Tengrism - Knowledge

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and Earth have agreed to make Temujin the Lord of the nation and I am now carrying the nation to you". Temujin afterward tells his earliest companions Boorchi and Zelme that they will be appointed to the highest posts because they first followed him when he was "mercifully looked upon by Tengri" (paragraph 125). In the Battle of Khuiten, Buyuruk Khan and Quduga try using zad stones to cause a thunderstorm against Temujin but it backfires and they get stuck in slippery mud. They say "the wrath of Tengri is upon us" and flee in disorder (paragraph 143). Temujin prays to "father Tengri" on a high hill with his belt around his neck after defeating the Taichiud at Tsait Tsagaan Tal and taking 100 horses and 50 breastplates. He says "I haven't become Lord thanks to my own bravery, but I have defeated my enemies thanks to the love of my father mighty Tengri". When Nilqa Sengum the son of Toghrul Khan tries to convince him to attack Temujin, Toghrul says "How can I think evil of my son Temujin? If we think evil of him when he is such a critical support to us, Tengri will not be pleased with us". After Nilqa Sengum throws a number of tantrums Toghrul finally relents and says "I was afraid of Tengri and said how can I harm my son. If you are really capable, then you decide what you need to do".

1629:). Arghun Our word. To the Ired Farans (King of France). Last year you sent your ambassadors led by Mar Bar Sawma telling Us: "if the soldiers of the Il-Khan ride in the direction of Misir (Egypt) we ourselves will ride from here and join you", which words We have approved and said (in reply) "praying to Tengri (Heaven) We will ride on the last month of winter on the year of the tiger and descend on Dimisq (Damascus) on the 15th of the first month of spring." Now, if, being true to your words, you send your soldiers at the appointed time and, worshipping Tengri, we conquer those citizens (of Damascus together), We will give you Orislim (Jerusalem). How can it be appropriate if you were to start amassing your soldiers later than the appointed time and appointment? What would be the use of regretting afterwards? Also, if, adding any additional messages, you let your ambassadors fly (to Us) on wings, sending Us luxuries, falcons, whatever precious articles and beasts there are from the land of the Franks, the Power of Tengri ( 3078:

l-tawdithun). The second way: the Turks who came first and went to the land of Margiana and settled there arrived at the time of the Persians. After a while Muhammad appeared and was accepted by the Arabs, and then by the Persians too. So the Turks who had migrated to the land of Margiana joined (etnaqapu) Islam, just like the Persian people and the race of the Kurds. And when the new Turks who arrived afterwards met their people and those who spoke their language, they also turned to the customs they found the others had taken up, following their lead. The third way of the Turk's union with the Tayyaye was the following: since the Arabs used to take the Turks with them as mercenaries in the war against the Greeks, and they would enter these propserous regions and feed on the booty, they would listen to the Arabs and accept the word of Muhammad who said that by giving up the worship of idols and other created things ."

1775: 2995: 2970:(1886-1921) was reportedly recognized as the God of War (Daichin Tengri) by the Bogd Khan of Mongolia. James Palmer in his book "The Bloody White Baron" quotes Ossendowski who claims that Baron Ungern's imminent death in 130 days was foretold on three separate occasions. First by two monks in the "Shrine of Prophecies" of Urga (Ulaanbaatar) who cast dice and came up with the number 130, then by the Bogd Khan himself who said "You will not die but you will be incarnated in the highest form of being. Remember that, Incarnated God of War, Khan of grateful Mongolia" and finally by a female shaman in the ger of the Buryat prince Djambolon. Ossendowski relates: 1642: 8852: 2982: 2975:

out...horribly...After it a shadow...black like the night...Shadow...One hundred thirty steps remain...Beyond darkness...Nothing...I see nothing...the God of War has disappeared.' Baron Ungern dropped his head. The woman fell over on her back with her arms stretched out. She had fainted, but it seemed to me that I noticed once a bright pupil of one of her eyes showing from under the closed lashes. Two Buriats carried the lifeless form, after which a long silence reigned in the yurta of the Buriat Prince. Baron Ungern finally got up and began to walk around the brazier, whispering to himself.

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his saddle had fallen. Temujin says "I can understand the belly strap can come loose, but how can the breast strap also come loose? Is Tengri persuading me?" He waited three more nights and decided to go out again but a tent-sized rock had blocked the way out. Again he said "Is Tengri persuading me?", returned and waited three more nights. Finally he lost patience after 9 days of hunger and went around the rock, cutting down the wood on the other side with his arrow-whittling knife, but as he came out the Taichiud were waiting for him there and promptly captured him.

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become clear at that time" (paragraph 256). When Asha Khambu of the Tangut insults him again after his return from the Khwarezmian campaign Genghis Khan says "How can we go back (to Mongolia) when he says such proud words? Though I die I won't let these words slip. Eternal Tengri, you decide" (paragraph 265). After Genghis Khan "ascends to Tengri" (paragraph 268) during his successful campaign against the Tangut (Xi Xia) the wheels of the returning funeral cart gets stuck in the ground and Gilugdei Baatar of the

1683: 3051:. According to Yasawi, humans should seek to purify their soul to harmonize with God and the world. Turkic and Mongolic peoples in Central Asian largely converted to Islam during the fourteenth century. However, they were not focusing on the laws, memorization and conformity offered by Islam, but were focused on the inwardly and personal experience. Thus, many scholars argued for a syncretism between Orthodox-Islam, Sufism, and pre-Islamic Turkic religion. Sociologist 514: 2276: 1113: 435: 1382: 8325: 1043: 4938: 2564: 1304: 2205: 64: 2219: 4935: 1738:"Gui Wang" because he "transmitted the word of Tengri when I was sitting under the spreading tree in the valley of Khorkhunag Jubur where Hotula Khan used to dance" (paragraph 206). He gives Khorchi of the Baarin 30 wives because he promised Khorchi he would fulfill his request for 30 wives "if what you say comes true through the mercy and power of Tengri" (paragraph 207). 1670:

Now, you say that we have not received silam, you are offended and harbor thoughts of discontent. if one prays to Eternal Tengri and carries righteous thoughts, it is as much as if he had received silam. We have written our letter in the year of the tiger, the fifth of the new moon of the first summer month (May 14th, 1290), when we were in Urumi.

3145:). It excludes the experiences of other nations, but offers Semitic history as if it were the history of all humanity. The principle of submission (both in Islam as well as in Christianity) is disregarded as one of the major failings. It allows rich people to abuse the ordinary people and makes human development stagnant. They advocate 1109:

anthropologists began to also use the term in a very broad sense. The term was used to describe unrelated magico-religious practices found within the ethnic religions of other parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia and even completely unrelated parts of the Americas, as they believed these practices to be similar to one another.

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February 2005. Since 2007, every two years, International scientific conferences "Tengrism and the epic heritage of Eurasian nomads: origins and modernity" have been held in Russia, Mongolia and other countries (the first was sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and Spiritual Development of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)).

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I would have charged first in battle and brought you the best women and horses if high Khukh Tengri showed us favor and defeated our enemies". After defeating the Keraits Genghis Khan says "By the blessing of Eternal Tengri I have brought low the Kerait nation and ascended the high throne" (paragraph 187). Genghis sends

2075:—a civic group promoting the values and traditions of Tengrism—and an International scientific center of Tengrist studies. He based on the ideas of one of the first ideologists of pre-Islamic religion in the post-Soviet space, the Kyrgyz writer Choiun Omuraliyev alias Choiun uulu Omuraly, described in his book 3203:

sent a letter in Latin to King Louis IX of France on April 10, 1262, from his capital Maragheh in Iran. Kept in the Vienna National Library as MS 339, it is both an invitation for joint operations against the Mamluks as well as an imperious command to submit. The letter provides key insights into the

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There is no unified creation story among Tengrist beliefs. Jens Peter Laut states that Tengrism is based on a constantization of the world rather than on traditional doctrines. However, it is possible to reconstruct beliefs by passed down narratives. According to the "Fire Prayer", it is implied that

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and the runic steles constituted "a pilgrimage to a holy place for the Kyrgyz" just as the pilgrimage to Mecca. Presenting Islam as foreign to the Turkic peoples, as Semitic religion together with Christianity and Judaism, adherents are found primarily among the nationalistic parties of Central Asia.

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When Boorchi and Ogedei return wounded from the battle against Toghrul, Genghis Khan strikes his chest in anguish and says "May Eternal Tengri decide" (paragraph 172). Genghis Khan tells Altan and Khuchar "All of you refused to become Khan, that is why I led you as Khan. If you would have become Khan

1613:) of the khan is a divine stamp granted by Tengri to a chosen individual through which Tengri controls the world order (the presence of Tengri in the khan). In this letter, "Tengri" or "Mongke Tengri" ("Eternal Heaven") is at the top of the sentence. In the middle of the magnified section, the phrase 1759:

saying "Under the power of the Eternal Tengri, under the Majesty of my uncle the Khan, we set up a great tent to feast after we had broken the city of Meged, conquered the Orosuud (Russians), brought in eleven nations from all directions and pulled on our golden reins to hold one last meeting before

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with an iron cart to pursue the sons of Togtoa and tells him "If you act exposed though hidden, near though far and maintain loyalty then Supreme Tengri will bless you and support you" (paragraph 199). Jamukha tells Temujin "I had no trustworthy friends, no talented brothers and my wife was a talker

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had come for him when he was living with his siblings and mother in the wilderness, subsisting on roots, wild fruits, sparrows and fish. He was hiding in the thick forest of Terguun Heights. After three days hiding he decided to leave and was leading his horse on foot when he looked back and noticed

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and who, like you, have a truly honest heart and are pure, do not act against the religion and orders of the Eternal Tengri and of Misiqa (Messiah or Christ). Regarding the other peoples, those who, forgetting the Eternal Tengri and disobeying him, are lying and stealing, are there not many of them?

