483:
grasping end-organs. In adult males, the arms are all sexually modified in some way. The first pair becomes elongated and thicker, with swollen midportions and expanded protective membranes. The second pair has elongated and swollen tips, with reduced protective membranes. The third and fourth pairs all have slender whip-like tips. The suckers on the tips of the second pair have swollen collars and possess small pointed teeth around their entire margin, while the rest of the suckers on all the arms have small rounded or triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. The mid-arm and basal suckers of the third and fourth pairs also have swollen collars and greatly reduced openings.
376:
776:
31:
661:
747:
808:
small with developing photophores visible. They are slightly flattened dorsoventrally and mounted on short thick stalks. The arms are mere stubs, with lengths of 0.8 to 1.4 mm (0.031 to 0.055 in) when they reach mantle lengths of 8 to 9 mm (0.31 to 0.35 in). In contrast, the tentacles are very long and thick but without an expanded club. Four rows of suckers extend from the club to almost the base of the stalks. The mantle, head, arms, and tentacles are covered with relatively large widely spaced chromatophores.
205:
444:
83:
1259:
902:(normally mere pinpoints in its predominantly transparent body) expand to about four times their usual diameter. They are arranged into concentric circles on the bloated mantle, confusing predators as to the location of the eyes. If the threat still does not go away, its last resort is to again eject ink. However, the ink is not released, instead it is retained inside the now spherical mantle cavity. The squid thus becomes a completely opaque black ball.
58:
424:. One of the photophores is oval-shaped and small, located at the upper part near the lens of each eye. The other two are concentric and located at the sides and bottom of the eyeball. One of them is very narrow and curves halfway around the lens.; the other is very large and crescent-shaped, straddling half of the bottom surface of the eyeball.
738:, hence the name. In this posture, they rotate around their spindle-shaped digestive glands, the only internal organs of the squid clearly visible through their mostly transparent bodies. Regardless of the direction their heads or mantles are facing, the digestive glands are always kept oriented vertically.
475:
length (length formula: III>II>I=IV). Adult males may have the first and second pair of equal length (but shorter than the third pair), or the first pair may be the longest of all the arms (length formula: III>I=II>IV or I>III>II>IV). They all possess two rows of cup-shaped to globular
811:
The paralarvae develop the characteristic tubercle at the funnel-mantle fusion once they reach the mantle lengths between 30 and 60 mm (1.2 and 2.4 in). They enter the subadult stage once the eyes lose their stalks, becoming sessile, at sizes between 75 and 95 mm (3.0 and 3.7 in).
799:
directly on the mantles. The spermatophores penetrate into the mantle cavity of the female where they discharge sperm. The females spawn only once before dying. No eggs of the species have ever been collected from the wild, but examination of collected specimens of gravid females puts the estimated
482:
In subadults of both sexes and mature females, the basal and mid-arm suckers are usually smooth, though the small terminal suckers possess six to ten short triangular teeth on the distal and lateral rims. About 6 to 9% of the tips of all the arms of subadult and adult females are also modified into
439:
tubercle is present at the mantle margins, though rarely it may be absent. The fins are long and narrow, starting at about 40 to 60% of the length of the mantle, far from where the body is the widest. They extend past the rear tip of the body, fuse with each other at the middle, and end with a pair
905:
The squid retains the shape for about half an hour then its starts to tentatively extend its head and tentacles out of the mantle, followed by the fins and gladius. When assured that the threat has gone, it then gradually releases the ink and seawater stored in its mantle. All this happens with no
490:
are short and muscular. They have four rows of carpal ("wrist") suckers, arranged into a zigzag pattern on ½ to ⅔ of the distal end of the tentacles leading towards the tentacular clubs. The suckers on the tentacular club are set on long protrusions and possess numerous short, sharp teeth on their
474:
are short to medium length, about a fourth to half of the mantle length. In subadults and females, the third pair of arms is the longest, followed by the second, first, and the fourth pairs (length formula: III>II>I>IV). Sometimes the fourth and first pairs may be of equal or almost equal
790:
has not been extensively observed. From the recorded depths of captured adult specimens, it is assumed that mating and spawning happens in the deep midwaters, at depths greater than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). At these depths, the waters are quite dark. The bioluminescent photophores as well as
807:
gradually float or swim towards shallower waters. The paralarvae differ from adults in having stouter barrel-shaped bodies with a blunt posterior end. The fins are very small and unfused. The funnel is broad and large and lack tubercles on the funnel-mantle fusion, unlike in adults. The eyes are
2389:
Michael
Vecchione; Odd Aksel Bergstad; Ingvar Byrkjedal; Tone Falkenhaug; Andrey V. Gebruk; Olav Rune Godø; Astthor Gislason; Mikko Heino; Age S. Høines; Gui M. M. Menezes; Uwe Piatkowski; Imants G. Priede; Henrik Skov; Henrik Søiland; Tracey Sutton & Thomas de Lange Wenneck (2010).
812:
The arms and arm suckers enlarge rapidly and males begin to develop their arm modifications (with the exception of the modifications of the first arm pair, which occurs near maturity). At this stage they may already have moved back to depths exceeding 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
729:
are sluggish swimmers. Unlike other squids, they do not need to contract their mantle muscles to breathe, but their modified flotation and respiratory systems restrict their ability to jet away from threats. They generally float passively in the "cockatoo" posture typical of
897:
The first step is to turn its fins and gladius inside out. This is followed by the head and arms being inverted into the mantle cavity. Then the mantle is filled with seawater, turning them perfectly spherical. The tentacles are the last to be retracted. At this point the
2423:
2241:
513:
at depths of 405 to 4,515 m (1,329 to 14,813 ft), and at water temperatures of 21 to 3 °C (70 to 37 °F), though adults may rarely be found at depths of less than 25 m (82 ft) from the surface. They exhibit
893:
into the water and jetting away. However, if the threat persists, it reacts by inflating itself into a ball. This happens in several steps, at any point in which it may cease inflating further if the disturbance stops.
