Thuringia - Knowledge

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during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

1922:, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities ( 6018:(1834–1919), biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, and artist, discovered, described, and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and stem cell, professor at 4681:

and their surroundings are booming, whereas nearly all the rural regions, especially in the north and east, have little economic impetus and employment, which is a big issue in regional planning. Young people in these areas often have to commute long distances, and many emigrate soon after finishing

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Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged

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was about 1.8 children per women in the 1970s and 1980s, shrinking to 0.8 in 1994 during the economic crisis after the reunification and rose again to more than 1.4 children in 2010, which is a higher level than in West Germany. Nevertheless, there are only 17,000 births compared to 27,000 deaths per

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in the December 1929 election. In this position, he removed from the Thuringian police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazis. He also ensured that, whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, a Nazi was given that

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The unemployment rate reached its peak of 17.1% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 5.3% in 2019, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by

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Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small

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Health care provision in Thuringia improved after 1990, as did the level of general health. Life expectancy rose, nevertheless it is still a bit lower than the German average. This is caused by a relatively unhealthy lifestyle of the Thuringians, especially in high consumption of grains, industrial

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Thuringia's economy is marked by the economic transition that happened after the German reunification and led to the closure of most of the factories within the Land. The unemployment rate reached a peak in 2005. Since that year, the economy has seen an upturn and the general economic situation has

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in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely

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with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at

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get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care

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The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000

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are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as

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In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants

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with humid westerly winds predominating. Increasingly as one moves from the north-west to the south-east, the climate shows continental features: winters can be cold for long periods, and summers can become warm. Dry periods are often recorded, especially within the Thuringian Basin, leeward to

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valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the White Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested

5579:(ThIS). The school was established in the year 2000 and is accredited by the Council of International Schools and authorised to offer the International Baccalaureate PYP, MYP and DP. Students who graduate from the school are able to gain admission to colleges and universities around the world. 4875:(ridge walk). City tourism with the centers of Erfurt, Weimar, Jena, Eisenach and Mühlhausen is experiencing dynamic growth. A total of around 9.2 million overnight stays were booked in 2016, compared to 8.3 million ten years earlier. Around 6% of the bookings were made by foreign guests. 2702:

gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural

6122:(1861–1925), Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericist, worked to establish various practical endeavors, including Waldorf education, biodynamic agriculture, and anthroposophical medicine, invited to work as an editor at the Goethe Matenadaran in Weimar 6851: 3357:

formed 7.6% of the population, while 71.6% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in

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there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the

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Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large

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Meat production and processing is also an important activity, with swine, cattle, chickens and turkeys in focus. Furthermore, there are many milk and cheese producers, as well as laying hens. Trout and carp are traditionally bred in aquaculture in many villages.

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junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The

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most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the

5442:, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as 4538:) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990. 2654:

The current population is 2,120,237 (31 December 2020) with an annual rate of decrease of about 0.5%, which varies widely between the local regions. In 2012, 905,000 Thuringians lived in a municipality with more than 20,000 inhabitants, this is an

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the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were

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Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former

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as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

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Environment and nature protection has been of growing importance and attention since 1990. Large areas, especially within the forested mountains, are protected as natural reserves, including Thuringia's first national park within the

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with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the

4557:. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the 4525:

factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g.

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Forestry plays an important role in Thuringia because 32% of the Thuringian territory is forested. The most common trees are spruce, pine and beech. There are many wood and pulp-paper factories near the forested areas.

7191: 6394: 5811:(1483–1546), friar (Observant Augustinian), Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation, educated in 5664: 5543:

Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor

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Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to

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municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

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was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards the state known as Thuringia ceased to exist; nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the

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migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant

6622: 5337:. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). 807:

branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "

7017: 5341:, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the 7221: 5564:

exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the

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is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the

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Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like

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The 1981 census projected that Thuringia's population would reach 2,221,222 by 2011. The population counted in the 2011 census was 2,181,603, which is about 1.78% less.

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The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the

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period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The

1132: 7598: 6234:(1891–1969), painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of war, born in Untermhaus (today 866:, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the 6778: 5540:

school system. Most German school rankings attest that Thuringia has one of the most successful education systems in Germany, resulting in high-quality outcomes.

2739:(21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to 1291: 7488: 7010: 5635: 3260:* Average annual change in percent within the last three years (13 December 2009 to 31 December 2012), adjusted from incorporations and the 2011 Census results. 510:

gold medals had been won by Thuringian athletes as of 2014. Thuringia was favoured by or was the birthplace of three key intellectuals and leaders in the arts:

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during the GDR period, and meat producers are part of multinational companies. Traditional private peasant agriculture is an exception, as is organic farming.

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was suppressed as early as 1520; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the

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shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin. The eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The

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would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and

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As Germany's most central state, Thuringia is an important hub of transit traffic. The transportation infrastructure was in very poor condition after the

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Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with

1295: 7815: 7805: 6799: 1030: 7625: 1456:, in the north-east, is warm and dry, with a mean annual temperature of 8.5 °C and mean precipitation of 450 mm; contrast this with wet, cool 7003: 6825: 6191:(1879–1940), Swiss German painter; his highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism, 5329:. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the 4860: 2716:

year, so that the annual natural change of the Thuringian population is about −0.45%. In 2015 there were 17,934 births, the highest number since 1990.

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in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the

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by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the

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In Germany, the educational system is part of the sovereignty of the Länder; therefore each Land has its own school and college system.

3416: 6141:(1864–1920), sociologist, philosopher, and political economist, often cited as among the three founding creators of sociology, born in 5994:(1818–1883), philosopher, economist, social scientist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist, PhD awarded by 1918:

between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until

370: 1386:– drains the south-west and west of the state. Furthermore, some small areas on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the 1012: 7206: 5830:(1759–1805), poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright; professor of history at the University of Jena before relocating to Weimar 5643: 3399: 2884: 2407: 569: 4227: 3216: 7444: 5342: 3490: 585: 7588: 6172:(1871–1956), German-American painter and leading exponent of Expressionism, also worked as a caricaturist and comic strip artist, 7414: 6085:(1840–1905), physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer, laid the foundations of modern optics, co-owner of 5334: 3428: 2944: 2663:(including persons that already received German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): 7795: 7474: 7399: 5956:"Vous êtes un homme. Quel âge avez-vous ? – Soixante ans. – Vous êtes bien conservé. Vous avez écrit des tragédies ?" 5498:

seed oils, refined carbohydrates and alcohol, which led to significant higher rates of obesity compared to the German average.

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complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (

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period. Since 1990, many billions of Euros have been invested to improve the condition of roads and railways within Thuringia.

4956: 2402: 1074: 6556: 6533: 5835: 3043: 690:. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The 4042: 3621: 3515: 3383: 3113: 620: 553: 6211:(1886–1969), German-American architect, widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture, joined the 1460:, in the Thuringian Forest, where temperature averages only 4.4 °C and mean annual precipitation reaches 1300 mm. 102: 7454: 7199: 6728: 3251: 7434: 6674: 6276:(1923–2002), Israeli gun designer, best remembered as the designer and namesake of the Uzi submachine gun, born in Weimar 6222: 6150:(1864–1949), leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, director of the Weimar Court Orchestra ( 6129: 1234:

river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3,000 km (1,200 sq mi) wide

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of the newly established state first convened in 1920 in Weimar. Its deputies were elected for three years according to

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with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The

5591: 3723: 986: 222: 5868: 7439: 7404: 5467: 1782: 1407: 428:— with 2.1 million people its 12th-largest by population and with 16,171 square kilometers its 11th-largest in area. 5615: 4895: 776: 659:

first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses.

527: 7409: 6767: 6696: 6162:(1866–1944), influential Russian painter and art theorist, credited with painting the first purely abstract works, 3395: 3148: 1347:, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of White Elster) is the 780: 656: 5692:. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. 5532:

The Thuringian school system was developed after the reunification in 1990, combining some elements of the former

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has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 20.8% of the population in 2018. Members of the

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emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like

3859: 3825: 3403: 804: 6201:(1883–1969), architect, widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture, founder of the 1450:

mountains in all directions. It is Germany's driest area, with annual precipitation of only 400 to 500 mm.

1394:. There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams, including the 7567: 5430:

Thuringia is the only state without barge or ship waterways; its rivers are too small to be navigable to them.

3501: 3478: 3474: 5740:(1811–1886), Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, teacher and Franciscan tertiary, lived in Weimar 5587: 4927: 2695:

have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.

7580: 7497: 5968: 5409: 1870: 1086: 895: 3078: 535: 90: 40: 7759: 7382: 6317: 5854: 5370: 4901: 3454: 3350: 3304: 352: 198: 5755:(1864–1949), composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, director of the Weimar Court Orchestra ( 4336: 3655: 3519: 1410:

in the Thuringian Highlands. Thuringia is Germany's only state with no connection to navigable waterways.

17: 6098:(1844–1900), philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer, lived his last years in Weimar 5972: 5908: 4974: 4541:

Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the

4008: 1022: 899: 787:", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the 7769: 7179: 5905:(1472–1553), Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving, lived his last years in Weimar 7820: 7696: 7688: 7532: 5942: 5928: 5860: 5821: 5623: 5420: 4913: 1126: 918: 647:, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the 515: 33: 5766: 1200: 7825: 7719: 7304: 6221:(1886–1966), German-French, or Alsatian, sculptor, painter, poet and abstract artist, studied at the 5408:, used for charter flights to the Mediterranean and other holiday destinations. In private flights, 5405: 5314: 5016: 4269: 962: 710: 107: 5931:(1762–1836), physician, most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany, born in Langensalza 5622:, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The 4665:

The economic progress is quite different between the regions of Thuringia. The big cities along the

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are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, since they are also derived from the Ludowingian symbols.