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heritage within the Mongol Empire which used Syriac as its liturgical language. The Mongolian letter of Arghun Khan to Pope Nicholas IV (1290) also uses the word Misica for Christ. William of Rubruck reported that Arig Boke, brother of Hulegu Khan, used the word Messiah near Karakorum in 1254 (Then

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First: as we said above, the Turks have always proclaimed one God, already in their land of origin, even though they considered the invisible firmament as God. They think in fact that the sky is the unique God. So when they heard the Arabs speak about one God, they adhered to their religion (nqapu

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On some days, the doors of this heavenly world are opened and the light shines through the clouds. During this moment, the prayers of the shamans are most influential. A shaman performs his imaginary journey, which takes him to the heavens, by riding a black bird, a deer or a horse or by going into

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were called upon only by leaders and great shamans and were common to all the clans. After these, three groups of ancestral spirits dominated. The "Lord-Spirits" were the souls of clan leaders to whom any member of a clan could appeal for physical or spiritual help. The "Protector-Spirits" included

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The celestial and the subterranean world are divided into seven layers, although there are variations (the underworld sometimes nine layers and the celestial world 17 layers). Shamans can recognize entries to travel into these realms. In the multiples of these realms, there are beings, living just

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Today it's hard to even say who the modern Turks and Mongols. Their names are 90% Arabic, Persian, Greek, Jewish, etc; religion is Semitic (Arabic, Christian, Jewish) and Indian; many do not know their philosophy and traditions; live by the laws and lifestyle of the West; clothes and their food is

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Khorchi of the Baarin tells Temujin of a vision given by "Zaarin Tengri" where a bull raises dust and asks for one of his horns back after charging the ger cart of Jamukha (Temujin's rival) while another ox harnessed itself to a big ger cart on the main road and followed Temujin, bellowing "Heaven

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Foundation held the first international scientific symposium on Tengrism "Tengrism—the worldview of the Altaic peoples". The conference "Tengrism as a new factor for the identity construction in Central Asia" was organized by the French Institute for Central Asia Studies in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 25

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contributed to the revival of Tengrism. Islamic censorship was abolished, which allowed an objective study of the pre-Islamic religion of the Turks. The Turkish language was purified of Arabic, Persian and other borrowings. A number of figures, while they did not officially abandon Islam, adopted

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The term "shamanism" was first applied by Western anthropologists as outside observers of the ancient religion of the Turkic and Mongolic peoples, as well as those of the neighbouring Tungusic and Samoyedic-speaking peoples. Upon observing more religious traditions across the world, some Western

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tribe to "strictly govern your soldiers, pray to Eternal Tengri and try to conquer the Khori Tumed people" (paragraph 240). After being insulted by Asha Khambu of the Tanguts of being a weak Khan Genghis Khan says "If Eternal Tengri blesses me and I firmly pull my golden reins, then things will

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Genghis mentions both Eternal Tengri and "heaven and earth" when he says "By the mercy of Eternal Tengri and the blessing of heaven and earth I have greatly increased in power, united all the great nation and brought them under my reins" (paragraph 224). Genghis orders Dorbei the Fierce of the

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In an interview about Mongolian shamanism, Tengrism is explained as the belief that the universe has its own order, that no one could change that order, and that one can only live in harmony with it by understanding the heavenly powers and how it affects human lives, and regulating one's life

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As the bones blackened, she began to examine them and then suddenly her face took on an expression of fear and pain. She nervously tore off the kerchief which bound her head and, contracted with convulsions, began snapping out short sharp phrases. 'I see...I see the God of War...His life runs

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The underworld is the abode of wicked souls, devils and evil deities. There are many similarities between the earth and the underworld and its inhabitants resemble humans, but have only two souls instead of three. They lack the "Ami soul", that produces body temperature and allows breathing.

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The heavens are inhabited by righteous souls, the Creator and the protector deities. The celestial world has many similarities with the earth, but as undefiled by humans. There is a healthy, untouched nature here, and the natives of this place have never deviated from the traditions of their

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they began to blaspheme against Christ, but Arabuccha stopped them saying: "You must not speak so, for we know that the Messiah is God"). There are elements of syncretism between Tengrism and Nestorian Christianity with overlapping notions of monotheism and a traditional view of Christ as

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points out that Siberian languages use words for male shamans from diverse roots, but the words for female shaman are almost all from the same root. She connects this with the theory that women's practice of shamanism was established earlier than men's, that "shamans were originally

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conversion in 1007. In Hulegu's letter Tengrism takes the overarching, non-dogmatic role and contains Nestorianism as a compatible subset, in line with the religious pluralism practiced by the Mongols. Hulegu himself was not strictly a Christian, although his wife, his general

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tells Yesugei the father of Temujin (Genghis Khan) that he dreamt of a white falcon, grasping the sun and the moon, come and sit on his hands. He identifies the sun and the moon with Yesugei and Temujin. Temujin then encounters Tengri in the mountains at the age of 12. The

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prince Serebzhab Tyumen (1774-1858) and 500 Kalmyks of his Second Cavalry Regiment, as well as 500 Kalmyks of the First Regiment of Prince Jamba-Taishi Tundutov, carried the yellow banner of Daichin Tengri (as well as Okhin Tengri) through the battles of Borodino, Warsaw,

1950: 1028:, the monotheistic concept evolved later out of a polytheistic system and was not the original form of Tengrism. The monotheistic concept helped to legitimate the rule of the dynasty: "As there is only one God in Heaven, there can only be one ruler on the earth ...". 1518:) and a ruler regarded as the chosen one by the holy spirit of the sky. Heaven, earth, spirits of nature and ancestors provide for every need and protect all humans. By living an upright, respectful life, a human will keep his world in balance and perfect his personal 1062:, but a continuous succession of pastoral, semi-sedentarized khanates and empires from the Xiongnu Empire (founded 209 BC) to the Mongol Empire (13th century). In Mongolia it survives as a synthesis with Tibetan Buddhism while surviving in purer forms around 3276:

The letter largely propounds the usual Mongol ideology and understanding of Tengrism with mentions of the supreme shaman Kokochu Teb Tengri. All meanings of Tengri including the sky, the most high God and "a god" are implied in the letter. Jesus Christ is called

1637:) only knows how We will treat you favorably. With these words We have sent Muskeril (Buscarello) the Khorchi. Our writing was written while We were at Khondlon on the sixth khuuchid (6th day of the old moon) of the first month of summer on the year of the cow. 3383:

according to that. The "Great Khan" is quoted saying: "I am doing this work with the grace of the Eternal Heaven.", which is interpreted as stating that his actions are not accidental, but that the universe was calculated to be appropriate for doing such act.

3066:, around the year 1075, described the non-Islamic Turks as infidels: "The infidels — may God destroy them! — call the sky Tengri, also anything that is imposing in their eyes call Tengri, such as a great mountain or tree, and they bow down to such things." 2801:: Outside of the body, this soul moves through water. It is also the part of soul, which reincarnates. After a human died, this part of the soul moves to the world-tree. When it is reborn, it comes out of a source and enters the new-born. (Also called 2544:

the souls of great shamans and shamanesses. The "Guardian-Spirits" were made up of the souls of smaller shamans and shamanesses and were associated with a specific locality (including mountains, rivers, etc.) in the clan's territory. Non-human beings (

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western; the alphabet is western; forgotten your kind and ancestors; they do not know the history of their folk; many city residents do not speak their native language. Who are they really and what do they have own for today? Only hereditary genes ...

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It is suggested that Tengrism was a monotheistic religion only at the imperial level in aristocratic circles, and, perhaps, only by the 12th-13th centuries (a late form of development of ancient animistic shamanism in the era of the Mongol empire).

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Tengrism is based on personal relationship with the gods and spirits and personal experiences, which cannot be set in writings; thus there can be no prophet, holy scripture, place of worship, clergy, dogma, rite and prayers. In contrast, orthodox

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again. Extremely evil souls were believed to be extinguished forever in Ela Guren. If a sick human is not dead yet, a shaman can move to the underworld to negotiate with Erlik to bring the person back to life. If he fails, the person dies.

1665:(baptism)" is legitimate. We say: "We the descendants of Genghis Khan, keeping our own proper Mongol identity, whether some receive silam or some don't, that is only for Eternal Tengri (Heaven) to know (decide)." People who have received 2811:: It is the soul of the self that gives a person a personality. If the other souls leave the body, they only loss consciousness, but if this soul leaves the body, the human dies. This soul resides in nature after death and is not reborn. 3204:

Mongols' understanding of Tengrism's relationship to Christianity as well as furnishing one of the first Latin transcriptions of Tengri. Only a few sentences from the lengthy letter are shown below (those with relevancy to Tengrism):

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Many world-pictures and symbols are attributed to folk religions of Central Asia and Russian Siberia. Shamanistic religious symbols in these areas are often intermixed. For example, drawings of world-pictures on Altaic shamanic drums.