710:, which enables the squid to float. In experiments, puncturing the chambers and draining the ammonium chloride resulted in the squid sinking rapidly. The chamber is also lined with
909:
This behavior was first observed among captured live specimens in 1972 by the marine biologist Peter Noel Dilly. It was the first instance of such a behavior being observed among
1503:
between the growth stages of 6 to 84 mm (0.24 to 3.31 in) in mantle length. The second was that he did not realize that the distinctive end-organs on his specimen for
3379:
3327:
2269:
The
Deepwater Ecosystem of the Continental Shelf Slope and Seamounts of the Rockall Trough: A Report on the Ecology and Biodiversity Based on FRS Scientific Surveys
2352:
1312:. In 1884 and subsequently in 1886, the British zoologist William Evans Hoyle recognized Verrill's mistake after examining Verrill's well-illustrated paper. He
671:
shown in the "cockatoo" posture. The spindle-shaped digestive glands remain oriented vertically, no matter what direction the squid's head and body are facing.
2069:
630:. Thus specimens can be reliably identified based on where they may have been caught. Several squid specimens have also been recovered and observed from the
3433:
1651:
605:
are known to be relatively abundant. They are frequently encountered in submersibles, and younger individuals are frequently caught in shallower waters.
406:
between 37 and 40 cm (15 and 16 in) for females, and 18.2 to 24.4 cm (7.2 to 9.6 in) for males. They have very large forward-facing
3626:
1679:
1476:
2480:"Cephalopods Collected by the Submersibles and ROVs of Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology －Annotated Catalogue up to 2008 －"
1550:
3691:
1822:. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4. Vol. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 176–177.
3771:
1820:
Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 2: Myopsid and
Oegopsid Squids
479:
that lack hooks. The suckers on the midportion of the third and second pair of arms are greatly enlarged, exceeding the width of the arms.
1984:
642:. However closer examinations reveal that the arrangement of photophores on the eyes is different, making it certain that they are not
2162:
Jon A. Moore; Michael
Vecchione; Karsten E. Hartel; Bruce B. Collette; John K. Galbraith; Ruth Gibbons & Mary Turnipseed (2003).
522:
and subadults are usually found in the upper 300 m (980 ft) of the surface, and gradually dive deeper as they grow larger.
3475:
3467:
3600:
3471:
3786:
3639:
3781:
2651:. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 152. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. pp. 37–38.
2289:
The distribution and abundance of cephalopod species caught during demersal trawl surveys west of
Ireland and in the Celtic Sea
1714:, where its comical appearance earned it the nickname Eddie McBlobbles, "the inside-out-seahorse-in-a-ball-nerd of the deep."
3704:
3387:
2804:
2725:
2403:
2373:
2020:
1827:
3644:
3335:
2645:
Distribution, Relative
Abundance and Developmental Morphology of Paralarval Cephalopods in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
1211:) within it. In the same work, he was also the first to point out that Prosch had made the error of including juveniles of
3275:
2215:
3301:
3090:
2663:
2140:
1893:
3587:
2715:
668:
889:
when threatened. Upon initial disturbance, its response is similar to that of other cephalopods, releasing a cloud of
1844:
1678:. Clarke's new combination was the primary name used by subsequent authors until 1985 when the American malacologist
964:
3743:
3696:
2204:. ICES Conference and Meeting (CM) Documents. Vol. D:16. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
1105:. He included it under a new "subfamilia Cranchidæ" (now the family Cranchiidae), after noticing its similarity to
2351:
Lee C. Hastie; Graham J. Pierce; Jianjun Wang; Isabel Bruno; Ana Moreno; Uwe
Piatkowski; Jean-Paul Robin (2009).
2307:
1086:
194:
2548:
Eric James Denton; John B. Gilpin-Brown; Trevor I. Shaw (1969). "A buoyancy mechanism found in cranchid squid".
1702:
was taken by David Shale in 2006 while on a MAR-ECO expedition led by Monty Priede, Director of
Oceanlab of the
718:
waves. The movement draws water into the mantle cavity and pushes it out again through the funnel, aerating the
3791:
3539:
2287:
1581:. Like Chun, he also made the mistake of including several other unrelated specimens in the species, including
795:
released into the water may help the squid find mates. Once the males find the females, they harpoon them with
3678:
2040:
1920:
3201:
Die
Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Zugleich eine monographische Übersicht der Oegopsiden Cephalopoden
2690:
3206:
The
Cephalopoda of the Plankton Expedition. At the same time a monographic overview of oegopsid cephalopods
3489:
1172:
3548:
1707:
1633:
1512:
476:
455:
3553:
2354:
Cephalopods in the north-eastern Atlantic: species, biogeography, ecology, exploitation and conservation
1654:
also disagreed with Muus, and transferred various species since moved around back to Steenstrup's genus
82:
2308:"Distribution of cephalopod paralarvae in relation to the regional oceanography of the western Iberia"
2015:. Technical report no. 58. Pinngortitaleriffik, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. p. 17.
3748:
2933:
Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og Dets Medlemmers Arbeider
2516:"The systematics and areal distribution of pelagic cephalopods from the seas of southern California"
2141:"Observation of the vertical distribution and behavior of nektonic squids using manned submersibles"
3670:
2306:
Ana Moreno; Antonina dos Santos; Uwe Piatkowski; A. Miguel P. Santos & Henrique Cabral (2009).
432:
2986:
2948:"The squid families Cranchiidae and Gonatidae (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) in the New Zealand region"
2841:
Scientific Communication of the Natural History Society in Kjöbenhavn, for the years 1849 and 1850
2388:
1776:
3735:
3044:
3013:
2860:
Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling
1587:
1222:
1142:
1044:
886:
775:
541:. In the northwestern Atlantic, they can be found along the eastern coast of North America, from
515:
375:
347:
1495:
from a subadult female specimen which displayed grasping end-organs. He failed to connect it to
3631:
3501:
3238:
2925:
2161:
1732:
1703:
1682:
finally clarified the convoluted taxonomic history of the family Cranchiidae, retaining Chun's
1150:
1146:
906:
apparent injury to the squid, despite the considerable contortions its body just went through.
