
2509:
2433:
2616:Paris streets named for the 72 scientists
2515:
2439:
382:The North West side (also known as the
285:The South-West side (also known as the
188:The South-East side (also known as the
50:The location of the names on the tower
14:
2623:
2561:
2551:
2446:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 100–101.
2495:
660:Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph BĂ©langer
614:civil engineer and hydraulic engineer
2656:Science and technology halls of fame
2466:
664:mathematician and hydraulic engineer
24:
2545:
25:
2682:
2631:Lists of people by honor or award
2581:
2603:
2588:
2505:. D. Appleton. pp. 154–157.
2417:. La Tour Eiffel. Archived from
2333:Hydraulic engineers and scholars
2297:
2272:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2172:
2147:
2122:
2097:
2072:
2047:
2022:
1997:
1972:
1947:
1922:
1897:
1872:
1847:
1822:
1797:
1772:
1747:
1722:
1697:
1672:
1647:
1622:
1597:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1497:
1472:
1447:
1422:
1397:
1372:
1347:
1322:
1297:
1272:
1247:
1222:
1197:
1172:
1147:
1122:
1097:
1072:
1047:
1022:
997:
972:
947:
922:
897:
872:
847:
822:
797:
772:
747:
722:
697:
672:
647:
622:
597:
572:
547:
522:
392:
295:
198:
101:
34:
18:The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
885:Claude-Louis Marie Henri Navier
2489:
2460:
2407:
2384:
2371:
1385:Jacques Charles François Sturm
1114:agronomist, chemist, physicist
610:Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse
13:
1:
2566:(in French). Hachette Livre.
2475:. Greenwood. pp. 47–55.
2401:
2339:Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy
1985:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
2661:Tourist attractions in Paris
2610:72 names on the Eiffel Tower
2469:"Sophie Germain (1776–1831)"
2307:
2185:Marie François Xavier Bichat
1489:civil engineer and physicist
1364:geographer and mathematician
1214:physician and anthropologist
714:mathematician and astronomer
7:
2392:Nicolas LĂ©onard Sadi Carnot
1814:mathematician and physicist
1689:mathematician and physicist
1585:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
814:mathematician and physicist
86:
10:
2687:
2347:Joseph Valentin Boussinesq
2189:anatomist and physiologist
1164:engineer and industrialist
1739:engineer and metallurgist
2562:Barral, Georges (2013).
2552:Barral, Georges (1892).
2440:Harriss, Joseph (1975).
2390:not to be confused with
2377:not to be confused with
2364:
2312:
2210:François Clément Sauvage
1960:Albert Auguste Perdonnet
1789:astronomer and physicist
1260:Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis
478:
2345:, who was less famous;
2235:Théophile-Jules Pelouze
1660:Charles-Eugène Delaunay
1235:Antoine CĂ©sar Becquerel
985:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
81:
2214:engineer and geologist
2114:engineer and physicist
2039:physicist and inventor
1560:Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen
1264:engineer and scientist
1185:Louis Didier Jousselin
939:agronomist and chemist
835:Michel Eugène Chevreul
2651:French mathematicians
2497:Mozen, H. J. (pseud.)
2135:Jean-Charles de Borda
1910:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz
1760:Louis Jacques Thénard
1485:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
1464:chemist and physicist
1460:Henri Victor Regnault
1410:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
910:Adrien-Marie Legendre
739:physicist and chemist
635:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
564:engineer and mechanic
2612:at Wikimedia Commons
2558:(in French). Savine.
2381:, automobile pioneer
2379:Jules-Albert de Dion
1810:Siméon Denis Poisson
1110:Jean-Augustin Barral
935:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
710:Pierre-Simon Laplace
585:Jean-Victor Poncelet
2671:Paris-related lists
2636:Lists of scientists
2526:10.1061/41032(344)1
2467:Gray, Mary (1978).