1105:(Chinese: "Sky; Heaven"). The structure of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion is actually closer to that of the early Turks than to the religion of any people of neolithic European, Near Eastern or Mediterranean antiquity. 1050:, who wrote an account of his travels among Samoyedic- and Tungusic-speaking peoples in 1692. Witsen labeled the illustration as a "Priest of the Devil", giving this figure clawed feet to express what he thought were demonic qualities. 1699:, written in 1240. The book starts by listing the ancestors of Genghis Khan starting from Borte Chino (Blue Wolf) born with "destiny from Tengri". Borte Chino was either a heavenly wolf, a real man with the totemic name of a wolf or 1529:

Traditional Tengrism was more embraced by the nomadic Turks than by those residing in the lower mountains or forests. This belief influenced Turkic and Mongol religious history since ancient times until the 14th century, when the

1976: 2864:). After the separation of heaven and earth, life on earth came into being; through the rains of the heavens, then from earth sproud various life forms. For that reason, heaven is associated with father and earth with mother. 2716:

It is believed that people and animals have many souls. Generally, each person is considered to have three souls, but the names, characteristics and numbers of the souls may be different among some of the tribes: For example,

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Another Kyrgyz proponent of Tengrism, Kubanychbek Tezekbaev, was prosecuted for inciting religious and ethnic hatred in 2011 with statements in an interview describing Kyrgyz mullahs as "former alcoholics and murderers".

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scholar Irina S. Urbanaeva developed a theory of Tengrist esoteric traditions in Central Asia after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the revival of national sentiment in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia.

6544:; H.-J. Klimkeit (eds.). "Materialien zur alten Religion den Turken: Synkretismus in den Religionen zentralasiens" [Materials on the ancient religion of the Turks: syncretism in the religions of Central Asia]. 1450:

and several generations of his followers were Tengrian believers and "Shaman-Kings" until his fifth-generation descendant, Uzbeg Khan, turned to Islam in the 14th century. Old Tengrist prayers have come to us from

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The Tengrist cosmology proposes a division between the upper worlds (heaven), the Earth, and the world of darkness (underworld). These worlds are inhabited by different beings, often spirits or deities. A shaman

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Therefore, they are pale and their blood is dark. The sun and the moon of the underworld give far less light than the sun and the moon of the earth. There are also forests, rivers and settlements underground.

2832:. Humans are considered to be part of nature rather than above. Thus, Tengrism sanctifies human's relationship with nature (which might be personified or not) and their relationship with the sky. Contrary to 5447:

Sarikaya, Dilek Bulut. The Human-Animal Relationship in Pre-Modern Turkish Literature: A Study of The Book of Dede Korkut and The Masnavi, Book I, II. USA, Lexington Books, 2023. p.

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Suleimenova, ZH D., A. Tashagil, and B. Amankulov. "The Role of Person and his Psychological Portrait in Turkic Philosophy of Culture." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5.11 (2011):

2994: 1086:. However, these texts are more historically oriented and are not strictly religious texts like the scriptures and sutras of sedentary civilizations, which have elaborate doctrines and religious stories. 5868:

WELLER, R. CHARLES. “RELIGIOUS-CULTURAL REVIVALISM AS HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DEBATE: CONTENDING CLAIMS IN THE POST-SOVIET KAZAKH CONTEXT.” Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 2014, pp. 138–77. JSTOR,

3086:, thus there has been no strong distinction between Islam and Pre-Islamic Turkic beliefs when the first Turkic empires converted. First contact between shamanistic Turks and Islam took place during the 2957:

The figure of the God of War (Daichin Tengri) was iconographically depicted in Buddhist-influenced form and carried into battle by certain armies even in the modern era. During the Napoleonic Wars the

510:, who is not considered a deity in the usual sense but a personification of the universe. According to some scholars, adherents of Tengrism view the purpose of life to be in harmony with the universe. 3371:, Tengrism has not died out and is still practised by about 2.5 percent of the population. The Western peoples and Southern peoples are known to have the highest number of Tengrism practitioners. In 2635:

religious systems there is the "celestial world", the ground to which "Earth-Water" (Yer-Su) belongs too, and the "underworld" ruled by the spirits beneath the earth. They are connected through the "

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Bekebassova, A. N. "Archetypes of Kazakh and Japanese cultures." News of the national academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of social and human sciences 6.328 (2019): 87-93.

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in Kazakh (shamans). The kam is believed to mediate between nature and humans. A shaman might (mentally) transform herself into an animal, hence, transferring wisdom of animals towards humans.

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chief judge of the Empire in 1206 and tells him "Be my eyes to see and ears to hear when I am ordering the empire through the blessing of Eternal Tengri" (paragraph 203). Genghis Khan appoints

1703:. Bodonchar Munkhag the 9th generation ancestor of Genghis Khan is called a "son of Tengri". When Temujin was brought to the Qongirat tribe at 9 years old to choose a wife, Dei Setsen of the 2338:. Turkic spiritual wisdom has no finalized condition, but is dialogical and discursive. Tengrism as a monotheistic religion developed only at the imperial level in aristocratic circles. 998:

that the religion of the ancient Turkic states could not be primitive shamanism, which was only a magical part of the religion of the ancient Türks (see a historiography of the problem:

3376: 914:. Since the 1990s, Russian-language literature uses it in the general sense, as for instance, reported in 1996 ("so-called Tengrianism") in the context of the nationalist rivalry over 5529:

Telebayev, Gaziz, and Khoja Ahmed Yasawi. "Turkic elements in the Sufi philosophical tradition: Khoja Ahmed Yasawi." Cross Cultural Studies: Education and Science 2 (2019): 100-107.

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In the 20th century, a number of scientists proposed the existence of a religious imperial khagan cult in the ancient Turkic and Mongolian states. The Turkish historian of religion

1538:. Since then, Tengrism was mostly submerged by other religious ideas. Traditional Tengrism persists among the Mongols and in some Turkic and Mongolic influenced regions of Russia ( 7421:

Religion and State in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Friedensau, Germany, August 18–23, 2019

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Büchner, V. F., “Tañri̊”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, T.W. Arnold, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. Consulted online on 21 March 2023

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Isaacs, R. (2018). Film and Identity in Kazakhstan: Soviet and Post-Soviet Culture in Central Asia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177

1874: 3094:. Many shamanistic beliefs were considered as genuinely Islamic by many average Muslims and are still prevalent today. Turkic Tengrism further influenced parts of Sufism and 5393:

Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi The Journal of International Social Research Cilt: 7 Sayı: 29 Volume: 7 Issue: 29 www.sosyalarastirmalar.com Issn: 1307-9581 p. 37

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Aykanat, Fatma. "The Contemporary Reflections of Tengrism in Turkish Climate Change Fictions." Turkish Ecocriticism: From Neolithic to Contemporary Timescapes (2020): 21.

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These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

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Moldagaliyev, Bauyrzhan Eskaliyevich, et al. "Synthesis of traditional and Islamic values in Kazakhstan." European Journal of Science and Theology 11.5 (2015): 217-229.

2448:. Animals were thought to be totemistic symbols for specific gods, like the sheep being associated with fire, cows with water, horses with wind, and camels with earth. 1017:

evolved as a dynastical legitimation. It is at least agreed that Tengrism formed from the diverse folk religions of the local people and may have had diverse branches.

2721:, a Uralic tribe living in the north of Siberia, believe that women consist of four and men of five souls. Since animals also have souls, humans must respect animals. 5538:

Starr, S. F. (2015). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. USA: Princeton University Press.

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Recently, the syncretism-theory has been challenged. Scholars argued that an orthodox Islam simply did not exist during the Medieval period and has been a product of

2550:), neither necessarily personified nor deitified, are revered as sacred essence of things. These beings include natural phenomena such as sacred trees or mountains. 6531:

Richtsfeld, Bruno J. (2004). "Rezente ostmongolische Schöpfungs-, Ursprungs- und Weltkatastrophenerzählungen und ihre innerasiatischen Motiv- und Sujetparallelen".

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On the contrary, others assert that Tengri is indeed synonymous with Allah and that Turkic ancestors did not leave their former belief behind, but simply accepted

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There are many different names for human souls among the Turkic and the Mongolic peoples, but their features and meanings have not been adequately researched yet.

4891: 3073:(1166–1199) describes the Turks conversation from Tengrism to Islam in one of his surviging text fragments. He mentions three reasons on how the Turks converted: 2193:

A symbol used by many Tengrists, representing the runic spelling of god Tengri and "shangrak" (an equilateral cross in a circle), depicting the roof opening of a

2111: 1956: 1657:, in accordance with Mongolian Tengriist writing rules. The words "Tngri" (Tengri) and "zrlg" (zarlig, decree/order) are still written with vowel-less archaism: 1355:

Tengrism formed from the various Turkic and Mongolic folk religions, which had a diverse number of deities, spirits and gods. Turkic folk religion was based on

6709:

Stebleva, Irina V. (1971). "К реконструкции древнетюркской мифологической системы" [To the reconstruction of the ancient Turkic mythological system].