864:
2926:"Overblik over de i Kjöbenhavns Museer opbevarede Blaeksprutter fra det aabne Hav (1860–1861)"
2867:
2391:
2305:
2198:
Community and species diversity of deepwater cephalopods along the northern mid-Atlantic Ridge
2095:
2902:
1724:
1601:
1429:
1421:
1279:
1000:
921:
858:
616:
562:
431:
is conical and elongated with a narrow rear tip. The mantle walls are thin and leathery. The
177:
3657:
2837:
Videnskabelige Meddelelse den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn, for Aarene 1849 og 1850
2641:
2164:"Biodiversity of Bear Seamount, New England Seamount Chain: results of exploratory trawling"
3722:
3574:
3164:
2824:
2761:
2557:
2240:
Martin A. Collins; Cynthia Yau; Peter R. Boyle; Dagmar Friese & Uwe Piatkowski (2002).
1646:
1333:
1267:
1235:
1117:
852:
648:
622:
550:
459:
3253:
8:
3484:
3199:
2980:
2515:
2479:
2267:
2117:
1614:
1610:
1266:
paralarvae at different growth stages, with a closeup of the suckers on a tentacle. From
870:
746:
47:
30:
3464:
off the coast of New England. Courtesy of Michael Vecchione and Clyde F.E. Roper (1991).
3168:
3028:
3001:
2765:
2561:
3776:
3261:
Cephalopoda. Suborder Teuthoidea. Families: Ommastrephidae, Chiroteuthidae, Cranchiidae
2777:
2573:
2239:
2226:. Toktrapport/Havforskningsinstituttet Number 19. MAR-ECO, Census of Marine Life. 2004.
1706:. The photo was featured in one of the top ten most viewed news photo galleries of the
1313:
1176:
578:
399:
235:
77:
3451:
3447:
3409:
3357:
2360:. Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review. Vol. 47. pp. 111–190.
2196:
734:(which are also known as cockatoo squids for this reason). They resemble a horizontal
660:
3717:
3561:
3492:. Courtesy of George Sedberry (NOAA-OE) of the Estuary to the Abyss 2004 Exploration.
3443:
3228:
3180:
3059:
2882:
2855:
2800:
2721:
2691:"Oceanic cephalopod distribution and species diversity in the eastern North Atlantic"
2617:
2399:
2369:
2350:
2016:
2007:
1823:
1484:
1175:
pointed out mistakes in Prosch's original description. In 1856, the Danish zoologist
696:
598:
3358:"Expedition image gallery among ten most viewed on National Geographic News website"
2577:
2275:. Fisheries Research Services Internal Report No 02/08. Fisheries Research Services.
1812:
1753:
204:
3566:
3460:
3209:
3172:
3133:
3071:
2964:
2959:
2947:
2906:
2781:
2769:
2565:
2547:
2530:
2494:
2361:
2322:
2285:
2175:
1939:
1771:
1547:
1400:
1395:
992:
984:
968:
953:
688:
428:
2982:
Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic: With Illustrations of the Species
1258:
601:, making it possible that their range extends further south than currently known.
3237:]. Vol. III. Trans. J.S. Bhatti (1989). Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp.
2194:
1845:"Distribution of recent cephalopoda and implications for Plio-Pleistocene events"
1621:
1107:
976:
915:
842:
836:
487:
443:
3683:
3113:
2642:
Michael Vecchione; Clyde F. E. Roper; Michael J. Sweeney & C. C. Lu (2001).
3524:
3176:
1961:
1338:
1102:
1017:
890:
831:
538:
471:
451:
411:
407:
360:
343:
335:
3118:
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer
2910:
2891:
explained by observations on similar formations in the Cephalopoda in general"
2365:
1943:
518:, moving closer to the surface in nighttime and diving deeper during daytime.
3765:
3652:
3263:. Zooplankton Sheet 96. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
1762:
1711:
1582:
1158:
1094:
1080:
967:(FAO) of the United Nations gives them the names of Atlantic cranch squid in
899:
796:
758:
631:
586:
582:
554:
436:
403:
339:
67:
62:
3592:
3213:
3137:
3075:
2327:
2242:"Distribution of cephalopods from plankton surveys around the British Isles"
1577:, unfortunately retaining Verrill's genus despite it being in synonymy with
3184:
3126:
Scientific Results of the German Deepsea Expedition on Board the Steamship
3116:[The Cephalopoda. Part I: Oegopsida. Part II: Myopsida, Octopoda].
2569:
2534:
2499:
2067:
1618:
1524:
1350:
1343:
1296:
1199:
1169:
1138:
1060:
684:
510:
503:
1985:"Midwater cephalopods in the western North Atlantic Ocean off Nova Scotia"
913:. Since then, similar behavior has been found in other glass squids, like
3730:
3665:
3613:
3533:
1894:"Systematics, biology and biogeography of the cranchiid cephalopod genus
1291:
960:
956:
941:
731:
715:
683:
possess a remarkable flotation system that enables them to remain in the
676:
627:
610:
420:
395:
355:
323:
154:
144:
1921:"Preliminary notice on the cephalopoda collected by the fishery cruiser
1511:
found only in maturing and adult females. In 1934, the German zoologist
3605:
3440:
inflating itself into a defensive ball. Courtesy of David Shale (2007).
2595:
2286:
Colm Lordan; Steve Warnes; Tom F. Cross & Gavin M. Burnell (2001).