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Tourism is an important branch of the economy. Thuringia has a number of well known destinations:

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is a symbol of East Germany's economy. According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos,

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is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.

4304: 3757: 3511: 3338: 1874: 1097: 966: 942: 871: 843: 792: 226: 7344: 7223: 7123: 5668:) in Gera (500 students). The most recent institution of higher education in Thuringia is the 4881: 4497:

and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are

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river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west):

7557: 7354: 7319: 6261: 6113:(1851–1935), chemist, glass technologist, and the inventor of borosilicate glass, founder of 5772: 5728: 5382: 5198: 5194: 4319: 4284: 3197: 3094: 3089: 2676: 1862: 1219: 1109: 1066: 718: 703: 616: 605: 577: 511: 331: 7466: 6995: 6068: 717:

is a white-red bicolor, derived from the white and red stripes of the Ludowingian lion. The

7706: 7675: 7655: 7512: 7376: 7349: 7324: 7289: 7082: 5746:(1813–1883), composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor, sojourns in Weimar and 5619: 5527: 5117: 4618: 4314: 4289: 4254: 3974: 1842: 1157: 1053: 946: 926: 914: 796: 643:. Their origin is largely unknown. An older theory claims that they were successors of the 601: 531: 341: 234: 190: 7233: 7173: 7040: 4617:

mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was

1811: 1137:) instead. The three districts that shared the former territory of Thuringia were Erfurt, 8: 7660: 7537: 7334: 6560: 6095: 5812: 5553: 5486: 5401:. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour. 5338: 5031: 4995: 4299: 2664: 1336: 1314:(983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by 1303: 1204: 472:) from the late 19th century due to its broad, dense forest. Most of Thuringia is in the 5544: 3473:(AfD) have seen its first-ever first place finish in a state election. Die Linke in the 7790: 7106: 6963: 6125: 6105: 6019: 5995: 5976: 5874: 5794: 5611: 5258: 5027: 4535: 3689: 3466: 974: 934: 930: 922: 751: 730: 663: 545: 523: 519: 218: 207: 7314: 6304:(1928-2024), German-American physicist, co-laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 6026: 5662:

in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (

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TEAG Thüringer Energie AG in Erfurt, the largest electric utility company in Thuringia

4279: 1311: 7642: 7517: 7026: 6159: 6000: 5984:(1816–1888), maker of optical instruments commonly known for the company he founded, 5482: 5478: 5416: 5310: 5182: 5174: 5166: 5122: 4962: 4919: 4864: 4542: 3319: 3181: 1800: 1446: 1422: 1403: 1307: 1299: 1298:. South of the Thuringian Basin is the state's largest mountain range, marked by the 1279: 958: 808: 800: 735: 714: 683: 675: 557: 425: 95: 78: 6182:(1872–1950), French politician, three times Prime Minister of France, imprisoned in 5446:

in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are

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The unemployment rate stood at 5.9% in 2023 and was higher than the German average.

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Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018

6343: 6241: 6169: 6040: 6003:(1821–1868), linguist, he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European language 5459: 5170: 5069: 5061: 5042: 5020: 4933: 4868: 4666: 4430: 4400: 4294: 4264: 4259: 4249: 3232: 3059: 2672: 2668: 1891: 1457: 1430: 1352: 1235: 1093: 970: 761: 640: 499: 480: 119: 6279: 5064:

as an important east–west connection in central Germany and the main link between

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The present State of Thuringia was recreated with slightly altered borders during

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The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions:

4473: 3354: 2699: 1818: 1375: 1026: 891: 887: 847: 803:. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior 788: 687: 549: 507: 65: 5911:(1744–1803), philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic, introduces the 5206: 1210:

The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the

995:, these small states merged into one state, called the Free State of Thuringia ( 7665: 7650: 7615: 7144: 6986: 6701: 6482: 6198: 6128:(1863–1957), Belgian painter, architect and interior designer, established the 6119: 5800: 5743: 5605: 5424: 4638: 4594: 1854: 1845:

have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the

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and was expanded to include parts of Prussian Saxony, such as the areas around

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plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of

1173:

From the northwest going clockwise; Thuringia borders on the German states of

7784: 7364: 7359: 7100: 6990: 6918: 6600: 6307: 6267: 6257: 6249: 6101: 6086: 6032: 6015: 5985: 5842: 5808: 5780: 5262: 5230: 5162: 5158: 4598: 4586: 4578: 4502: 4481: 4404: 4329: 4324: 3465:

Thuringia is notable for being the first and only state in Germany where the

3129: 2756: 1915: 1903: 1661: 1267: 1259: 1223: 1178: 1082: 1045: 938: 816: 722: 589: 503: 459: 145: 132: 6946: 5719: 5222: 4981: 4653:. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in 3192: 2679:(2,000). The number of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns 1426: 1255: 1105: 855: 699: 7064: 5548: 5455: 5443: 5398: 5294: 5234: 5190: 5154: 5038: 4546: 4531: 4384: 3886: 3391: 2656: 1387: 1174: 905: 772: 671: 581: 565: 455: 203: 6461:

Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal

6179: 5374: 5186: 3538: 1857:

and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

7167: 7052: 6574: 6110: 6074: 5786: 5737: 5565: 5072:

as the main north–south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with

4658: 4434: 3791: 3376: 3342: 2789: 2773: 2760: 2530: 1919: 1911: 1826: 1796: 1215: 1000: 992: 859: 832: 812: 651:, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is 597: 593: 561: 5575:

Thuringia is home to a K-12 international school in the city of Weimar,

5346: 5150: 5126: 4582: 1263: 917:

from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic

7735: 7607: 6283: 6245: 6183: 6082: 6060: 5981: 5950: 5599: 5576: 5569: 5447: 5250: 5218: 5185:

is another west–east connection in the north of Thuringia running from

4562: 3518:(CDU) recorded small gains and came second with 24%. The newly-founded 3288: 2781: 2712: 1830: 1434: 1271: 1057: 1041: 933:

also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the

836: 644: 5594:

is the largest university in Thuringia and one of the best in Germany.

4411: 1196: 7309: 6908: 6273: 6188: 6138: 6114: 6046: 6010: 5991: 5914: 5390: 5366: 5350: 5306: 5286: 5178: 5134: 5077: 4872: 4566: 4506: 4461: 4442: 4389: 4274: 3363: 3227: 1429:. The centre of Thuringia is eight kilometres south of the capital's 1348: 1247: 1227: 1146: 1118: 867: 820: 758: 747: 636: 491: 322: 245: 6104:(1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher, professor at 1807: 1356: 1025:, with a minimum voting age of 21. Between 1920 and 1932, under the 925:

confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the

783:(1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of " 7088: 6311: 6231: 6218: 6090: 5934: 5846: 5816: 5747: 5732: 5650:(3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in 5358: 5302: 5282: 5246: 5146: 5085: 5057: 4887: 4852: 4678: 4527: 4514: 4510: 4446:

maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.

3244: 3124: 2732: 2593: 1414: 1344: 1323: 360: 5731:(1685–1750), composer and musician of the Baroque period, born in 5722:(1661–1733), composer and organist of the Baroque period, born in 5321:

to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from

3341:, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been 3141: 1092:

After being controlled briefly by the US following the end of the

7620: 7522: 7150: 7046: 6743:"Far-right AfD wins eastern state in Germany's regional election" 6226: 6212: 6202: 6192: 6173: 6163: 6133: 5689: 5628: 5537: 5451: 5439: 5394: 5318: 5266: 5202: 5177:

starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards

5142: 5130: 5109: 4654: 4650: 4614: 4558: 4554: 4453:

Most agricultural enterprises are large cooperatives, founded as

3036: 2937: 2793: 2769: 2740: 2692: 2635: 2509: 2446: 1838: 1822: 1418: 1371: 1331: 1287: 1239: 1186: 1150: 1113: 1017: 1004: 691: 447: 421: 291: 165: 6457:"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de" 1910:

all tribes in what is now southern half of Eastern Germany. The

7562: 7268: 7248: 7138: 7094: 6937: 6729:"German far right wins first major election since World War II" 6142: 5946: 5697: 5693: 5561: 5506: 5326: 5322: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5073: 5065: 4966: 4947: 4905: 4856: 4670: 4570: 4465: 4372: 4348: 3071: 3021: 2922: 2785: 2777: 2765: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2720: 2688: 2680: 2572: 2551: 2488: 1923: 1902:

river. The main Slavic tribe in what is now Thuringia were the

1468: 1453: 1182: 1101: 1008: 875: 765: 695: 542: 495: 463: 443: 431: 348: 327: 175: 6697:"Germany's far-right AfD: 'We have a clear mandate to govern'" 5658:

in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the

5404:

A few small airports are in Thuringia. In public transport is

5125:

crosses the Land in southwest–northeast direction, connecting

3174: 3003: 2970: 1359:

river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.

1243: 1044:

first gained real political power during the Weimar Republic.

7496: 7058: 7025: 6779:"Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands" 6253: 5897: 5815:, translation of the New Testament from Greek into German at 5701: 5278: 5089: 5081: 4999: 4646: 4573:

mining districts were established around 1900. These are the

4477: 3529:

party in Germany since World War II to win a state election.