632:

and teachings. All modern adherents of "political" Tengrism are monotheists. Tengrism has been advocated for in intellectual circles of the Turkic nations of

10663: 4536: 2894:

while surviving in purer forms only in far-northern Mongolia. Tengrist formulas and ceremonies were subsumed into the state religion. This is similar to the

1996:

that was banned after publication in 1975 in Soviet Kazakhstan, USSR, presented Tengrism ("Tengrianstvo") as one of the most ancient religions in the world.

10486: 3006: 1930: 4876: 10501: 2781:

In addition to these spirits, Jean Paul Roux draws attention to the "Özkonuk" spirit mentioned in the writings from the Buddhist periods of the Uighurs.

2651:. Sometimes these beings visit the earth, but are invisible to people. They manifest themselves only in a strange sizzling fire or a bark to the shaman. 6325: 3436:, Tengrism does not have a specific set of laws, the laws of Tengri can't be broken, as Tengri's laws are the laws of the universe (which might include 10700: 10683: 10678: 10648: 10291: 7394: 3433: 3134: 1915: 3718: 3535:

York, M. (2018). Pagan Mysticism: Paganism as a World Religion. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 250

10658: 10214: 2392:

The total number of deities believed to exist varies from population to population. Deities may be related to natural aspects of the world, such as

10688: 8313: 7448:— Turkic Inscriptions and Manuscripts, and Learn Old Turkic Writings — website of Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the 6804: 5589:

Mario Conterno "The Conversation of the Turks" in "Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook" Univ of California Press 2020 p. 193-195

5580:

Mario Conterno "The Conversation of the Turks" in "Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook" Univ of California Press 2020 p. 193-195

3141:. According to some modern believers, by praying to the god of Islam the Turkic peoples would give their energy to the Jews and not to themselves ( 1971: 1945: 6186: 4554: 4140:

Znamensky, Andrei A. (2005). "Az ősiség szépsége: altáji török sámánok a szibériai regionális gondolkodásban (1860–1920)". In Molnár, Ádám (ed.).

8161: 7673: 5917:"The Idea of God in Ancient Turkish Religion According to Raffaele Pettazzoni. A Comparison with the Turkish Historian of Religions Hikmet Tanyu" 2820:

Humans are the product of (father) heaven and (mother) earth. Records of Old Turkish inscriptions tell about the beginning of humans as follows:

2086:

At the same time, the Kyrgyz authorities do not go for the official registration of "Tengirchilik" (Теңирчилик) and other Tengrist associations.

1522:, or spirit. The Huns of the northern Caucasus reportedly believed in two gods: Tangri Han (or Tengri Khan), considered identical to the Persian 6412: 2621:) could through mental powers communicate with these spirits. The worlds are not entirely separated, they have constant influence on the Earth. 1774: 10370: 7666: 7375: 7219: 6923: 6894: 6744: 6596:—— (1956). "Tängri. Essai sur le ciel-dieu des peuples altaïques" [Tängri. An Essay on the Deities of the Altaic Peoples]. 6478: 6246: 6139:

An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East

5816:

Elverskog, J. (2011). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 312

3938: 3418: 2132: 9442: 4423:"There is no doubt that between the 6th and 9th centuries Tengrism was the religion among the nomads of the steppes" Yazar András Róna-Tas, 3425:, regards Tengrism as a manifestation of an worldview in which mankind is identified with nature, in contrast to anthropocentric religions. 10936: 9827: 8491: 8291: 7987: 2106: 1904: 1070:. Unlike Siberian shamanism, which has no written tradition, Tengrism can be identified from Turkic and Mongolic historical texts like the 6991: 2386:. While Gök Tengri always remains abstract, never depicted in anthropomorphic or zoomorphic forms, other deities are often personified. 8809: 8486: 4623: 5475:

Banzarov, Dorji, Jan Nattier, and John R. Krueger. "The Black faith, or Shamanism among the Mongols." Mongolian Studies (1981): 53-91.

4007: 1892:, mainly inspired by his work, replace the Arabic designation of the god "Allah" with the Turkish "Tanri" in the oath and pronounce: " 4490:

Bukharaev, R. (2014). Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 78

5029:

Dulov, Vladimir (2013). "Bulgarian Society and Diversity of Pagan and Neopagan Themes". In Kaarina Aitamurto; Scott Simpson (eds.).

2836:, Tengrism does not place humans above nature, rather considers mankind as part of nature without any special rank assigned by God. 1058:

in that it was a more organized religion. Additionally the polities practicing it were not small bands of hunter-gatherers like the

8166: 3716:

Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen,

8178: 4174: 9860: 8524: 8156: 7479: 6255: 5290: 3408: 9892: 6102: 11655: 11412: 7346: 7320: 7164: 7083: 7056: 6937: 6793: 6768: 6671: 6354: 5672: 5307: 5232: 5196: 5167: 5132: 4575: 4432: 4261: 4149: 4124: 3760: 3737: 3707:

Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.

3694: 3643: 3472: 7335:Тэнгэридэ шүтэлгэ. Элинсэг хулинсагаймнай уряа. "Угай хүндэ" гэжэ үргэл, заншал = Тэнгэрианство. Зов предков. Почитание рода 11274: 10986: 10286: 8306: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 4672: 3319:

and mother were Nestorians. He was a Tengriist whose Nestorian interests were of the Mongol, syncretic type. His successor

2506:

is the son of Kayra and the brother of Ülgen. He represents mind and intelligence and sits on the seventh floor of the sky.

2464:

Boz Tengri, like Öd Tengri, is not known much. He is seen as the god of the grounds and steppes and is a son of Kök Tengri.

6868:

The Mystical Tuvans—Scythians, Huns, Turks of Urankhai. Mystical Shamanic Visions of the Supreme Shaman of Tuva and Russia

4956: 2357: 2334:

Tengrism is an animistic all-encompassing system of belief that includes medicine, religion, a reverence of nature, and

2165:

and revive Tengrism. They are incorporated into the "Tangra Warriors Movement" (Bulgarian: Движение "Воини на Тангра").

1730:

with great words. That is why I have lost to you Temujin, blessed and destined by Father Tengri." Genghis Khan appoints

11259: 10827: 10124: 9550: 6699: 6442:[From Judaism to Tengrism. Once again about the spiritual quest of the modern Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites]. 6151: 5494: 1992:

The poet, literary critic and Turkologist Olzhas Suleimenov, the eulogist of the Kazakh national identity, in his book

463: 8502: 6651:

Nihal Atsiz's World-view and Its Influences on the Shared Symbols, Rituals, Myths and Practices of the Ülkücü Movement

5843: 4599: 11711: 11249: 8481: 7402: 7277: 7190: 7117: 7031: 7017: 6814: 6779: 6573: 6495: 6301: 6091: 6044: 6017: 5966: 5945: 5775: 5717: 5648: 5616: 5518: 5435: 5410: 5082: 5038: 4701: 4452: 4366: 2784:

Julie Stewart, who devoted her life to research in Mongolia described the belief in the soul in one of her articles:

2603: 1695: 1453: 7391:

Shamanistic Philosophy of the Buryat-Mongols: Central Asian Tengrism in the Light of Spiritual Teachings: In 2 parts

4289:

Marlene Laruelle "TENGRISM: IN SEARCH FOR CENTRAL ASIA'SPIRITUAL ROOTS" Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 22 March 2006

1333:

The first time the name Tengri was recorded in Chinese chronicles was from the 4th century BC as the sky god of the

6378:"Religious revival, nationalism and the 'invention of tradition': political Tengrism in Central Asia and Tatarstan" 1567: 4534: 2791:: Provides breathing and body temperature. It is the soul which invigorates. (The Turkish counterpart is probably 1717:

later credits the defeat of the Merkits with Jamukha and Temujin to the "mercy of mighty Tengri" (paragraph 113).

9151: 8299: 8096: 5882:

Mullerson, R. (2014). Central Asia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 184

5859:

Mullerson, R. (2014). Central Asia. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 182

3396: 657: 6864:Мистические тувинцы — скифы, хунны, тюрки Уранхая. Мистические шаманские видения Верховного шамана Тувы и России 3744: 11427: 11142: 10871: 10491: 9603: 6691: 5989: 4864: 4412: 3350:, sent to the Pope, that the Mongols will not convert to Christianity, because they would not obey the word of 1751:

says "My horse-mounted divine lord born with destiny from Khukh Tengri, have you abandoned your great nation?"

1514:

Tengrists view their existence as sustained by the eternal blue sky (Tengri), the fertile mother-earth spirit (

11016: 10849: 9822: 9437: 8851: 8385: 8171: 8124: 6977: 1076: 1031:

Others point out that Tengri itself was never an Absolute, but only one of many gods of the upper world, the

8321: 5487:

The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia

3168:

asserts, only the names but not the thoughts became Islamic. Thus, "Gök Tengri" (the "blue Sky") was called

2963: 11726: 11254: 9485: 5549: 5457:

Mullerson, Rein. Central Asia. Vereinigtes Königreich, Taylor & Francis, 2014.