1180:
910:
769:
766:
703:
415:
384:
364:
124:
3618:
2452:
2424:"Cephalopods observed from submersibles in the western North Atlantic"
2180:
2163:
1415:, "squid") + Owen, as in the original name. Chun also first described
2773:
1570:
1404:
1122:
1098:
1083:
949:
946:
804:
792:
750:
566:
534:
530:
519:
331:
327:
134:
94:
3495:
3152:
3114:"Die Cephalopoden. I. Teil: Oegopsida. II. Teil. Myopsida, Octopoda"
2643:
2593:
2450:
1959:
3518:
2265:
2005:
1005:
847:
735:
700:
626:
to the eastern central part of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of
594:
542:
463:
114:
2396:
Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity, Distribution, and Abundance
2421:
2195:
Uwe Piatkowski, Michael Vecchione & Richard E. Young (2006).
1483:
during the Danish Oceanographical Expeditions (1908–1910) to the
1213:
1189:
1023:
1011:
590:
570:
558:
506:
3709:
2713:
1353:, examinations of his description and illustrations reveal that
565:. In the northeastern Atlantic, they inhabit the waters between
3579:
3254:"Biodiversity patterns and processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
3091:"A generic revision of the Cranchidae (Cephalopoda; Oegopsida)"
2392:"Biodiversity patterns and processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
1641:
711:
692:
574:
546:
104:
3334:. National Geographic Society. August 22, 2007. Archived from
1982:
1810:
1456:(which had previously already been recognized as a synonym of
2477:
1628:, but also mistakenly followed Berry and thus used the genus
1003:
revisions. It has been variously classified under the genera
937:
707:
491:
entire margins. The largest of these possess 19 to 24 teeth.
387:
of each eye are clearly visible as light golden-yellow areas.
3006:
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
2856:"Nogle nye Cephalopoder, beskrevne og anatomisk undersögte"
1745:
1573:
stage of the latter. He synonymized the two under the name
1499:
for two reasons. The first was that he lacked specimens of
936:
is one of the three species currently classified under the
719:
2999:
2068:
Mario de Kluijver; Sarita Ingalsuo & Rykel de Bruyne.
1569:
actually belong to the same species. The former being the
1460:). Pfeffer followed suit in the same year by resurrecting
1369:
in 1900. He mostly followed Hoyle's conclusions regarding
634:
in 1969, 1974, 2000, and 2002. Their close resemblance to
353:(Greek for "large eyes"). Like other members of the genus
1043:. Various combinations of which has been paired with the
638:
led them to be continually misidentified as belonging to
3026:
2224:
MAR-ECO cruise to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Iceland–Azores
800:
fecundity at 70,000 to 80,000 eggs per individual.
359:, they are easily recognizable by the presence of three
3002:"The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America"
1179:
mentioned a specimen of cranchiid squid recovered from
999:
has gone through numerous and convoluted taxonomic and
3276:"Cephalopoda from the tropical eastern Atlantic Ocean"
3037:
Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh
2985:. Vol. 1: Cephalopoda. George W. Tryon. pp.
1751:
1187:. Later in 1861, Steenstrup established the new genus
3132:] (in German). Gustav Fischer. pp. 126–129.
2266:
Francis Neat; Finlay Burns & Jim Drewery (2008).
1918:
1686:. The valid combination for the species is currently
597:. A single specimen has also been recovered from the
3310:
Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean
3273:
3197:
2009:
Cephalopods in Greenland Waters – a field guide
1636:
disagreed with both Voss and Muus, and used Berry's
846:). They also constitute a major part of the diet of
3436:from the National Geographic News. With a photo of
3153:"Some necessary changes in cephalopod nomenclature"
3057:
2664:"Role of cephalopods in the diet of the swordfish,
2006:Rikke Petri Frandsen & Karsten Zumholz (2004).
1818:. In Clyde F.E. Roper & Patrizia Jereb (eds.).
765:: ventral aspect, oral aspect, closeup of eye with
2661:
1464:in agreement with Berry, though he still retained
2422:Michael Vecchione & Clyde F.E. Roper (1991).
706:. The ammonium chloride has a lower density than
338:. They are moderately sized squid with a maximum
3763:
3488:off the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia on
2747:
2714:Roger T. Hanlon & John B. Messenger (1998).
2513:
2098:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
3299:
3226:
3150:
3060:"Report on the cephalopoda collected by H.M.S.
2978:
2843:] (in Danish). Bianco Luno. pp. 57–64.
2822:
2594:Richard E. Young; Katharina M. Mangold (2006).
2451:Richard E. Young; Katharina M. Mangold (2006).
2038:
1960:Richard E. Young; Katharina M. Mangold (2010).
1605:); thus coming to the mistaken conclusion that
1432:agreed with Hoyle in concluding that Verrill's
614:do not appear to have overlapping ranges, with
435:are small and oval to spindle-shaped. A single
2235:
2233:
1983:Michael Vecchione & Gerhard Pohle (2002).
1811:Clyde F.E. Roper & Patrizia Jereb (2010).
1650:). In the same year, the British teuthologist
1349:. Though the type specimens were destroyed in
995:. Like other genera belonging to Cranchiidae,
303:
3386:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
3088:
2853:
2709:
2707:
2478:Takashi Okutani & Dhugal Lindsay (2010).
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2295:. Irish Fisheries Investigation Series No. 8.
2168:Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science
1891:
1777:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163258A990818.en
1440:. But he made the mistake of using Pfeffer's
342:of 40 cm (16 in). Their very large
3328:"Weird Deep-Sea Creatures Found in Atlantic"
3251:
2818:
2816:
2799:. Canterbury University Press. p. 120.
2794:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2417:
2415:
1125:, placing the latter two under the subgenus
928:
646:. They are very likely to be individuals of
2698:Arquipélago – Life and Marine Sciences
2637:
2635:
2471:
2230:
2132:
1999:
1887:
1885:
1632:instead. In 1962, the Belgian malacologist
1448:; and inexplicably established a new genus
1324:. He also tentatively identified Verrill's
494:
3434:Weird Deep-Sea Creatures Found in Atlantic
3235:Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde
3220:
3208:] (in German). Lipsius & Tischer.