3457:. In 2017 the party got 22.7%, while in 2021 they got 24.0%. 3407: 3371: 3054: 2748: 2467: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1846: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1363: 1327: 1315: 1231: 1190: 913:

Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the

784: 679: 473: 451: 6346: 4501:(a world centre for optical instruments with companies like 3453:(AfD), the party emerged as the largest in Thuringia in the 1890:

During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was at the border between

7263: 7258: 7253: 6370: 6367: 6349: 6235: 5706: 5685: 5502: 5298: 5138: 5105: 5101: 4674: 4622: 4606: 4550: 4522: 4498: 4469: 4393: 4366: 4360: 4354: 3514:

and the Free Democratic Party lost all of their seats. The

3484: 3359: 3159: 2988: 2955: 2728: 2724: 2684: 2614: 1927: 1850: 1367: 1211: 1142: 1138: 667: 648: 484: 439: 435: 6675:"Germany's far-right populist AfD: No gains, small losses" 6364: 1378:

and White Elster, drains the most part of Thuringia. The

1310:

in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the

764:

tribe who occupied it around AD 300, Thuringia came under

6898: 6623:"Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2023" 6358: 5824:(1749–1832), writer and statesman, went to live in Weimar 5696:

is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas

5533: 5050: 4518: 3346: 1821:

as its predominant species, as can still be found in the

402: 6282:(1923–2011), Spanish writer and politician, deported to 6009:(1833–1897), composer and pianist, frequent sojourns at 5937:(1769–1821), French military and political leader, twin 1825:

mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and

902:, a defunct principality in the modern state's borders. 2723:

of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to

1096:, from July 1945 the state of Thuringia came under the 738:, because a large amount of the territory is forested. 5477:

The water supply is granted by the big dams, like the

4569:

in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two

434:

is the capital and largest city. Other cities include

6852:"Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online" 6531: 6361: 6270:(1909–1951), Nazi SS officer, executed for war crimes 1226:

as most important river. The north-west includes the

686:, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine 466:. It has been known as "the green heart of Germany" ( 6483:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab" 6355: 5333:, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the 5205:

in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of

5034:

is an important junction on the German rail network.

420:, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is one of 6800:"Arbeitslosenquote* in Thüringen von 2001 bis 2019" 6557:"Thüringen - Training Grounds for Olympic Athletes" 6352: 5116:, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At 3382:The Protestant parishes of Thuringia belong to the 1230:, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the 662:The Thuringian Realm existed until after 531. The 5925:(1769), served as General Superintendent in Weimar 5213:2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the 3422:EKD Protestant membership in 2011 (municipalities) 937:. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the 552:. The modern state was established in 1920 by the 5896:), theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near 5547:lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first 5489:, making a drinking water exporter of Thuringia. 4460:Thuringia's only wine-growing district is around 3545: 2706: 775:in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning 600:. Thuringia was re-established in 1990 following 7801:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union 7782: 5229:from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to 5225:'s connection to the national road network, the 3495: 2788:(+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with 1077:" of 30 January 1934, which replaced the German 1015:was simpler than those of its predecessors. The 890:first appearance anywhere in a German-ethnicity 728:Symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the 39:"Thüringen" redirects here. For other uses, see 4625:in eastern Thuringia and the operating company 4521:started its car production in the 1920s and an 6532:Verein Fur Naturkunde, Kassel (30 July 2009). 5438:The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is 4632: 3388:Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck 1362:There are two large rivers in Thuringia. The 1112:. Erfurt became the new capital of Thuringia. 811:", consisting, among others, of the states of 779:line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the 7482: 7207: 7011: 4455:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft 4344:Furthermore, there are five urban districts: 3379:in Thuringia without any societal influence. 2881:List of towns and municipalities in Thuringia 2874: 1129:dissolved its states, and created districts ( 6642:Statistische Ämter des Bundes Und der Länder 6601:"World Weather Information Service - Erfurt" 6475: 6407: 6293: 6287: 6151: 5960: 5954: 5920: 5912: 5756: 5603: 3449:Thuringia is a stronghold for the far right 3434:Catholic membership in 2011 (municipalities) 2698:The Thuringian population has a significant 1421:is in Thuringia, within the municipality of 1130: 467: 57: 6961: 6826:"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern 2023" 5634:The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in 4423: 1290:. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains 1073:was formally abolished as a result of the " 746:For the earlier history of the region, see 621:Coat of arms of the landgraves of Thuringia 604:, slightly re-drawn, and became one of the 576:, and its borders were reformed, to become 7816:States and territories established in 1990 7806:States and territories established in 1920 7489: 7475: 7214: 7200: 7018: 7004: 5433: 2422:Significant foreign resident populations 1238:, a very fertile and flat area around the 1040:Thuringia was one of the states where the 980: 584:in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during 506:destination – half of Germany's 136 7027:States of the Federal Republic of Germany 2885:List of cities in Thuringia by population 2843: 2832: 1791: 6927:) is being considered for deletion. See 5586: 5037: 5026: 5015: 4410: 4399: 4383: 4335: 4240:Thuringia is divided into 17 districts ( 3491:List of minister-presidents of Thuringia 3485:List of minister-presidents of Thuringia 1806: 1795: 1195: 904: 615: 611: 5684:Thuringia's leading research centre is 5462:. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big 5331:Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway 2862:Natural growth January–November 2017 = 2851:Natural growth January–November 2016 = 894:, within what today comprises Germany, 14: 7811:1952 disestablishments in East Germany 7783: 6437: 6435: 6433: 5665:SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera 4491: 4480:valley. Its production is marketed as 3525:The AfD in Thuringia became the first 2181: 1951: 1885: 1075:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich 881: 265:16,171 km (6,244 sq mi) 7470: 7195: 6999: 6794: 6792: 6749:from the original on 1 September 2024 6709:from the original on 1 September 2024 6412: 6386: 6115:Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen 4202: 4179: 4156: 4133: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3384:Evangelical Church in Central Germany 2659:rate of 42% which continues to rise. 2649: 5971:(1770–1831), philosopher, author of 5343:Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway 1914:movement led to the assimilation of 1085:. Thuringia was the location of the 909:Map of the Thuringian States in 1890 608:of the Federal Republic of Germany. 588:, and divided into the Districts of 6882:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik" 6677:. Deutsche Welle. 27 September 2021 6603:. World Meteorological Organization 6593: 6508:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik" 6430: 6223:Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School 6130:Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School 5335:Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway 4577:in the north of the state, between 4235: 2799: 1402:on the River Saale, as well as the 1339:in the north, the flat and fertile 1318:river valley, dividing it from the 1060:won six deputies to the Thuringian 24: 6858:. 13 November 2018. Archived from 6789: 6689: 5592:Friedrich Schiller University Jena 3366:in the northwest and parts of the 2176: 1946: 25: 7837: 7227:Urban and rural districts in the 6931:to help reach a consensus. › 6892: 6298:art festival, Weimar, summer 1995 5510:provision because of overageing. 5468:Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station 5006: 4629:was under direct Soviet control. 4043:Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany 2403:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik 1783:World Meteorological Organization 1408:Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station 870:district, which was ruled by the 842:Thuringia generally accepted the 548:was established around 631 AD by 7597: 7232: 7222: 7122: 6980: 6342: 6067: 6053: 6039: 6025: 5867: 5853: 5834: 5793: 5779: 5765: 5712: 5521: 5068:and south-west Germany, and the 5060:were built across the Land, the 5056:During the 1930s, the first two 4988: 4973: 4955: 4940: 4926: 4912: 4894: 4880: 3537: 3427: 3415: 3250: 3243: 3215: 3208: 3180: 3173: 3147: 3140: 3112: 3105: 3077: 3070: 3042: 3035: 3009: 3002: 2976: 2969: 2943: 2936: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2853: 2842: 2831: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2809: 2628: 2607: 2586: 2565: 2544: 2523: 2502: 2481: 2460: 2439: 1865:mountains, founded in 1997, the 1122:Eisenach, was ceded to Bavaria. 941:in 1871 during the Prussian-led 781:War of the Thuringian Succession 657:Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus 635:derives from the Germanic tribe 528:Ilmenau University of Technology 118: 101: 89: 6874: 6844: 6818: 6771: 6761: 6735: 6721: 6667: 6655: 6630: 6615: 5582: 5415:International hub airports are 3860:Action Party for Animal Welfare 3522:debuted in third place at 16%. 3394:region). Catholic dioceses are 2840:Deaths January–November 2017 = 2829:Deaths January–November 2016 = 2818:Births January–November 2017 = 2807:Births January–November 2016 = 1880: 1849:river, caused by discharges of 888:black-red-gold tricolour flag's 768:domination in the 6th century. 580:. Thuringia became part of the 6567: 6549: 6525: 6500: 6449: 6401: 6332: 5670:Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach 5656:College of Music "Franz Liszt" 5616:Technische Universität Ilmenau 5577:Thuringia International School 4863:(UNESCO World Heritage Site), 4859:(UNESCO World Heritage Site), 4855:(UNESCO World Heritage Site), 3502:2024 Thuringian state election 3479:2024 Thuringian state election 3475:2019 Thuringian state election 2707:Natural and spatial tendencies 2433:Population (31 December 2023) 1218:, a fertile floodplain around 1013:coat of arms of this new state 987:State of Thuringia (1920–1952) 969:and the two principalities of 215: • Governing parties 13: 1: 7796:States of the Weimar Republic 7498:States of the Weimar Republic 6916: 6423: 6414:[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːtˈtyːʁɪŋən] 6248:, observer and discoverer of 5975:, extraordinary Professor at 5969:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 5886: 4593:on the Hessian border around 3496:September 2024 state election 2430:Population (31 December 2022) 1871:Thuringian Forest Nature Park 1168: 1087:Buchenwald concentration camp 682:river in the west. After the 6289:"Mère blafarde, tendre sœur" 5945:at the governor's palace in 5572:found elsewhere in Germany. 5513: 5011: 4768:Unemployment rate in % 3351:Protestant Church in Germany 3273:Religion in Thuringia - 2018 3223: 3188: 3155: 3120: 3085: 3050: 3017: 2984: 2951: 2918: 2735:(33 per 1000) and +1,300 to 1390:, itself a tributary of the 1163: 1011:became the new capital. The 921:organized in 1806. The 1815 878:and its immediate vicinity. 670:mountains in the north, the 536:Bauhaus University of Weimar 7: 6985:Geographic data related to 6627:German Statistical Office. 