4014:, The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part Two: The achievements, p. 68: 2119:

They are related to Tengrism or are part of it also movements within the framework of the anti-shamanistic

1090: 4630: 3043:

features as the prototype of human's way to unite with God, while simultaneously referring to God as both

2089:

The ideology of de-Judaization and the revival of Tengrism is imbued with the works of the leaders of the

2039:(Our Path) appeared in 1997, and also works a theorist of Tengrist movement Rafael Bezertinov. He writes: 1349: 11731: 10951: 10895: 8517: 7472: 7075: 6714: 4017:"The 'imperial' religion was more monotheistic, centred around the all-powerful god Tengri, the sky god." 3216:

significans: "In excelsis ego sum deus omnipotens solus et te super gentes et regna constitui dominatorem

3000:

Serebzhab Tyumen (seated) carried the Banner of Daichin Tengri into the Battle of Fère-Champenoise (1814)

2286:

The tallest mountain peaks usually became sacred places. Since the time of the Turkic Khaganate, this is

2011:

have called Tengrism the national, "natural" religion of the Turkic peoples. So, during the 2002 trip to

1148:(Manchu). The variant /šaman/ (i.e., pronounced "shaman") is Evenk (whence it was borrowed into Russian). 6506: 6345:—— (2005). 'Political Background of the Old Turkic Religion' in: Oelschlägel, Nentwig, Taube (eds), 601:(God of Turks). According to many academics, Tengrism was, and to some extent still is, a predominantly 9885: 9371: 8076: 7756: 6209: 4552: 4382: 3898: 3467: 2967: 2585: 2574: 2071:, secretary of state and former chair of the Kyrgyz state gold-mining company, established in 2005 the 1889: 1888:

was Tengrist and the ideologue of Turanism. The followers of Tengrism in the paramilitary organisation

1769: 1116:

Russian postcard based on a photo taken in 1908 by S. I. Borisov, showing a female shaman, of probable

629: 166: 131: 7905: 11721: 11701: 11650: 11056: 10837: 10639: 10345: 6427: 3220:

illustri regi Francorum Ludwico uniuersis et singulis tocius regni Francie Barachmar (id est salutem)

2537:(55 of them benevolent or "white" and 44 terrifying or "black"); 77 "earth-spirits"; and others. The 2458:("placenta, afterbirth") is the goddess of children and babies' souls. She is the daughter of Tengri. 1393:, 1246. The first four words, from top to bottom, left to right, read "möngke ṭngri-yin küčündür" – " 1094: 17: 7386:Шаманская философия бурят-монголов: центральноазиатское тэнгрианство в свете духовных учений: в 2 ч. 6887: 6827:

In Search of the National Idea: Cultural Revival and Traditional Religiosity in the Chuvash Republic

5320:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia. (1999). Indien: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 430

3222:

Nunciando predictam reuelationem notificamus ut nobis mandatum dei uiui exegentibus eo indubitancius

11706: 10866: 10727: 10249: 9199: 8417: 8270: 7691: 7595: 6440:"От иудаизма к тенгрианству. Ещё раз о духовных поисках современных крымчаков и крымских караимов»" 6439: 5803: 3214:

eiusdem cognatum futuros euentus miraculose temporum reuelans eidem per dictumi Teptemgri nunciando

2877: 1410: 566: 562: 325: 223: 6565: 1855: 11339: 10323: 10281: 9227: 9171: 8918: 8914: 8754: 8572: 8567: 8134: 7819: 6256:"Contemporary religious life in the Republic of Altai: the interaction of Buddhism and Shamanism" 3392: 3212:

Deus...locutus est auo nostro Chingischan per Temptemgri (nomen quod interpretatur propheta dei)

2824:"When the blue Heaven above and the brown Earth beneath arose, between them twain Mankind arose." 2056:) in 1990–1993. The headquarters of the International Fund of Tengri Research is also located in 1059: 7026:] (in Russian). Абакан: Изд-во Хакасского государственного университета им. Н. Ф. Катанова. 5569:

Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: How the World's Greatest Conqueror Gave Us Religious Freedom

4035:"... a profound combination of monotheism and polytheism that has come to be known as Tengrism." 3590:

This Thing of Darkness: Shedding Light on Evil. (2019). Deutschland: Brill. p. 38

3224:

acquiescere uelitis quo potestatem nostram ab ipso Mengutengri collatam diligencius consideretis

1609:

expressed the association of Tengri with imperial legitimacy and military success. The majesty (

1511:) until the end of the 10th century (before Christianity) was a form of Tengrism and Shamanism. 1097:. The chief god Tengri ("Heaven") is considered strikingly similar to the Indo-European sky god 11558: 11484: 11464: 11334: 11269: 11198: 10966: 10774: 10705: 10609: 10254: 10117: 9901: 9464: 8822: 8799: 8614: 8510: 8380: 8329: 8151: 8139: 8129: 7496: 7465: 4471:

Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early... - András Róna-Tas

3462: 3445: 2322:

in Mongolia, associated with the name of Genghis Khan. Symbolic mountains are man-made shrines-

2252: 2025: 1418: 1406: 1359:

and similar to various other religious traditions of Siberia, Central Asia and Northeast Asia.

1192: 574: 558: 456: 183: 6361: 5188: 4469: 4436: 4265: 3558: 3556: 2530:

Another god is Natigai, who was the god of pregnancy, children, livestock, wives, and health.

1641: 11227: 11205: 10946: 10624: 10481: 10420: 10340: 10308: 9878: 9694: 9648: 9256: 8407: 8402: 8146: 8119: 8086: 8071: 6834: 6133: 5157: 4029: 3945: 3885: 1842: 1124: 1005:

The nature of this religion remains debatable. According to many scholars, it was originally

208: 5892: 1322: 11595: 11324: 11264: 10961: 10941: 10784: 10737: 10668: 10653: 10629: 10614: 10587: 10528: 9847: 8910: 8629: 8584: 8390: 8353: 7105: 7093: 6533:

Münchner Beiträge zur Völkerkunde. Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München

6382: 6328:[Modern Tengriism (as in V. A. Sat's Version of Tengriism in the Altai Republic)]. 5795: 4004: 3553: 3342:

Due to the claim that there is only one eternal Tengri in heaven, many Christians believed

3229:

diligentiori inquisitione habita intelleximus ipsum esse uirum sanctum deum iugiter orantem

2895: 2891: 2873: 2004: 1967: 1845:, and especially after the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, a nationalist ideology of 1543: 1485: 1298: 1055: 758: 264: 198: 6825: 6510: 5002: 4425:

Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history

8: 11716: 11660: 11387: 11382: 11329: 11299: 11294: 11178: 10854: 10779: 10742: 10543: 10440: 10224: 9915: 9588: 9207: 8832: 8654: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8397: 8358: 8061: 8051: 7859: 6760: 6681: 6460: 6326:"Современное тенгрианство (на примере версии тенгрианства В. А. Сата в Республике Алтай)" 6143: 3477: 3332: 3328: 3218:

Nos igitur per uirtutem Mengutengri (id est dei uiui) Huyleu cham, dux milicie Mungalorum

3138: 3056: 2703:, is the ruler of the underworld. He controls the souls here, some of them waiting to be 2208: 2021: 1862:— "father of Turks") and the historian of religion and ideologist of the Kemalist regime 1599: 1591: 1586: 1571: 1570:, and in guiding his actions. Many of these were performed because "Heaven so ordained" ( 1559: 1468: 1294: 1071: 840: 824: 768: 754: 335: 321: 150: 8081: 6373: 11696: 11600: 11504: 11319: 11232: 11210: 11093: 11041: 10981: 10876: 10634: 10602: 10592: 10553: 10548: 10518: 10508: 10365: 9583: 9432: 9405: 8639: 8532: 8370: 7721: 7638: 7369: 7213: 6875: 6785: 6738: 6687:

Who Gets the Past?: Competition for Ancestors Among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia

6472: 6399: 6240: 5739:

Meyvaert, P. (1980). "An Unknown Letter of Hülegü Il-Khan of Persia to King Louis IX".

5622: 4499:

Balkanlar'dan Uluğ Türkistan'a Türk halk inançları Cilt 1, Yaşar Kalafat, Berikan, 2007

3932: 3492: 3372: 3070: 3063: 2247: 2242: 1811: 1526:

and for whom horses were sacrificed, and Kuar (whose victims are struck by lightning).

1414: 1214: 1187: 570: 7228: 6278: 6107:"Religious Developments among the Volga Nations as a Model for the Russian Federation" 3248:

Saying: "On high, I alone am God Almighty and made you lord over peoples and kingdoms"

2581: 1093:(a pre-state form of pastoral shamanism on the western steppe) and its later form the 11220: 11083: 11063: 10971: 10888: 10883: 10859: 10759: 10752: 10720: 10715: 10582: 10577: 10565: 10523: 10385: 10355: 10110: 9967: 9724: 9643: 9396: 9143: 8817: 8729: 8704: 8694: 8689: 8659: 8599: 8412: 8091: 8056: 7994: 7864: 7398: 7342: 7316: 7312: 7273: 7261: 7243: 7186: 7160: 7113: 7079: 7052: 7042: 7027: 6933: 6810: 6789: 6764: 6695: 6667: 6569: 6491: 6403: 6350: 6297: 6201: 6177: 6147: 6106: 6087: 6040: 6013: 5985: 5962: 5941: 5771: 5713: 5668: 5644: 5626: 5612: 5514: 5490: 5431: 5406: 5371: 5228: 5192: 5163: 5034: 4697: 4668: 4617: 4428: 4408: 4362: 4257: 4145: 4120: 3662: 3487: 3165: 3040: 2718: 2237: 2052:

philologist Lazar Afanasyev-Teris, PhD founded Tengrist organisation "Kut-Siur" (now

1986: 1367: 1311: 907: 885: 449: 274: 10976: 5277: 3250:

We, by the power of Mengutengri (living God), Hulegu Khan, leader of the Mongol army

3027:

When Turks converted to Islam, they probably assimilated their beliefs to Islam via

2378:(Blue Sky) is the sky deity and often considered as the highest god. It is known as 741:

is considered one of the embodiments, if not the main embodiment, of Tengri's will.