2421:on 15 February 2008
2415:"The 72 Scientists"
2327:John Augustine Zahm
2085:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
2010:Étienne-Louis Malus
735:Pierre Louis Dulong
1889:artist and chemist
1285:Jean-François Cail
1060:Louis Le Chatelier
810:André-Marie Ampère
2646:French scientists
2608:Media related to
2573:978-2-01-285936-4
2535:978-0-7844-1032-5
2482:978-0-313-24849-8
2305:
2304:
2060:Camille Polonceau
1935:Urbain Le Verrier
785:Antoine Lavoisier
54:
53:
16:(Redirected from
2678:
2641:French engineers
2607:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2577:
2559:
2540:
2539:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2355:Joseph Liouville
2301:
2276:
2251:
2226:
2201:
2176:
2151:
2126:
2101:
2076:
2051:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1851:
1826:
1801:
1776:
1751:
1726:
1701:
1676:
1651:
1626:
1601:
1576:
1551:
1526:
1510:Gaspard de Prony
1501:
1476:
1451:
1426:
1401:
1376:
1360:François Perrier
1351:
1326:
1301:
1276:
1251:
1226:
1201:
1176:
1151:
1126:
1101:
1076:
1051:
1035:Eugène Schneider
1026:
1010:Hippolyte Fizeau
1001:
976:
951:
926:
901:
876:
851:
826:
801:
776:
751:
726:
701:
676:
651:
626:
601:
576:
551:
526:
486:
485:
396:
299:
202:
105:
38:
29:
21:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2621:
2620:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2574:
2548:
2546:Further reading
2543:
2536:
2514:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2359:Charles Hermite
2351:Évariste Galois
2335:
2315:
2310:
2294:
2269:
2244:
2219:
2194:
2169:
2144:
2119:
2110:Émile Clapeyron
2094:
2069:
2044:
2019:
1994:
1969:
1944:
1919:
1894:
1869:
1844:
1819:
1794:
1769:
1744:
1719:
1694:
1669:
1644:
1619:
1594:
1569:
1544:
1519:
1494:
1469:
1444:
1435:Eugène Belgrand
1419:
1394:
1369:
1344:
1319:
1294:
1269:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1144:
1119:
1094:
1085:Pierre Berthier
1069:
1044:
1019:
994:
969:
944:
919:
894:
869:
844:
819:
794:
769:
744:
719:
694:
669:
644:
619:
594:
569:
544:
519:
481:
476:
475:
474:
402:
397:
379:
378:
377:
305:
300:
282:
281:
280:
208:
203:
190:Military School
185:
184:
183:
111:
106:
89:
84:
45:
44:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2583:
2582:External links
2580:
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2319:Sophie Germain
2314:
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2302:
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2160:Joseph Fourier
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1890:
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1885:Louis Daguerre
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1790:
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1785:François Arago
1782:
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1777:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1757:
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1752:
1745:
1742:
1740:
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1735:Charles Combes
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1712:
1710:René Just Haüy
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1345:
1342:
1340:
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1332:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:Jacques Triger
1307:
1303:
1302:
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1290:
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1002:
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907:
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902:
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882:
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877:
870:
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864:civil engineer
862:
860:Eugène Flachat
857:
853:
852:
845:
842:
840:
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832:
828:
827:
820:
817:
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812:
807:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
782:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:Michel Chasles
757:
753:
752:
745:
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740:
737:
732:
728:
727:
720:
717:
715:
712:
707:
703:
702:
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692:
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687:
685:Georges Cuvier
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553:
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542:
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535:JĂ©rĂ´me Lalande
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2666:Eiffel Tower
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2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2409:
2386:
2373:
2336:
2316:
2285:Gabriel Lamé
1860:Jules Petiet
1714:mineralogist
1685:Arthur Morin
1160:Ernest GoĂĽin
1089:mineralogist
1056:LE CHATELIER
560:Henri Tresca
482:
323:Le Chatelier
90:
58:Eiffel Tower
55:
33:
26:
2323:Marie Curie
1535:Louis Vicat
960:Jules Jamin
510:Marc Seguin
2625:Categories
2453:0395204402
2425:31 January
2402:References
1989:astronomer
1939:astronomer
1931:LE VERRIER
1664:astronomer
1210:Paul Broca
981:GAY-LUSSAC
689:naturalist
539:astronomer
495:Occupation
311:Gay-Lussac
125:Le Verrier
2394:, his son
2308:Criticism
2106:CLAPEYRON
2056:POLONCEAU
2014:physicist
1956:PERDONNET
1639:physicist
1589:physicist
1239:physicist
1231:BECQUEREL
1181:JOUSSELIN
1031:SCHNEIDER
1014:physicist
964:physicist
781:LAVOISIER
501:Portrait
492:Full name
448:Lavoisier
384:Trocadéro
351:Becquerel
343:Jousselin
319:Schneider
153:Clapeyron
145:Polonceau
129:Perdonnet
2499:(1913).