6096:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche 5973:the Phenomenology of Spirit 5909:Johann Gottfried von Herder 5679: 5363:Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway 5309:. The former has an hourly 4633:General economic parameters 4609:took over the mines in the 4009:Ecological Democratic Party 3444: 3439: 3263: 3239: 3236: 3204: 3201: 3169: 3166: 3136: 3133: 3101: 3098: 3066: 3063: 3031: 3028: 2998: 2995: 2965: 2962: 2932: 2929: 1898:territories, marked by the 1734:Average precipitation days 1590:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1520:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1370:, with its tributaries the 1214:mountains, followed by the 1023:proportional representation 900:Principality of Reuss-Greiz 874:, and to a small degree in 795:, the nucleus of the later 568:, Thuringia came under the 469:das grüne Herz Deutschlands 446:. Thuringia is bordered by 10: 7842: 5943:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5929:Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland 5861:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5822:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5560:. The former leads to the 5525: 5421:Berlin Brandenburg Airport 5412:is a further key airport. 4846: 4379: 4225: 4129: 3622:Christian Democratic Union 3536: 3520:Sahra Wagenkencht Alliance 3516:Christian Democratic Union 3499: 3488: 2878: 2875:Cities, towns and villages 1937: 1780: 1466: 1440: 1127:German Democratic Republic 984: 919:Confederation of the Rhine 745: 741: 706:joined Thuringia in 1945. 582:German Democratic Republic 516:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 41:Thüringen (disambiguation) 38: 34:Thuringia (disambiguation) 31: 7732: 7705: 7687: 7641: 7634: 7606: 7595: 7505: 7373: 7277: 7241: 7160: 7131: 7120: 7033: 6579:aussenlager-buchenwald.de 6288: 6225:, the predecessor of the 6132:, the predecessor of the 5624:Bauhaus University Weimar 5492: 5410:Leipzig–Altenburg Airport 5173:) and large bridges. The 4613:. Between 1950 and 1990, 4221: 4203:Registered voters/turnout 4198: 4175: 4152: 4100: 4078: 3961: 3934: 3873: 3656:Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht 3328: 3318: 3313: 3303: 3298: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 2731:(14 per 1000), +1,400 to 2727:(19 per 1000), +1,400 to 2400: 1964:— 1733: 1659: 1589: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1433:, in the municipality of 963:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 898:as the state flag of the 711:coat of arms of Thuringia 664:Landgraviate of Thuringia 639:, who emerged during the 502:makes it a well-equipped 490:Thuringia is home to the 398: 379: 369: 359: 338: 321: 313: 305: 300: 290: 282: 274: 269: 261: 256: 243: 232: 214: 196: 186: 181: 171: 161: 126: 117: 85: 76: 51: 7180:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6929:templates for discussion 6899:Official government site 6575:"Buchenwald war überall" 6325: 6209:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 5939:battle of Jena-Auerstedt 5676:) in Gera and Eisenach. 5660:Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule 5371:Gotha–Leinefelde railway 5339:Erfurt's central station 4902:Goethe–Schiller Monument 4424:Agriculture and forestry 3460: 3362:). Catholic regions are 1089:with multiple subcamps. 1050:Minister of the Interior 556:through a merger of the 55: 7229:Free State of Thuringia 6856:www-genesis.destatis.de 6512:statistik.thueringen.de 6314:), professional cyclist 5941:, 14 October 1806, met 5903:Lucas Cranach the Elder 5654:with 500 students, the 5536:school system with the 5464:pumped storage stations 5434:Energy and water supply 5297:from Halle/Leipzig via 4605:was abandoned, whereas 4589:at its centre, and the 3724:Social Democratic Party 3588:Alternative for Germany 3508:Alternative for Germany 3471:Alternative for Germany 3455:2021 national elections 3451:Alternative for Germany 1445:Thuringia's climate is 1382:– the headwater of the 1302:in the north-west, the 1201:Meuselbach-Schwarzmühle 981:Free State of Thuringia 674:river in the east, the 574:Allied-occupied Germany 498:. Its winter resort of 494:, Germany's best-known 314: • Per capita 286:130/km (340/sq mi) 53:Free State of Thuringia 7425:North Rhine-Westphalia 7420:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 7340:Schmalkalden-Meiningen 7077:North Rhine-Westphalia 7071:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 6408: 6383: 6294: 6152: 5961: 5955: 5921: 5913: 5828:Friedrich von Schiller 5757: 5604: 5595: 5245:for strengthening the 5211:Bundesverkehrswegeplan 5165:. The crossing of the 5046: 5045:at Anger (city centre) 5035: 5032:Erfurt Central Station 5024: 4561:surface mining around 4416: 4408: 4397: 4341: 4340:Districts of Thuringia 4305:Schmalkalden-Meiningen 3758:Alliance 90/The Greens 3339:Protestant Reformation 2905:Pop. 31 December 2020 1875:South Harz Nature Park 1867:Rhön Biosphere Reserve 1814: 1804: 1792:Nature and environment 1343:in the middle and the 1306:in the middle and the 1207: 1131: 1098:Soviet occupation zone 967:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 943:unification of Germany 910: 862:found many adherents. 844:Protestant Reformation 793:Margraviate of Meissen 624: 586:administrative reforms 570:Soviet occupation zone 468: 309:€71.430 billion (2022) 58: 7355:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 6947:"Thuringia (Germany)" 6487:hdi.globaldatalab.org 6320:(1936–2019), engineer 6262:Sonneberg Observatory 5773:Johann Sebastian Bach 5729:Johann Sebastian Bach 5646:(2,500 students) and 5590: 5406:Erfurt–Weimar Airport 5041: 5030: 5019: 4414: 4403: 4387: 4339: 4320:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 3826:Free Democratic Party 3398:(most of Thuringia), 3198:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 1934:Historical population 1841:surface mines around 1810: 1799: 1366:, a tributary of the 1199: 1067:Nazi seizure of power 908: 678:in the south and the 619: 612:Etymology and symbols 512:Johann Sebastian Bach 340: • Summer ( 146:50.86111°N 11.05194°E 7548:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7543:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7430:Rhineland-Palatinate 7325:Saale-Holzland-Kreis 7083:Rhineland-Palatinate 6942:Thuringian flags at 6705:. 1 September 2024. 6563:on 22 February 2008. 6244:(1892–1968), German 5620:University of Erfurt 5528:Education in Germany 5427:in adjacent states. 5379:Halle–Kassel railway 4290:Saale-Holzland-Kreis 3975:Pirate Party Germany 3469:(Die Linke) and the 3402:(eastern parts) and 1322:in the west and the 1158:German reunification 1065:post. Following the 1054:coalition government 947:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 927:German Confederation 915:German Mediatisation 852:German Peasants' War 602:German reunification 532:University of Erfurt 522:. The state has the 283: • Density 191:Landtag of Thuringia 32:For other uses, see 7335:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 6949:. Fotw.vexillum.com 6862:on 13 November 2018 6409:Freistaat Thüringen 6388:[ˈtyːʁɪŋən] 5949:in the presence of 5487:Thuringian Highland 5387:Leipzig–Hof railway 5355:Weimar–Gera railway 5076:. The A4 runs from 4996:Friedenstein Palace 4492:Industry and mining 4300:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 4157:Invalid/blank votes 3948:Bündnis Deutschland 3533: 3477:and the AfD in the 3410:in the very west). 2423: 1935: 1886:Demographic history 1304:Thuringian Highland 1205:Thuringian Highland 997:Freistaat Thüringen 882:Early modern period 872:Archbishop of Mainz 858:and elsewhere, the 771:Thuringia became a 694:territories around 481:left-bank tributary 142: / 59:Freistaat Thüringen 7450:Schleswig-Holstein 7107:Schleswig-Holstein 6909:Official Directory 6126:Henry van de Velde 6106:University of Jena 6020:University of Jena 5996:University of Jena 5977:University of Jena 5953:, 2 October 1808 ( 5935:Napoléon Bonaparte 5875:Friedrich Schiller 5642:(5,000 students), 5638:(4,500 students), 5612:University of Jena 5602:and polytechnics ( 5596: 5385:to Kassel and the 5259:Thuringian Railway 5047: 5036: 5025: 4417: 4409: 4398: 4342: 3532: 2650:Current population 2421: 1933: 1853:salt mines around 1815: 1805: 1208: 1149:Kreis was part of 975:Reuss Younger Line 935:Province of Saxony 931:Kingdom of Prussia 923:Congress of Vienna 911: 886:The modern German 752:Duchy of Thuringia 625: 546:Duchy of Thuringia 524:University of Jena 520:Friedrich Schiller 306: • Total 275: • Total 262: • Total 199:Minister-President 151:50.86111; 11.05194 7821:States of Germany 7778: 7777: 7728: 7727: 7464: 7463: 7390:Baden-Württemberg 7189: 7188: 7174:Württemberg-Baden 7041:Baden-Württemberg 6966:. Flaggenkunde.de 6962:Marcus Schmöger. 6731:. September 2024. 6664:EKD, January 2020 6535:A. Trinius (1898) 6286:, realization of 6160:Vassily Kandinsky 6001:August Schleicher 5483:Thuringian Forest 5479:Leibis-Lichte Dam 5417:Frankfurt Airport 5389:from Leipzig via 5167:Thuringian Forest 4920:Thuringian Forest 4865:Thuringian Forest 4844: 4843: 4585:in the east with 4543:Thuringian Forest 4233: 4232: 3333: 3332: 3258: 3257: 2647: 2646: 2415: 2414: 2396: 2395: 2166: 2165: 1930:) kept growing). 