11642: 11583: 11432: 11417: 11407: 11118: 11088: 10956: 10842: 10832: 10769: 10558: 10535: 10513: 10360: 10234: 10219: 9972: 9947: 9689: 9669: 9447: 9223: 9211: 9203: 9191: 9167: 9159: 9147: 9128: 9081: 8983: 8946: 8837: 8774: 8769: 8734: 8684: 8609: 8589: 8549: 8427: 8363: 8183: 7844: 7731: 7726: 7652: 7270:

The Turks in Prehistory (on the origin of the ancient Turkic languages and scripts)

7174: 6391: 6270: 6121: 6036: 5748: 5604: 5427: 5423: 5273: 3412: 2829: 2666:

ancestors. This world is much brighter than the earth and is under the auspices of

2647:

like humans on the earth. They also have their own respected souls and shamans and

2625: 2493: 2461:Öd Tengri is the god of time. However, he is not discussed often in Tengrist texts. 2351: 2347: 2335: 2300: 2279: 2168:

Articles on Tengrism have been published in social-scientific journals. In 2003 in

2090: 2068: 2003:

reached a larger audience in intellectual circles. Former Presidents of Kazakhstan

1982: 1831: 1654: 1595: 1489: 1481: 1436: 1390: 1360: 1290: 1286: 1014: 959: 881: 861: 546: 542: 351: 269: 193: 188: 122: 117: 43: 9679: 8579: 7849: 6187:"Tengrism as a religious and political phenomenon in Turkish World: Tengriyanstvo" 5768:

Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th-13th centuries

4324: 3969: 3244:

God...spoke to our grandfather Genghis Khan by Teb Tengri (meaning Prophet of God)

856:) by its inhabitants. According to some scholars, the name of the important deity 11588: 11536: 11456: 11289: 11160: 11098: 11036: 10991: 10764: 10710: 10695: 10619: 10597: 10570: 10496: 10335: 10328: 10318: 10176: 10137: 10102: 10077: 9988: 9962: 9843:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

9525: 9502: 9475: 9215: 9187: 9183: 9155: 9124: 9061: 9018: 9001: 8827: 8789: 8724: 8709: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8649: 8644: 8634: 8624: 8604: 8594: 8562: 8375: 8348: 8003: 7948: 7912: 7834: 7829: 7384: 7305: 7300: 7247: 7110:

Calling the Bear Spirit: Ancient Shamanic Invocations and Working Songs from Tuva

6685: 6659: 6649: 6541: 6289: 6077: 6003: 5956: 5847: 5791: 4942: 4662: 4558: 4540: 4456: 4356: 4211: 4011: 3920: 3347: 3263:

On behalf of all the nations of Misicatengrin (that is the son of the living God)

3252:

To Louis, illustrious King of the Franks and to all France, Barachmar (greetings)

3087: 3052: 2771: 2761: 2318: 2309: 2000: 1794:

A revival of Tengrism has played a role in search for native spiritual roots and

1686: 1386: 1265: 1260:. All these are related to the Mongolian name of Etügen, the hearth goddess, and 1174: 1047: 614: 492: 439: 361: 356: 279: 77: 6341:. Bucureşti/Brăila: Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. 6274: 4215: 3261:

After diligent enquiry, understood he is a holy man who prays to God incessantly

3153:

and others). Prayer from the heart can only be in native language, not Arabic.

2674:

the shape into these animals. Otherwise he may scale the World-Tree or pass the

1338: 877:

for the religion of the ancient Turks is found in the works of the 19th century

723:– or to other deities. While Tengrism includes the worship of personified gods ( 513: 228: 11675: 11670: 11632: 11392: 11113: 11073: 11068: 11051: 11046: 10900: 10789: 10415: 9952: 9930: 9837: 9734: 9714: 9608: 9593: 9558: 9459: 9231: 9219: 9195: 9175: 9136: 9085: 9046: 8951: 8941: 8860: 8794: 8779: 8759: 8744: 8739: 8714: 8699: 8619: 8557: 8540: 8343: 7982: 7977: 7877: 7711: 7680: 7659: 7561: 7538: 6914: 6557: 6086:] (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı. 5999: 4689: 3457: 3103: 2489: 2128: 2124: 1941: 1835: 1827: 1787: 1539: 1422: 1160: 1046:

The earliest known depiction of a Siberian shaman, drawn by the Dutch explorer

1025: 953: 889: 688: 665: 578: 554: 413: 397: 259: 254: 7423:. Edited by Oliver Corff, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022, pp. 177–182. 7150: 6960: 6395: 6125: 5752: 5665:

The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History

4959:[Tengri knights. What is the price of freedom under the sky? Part 1]. 3150: 3039:, both Tengrist elements as well as Islamic themes can be found. For example, 2966:(1814) as well as the capture of Paris. In early 1921 the Buddhist Baron 2949:

May peaceful health and happiness prevail, and auspicious luck come like rain

2939:

With the spirits of the Khans descended from mighty Tengri blessing thoroughly

1885: 1877: 1863: 1779: 1397:". The words "Tngri" (Tengri) and "zrlg" (zarlig) exhibit vowel-less archaism. 1112: 991: 249: 11690: 11553: 11312: 11078: 11031: 10435: 10380: 10375: 10303: 10209: 10019: 9957: 9925: 9770: 9760: 9563: 9452: 9351: 9306: 9179: 9101: 9097: 9067: 9011: 8996: 8961: 8868: 8784: 8764: 8749: 8204: 8066: 7972: 7923: 7854: 7749: 7741: 7645: 7615: 7528: 7488: 7072:

The Spiritual Foundations of Eurasianism. Cultural and Civilizational Aspects

6205: 6165: 5958:

Shamanism: Soviet Studies of Traditional Religion in Siberia and Central Asia

5224: 4563: 4098: 3324: 2933:

Written with effort so that the great nation may read for generations. By it,

2725: 2704: 2648: 2366:(gods) and the sky deity Tengri (Heaven, God of Heaven). This is similar to 2143: 2064: 2016: 1819: 1515: 1443: 1371: 1273: 1117: 1063: 737:, Tengri is considered an "abstract phenomenon". In Mongolian folk religion, 691: 669: 653: 586: 526: 160: 11215: 7424: 1523: 1381: 1261: 660:

during the 1990s. Still practiced, it is undergoing an organized revival in

11665: 11605: 11568: 11469: 11422: 11284: 11237: 11108: 10084: 10024: 9940: 9920: 9749: 9535: 9163: 9105: 9089: 9051: 8903: 8873: 8275: 7943: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7736: 7620: 7577: 7548: 7543: 7523: 7518: 7513: 6722: 6161: 5413:İçinden: Jean-Paul Roux: Die alttürkische Mythologie (Eski Türk mitolojisi) 5333:

International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 11 p. 129.

5216: 4840: 4592: 3302: 3268:

Given in the city of Maragha the tenth year, Nochoe (dog year), April 10th

3246:

His relative, miraculously revealing the future through the same Teb Tengri

3091: 3036: 2898:

in Japan. The Altan Tobchi contains the following prayer at its very end:

2883: 2833: 2733: 2640: 2632: 2269: 2257: 2008: 1731: 1700: 1531: 1447: 1202: 1082: 1010: 1006: 984: 832: 738: 681: 633: 622: 602: 244: 73: 7787: 5608: 5078: 4449: 4292: 3012:

Baron Ungern was called the God of War (Daichin Tengri) by certain Mongols

2929:

Aya! The origin of the marvelous divine Khans from miscellaneous histories

2067:

politicians are advocating Tengrism to fill a perceived ideological void.