2945:
2923:
2880:
2847:
2720:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
2704:
2682:
2589:
2587:
2541:
2487:JAMSTEC Report of Research and Development
2446:
2444:
2398:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 104, 111.
2335:
2299:
2279:
2208:
2034:
2032:
1912:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1640:for a specimen recovered off the coast of
620:restricted to the southern hemisphere and
418:), a defining characteristic of the genus
203:
56:
29:
3144:
3111:
3051:
3020:
2972:
2963:
2939:
2917:
2874:
2813:
2797:Deep New Zealand: Blue Water, Black Abyss
2734:
2655:
2507:
2498:
2412:
2382:
2326:
2179:
2155:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1775:
1515:further complicated matters by including
1294:. He also recovered several specimens of
1121:). He further divided the group into two
3293:
3267:
3245:
3191:
3105:
3082:
2993:
2632:
2259:
2188:
2110:
1976:
1955:
1953:
1836:
1710:. The photo was also posted to the blog
1272:Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition
1257:
959:. The species does not have widely used
774:
745:
659:
442:
374:
2584:
2441:
2138:
2063:
2061:
2029:
1862:
1381:. He also raised the Prosch's subgenus
1079:The species was first described by the
1027:; as well as the now unaccepted genera
819:is estimated to be two to three years.
3764:
3380:"Top Ten News Photo Galleries of 2007"
2895:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2788:
2752:, a squid that rolls up into a ball".
2688:
2076:. Marine Species Identification Portal
1932:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1852:Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen
1791:
757:, about 6.2 mm (0.24 in) in
714:that contract and expand regularly in
655:
3500:
3499:
3410:"Eddie McBlobbles, at your sthervice"
2668:, from the eastern Mediterranean Sea"
2610:
1950:
1842:
1693:
1539:. At the same time, he also accepted
1479:first described the growth stages of
1403:. Thus in 1910, the German zoologist
1221:. In 1879, the American malacologist
699:derived as waste products from their
3372:
3320:
2523:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
2088:
2058:
1546:It was only in 1956 when the Danish
1361:. Despite this, Pfeffer synonymized
1074:
3772:IUCN Red List least concern species
3412:. Cute Overload. September 18, 2007
3302:"A New Species of Cranchiid Squid,
3068:The Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger
3000:Addison Emery Verrill (1878–1882).
2881:Steenstrup, Japetus (August 1856).
1763:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1300:which he incorrectly identified as
1137:(named after the British biologist
691:. The system uses enormous bilobed
41:swimming in the "cockatoo" posture
13:
3402:
3350:
2139:Moiseev, Sergey Ivanovich (1991).
1491:. He also described a new species
1487:aboard the Danish research vessel
1357:was definitely not from the genus
850:like the long-finned pilot whale (
669:National Museum of Natural History
14:
3803:
3427:
3230:Handbook of Systematic Malacology
3027:William Evans Hoyle (1883–1885).
1752:Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014).
1507:was actually a characteristic of
1475:In 1925, the German malacologist
1411:in its place, from Greek τευθίς (
1243:). But he separated Steenstrup's
965:Food and Agriculture Organization
675:Like other members of the family
557:; extending eastward towards the
2550:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1428:In 1912, the American zoologist
1332:. In 1884, the German zoologist
1278:In 1881, the American zoologist
725:As a result of this adaptation,
81:
1624:disagreed with Muus' choice of
1087:Ferdinand Victor Alphons Prosch
593:, and (during winter) northern
454:and buccal (mouth) cavity; arm
3787:Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
3482:observed from the submersible
3458:observed from the submersible
2965:10.1080/03014223.1978.10428331
2952:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
2598:. The Tree of Life Web Project
2459:. The Tree of Life Web Project
2394:. In Alasdair McIntyre (ed.).
2216:"Cruise Report – RV G.O.
1964:. The Tree of Life Web Project
1919:Edward Stuart Russell (1909).
1843:Nesis, Kir Nazimovich (2003).
1385:to genus level, thus renaming
1304:, leading him to also include
945:. They are included under the
868:), and Cuvier's beaked whale (
370:
1:
3782:Cephalopods described in 1849
3274:Martina A. Roeleveld (1977).
3198:Georg Johann Pfeffer (1912).
1739:
1728:, the googly-eyed glass squid
741:
509:squid. They are found in the
3058:William Evans Hoyle (1886).
2315:Journal of Plankton Research
1535:, and the nominate subgenus
1217:along with his diagnosis of
822:
383:(ventral aspect). The three
7:
3070:. Neill. pp. 126–129.
2883:"Hectocotylus-formation in
2689:Clarke, Malcolm R. (2006).
2662:Giambattista Bello (1991).
1717:
1708:National Geographic Society
1286:for a new species he named
581:); and the area around the
10:
3808:
3306:, from the Gulf of Mexico"
3177:10.1126/science.36.932.643
3095:Bulletin of Marine Science
2924:Steenstrup, J. J. (1861).
2748:Peter Noel Dilly (1972). "
2672:Bulletin of Marine Science
2431:Bulletin of Marine Science
2249:Bulletin of Marine Science
2145:Bulletin of Marine Science
2120:. FishBase. March 23, 2010
1989:Bulletin of Marine Science
1902:Bulletin of Marine Science
1541:Verrilliteuthis hyperborea
877:
3508:
3064:during the years 1873–76"
2911:10.1080/00222935709487882
2620:. Smithsonian Institution
2514:Richard E. Young (1972).