1812:Großer Inselsberg 1801:Thuringian Forest 1788: 1787: 1467:Climate data for 1415:geographic centre 1404:Leibis-Lichte Dam 1308:Franconian Forest 1300:Thuringian Forest 1280:Thuringian Forest 959:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 848:Roman Catholicism 801:Kingdom of Saxony 715:flag of Thuringia 684:Treaty of Leipzig 676:Franconian Forest 558:Ernestine duchies 408: 407: 187: • Body 71: 16:(Redirected from 7833: 7826:Former republics 7680: 7639: 7638: 7601: 7585: 7577: 7568:Schaumburg-Lippe 7491: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7379:of German states 7330:Saale-Orla-Kreis 7285:Altenburger Land 7236: 7226: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7126: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6913: 6886: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6559:. Archived from 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6390: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6242:Cuno Hoffmeister 6170:Lyonel Feininger 6155: 6153:Hofkapellmeister 6071: 6057: 6043: 6029: 5988:, born in Weimar 5964: 5962:"Voilà un homme" 5958: 5924: 5922:Kritische Wälder 5918: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5871: 5857: 5838: 5797: 5783: 5769: 5760: 5758:Hofkapellmeister 5609: 5545:Friedrich Fröbel 5460:hydroelectricity 5207:federal highways 5181:in Bavaria. The 5171:Rennsteig Tunnel 5043:Erfurt Stadtbahn 5021:Bundesautobahn 4 4992: 4977: 4959: 4944: 4930: 4916: 4898: 4884: 4857:Classical Weimar 4688: 4687: 4581:in the west and 4431:Thuringian Basin 4295:Saale-Orla-Kreis 4250:Altenburger Land 4236:Local government 3541: 3534: 3531: 3431: 3419: 3270: 3269: 3254: 3247: 3233:Altenburger Land 3219: 3212: 3184: 3177: 3151: 3144: 3116: 3109: 3081: 3074: 3046: 3039: 3013: 3006: 2980: 2973: 2947: 2940: 2893: 2892: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2800:Vital statistics 2634: 2632: 2631: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2183: 2178: 2170: 2169: 1953: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1737: 1464: 1463: 1419:Federal Republic 1353:Altenburger Land 1236:Thuringian Basin 1136: 1116:, an exclave of 1094:Second World War 971:Reuss Elder Line 896:occurred in 1778 757:Named after the 641:Migration Period 471: 390: 345: 157: 156: 154: 153: 152: 147: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 122: 105: 93: 69: 61: 56: 49: 48: 46:State in Germany 27:State in Germany 21: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7734: 7724: 7701: 7683: 7678: 7676:Weimar-Eisenach 7630: 7602: 7593: 7583: 7575: 7501: 7495: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7369: 7315:Kyffhäuserkreis 7278:Rural districts 7273: 7242:Urban districts 7237: 7220: 7190: 7185: 7156: 7127: 7118: 7029: 7024: 6981: 6969: 6967: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6932: 6911: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6391: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6302:Herbert Kroemer 6148:Richard Strauss 6087:Carl Zeiss Jena 6077: 6072: 6063: 6058: 6049: 6044: 6035: 6030: 6007:Johannes Brahms 5986:Carl Zeiss Jena 5893: 5889: 5883:Meister Eckhart 5877: 5872: 5863: 5858: 5849: 5847:Wartburg castle 5839: 5817:Wartburg castle 5803: 5798: 5789: 5784: 5775: 5770: 5753:Richard Strauss 5715: 5682: 5585: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5495: 5436: 5381:from Halle via 5373:from Erfurt to 5365:from Erfurt to 5357:from Erfurt to 5345:from Erfurt to 5014: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4885: 4853:Wartburg castle 4849: 4635: 4494: 4433:or the smaller 4426: 4382: 4334: 4280:Kyffhäuserkreis 4238: 3556: 3504: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3463: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3423: 3420: 3400:Dresden-Meissen 3355:Catholic Church 3335: 3334: 3326: 3320:Roman Catholics 3311: 3305:EKD Protestants 3296: 3266: 2887: 2877: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2808: 2802: 2709: 2652: 2629: 2627: 2608: 2606: 2587: 2585: 2566: 2564: 2545: 2543: 2524: 2522: 2503: 2501: 2482: 2480: 2461: 2459: 2440: 2438: 2417: 2405: 1888: 1883: 1794: 1789: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1443: 1312:Großer Beerberg 1296:Heilinger Höhen 1171: 1166: 1069:in Berlin, the 1027:Weimar Republic 991:In 1920, after 989: 983: 892:sovereign state 884: 755: 744: 614: 554:Weimar Republic 550:King Dagobert I 415: 414: 413: 388: 387: 339: 246:Bundestag seats 235:Bundesrat votes 150: 148: 144: 141: 136: 133: 131: 129: 128: 113: 112: 111: 110: 99: 98: 81: 72: 70: 63: 54: 47: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7839: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7305:Hildburghausen 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7231:in Germany 7219: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6959: 6940: 6914: 6906: 6901: 6894: 6893:External links 6891: 6888: 6887: 6873: 6843: 6817: 6788: 6785:. 5 July 2019. 6770: 6760: 6734: 6720: 6702:Deutsche Welle 6688: 6666: 6654: 6629: 6625:. 24 May 2024. 6614: 6592: 6566: 6548: 6524: 6499: 6474: 6448: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6400: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6310:(born 1988 in 6305: 6299: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6250:variable stars 6239: 6229: 6216: 6206: 6199:Walter Gropius 6196: 6195:master, Weimar 6186: 6177: 6176:master, Weimar 6167: 6166:master, Weimar 6157: 6145: 6136: 6123: 6120:Rudolf Steiner 6117: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6024: 6013: 6004: 5998: 5989: 5979: 5966: 5932: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801:Richard Wagner 5799: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5750: 5744:Richard Wagner 5741: 5735: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5688:, followed by 5681: 5678: 5674:Berufsakademie 5606:Fachhochschule 5584: 5581: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5494: 5491: 5472:Hohenwarte Dam 5454:, followed by 5435: 5432: 5425:Munich Airport 5217:from Gotha to 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007:Infrastructure 5005: 5004: 5003: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4861:Bauhaus Weimar 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4639:European Union 4634: 4631: 4493: 4490: 4425: 4422: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270:Hildburghausen 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3497: 3494: 3489:Main article: 3486: 3483: 3462: 3459: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3414: 3368:Rhön Mountains 3331: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2860: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2816: 2801: 2798: 2708: 2705: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2413: 2412: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1855:Unterbreizbach 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1442: 1439: 1400:Hohenwarte Dam 1320:Rhön Mountains 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1079:federal system 1048:was appointed 1003:voted to join 982: 979: 955:Saxe-Altenburg 951:Saxe-Meiningen 883: 880: 864:Thomas Müntzer 829:Saxe-Altenburg 825:Saxe-Meiningen 791:of the nearby 789:Wettin dynasty 743: 740: 613: 610: 508:Winter Olympic 477:drainage basin 411: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 396: 395: 384: 377: 376: 373: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 346: 336: 335: 325: 319: 318: 317:€33,656 (2022) 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 254: 253: 248: 241: 240: 237: 230: 229: 216: 212: 211: 201: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 100: 94: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 77: 74: 73: 52: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7838: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7731: 7721: 7720:Sondershausen 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7445:Saxony-Anhalt 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7365:Weimarer Land 7363: 7361: 7360:Wartburgkreis 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161:Former states 7159: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7101:Saxony-Anhalt 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6992: 6991:OpenStreetMap 6988: 6979: 6965: 6960: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6883: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6643: 6639: 6638:"Bevölkerung" 6633: 6624: 6618: 6602: 6596: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6537: 6536: 6528: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6335: 6331: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6308:Marcel Kittel 6306: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6285: 6281: 6280:Jorge Semprún 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6268:Werner Braune 6266: 6263: 6260:, founder of 6259: 6258:minor planets 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102:Gottlob Frege 6100: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6037: 6034: 6033:Ernst Haeckel 6028: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6016:Ernst Haeckel 6014: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843:Martin Luther 5837: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5809:Martin Luther 5807: 5802: 5796: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5713:Personalities 5710: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5549:Kindergartens 5546: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5522:School system 5519: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5481:, within the 5480: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317:service from 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5261:, connecting 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5231:Bad Salzungen 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5195:Heiligenstadt 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163:Saxony-Anhalt 5160: 5156: 5152: 5149:, Erfurt and 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603:Südharzrevier 4600: 4599:Bad Salzungen 4596: 4592: 4588: 4587:Sondershausen 4584: 4580: 4579:Bischofferode 4576: 4575:Südharzrevier 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4482:Saale-Unstrut 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4421: 4413: 4407:manufacturing 4406: 4405:Opel