10269: 10154: 9935: 9739: 9391: 9336: 9041: 8971: 8009: 7958: 7953: 7928: 7839: 7774: 7769: 7706: 7625: 7605: 7507: 7266:Тюрки в доистории (о происхождении древнетюркских языков и письменностей) 5840: 5375: 3254:

Revealing the above revelation we notify you to follow the command of God

3200: 3142: 3106:, whose affiliation to Islam became disputed in the late Ottoman period. 2313: 2288: 2173: 2072: 1926: 1795: 1783: 1756: 1682: 1626: 1346: 1067: 518: 387: 366: 155: 7000: 6690:. Washington D.C., Baltimore & London: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; 6033:

Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience

5870: 4986: 4756: 2275: 915: 888:. The term was introduced into a wide scientific circulation in 1956 by 628:

The term also describes several contemporary Turkic and Mongolic native

11627: 11610: 11548: 11397: 11344: 11307: 11193: 10445: 10425: 10264: 10164: 9719: 9684: 9540: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9381: 8719: 8101: 7869: 7780: 7764: 7630: 7610: 7568: 7449: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3320: 3236:

Datum in ciuitate Maraga anno decimo, Nochoe, die decima mensis Aprilis

3095: 2988:

Banner of Daichin Tengri carried into battle during the Napoleonic Wars

2729: 2636: 2298:

of the old inscriptions, state ceremonies are held were. Among others:

2154: 2120: 2053: 1803: 1799: 1519: 1508: 1461:) received them, according to their faith, from the great deity/spirit 1036: 870:("Heaven"), while the bear is a symbol of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major). 715: 684: 641: 637: 610: 145: 140: 10276: 9346: 6852: 6517:

The Reference Book on All Religious Branches and Communities in Russia

5289:

Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythology Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt,

2906:

Aya gaihamshig huvilgaan bogdos haadiin yazguuriig odii todii tuuhnees

1625:

Under the Power of the Eternal Tengri. Under the Majesty of the Khan (

1617:("Power of Tengri") forms a pause before it is followed by the phrase 11578: 11573: 11541: 11524: 11183: 10747: 10400: 10395: 10159: 10063: 9765: 9744: 9709: 9704: 9653: 9613: 9598: 9568: 9471: 9422: 9331: 9093: 9006: 8966: 8887: 8883: 7891: 7884: 7341:] (in Buriat and Russian). Улан-Удэ: Республиканская типография. 6788:

with a historical and philological commentary. Leiden: Brill. 2004 .

6754: 5937: 5403:

Götter und Mythen in Zentralasien und Nordeurasien Käthe Uray-Kőhalmi

5031:

Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe

3256:

Considering well that we received our power from the same Mengutengri

3231:

pro nationibus uniuersis ipsius Misicatengrin (id est filii dei uiui)

3083: 2856:

heaven and earth were once one, but separated later, giving birth to

2437: 2185: 2147: 2094: 2012: 1815: 1752: 1473: 1431: 1326: 1236:(Nedigal). Related forms found in various Siberian languages include 1032: 892:

and later in the 1960s as a general term of English-language papers.

649: 591: 496: 418: 330: 295: 85: 9754: 7554: 6137: 6029:Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания 4574:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols2004 (

4522:

Altaica Berolinensia: The Concept of Sovereignty in the Altaic World

4450:

A magyarok ősi vallásáról (About the old religion of the Hungarians)

4064: 3835: 3415:. Kyrgyzstan counts no fewer than 50,000 followers of Tengri today. 3266:

Mangutengri (that is, the living God) eternally without end farewell

1503:

According to Hungarian archaeological research, the religion of the

1042: 300: 11509: 11499: 11494: 11279: 10313: 10259: 10244: 10133: 10045: 9994: 9796: 9729: 9623: 9578: 9427: 9401: 9376: 9326: 9301: 9118: 8931: 8895: 8879: 8219: 8046: 7898: 6664:

The Roots Seekers: Shamamisn and Ethnicity Among the Mongol Buryats

6377: 5916: 3482: 3368: 3346:

refers to the Christian God. However, it is clear from a letter by

3311: 3227:

papam Francorum regem uel imperatorem fuisse credidisse, sed postea

3146: 2857: 2523: 2158: 1850: 1846: 1823: 1807: 1709: 1704: 1653:("Eternal Tengri") is at the top of the sentence in this letter to 1426: 1220: 1166: 1129: 847: 661: 613:

during the imperial period, especially by the 12th–13th centuries.

595:, a ninth century manuscript on divination, Tengri is mentioned as 582: 434: 28: 10067: 6568:" series. Translated by Ballas, Toula. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 5850:, 22 February 2006, CACI Analyst, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. 5827:"Б.Галаарид: Бидний хамгийн дээд үнэт зүйл бол эх орон минь билээ" 5770:. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 156–159. 3259:

We thought the Pope was a King of France or an emperor, but later,

3131:. In this regard, both belief systems are fundamentally distinct. 2828:

By that, Tengrism favors an ecocentric theological system over an

2660: 2497: 2481: 906:("Tengriánstvo"). It is introduced by Kazakh poet and turkologist 730: 11479: 11242: 11103: 10405: 10149: 10029: 10004: 9806: 9786: 9699: 9316: 9311: 9291: 9244: 9113: 9031: 8976: 8956: 8936: 8926: 8891: 8254: 8244: 6296:. Translated by G. Samuel. London/Henley: Routledge; Kegan Paul. 4569: 3437: 3429: 3316: 3290: 3099: 3032: 2958: 2675: 2629: 2519: 2445: 2433: 2263: 2169: 2162: 2102: 2057: 2029: 2024:, which is already well-established. It is partly similar to the 1726: 1714: 1504: 1402: 1375: 1356: 1334: 878: 677: 625:

shamanism are not entirely equal to the ancient Turkic religion.

606: 538: 534: 530: 504: 500: 423: 81: 11474: 7419:

Shaimerdinova, N. "Tengrism in the life of Turkic peoples". In:

7131:. Translated by I. Poluyahtov. Almaty: Ассоциация "Золотой век". 5826: 4254:

Shamanism in Siberia: Russian records of indigenous spirituality

2389:"Itugen, an earth or fertility deity" often accompanied Tengri. 1903:

The most famous modern ideologues and theorists of Tengrism are

1674: 11622: 11563: 11519: 11514: 10732: 10430: 10350: 10298: 10059: 10009: 9999: 9870: 9832: 9791: 9573: 9530: 9480: 9341: 9296: 9286: 9270: 9264: 9249: 9239: 9075: 9036: 9026: 8991: 8324: 8280: 8239: 8214: 8199: 8036: 7716: 7584: 7332: 6930:

The Sun and Shadow: Science and Education; Historical materials

6465:

The All-Knowing God. Researches into Early Religion and Culture

6455:(in Turkish) (4 ed.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. 6084:

Old Turkish Religion (Belief in Sky God) and Alevism-Bektashism

4725: 3336: 3128: 3120: 3028: 2890:) contains references to Tengri. Tengrism was assimilated into 2839:

Some people are believed to inherited spiritual powers, called

2700: 2503: 2383: 2367: 2363: 2294: 2098: 2049: 1743: 1735: 1606: 1563: 1497: 1206: 934: 866: 857: 850:

is sometimes poetically called the "Land of Eternal Blue Sky" (

750: 673: 645: 618: 507: 392: 305: 203: 101: 7068:Духовные основы евразийства. Культурно-цивилизационные аспекты 2916:

Erht Tengerees isht haadiin sahiusan beer saitar tetgen ivgeej

2724:

According to Paulsen and Jultkratz, who conducted research in

2546: 1873: 1480:

Tengrism was probably similar with the folk traditions of the

1089:

On a scale of complexity, Tengrism lies somewhere between the

996:

The History of Turkish Holy Tradition and Turkish Civilization

744: 218: 11617: 11489: 11402: 10071: 10050: 10014: 9801: 9386: 9321: 9056: 8249: 8229: 8224: 8209: 8041: 8031: 7701: 7533: 4865:"High-Ranking Kyrgyz Official Proposes New National Ideology" 4119:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 77, 287. 3441: 3234:

Mangutengri (id est in uiuo deo) eternaliter sine fine ualete

3176: 3170: 3124: 3116: 2947:

May merchandise spread, crops flourish and longevity increase

2696: 2687: 2667: 2539: 2513: 2509: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2429: 2421: 2397: 2393: 2204: 1748: 1535: 1493: 1098: 734: 725: 213: 4816: 4502: 4308: 2910:

Ahui ih uls zalgan uztugei hemeen hicheen bichuulsen tuugeer

1880:(1905–1975), one of the first ideologists of modern Tengrism 63: 11531: 9842: 9618: 7457: 7445: 7339:

Tengrism. The Call of the Ancestors. Veneration of the Kind

7333:

Tsyrendorzhiev, Bair Zh.; Dogbaeva-Rinchino, M. R. (2019).

7051:] (in Russian) (2nd rev. ed.). Казань: ПФ "Гарт". 6233:

The Religious History of Turks from the Past to the Present

6056:

The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy

4892:"Kyrgyz Government Unable to Produce New National Ideology" 2935:

May all beings rule through white virtue, living long lives

2922:

Enh esen amar jargalan, osge hur met olzii hutag orshtugai

2749: 2485: 2455: 2441: 2425: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2371: 2323: 2226: 2218: 2194: 1547: 1102: 702: 550: 371: 6925:Күн мен көлеңке: ғылыми-танымдық аңсар; Тарихи материалдар 6512:Справочник всех религиозных течений и объединений в России 6453:

Türk Mitolojisi (Kaynakları ve Açıklamaları ile Destanlar)

5841:

Kyrgyz Government Unable to Produce New National Ideology

5678: 5385: 5383: 5272:

Callan, Hilary (ed). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 3-4.

5059: 4794: 4792: 4779: 4777: 4775: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3719:

On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy

3504: 2931:

Collected by the faith-professing monk Luvsandanzan guush

2912:

Amitan buhen tsagaan buyanaar ezlen, amin nasan urt bolood

2670:

another son of Tengri. Shamans can also visit this world.