2366:10.1201/9781420094220.ch3
2074:Mollusca of the North Sea
1944:10.1080/00222930908692607
1553:discovered that Prosch's
1328:as a possible synonym of
1173:Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch
973:encornet-outre Atlantique
929:Taxonomy and nomenclature
448:Counterclockwise from top
318:, sometimes known as the
241:
234:
222: Confirmed presence
214:Teuthowenia megalops
211:
202:
183:
176:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
3384:National Geographic News
3360:. University of Aberdeen
3332:National Geographic News
3300:Gilbert L. Voss (1963).
3227:Johannes Thiele (1934).
3151:Samuel S. Berry (1912).
3066:. In John Murray (ed.).
2979:George W. Tryon (1879).
2823:Otto Mörch (1849–1850).
2039:Gilbert L. Voss (1960).
1617:. In 1960, the American
495:Distribution and habitat
466:; and tentacular suckers
433:funnel locking-apparatus
410:, each possessing three
3214:10.5962/bhl.title.10474
3138:10.5962/bhl.title.13499
3076:10.5962/bhl.title.46542
2618:"Cephalopods in Action"
1698:A photo of a balled-up
1588:Helicocranchia pfefferi
1501:Desmoteuthis hyperborea
1481:Desmoteuthis hyperborea
1466:Desmoteuthis hyperborea
1458:Desmoteuthis hyperborea
1446:Desmoteuthis hyperborea
1373:but retained the genus
1310:Desmoteuthis hyperborea
1308:under his new genus as
1223:George Washington Tryon
1149:for "large eyes", from
815:The entire lifespan of
537:waters of the northern
516:diel vertical migration
346:are the source for the
334:waters of the northern
3089:Nancy A. Voss (1980).
3033:and some other genera"
2854:Victor Prosch (1849).
2570:10.1098/rspb.1969.0093
2535:10.5479/si.00810282.97
2500:10.5918/jamstecr.10.23
2118:"Teuthowenia megalops"
2070:"Teuthowenia megalops"
2041:"Bermudan cephalopods"
1962:"Teuthowenia megalops"
1892:Nancy A. Voss (1985).
1733:Megalocranchia fisheri
1704:University of Aberdeen
1644:(now identified to be
1597:Teuthowenia antarctica
1593:Desmoteuthis pellucida
1519:under Pfeffer's genus
1425:) from the same work.
1417:Desmoteuthis pellucida
1407:established the genus
1336:established the genus
1282:established the genus
1275:
981:cranquiluria Atlantica
865:Physeter macrocephalus
783:
772:
672:
573:and south towards the
467:
388:
24:Atlantic cranch squid
3792:Cephalopods of Europe
3252:Bent J. Muus (1963).
2795:Peter Batson (2003).
2328:10.1093/plankt/fbn103
1725:Teuthowenia pellucida
1666:. He also recognized
1602:Galiteuthis glacialis
1575:Desmoteuthis megalops
1430:Samuel Stillman Berry
1422:Teuthowenia pellucida
1355:Megalocranchia maxima
1347:Megalocranchia maxima
1320:back to Steenstrup's
1280:Addison Emery Verrill
1261:
922:Teuthowenia pellucida
859:Hyperoodon ampullatus
856:), bottlenose whale (
834:like the blue shark (
778:
749:
695:chambers filled with
667:from the Smithsonian
663:
617:Teuthowenia pellucida
608:The three species of
563:New England Seamounts
529:is restricted to the
446:
394:are moderately sized
378:
367:) on their eyeballs.
320:Atlantic cranch squid
228: Possible range
3540:Teuthowenia megalops
3510:Teuthowenia megalops
3480:Teuthowenia megalops
3456:Teuthowenia megalops
3438:Teuthowenia megalops
3390:on December 14, 2007
3304:Phasmatopsis lucifer
2717:Cephalopod Behaviour
2596:"Cranchiid Buoyancy"
1813:"Family Cranchiidae"
1770:: e.T163258A990818.
1756:Teuthowenia megalops
1700:Teuthowenia megalops
1688:Teuthowenia megalops
1647:Teuthowenia maculata
1615:southern hemispheres
1607:Teuthowenia megalops
1509:Teuthowenia megalops
1497:Teuthowenia megalops
1393:. However, the name
1334:Georg Johann Pfeffer
1268:Georg Johann Pfeffer
1264:Teuthowenia megalops
1236:Teuthowenia maculata
1227:Teuthowenia megalops
1168:In 1850, the Danish
1165:, "eye" or "face").
1118:Teuthowenia maculata
997:Teuthowenia megalops
934:Teuthowenia megalops
883:Teuthowenia megalops
853:Globicephala melaena
828:Teuthowenia megalops
817:Teuthowenia megalops
788:Teuthowenia megalops
780:Teuthowenia megalops
755:Teuthowenia megalops
727:Teuthowenia megalops
681:Teuthowenia megalops
665:Teuthowenia megalops
649:Galiteuthis phyllura
644:Teuthowenia megalops
640:Teuthowenia megalops
636:Teuthowenia megalops
623:Teuthowenia maculata
603:Teuthowenia megalops
527:Teuthowenia megalops
525:The distribution of
500:Teuthowenia megalops
392:Teuthowenia megalops
381:Teuthowenia megalops
315:Teuthowenia megalops
187:Teuthowenia megalops
39:Teuthowenia megalops
3485:Johnson Sea Link II
3338:on October 11, 2007
3169:1912Sci....36..643B
2946:M.J. Imber (1978).
2935:(in Danish): 69–86.
2766:1972Natur.237..403D
2562:1969RSPSB.174..271D
1668:Desmoteuthis tenera
1454:Desmoteuthis tenera
1379:Taonius hyperboreus
1330:Taonius hyperboreus
1326:Desmoteuthis tenera
1306:Taonius hyperboreus
1302:Taonius hyperboreus
1288:Desmoteuthis tenera
1245:Taonius hyperboreus
1209:Taonius hyperboreus
1183:which he had named
1065:Desmoteuthis tenera
885:exhibits a bizarre
871:Ziphius cavirostris
830:are preyed upon by
803:Upon hatching, the
656:Ecology and biology
379:Closeup of eyes of
253:Desmoteuthis tenera
48:Conservation status
3112:Carl Chun (1910).