2064:engineer
1981:DELAMBRE
1964:engineer
1881:DAGUERRE
1864:engineer
1839:geometer
1656:DELAUNAY
1631:FOUCAULT
1539:engineer
1514:engineer
1506:DE PRONY
1456:REGNAULT
1439:engineer
1431:BELGRAND
1339:engineer
1314:engineer
1256:CORIOLIS
1189:engineer
1139:engineer
1081:BERTHIER
1064:engineer
906:LEGENDRE
831:CHEVREUL
764:geometer
656:BELANGER
631:LAGRANGE
589:geometer
581:PONCELET
514:engineer
498:Location
468:Legendre
456:Chevreul
428:Belanger
424:Lagrange
416:Poncelet
355:Coriolis
327:Berthier
287:Grenelle
250:Delaunay
246:Foucault
226:De Prony
218:Regnault
214:Belgrand
133:Delambre
117:Daguerre
87:Location
70:protests
2239:chemist
2231:PELOUZE
2206:SAUVAGE
2156:FOURIER
2089:chemist
2031:BREGUET
1914:chemist
1806:POISSON
1764:chemist
1756:THENARD
1606:POINSOT
1581:COULOMB
1564:chemist
1556:EBELMEN
1481:FRESNEL
1356:PERRIER
1331:GIFFARD
1131:DE DION
989:chemist
931:CHAPTAL
856:FLACHAT
839:chemist
789:chemist
756:CHASLES
706:LAPLACE
531:LALANDE
472:Chaptal
460:Flachat
444:Chasles
436:Laplace
408:Lalande
371:Perrier
367:Giffard
335:De Dion
274:Poisson
266:Thénard
242:Poinsot
238:Coulomb
234:Ebelmen
222:Fresnel
173:Pelouze
169:Sauvage
161:Fourier
141:Breguet
56:On the
2570:
2532:
2479:
2450:
2256:CARNOT
2181:BICHAT
1856:PETIET
1731:COMBES
1406:CAUCHY
1306:TRIGER
1106:BARRAL
1006:FIZEAU
881:NAVIER
806:AMPERE
731:DULONG
681:CUVIER
606:BRESSE
556:TRESCA
506:SEGUIN
464:Navier
452:Ampère
440:Dulong
432:Cuvier
420:Bresse
412:Tresca
404:Seguin
363:Triger
331:Barral
315:Fizeau
262:Combes
210:Cauchy
177:Carnot
165:Bichat
113:Petiet
62:French
42:
2365:Notes
2313:Women
2131:BORDA
2081:DUMAS
2006:MALUS
1906:WURTZ
1831:MONGE
1781:ARAGO
1681:MORIN
1531:VICAT
1381:STURM
1206:BROCA
1156:GOUIN
956:JAMIN
479:Names
386:side)
375:Sturm
347:Broca
339:GoĂĽin
307:Jamin
289:side)
278:Monge
270:Arago
254:Morin
230:Vicat
192:side)
157:Borda
149:Dumas
137:Malus
121:Wurtz
75:Paris
2568:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2427:2008
2357:and
2293:NE18
2281:LAME
2268:NE17
2243:NE16
2218:NE15
2193:NE14
2168:NE13
2143:NE12
2118:NE11
2093:NE10
2068:NE09
2043:NE08
2018:NE07
1993:NE06
1968:NE05
1943:NE04
1918:NE03
1893:NE02
1868:NE01
1843:SE18
1818:SE17
1793:SE16
1768:SE15
1743:SE14
1718:SE13
1706:HAUY
1693:SE12
1668:SE11
1643:SE10
1618:SE09
1593:SE08
1568:SE07
1543:SE06
1518:SE05
1493:SE04
1468:SE03
1443:SE02
1418:SE01
1393:SW18
1368:SW17
1343:SW16
1318:SW15
1293:SW14
1281:CAIL
1268:SW13
1243:SW12
1218:SW11
1193:SW10
1168:SW09
1143:SW08
1118:SW07
1093:SW06
1068:SW05
1043:SW04
1018:SW03
993:SW02
968:SW01
943:NW18
918:NW17
893:NW16
868:NW15
843:NW14
818:NW13
793:NW12
768:NW11
743:NW10
718:NW09
693:NW08
668:NW07
643:NW06
618:NW05
593:NW04
568:NW03
543:NW02
518:NW01
359:Cail
258:HaĂĽy
181:Lamé
82:List
2522:doi
2627::
2528:.
2361:.
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466:,
462:,
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2576:.
2538:.
2524::
2485:.
2456:.
2429:.
20:)
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