Eisenach 4402: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4330:Weimarer Land 4328: 4326: 4325:Wartburgkreis 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3406:(Rhön around 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3377:Free churches 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3345:. During the 3344: 3340: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3130:Wartburgkreis 3128: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2861: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2817: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2792:(−2,800) and 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776:(+1,100) and 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2757:Saxony-Anhalt 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Slavic people 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1662:precipitation 1658: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Hohe Schrecke 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Saxony-Anhalt 1176: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1125:In 1952, the 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1083:unitary state 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052:in the state 1051: 1047: 1046:Wilhelm Frick 1043: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 988: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:German Empire 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:Saxe-Eisenach 814: 810: 809:Saxon duchies 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 760: 753: 749: 739: 737: 733: 732: 726: 724: 723:flag of Hesse 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 622: 618: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:winter sports 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 475: 470: 465: 461: 460:Saxony-Anhalt 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 427: 423: 419: 404: 403:thueringen.de 401: 397: 394: 385: 382: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 362: 361:ISO 3166 code 358: 354: 350: 347: 343: 337: 333: 329: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 264: 260: 255: 252: 249: 247: 244: • 242: 238: 236: 233: • 231: 228: 224: 220: 217: 213: 209: 205: 202: 200: 197: • 195: 192: 189: 185: 180: 177: 174: 170: 167: 164: 160: 155: 127:Coordinates: 125: 121: 116: 109: 104: 97: 92: 84: 80: 75: 67: 60: 50: 42: 35: 30: 19: 7733:Unrecognized 7679:(until 1920) 7584:(until 1929) 7415:Lower Saxony 7375: 7228: 7153:(since 1949) 7147:(since 1949) 7141:(since 1990) 7115:(since 1990) 7112: 7109:(since 1949) 7103:(since 1990) 7097:(since 1990) 7091:(since 1957) 7085:(since 1949) 7079:(since 1949) 7073:(since 1990) 7067:(since 1949) 7065:Lower Saxony 7061:(since 1949) 7055:(since 1990) 7049:(since 1949) 7043:(since 1952) 6968:. Retrieved 6951:. Retrieved 6922: 6876: 6864:. Retrieved 6860:the original 6855: 6846: 6834:. Retrieved 6829: 6820: 6808:. Retrieved 6803: 6782: 6773: 6763: 6751:. Retrieved 6737: 6723: 6711:. Retrieved 6700: 6691: 6679:. Retrieved 6669: 6657: 6645:. Retrieved 6641: 6632: 6617: 6605:. Retrieved 6595: 6583:. Retrieved 6578: 6569: 6561:the original 6551: 6539:. Retrieved 6534: 6527: 6515:. Retrieved 6511: 6502: 6492:13 September 6490:. Retrieved 6486: 6477: 6465:. Retrieved 6460: 6451: 6403: 6334: 6318:Michael Roth 5724:Hohenkirchen 5683: 5673: 5663: 5648:Schmalkalden 5633: 5600:universities 5597: 5583:Universities 5574: 5542: 5531: 5517: 5500: 5496: 5476: 5456:solar energy 5444:cogeneration 5437: 5429: 5414: 5403: 5295:Saal Railway 5255: 5235:Schmalkalden 5210: 5191:Lower Saxony 5155:Sangerhausen 5055: 5048: 4963:Krämerbrücke 4850: 4684: 4664: 4643: 4636: 4610: 4602: 4590: 4574: 4547:Schmalkalden 4540: 4532:Schmalkalden 4495: 4486: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4427: 4418: 4343: 4241: 4239: 3921:Family Party 3887:Values Union 3552:Constituency 3524: 3505: 3464: 3448: 3392:Schmalkalden 3381: 3336: 3259: 3164:independent 3026:independent 2993:independent 2960:independent 2927:independent 2888: 2803: 2755:. Only with 2718: 2710: 2697: 2675:(2,100) and 2661: 2657:urbanization 2653: 2416: 1904:Sorbs proper 1889: 1881:Demographics 1859: 1835: 1816: 1664:mm (inches) 1471:(1971–2000) 1452: 1444: 1412: 1396:Bleiloch Dam 1361: 1209: 1175:Lower Saxony 1172: 1155: 1124: 1117: 1091: 1070: 1061: 1039: 1032: 1016: 996: 990: 912: 885: 854:of 1525. In 841: 773:landgraviate 770: 756: 729: 727: 719:coat of arms 708: 672:White Elster 661: 632: 628: 626: 566:World War II 540: 496:hiking trail 489: 456:Lower Saxony 430: 417: 416: 204:Bodo Ramelow 108:Coat of arms 29: 7770:Würzburg SR 7745:Bavarian SR 7707:Schwarzburg 7608:City-states 7589:Württemberg 7576:(from 1920) 7500:(1919–1933) 7400:Brandenburg 7182:(1949–1952) 7176:(1949–1952) 7170:(1949–1952) 7168:South Baden 7132:City-states 7053:Brandenburg 6964:"Thüringen" 6917:‹ The 6912:(in German) 6866:13 November 6836:11 February 6832:(in German) 6806:(in German) 6753:2 September 6713:1 September 6581:(in German) 6541:21 February 6463:(in German) 6111:Otto Schott 6075:Otto Schott 5894: 1328 5890: 1260 5841:Chamber of 5787:Franz Liszt 5738:Franz Liszt 5566:Hauptschule 5558:Regelschule 5221:to improve 5070:A9 motorway 5062:A4 motorway 4980:Oldtown of 4667:A4 motorway 4659:Switzerland 4611:Werrarevier 4591:Werrarevier 4435:Goldene Aue 4180:Total votes 4134:Valid votes 3792:Free Voters 3692:(Die Linke) 3343:Lutheranism 2790:Switzerland 2774:Afghanistan 2761:Brandenburg 2531:Afghanistan 2427:Nationality 2406: [ 1920:World War I 1912:Ostsiedlung 1292:Fahner Höhe 1284:Hörselberge 1276:Steigerwald 1216:Goldene Aue 1037:were held. 1001:Saxe-Coburg 993:World War I 860:Anabaptists 833:Saxe-Coburg 813:Saxe-Weimar 777:Ludowingian 562:Saxe-Coburg 560:, save for 371:NUTS Region 251:19 (of 736) 149: / 7785:Categories 7755:Bottleneck 7736:separatist 7715:Rudolstadt 7671:Saxe-Gotha 7635:Until 1920 7320:Nordhausen 6810:2 February 6783:www.lvz.de 6681:31 October 6607:22 January 6424:References 6284:Buchenwald 6246:astronomer 6184:Buchenwald 6089:, born in 6083:Ernst Abbe 6061:Carl Zeiss 5982:Carl Zeiss 5951:Talleyrand 5892: – c. 5720:Georg Böhm 5644:Nordhausen 5570:Realschule 5526:See also: 5448:wind power 5383:Nordhausen 5251:Rudolstadt 5237:, and the 5223:Mühlhausen 5219:Leinefelde 5199:Nordhausen 4982:Mühlhausen 4563:Meuselwitz 4503:Carl Zeiss 4472:along the 4420:improved. 4285:Nordhausen 4242:Landkreise 3549:Party-list 3500:See also: 3386:or to the 3337:Since the 3193:Mühlhausen 3095:Nordhausen 3090:Nordhausen 2879:See also: 2782:Montenegro 2772:(+1,200), 2768:(+1,700), 2713:birth rate 2677:Ukrainians 1736:(≥ 1.0 mm) 1435:Rockhausen 1427:Mühlhausen 1272:Ettersberg 1256:Kyffhäuser 1220:Nordhausen 1169:Topography 1110:Nordhausen 1106:Mühlhausen 1058:Nazi Party 1056:after the 1042:Nazi Party 985:See also: 856:Mühlhausen 837:Saxe-Gotha 797:Electorate 704:Nordhausen 700:Mühlhausen 645:Hermunduri 606:new states 578:contiguous 534:, and the 393:12th of 16 296:Thuringian 270:Population 182:Government 134:50°51′40″N 7791:Thuringia 7750:Bremen SR 7738:movements 7666:Meiningen 7651:Altenburg 7573:Thuringia 7553:Oldenburg 7528:Brunswick 7455:Thuringia 7383:Full list 7377:Districts 7350:Sonneberg 7310:Ilm-Kreis 7290:Eichsfeld 7113:Thuringia 6987:Thuringia 6934:Thuringia 6384:Thüringen 6340:English: 6295:Kunstfest 6274:Uziel Gal 6189:Paul Klee 6180:Léon Blum 6156:) 1889–94 6139:Max Weber 6047:Max Weber 6011:Meiningen 5992:Karl Marx 5915:Zeitgeist 5554:Gymnasium 5514:Education 5391:Altenburg 5375:Göttingen 5367:Magdeburg 5351:Meiningen 5307:Nuremberg 5287:Frankfurt 5187:Göttingen 5179:Nuremberg 5135:Meiningen 5118:Hermsdorf 5078:Frankfurt 5058:motorways 5023:near Jena 5012:Transport 4873:Rennsteig 4619:Ronneburg 4567:Altenburg 4464:north of 4462:Bad Sulza 4443:Osterland 4439:Orlasenke 4390:Jen Tower 4315:Sonneberg 4275:Ilm-Kreis 4255:Eichsfeld 4214:1,655,343 4206:1,655,343 4191:1,218,190 4183:1,218,190 4145:1,188,486 4137:1,207,836 4113:1,188,486 4104:1,207,836 3977:(Piraten) 3923:(Familie) 3527:far-right 3364:Eichsfeld 3228:Altenburg 2902:District 2700:sex ratio 2671:(3,000), 2667:(3,100), 2389:2,126,846 2378:2,108,863 2367:2,120,237 2356:2,133,378 2345:2,143,145 2334:2,151,205 2323:2,158,128 2312:2,170,714 2301:2,156,759 2290:2,160,840 2279:2,170,460 2268:2,181,603 2257:2,235,025 2246:2,249,882 2235:2,267,763 2224:2,289,219 2213:2,311,140 2202:2,334,575 2191:2,355,280 2159:2,373,157 2148:2,392,040 2137:2,411,387 2126:2,431,255 2115:2,449,082 2104:2,462,836 2093:2,478,148 2082:2,491,119 2071:2,503,785 2060:2,517,776 2049:2,723,268 2038:2,730,368 2027:2,759,084 2016:2,737,865 2005:2,932,242 1994:2,160,692 1983:1,737,544 1972:1,435,115 1961:1,172,375 1843:Ronneburg 1803:in winter 1447:temperate 1431:Cathedral 1349:Osterland 1341:Orlasenke 1252:Windleite 1248:Hainleite 1228:Eichsfeld 1222:with the 1164:Geography 1160:in 1990. 1147:Altenburg 1119:Landkreis 1035:elections 1007:instead. 868:Eichsfeld 821:Saxe-Jena 805:Ernestine 759:Thuringii 748:Thuringii 731:Bratwurst 637:Thuringii 633:Thüringen 629:Thuringia 627:The name 492:Rennsteig 422:Germany's 418:Thuringia 389:very high 323:Time zone 278:2,120,237 239:4 (of 69) 18:Thüringen 7435:Saarland 7345:Sömmerda 7089:Saarland 6919:template 6830:Statista 6804:Statista 6747:Archived 6707:Archived 6312:Arnstadt 6292:for the 6232:Otto Dix 6219:Jean Arp 6215:, Weimar 6205:, Weimar 6091:Eisenach 5813:Eisenach 5748:Eisenach 5733:Eisenach 5680:Research 5538:Bavarian 5485:and the 5470:and the 5359:Chemnitz 5347:Würzburg 5303:Saalfeld 5293:and the 5283:Eisenach 5253:region. 5247:Saalfeld 5151:Sömmerda 5147:Arnstadt 5127:Würzburg 5086:Eisenach 4888:Wartburg 4682:school. 