1694:In popular culture
1674:as synonyms under
1672:Leachia hyperborea
1609:inhabits both the
1567:Leachia hyperborea
1505:Desmoteuthis thori
1493:Desmoteuthis thori
1276:
1205:Leachia hyperborea
1203:) and his species
1185:Leachia hyperborea
1177:Japetus Steenstrup
1133:into the subgenus
1069:Desmoteuthis thori
1057:Taonidium pfefferi
1053:Leachia hyperborea
887:defensive behavior
786:The life cycle of
784:
773:
763:Clockwise from top
673:
579:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
468:
400:sexually dimorphic
389:
322:, is a species of
285:Taonidium pfefferi
269:Leachia hyperborea
261:Desmoteuthis thori
3759:
3758:
3718:Open Tree of Life
3502:Taxon identifiers
2833:Cranchia megalops
2827:Cranchia megalops
2806:978-1-877257-09-4
2760:(5355): 403–404.
2727:978-0-521-64583-6
2556:(1036): 271–279.
2405:978-1-4051-9297-2
2375:978-1-4200-9421-3
2181:10.2960/J.v31.a28
2048:Fieldiana Zoology
2022:978-87-91214-10-3
1829:978-92-5-106720-8
1652:Malcolm R. Clarke
1599:(now known to be
1565:and Steenstrup's
1527:), together with
1485:Mediterranean Sea
1387:Cranchia megalops
1241:Cranchia maculata
1219:Cranchia megalops
1145:was derived from
1131:Cranchia megalops
1113:Cranchia maculata
1101:obtained off the
1091:Cranchia megalops
1075:Taxonomic history
1049:Cranchia megalops
989:totano tutt'occhi
840:) and swordfish (
697:ammonium chloride
599:Mediterranean Sea
450:: dorsal aspect;
311:
310:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
245:Cranchia megalops
71:
3799:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3684:NBNSYS0000187703
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3621:
3609:
3608:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3497:
3496:
3461:Johnson Sea Link
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3163:(932): 643–646.
3148:
3142:
3141:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2774:10.1038/237403a0
2750:Taonius megalops
2745:
2732:
2731:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2359:
2348:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1808:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1749:
1676:Taonius megalops
1660:Taonius megalops
1548:marine biologist
1436:is a synonym of
1316:Verrill's genus
1262:Illustration of
1233:, together with
1229:under the genus
862:), sperm whale (
722:in the process.
689:neutral buoyancy
561:islands and the
440:of small lobes.
295:
293:Taonius megalops
287:
279:
272:Steenstrup, 1856
271:
263:
255:
247:
229:
227:
223:
221:
212:Distribution of
207:
189:
169:T. megalops
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of squid
3807:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3504:
3490:August 26, 2004
3430:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3298:
3294:
3283:Galathea Report
3278:
3272:
3268:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3225:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3149:
3145:
3110:
3106:
3087:
3083:
3056:
3052:
3025:
3021:
2998:
2994:
2977:
2973:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2879:
2875:
2852:
2848:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2746:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2705:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2678:(1–2): 312–324.
2666:Xiphias gladius
2660:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2546:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2449:
2442:
2437:(1–2): 433–445.
2426:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2357:
2349:
2336:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2160:
2156:
2151:(1–2): 446–456.
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1938:(17): 446–455.
1927:
1917:
1913:
1890:
1863:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1720:
1696:
1622:Gilbert L. Voss
1537:Hensenioteuthis
1521:Hensenioteuthis
1513:Johannes Thiele
1450:Verrilliteuthis
1391:Owenia megalops
1365:with Verrill's
1157:, "great") and
1129:and separating
1108:Cranchia scabra
1077:
1041:Verrilliteuthis
1033:Hensenioteuthis
931:
916:Cranchia scabra
880:
843:Xiphias gladius
837:Prionace glauca
825:
744:
658:
577:(following the
497:
373:
277:Owenia megalops
225:
224:
219:
218:
198:
191:
185:
172:
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3805:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3740:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3597:
3584:
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3514:
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3506:
3505:
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3428:External links
3426:
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2958:(3): 445–484.
2938:
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2897:. 2nd Series.
2873:
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2787:
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2703:
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2054:(40): 419–446.
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1975:
1949:
1911:
1861:
1835:
1828:
1790:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1695:
1692:
1638:Verilliteuthis
1630:Megalocranchia
1529:Helicocranchia
1462:Megalocranchia
1442:Megalocranchia
1363:Megalocranchia
1339:Megalocranchia
1103:Faeroe Islands
1095:type specimens
1076:
1073:
1045:specific names
1018:Megalocranchia
930:
927:
900:chromatophores
879:
876:
832:predatory fish
824:
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797:spermatophores
743:
740:
657:
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539:Atlantic Ocean
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404:mantle lengths
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336:Atlantic Ocean
309:
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296:(Prosch, 1849)
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3323:
3315:
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3296:
3288:
3284:
3277:
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3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
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3232:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3182:
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3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3101:(2): 365–412.
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3063:
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3042:
3038:
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2892:
2890:
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2865:
2862:(in Danish).
2861:
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2835:Prosch].
2834:
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2718:
2710:
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2700:(23A): 27–46.
2699:
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2677:
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2669:
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2658:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2636:
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2575:
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2532:
2529:(97): 1–159.
2528:
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2510:
2501:
2496:
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2255:(1): 239–254.
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2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2113:
2097:
2096:"Teuthowenia"
2091:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1995:(2): 883–892.