4679:Eisenach 4669:such as 4583:Roßleben 4545:such as 4528:Arnstadt 4517:, where 4515:Eisenach 4511:Jenoptik 4310:Sömmerda 4226:Source: 3690:The Left 3467:The Left 3445:National 3440:Politics 3291:or other 3278:religion 3264:Religion 3125:Eisenach 2963:110,731 2930:213,692 2908:Change* 2796:(−900). 2733:Eisenach 2665:Russians 2594:Bulgaria 2401:Source: 1892:Germanic 1873:and the 1781:Source: 1729:(19.74) 1660:Average 1425:next to 1406:and the 1398:and the 1345:Vogtland 1337:Holzland 1324:Grabfeld 1264:Schmücke 1153:Bezirk. 999:); only 766:Frankish 762:Germanic 734:and the 692:Prussian 564:. After 543:Frankish 219:The Left 208:The Left 137:11°3′7″E 7765:Rhenish 7760:Bavaria 7621:Hamburg 7581:Waldeck 7558:Prussia 7523:Bavaria 7395:Bavaria 7151:Hamburg 7047:Bavaria 6921:below ( 6904:Tourism 6647:16 June 6585:27 June 6517:21 July 6467:31 July 6227:Bauhaus 6213:Bauhaus 6203:Bauhaus 6193:Bauhaus 6174:Bauhaus 6164:Bauhaus 6134:Bauhaus 5690:Ilmenau 5629:Bauhaus 5610:). The 5556:or the 5452:biomass 5440:lignite 5395:Zwickau 5319:Dresden 5267:Leipzig 5203:Leipzig 5143:Ilmenau 5131:Bavaria 5110:Dresden 4950:skyline 4934:Oberhof 4869:Oberhof 4847:Tourism 4655:Austria 4651:Bavaria 4615:uranium 4559:lignite 4555:Ilmenau 4536:Ohrdruf 4484:wines. 4380:Economy 4228:Results 3760:(Grüne) 3704:180,207 3695:157,641 3661:190,448 3636:397,927 3627:285,141 3602:408,011 3593:396,704 3370:around 3325: 3310: 3295: 3283:percent 3237:31,101 3202:35,799 3167:36,395 3134:41,970 3099:40,969 3064:45,273 3029:65,098 2996:92,126 2869:−10,213 2836:−25,644 2825:−16,641 2794:Austria 2770:Romania 2741:Bavaria 2693:Ilmenau 2636:Vietnam 2538:10,950 2517:14,195 2510:Romania 2496:14,780 2475:22,055 2454:34,180 2447:Ukraine 1908:unified 1863:Hainich 1839:Uranium 1823:Hainich 1724:(1.24) 1719:(1.48) 1714:(1.45) 1709:(1.59) 1704:(2.08) 1699:(2.46) 1694:(2.39) 1689:(2.16) 1684:(1.59) 1679:(1.40) 1674:(0.94) 1669:(0.97) 1655:(39.7) 1650:(29.3) 1645:(33.6) 1640:(41.2) 1635:(48.4) 1630:(53.6) 1625:(53.8) 1620:(50.4) 1615:(44.8) 1610:(37.0) 1605:(32.5) 1600:(26.8) 1595:(26.4) 1585:(54.3) 1580:(38.1) 1575:(43.5) 1570:(54.9) 1565:(64.9) 1560:(72.9) 1555:(72.5) 1550:(68.2) 1545:(63.5) 1540:(54.0) 1535:(46.0) 1530:(37.8) 1525:(36.0) 1458:Oberhof 1441:Climate 1417:of the 1372:Unstrut 1332:Loquitz 1288:Hainich 1240:Unstrut 1203:at the 1187:Bavaria 1151:Leipzig 1133:Bezirke 1114:Ostheim 1081:with a 1071:Landtag 1062:Landtag 1033:Landtag 1018:Landtag 1005:Bavaria 742:History 688:Wettins 655:today. 653:Galicia 500:Oberhof 483:of the 448:Bavaria 399:Website 292:Demonym 172:Capital 166:Germany 162:Country 7656:Coburg 7643:Ernest 7626:Lübeck 7616:Bremen 7563:Saxony 7513:Anhalt 7506:States 7440:Saxony 7405:Bremen 7269:Weimar 7249:Erfurt 7145:Bremen 7139:Berlin 7095:Saxony 7034:States 6970:22 May 6953:22 May 6938:Curlie 6924:Curlie 6443:"Upps" 6380:German 6254:comets 6143:Erfurt 5947:Erfurt 5885:O.P. ( 5698:Weimar 5694:Erfurt 5636:Erfurt 5562:Abitur 5507:Erfurt 5493:Health 5466:: the 5377:, the 5369:, the 5361:, the 5353:, the 5327:Munich 5323:Berlin 5291:Kassel 5275:Erfurt 5271:Weimar 5114:Saxony 5098:Weimar 5094:Erfurt 5074:Munich 5066:Berlin 4967:Erfurt 4948:Erfurt 4906:Weimar 4671:Erfurt 4627:Wismut 4571:potash 4513:) and 4507:Schott 4466:Weimar 4373:Weimar 4349:Erfurt 4194:100.00 4186:100.00 4168:29,704 4160:10,354 4116:100.00 4107:100.00 4045:(MLPD) 3865:12,113 3862:(APfT) 3840:18,706 3831:13,582 3806:33,405 3797:15,371 3772:19,092 3763:38,289 3738:92,510 3729:73,088 3670:28,478 3512:Greens 3396:Erfurt 3240:−1.27 3205:−0.38 3170:−1.68 3137:−0.12 3102:−0.35 3067:−0.05 3032:+0.35 3022:Weimar 2999:−0.55 2966:+0.47 2933:+0.68 2923:Erfurt 2914:Image 2847:26,854 2814:17,008 2786:Kosovo 2778:Serbia 2766:Poland 2753:Berlin 2745:Saxony 2737:Weimar 2721:Erfurt 2689:Weimar 2681:Erfurt 2643:4,040 2633: 2622:4,715 2612: 2601:5,240 2591: 2580:5,260 2573:Turkey 2570: 2559:5,305 2552:Russia 2549: 2528: 2514:13,475 2507: 2493:14,255 2489:Poland 2486: 2472:16,435 2465: 2451:32,150 2444: 2008:+35.7% 1997:+24.4% 1986:+21.1% 1975:+22.4% 1924:Erfurt 1906:, who 1896:Slavic 1869:, the 1827:spruce 1476:Month 1469:Erfurt 1454:Artern 1423:Vogtei 1357:Pleiße 1355:along 1183:Saxony 1108:, and 1102:Erfurt 1009:Weimar 929:; the 876:Erfurt 846:, and 835:, and 736:Forest 696:Erfurt 623:(1265) 590:Erfurt 530:, the 526:, the 518:, and 464:Saxony 462:, and 444:Weimar 432:Erfurt 426:states 383:(2018) 227:Greens 176:Erfurt 66:German 62: 7697:Reuss 7689:Reuss 7661:Gotha 7538:Lippe 7533:Hesse 7518:Baden 7410:Hesse 7300:Greiz 7295:Gotha 7059:Hesse 6326:Notes 5898:Gotha 5702:Gotha 5652:Gotha 5285:with 5279:Gotha 5263:Halle 5159:Halle 5153:with 5090:Gotha 5082:Hesse 5000:Gotha 4798:11.4 4795:11.2 4792:13.1 4789:15.6 4786:17.1 4783:16.7 4780:16.7 4777:15.9 4774:15.3 4771:15.4 4763:2023 4760:2022 4757:2021 4754:2020 4751:2019 4748:2018 4745:2017 4742:2016 4739:2015 4736:2014 4733:2013 4730:2012 4727:2011 4724:2010 4721:2009 4718:2008 4715:2007 4712:2006 4709:2005 4706:2004 4703:2003 4700:2002 4697:2001 4694:2000 4691:Year 4647:Hesse 4621:near 4595:Vacha 4565:near 4478:Saale 4369:(SHL) 4265:Greiz 4260:Gotha 4217:73.59 4209:73.59 4148:97.56 4140:99.15 4101:Total 4084:2,696 4076:Other 4048:1,342 4023:2,196 4014:2,389 4011:(ÖDP) 3980:3,718 3953:5,508 3926:5,722 3901:4,192 3892:6,780 3828:(FDP) 3726:(SPD) 3707:15.16 3698:13.05 3664:15.77 3658:(BSW) 3639:33.48 3630:23.61 3624:(CDU) 3605:34.33 3596:32.84 3590:(AfD) 3580:Seats 3574:Votes 3571:Seats 3565:Votes 3557:seats 3555:Total 3546:Party 3461:State 3408:Geisa 3404:Fulda 3372:Geisa 3314:20.8% 3299:71.6% 3060:Gotha 3055:Gotha 2899:City 2896:Rank 2858:8,636 2749:Hesse 2673:Turks 2669:Poles 2640:7,385 2598:5,320 2577:4,130 2556:4,340 2535:6,250 2468:Syria 2410:] 2392:+0.9% 2386:2022 2381:−0.5% 2375:2021 2370:−0.6% 2364:2020 2359:−0.5% 2353:2019 2348:−0.4% 2342:2018 2337:−0.3% 2331:2017 2326:−0.6% 2320:2016 2315:+0.6% 2309:2015 2304:−0.2% 2298:2014 2293:−0.4% 2287:2013 2282:−0.5% 2276:2012 2271:−2.4% 2265:2011 2260:−0.7% 2254:2010 2249:−0.8% 2243:2009 2238:−0.9% 2232:2008 2227:−0.9% 2221:2007 2216:−1.0% 2210:2006 2205:−0.9% 2199:2005 2194:−0.8% 2188:2004 2162:−0.8% 2156:2003 2151:−0.8% 2145:2002 2140:−0.8% 2134:2001 2129:−0.7% 2123:2000 2118:−0.6% 2112:1999 2107:−0.6% 2101:1998 2096:−0.5% 2090:1997 2085:−0.5% 2079:1996 2074:−0.6% 2068:1995 2063:−7.5% 2057:1994 2052:−0.3% 2046:1988 2041:−1.0% 2035:1980 2030:+0.8% 2024:1970 2019:−6.6% 2013:1960 2002:1950 1991:1910 1980:1890 1969:1864 1958:1834 1900:Saale 1847:Werra 1819:beech 1776:95.1 1755:10.0 1727:501.5 1515:Year 1392:Rhine 1384:Weser 1380:Werra 1364:Saale 1328:Saale 1316:Werra 1268:Finne 1232:Leine 1224:Helme 1191:Hesse 945:were 785:Hesse 680:Werra 474:Saale 452:Hesse 386:0.928 365:DE-TH 349:UTC+2 328:UTC+1 79:State 7264:Suhl 7259:Jena 7254:Gera 6972:2010 6955:2010 6868:2018 6838:2024 6812:2020 6755:2024 6715:2024 6683:2021 6649:2018 6609:2013 6587:2024 6543:2014 6519:2021 6494:2018 6469:2023 6256:and 6236:Gera 5707:Jena 5700:and 5686:Jena 5640:Jena 5568:and 5505:and 5503:Jena 5458:and 5450:and 5423:and 5397:and 5349:and 5301:and 5299:Jena 5289:and 5281:and 5269:via 5265:and 5243:B281 5241:and 5233:and 5215:B247 5197:and 5193:via 5157:and 5139:Suhl 5133:via 5106:Gera 5104:and 5102:Jena 5084:via 4840:5.9 4837:5.3 4834:5.6 4831:6.0 4828:5.3 4825:5.5 4822:6.1 4819:6.7 4816:7.4 4813:7.8 4810:8.2 4807:8.5 4804:8.8 4801:9.8 4677:and 4675:Jena 4657:and 4649:and 4623:Gera 4597:and 4553:and 4551:Suhl 4534:and 4523:Opel 4509:and 4499:Jena 4476:and 4470:Jena 4468:and 4441:and 4394:Jena 4388:The 4375:(WE) 4367:Suhl 4361:Jena 4355:Gera 4351:(EF) 4171:2.44 4163:0.85 4087:0.23 4060:0.05 4051:0.11 4026:0.18 4017:0.20 3992:0.04 3983:0.31 3956:0.46 3950:(BD) 3929:0.47 3904:0.35 3895:0.56 3889:(WU) 3868:1.00 3843:1.57 3834:1.12 3809:2.81 3800:1.27 3794:(FW) 3775:1.61 3766:3.17 3741:7.78 3732:6.05 3673:2.40 3506:The 3481:. 3360:Gera 3329:7.6% 3289:None 3160:Suhl 2989:Gera 2956:Jena 2911:CoA 2883:and 2759:and 2751:and 2729:Jena 2725:Gera 2711:The 2691:and 2685:Jena 2615:Iraq 2177:Pop. 2173:Year 1947:Pop. 1943:Year 1928:Jena 1926:and 1894:and 1831:pine 1773:7.6 1770:7.8 1767:6.9 1764:7.4 1761:8.3 1758:8.7 1752:8.5 1749:7.9 1746:8.3 1743:6.7 1740:7.0 1722:31.5 1717:37.5 1712:36.8 1707:40.5 1702:52.8 1697:62.5 1692:60.8 1687:54.8 1682:40.3 1677:35.5 1672:23.8 1667:24.7 1648:−1.5 1628:12.0 1623:12.1 1618:10.2 1598:−2.9 1593:−3.1 1583:12.4 1568:12.7 1563:18.3 1558:22.7 1553:22.5 1548:20.1 1543:17.5 1538:12.2 1512:Dec 1509:Nov 1506:Oct 1503:Sep 1500:Aug 1497:Jul 1494:Jun 1491:May 1488:Apr 1485:Mar 1482:Feb 1479:Jan 1413:The 1388:Main 1368:Elbe 1330:and 1294:and 1286:and 1212:Harz 1189:and 1143:Suhl 1141:and 1139:Gera 1031:six 973:and 799:and 750:and 721:and 709:The 702:and 668:Harz 649:Huns 598:Gera 596:and 594:Suhl 541:The 485:Elbe 479:, a 442:and 440:Gera 436:Jena 353:CEST 257:Area 96:Flag 6989:at 6936:at 5959:) ( 5919:in 5845:at 5534:GDR 5399:Hof 5393:to 5325:to 5311:ICE 5305:to 5239:B88 5227:B19 5201:to 5189:in 5183:A38 5175:A73 5161:in 5129:in 5123:A71 5112:in 5108:to 5080:in 5051:GDR 4965:in 4904:in 4871:or 4607:K+S 4519:BMW 4474:Ilm 4363:(J) 4357:(G) 4244:): 4057:617 3989:449 3716:–17 3682:+15 3614:+10 3560:+/– 3347:GDR 3224:10 1851:K+S 1653:4.3 1643:0.9 1638:5.1 1633:9.1 1613:7.1 1608:2.8 1603:0.3 1578:3.4 1573:6.4 1533:7.8 1528:3.2 1523:2.2 1376:Ilm 1351:or 1244:Dün 631:or 572:in 424:16 412:Map 381:HDI 375:DEG 342:DST 332:CET 301:GDP 223:SPD 7787:: 7385:) 6854:. 6828:. 6802:. 6791:^ 6781:. 6745:. 6699:. 6640:. 6577:. 6510:. 6485:. 6459:. 6432:^ 6382:: 6378:; 6365:dʒ 6252:, 5887:c. 5761:) 5709:. 5631:. 5474:. 5419:, 5315:IC 5277:, 5273:, 5145:, 5141:, 5137:, 5100:, 5096:, 5092:, 5088:, 4998:, 4867:, 4673:, 4549:, 4530:, 4505:, 4437:, 4125:–2 4122:88 4119:44 4110:44 3852:–5 3784:–5 3750:–2 3713:12 3679:15 3667:15 3648:+2 3645:23 3642:11 3633:12 3611:32 3608:29 3189:9 3156:8 3121:7 3086:6 3051:5 3018:4 2985:3 2952:2 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