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1915:
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1726:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1712:Cute Overload
1709:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:Nancy A. Voss
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
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1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1591:, and Chun's
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:Anne L. Massy
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
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1477:Eduard Degner
1473:
1471:
1467:
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1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
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1247:to the genus
1246:
1242:
1238:
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1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
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1140:
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1128:
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1001:nomenclatural
998:
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974:
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948:
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867:
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849:
845:
844:
839:
838:
833:
829:
820:
818:
813:
809:
806:
801:
798:
794:
789:
781:
777:
771:
768:
764:
760:
759:mantle length
756:
752:
748:
739:
737:
733:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
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705:
702:
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690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
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653:
651:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Pacific Ocean
629:
625:
624:
619:
618:
613:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Rockall Basin
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:United States
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
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517:
512:
508:
505:
501:
492:
489:
484:
480:
478:
473:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
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438:
437:cartilaginous
434:
430:
425:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
382:
377:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
349:
348:specific name
345:
341:
340:mantle length
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
305:
301:
300:
294:
291:
286:
283:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
256:Verrill, 1881
254:
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243:
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
215:
210:
206:
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196:
190:
188:
182:
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178:Binomial name
175:
171:
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165:
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110:
109:
106:
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100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3509:
3483:
3479:
3459:
3455:
3437:
3414:. Retrieved
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:the original
3383:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:the original
3331:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3269:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3205:
3200:
3193:
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3156:
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3107:
3098:
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3022:
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3005:
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2898:
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2849:
2840:
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2796:
2790:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2716:
2697:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2644:
2622:. Retrieved
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2553:
2549:
2543:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2490:
2486:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2454:
2434:
2430:
2395:
2384:
2353:
2318:
2314:
2301:
2288:
2281:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2223:
2220:, June 2004"
2217:
2210:
2197:
2190:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2073:
2051:
2047:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1935:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1898:(Oegopsida)"
1895:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1819:
1781:. Retrieved
1767:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1731:
1723:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:Taonius pavo
1663:
1662:, alongside
1659:
1655:
1645:
1637:
1634:William Adam
1629:
1626:Desmoteuthis
1625:
1619:teuthologist
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:Bent J. Muus
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:nomen dubium
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1470:Desmoteuthis
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:Desmoteuthis
1433:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1399:was already
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:Desmoteuthis
1374:
1371:Taonius pavo
1370:
1367:Desmoteuthis
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:World War II
1346:
1344:type species
1342:, using the
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:Desmoteuthis
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:Taonius pavo
1295:
1287:
1284:Desmoteuthis
1283:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1253:Taonius pavo
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:Taonius pavo
1198:
1194:
1193:, including
1188:
1184:
1170:malacologist
1167:
1162:
1154:
1139:Richard Owen
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1090:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1061:nomen dubium
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:Desmoteuthis
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
961:common names
940:
933:
932:
920:
914:
908:
904:
896:
882:
881:
869:
863:
857:
851:
841:
835:
827:
826:
816:
814:
810:
802:
787:
785:
779:
762:
754:
732:glass squids
726:
724:
685:water column
680:
674:
664:
647:
643:
639:
635:
621:
615:
609:
607:
602:
526:
524:
511:water column
499:
498:
485:
481:
469:
447:
426:
419:
391:
390:
380:
354:
350:
319:
314:
313:
312:
292:
284:
276:
268:
264:Degner, 1925
260:
252:
248:Prosch, 1849
244:
217:
213:
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
38:
18:
3731:SeaLifeBase
3666:NatureServe
3614:iNaturalist
3534:Wikispecies
3316:(1): 77–83.
2889:Tremoctopus
2457:Chun, 1910"
2455:Teuthowenia
2174:: 363–372.
1896:Teuthowenia
1783:19 November
1684:Teuthowenia
1533:Ascoteuthis
1517:Teuthowenia
1409:Teuthowenia
1401:preoccupied
1359:Teuthowenia
1314:synonymized
1292:New England
1290:caught off
1251:along with
1195:Loligo pavo
1089:in 1849 as
957:Cranchiidae
942:Teuthowenia
911:cephalopods
716:peristaltic
677:Cranchiidae
628:West Africa
611:Teuthowenia
421:Teuthowenia
416:photophores
402:, reaching
398:. They are
396:glass squid
385:photophores
371:Description
365:photophores
356:Teuthowenia
324:glass squid
302:...and see
288:Massy, 1913
156:Teuthowenia
145:Cranchiidae
125:Cephalopoda
3766:Categories
3289:: 123–132.
3062:Challenger
3031:Loligopsis
1925:1903–1908"
1923:Goldseeker
1908:(1): 1–85.
1858:: 199–224.
1740:References
1571:paralarval
1249:Loligopsis
1181:Baffin Bay
1099:paralarvae
1037:Loligopsis
963:, but the
805:paralarvae
793:pheromones
767:photophore
742:Life cycle
704:metabolism
520:Paralarvae
504:deep-water
3777:Taoniinae
3671:2.1130845
3416:March 16,
3394:March 16,
3364:March 17,
3342:March 16,
3130:1898–1899
3122:1898–1899
2885:Argonauta
2624:March 16,
2602:March 17,
2493:: 23–32.
2463:March 17,
2321:: 73–91.
2124:March 16,
2102:March 17,
2080:March 13,
1968:March 14,
1405:Carl Chun
1225:included
1123:subgenera
1084:zoologist
950:Taoniinae
947:subfamily
848:cetaceans
823:Predators
751:Paralarva
567:Greenland
535:temperate
531:subarctic
488:tentacles
332:temperate
328:subarctic
326:from the
163:Species:
135:Oegopsida
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
3632:10198638
3525:Q2518054
3519:Wikidata
3185:17842183
3128:Valdivia
3120:Valdivia
2831:[On
2578:94534922
1718:See also
1611:northern
1563:megalops
1555:Cranchia
1231:Cranchia
1127:Cranchia
1006:Cranchia
782:subadult
736:cockatoo
701:nitrogen
693:coelomic
595:Portugal
543:Labrador
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