1136:

Terms for 'shaman' and 'shamaness' in Siberian languages:

10410: 8234: 6909: 6806:

Sky Shamans of Mongolia: Meetings with Remarkable Healers

6339:

Old Turkic Runic Texts and History of the Eurasian Steppe

6337:

Klyashtornyj, Sergei G. (2008). Spinei, V. and C. (ed.).

4957:"Рыцари Тенгри. Какова цена свободы под небосводом? Ч. 1" 4905: 3600: 3598: 3596: 2942: 2417: 2405: 1689:

is a place where Genghis Khan regularly prayed to Tengri.

1303: 7436: 7358:Ургÿлjикти учугы — Алтай Jаҥ (Нить вечности — Алтай Jан) 6413:"Tengrism: In Search for Central Asia's Spiritual Roots" 6079:

Eski Türk dini (gök tanrı inancı) ve Alevîlik-Bektaşilik

5250: 4715: 4713: 4200:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 123. 4142:

Csodaszarvas. Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány. Vol. I

3823: 3811: 3633: 3631: 1649:

Arghun expressed Tengrism's non-dogmatic side. The name

6854:

Asia's Europa. Vol. 1: Europe, Turkic, the Great Steppe

5380: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5108: 5096: 4828: 4804: 4789: 4772: 4462: 4459:

Vallástudományi Tanulmányok. 6/2004, Budapest, p. 17–19

3767: 3411:

by an ideological committee chaired by state secretary

2736:, two souls of this belief are the same to all people: 2161:

identify themselves with the descendants of the Turkic

1476:

Oblast. Note the lack of a compression ring at the top.

873:

The word "Tengrism" is a fairly new term. The spelling

775:) among the ancient and modern Turkic and Mongolic are 9828:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

6782:: a Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century 6777: 6005:Монголын тэнгэрийн үзэл: түүвэр зохиол, баримт бичгүүд 5466:

JENS PETER LAUT Vielfalt türkischer Religione (German)

4917: 3682: 3593: 2945:, obstacles and untimely death be removed and pacified 2920:

Ed tavaar delgeren, ur taria arvidan, nasan buyan nemj

2908:

Ayag ha tehimlig shashnaa dara Luvsandanzan guush beer

1401:

Tengrism most probably existed in medieval states in

5934:

Animals and shaman: ancient religions of Central Asia

5185:

A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons

5047: 4710: 4252:

English language discussion in Znamenski, Andrei A.,

4234: 4144:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Molnár Kiadó. p. 128. 3628: 2918:

Evedchin, zud, totgor, tsag busiin uhel ustan amarlij

2584:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1442:

Tengrism also played a large role in the religion of

1366:

The cult of Heaven-Tengri is fixed by the Orkhon, or

11150: 10813: 10186: 9279: 6784:. Inner Asian library. Vol. 1–2. Translated by 6654:. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt. 5690: 5336: 5295: 4974: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 3725: 3055:

studied how aspects of Tengrism were adopted into a

6488:

History of the Turkic Peoples in Pre-Islamic Period

5405:, Jean-Paul Roux, Pertev N. Boratav, Edith Vertes: 5221:

Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy

5120: 4687: 4427:, Yayıncı Central European University Press, 1999, 4052: 3925:

Turkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen

3856: 3854: 3543: 3541: 2020:Tengrism may be interpreted as a Turkic version of 10132: 7304: 7231:. Ulaanbaatar: Golomt Center for Shamanist Studies 7229:"A Course in Mongolian Shamanism—Introduction 101" 7009:Tengrianizm: The Religion of the Turks and Mongols 6027:Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergey, eds. (2006). 6010:Mongolian Tengerism: selected papers and documents 5430:First published online: 2012 First print edition: 5187:. London: Routledge (Taylor and Francis). p. 4271: 4040: 3722:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. 2533:The highest group in the pantheon consisted of 99 2312:in Kyrgyzstan (not to be confused with the modern 1472:A traditional Kyrgyz (Kazakh) yurt in 1860 in the 937:and, partly, Kyrgyzstan, Tengrism is known as the 10922: 6185:Güngör, Harun (2013). Erdoğan Altinkaynak (ed.). 4737: 3927:(in German). Vol. 2. Wiesbaden. p. 580. 3035:as something akin to shamans. In the writings of 2512:is the god of death and the underworld, known as 2470:is the primordial god of highest sky, upper air, 11688: 7179:Тенгрианство и глобальные проблемы современности 7129:The Steppe Knowledge. Essays on Cultural Science 7098:Магия тувинских шаманов = Magic of Tuvan Shamans 6913:] (in Yakut). Якутск: Министерство культуры 6862:Adyg-Tulush, Kara-ool Dopchun-ool oglu (2019) . 6731:The Belief of Monotheism among Pre-Islamic Turks 6100: 6026: 5984:] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Yurt Kitap-Yayın. 5601:Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia 5008: 4846: 4667:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 412–13. 4508: 4005:History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. 4 3851: 3650: 3538: 3421:, former head of the National Public Library of 1760:going our separate directions" (paragraph 275). 694:are contemporary movements similar to Tengrism. 596: 7138:Теңирчилик: Улуттук философиянын уңусуна чалгын 6870:] (in Tuvinian) (2nd rev. ed.). Кызыл. 6509:[Turko-Mongolic Religions (Tengrism)]. 6319:] (in Turkish). Ankara: Boğaziçi Yayınları. 5551:Central Peripheries: Nationhood in Central Asia 5270:The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. 5155: 4894:. CACI Analyst, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute 4664:Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation 4660: 3879: 3873: 2484:is the son of Kayra and Umay and is the god of 2015:, Russia, Akayev spoke out that a visit to the 977: 970: 964: 851: 7185:] (in Russian). Бишкек: Фонд Тенгир-Ордо. 7100:(in Russian and English). Кызыл: Новости Тувы. 6463:(1956) . "Turco-Mongols and Related Peoples". 6364:[Tengriism in context of monotheism]. 6168:[Chapter 7. Religion of the Turkuts]. 5659: 5657: 5268:Funk, Dmitriy (2018). "Siberian Cosmologies". 5211: 5209: 3192:, but the idea behind them remained shamanic. 3149:and abandonment of Islam as an Arab religion ( 823:. The name Tengri ("the Sky") is derived from 10118: 9886: 8518: 8307: 7473: 6012:] (in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar: Sodpress. 5796:"William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols" 1598:. The letter was given to the French king by 946: 939: 900: 605:religion based on the shamanistic concept of 457: 9861:State with limited international recognition 7311:. Translated by K. Rout. Minneapolis, Minn: 7104: 7092: 6971:] (in Turkish). Ankara: Afşın Yayınları. 6727:İslâmlıktan Önce Türkler'de Tek Tanrı İnancı 6336: 6071:] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Gazi Kitabevi. 5203:, translation from German by G. L. Campbell. 4889: 4354: 4074: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3195: 3119:is based on a written corpus. Doctrines and 2937:And become possessors of peace and happiness 2699:(Mongolian: Erleg Khan), one of the sons of 860:(also Tangol) (God of the Mountains) of the 7001:"Chapter 3. Deities / Trans. by N. Kisamov" 6861: 6323: 6229:Başlangıçtan Günümüze Türklerin Dinî Tarihi 6226: 5654: 5206: 4996: 4696:(in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. 4661:Saunders, Robert A.; Strukov, Vlad (2010). 3676: 3301:(greetings). This points to the well-known 2488:. The Aruğ (Arı) denotes "good spirits" in 2362:Tengrism is centered on the worship of the 2035:In Tatarstan, the only Tengrist periodical 1884:The prominent Turkish writer and historian 1645:1290 letter from Arghun to Pope Nicholas IV 745:Terminology and relationship with shamanism 10125: 10111: 9893: 9879: 8525: 8511: 8314: 8300: 7480: 7466: 7374:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7260: 7242: 7218:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7148: 7135: 7011:] (in Russian). Набережные Челны: Аяз. 6998: 6932:] (in Kazakh). Алматы: Print-Express. 6843: 6743:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6680: 6535:(in German). Vol. 9. pp. 225–74. 6530: 6507:"Тюрко-монгольские религии (тенгрианство)" 6477:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6459: 6245:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5955:Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, ed. (2015) . 5765: 5256: 5156:Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar (2003). 5012: 4923: 4834: 4766: 4587: 4585: 4442: 4358:Social organization of the Northern Tungus 4298: 4001:Religions in the central Asian environment 3951: 3937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3897: 3845: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3759:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDidier2009 ( 3668: 3335:in February 1281 with the Hospitallers of 2370:and Tengri is often linked to the Chinese 2180: 1013:branch with the sky god Kök-Tengri as the 464: 450: 7425:https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110730562-016 7382: 7364:] (in Southern Altai). Горно-Алтайск. 7183:Tengrism and Global Problems of Modernity 7173: 7065: 7015: 6901: 6658: 6647: 6310: 6069:Turkic Mythology Dictionary (Altai-Yakut) 6035:] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Москва: 4856: 4719: 4240: 4210: 4139: 3610: 2604:Learn how and when to remove this message 933:are also found from the 1990s. In modern 839:ultimately originates as a loanword from 831:("daybreak") or Tan ("dawn"). Meanwhile, 8808: 7355: 7299: 7254:AZ-and-IA. Book of a well-meaning reader 7005:Тенгрианство — религия тюрков и монголов 6955:] (in Russian). Алматы: Кенже-пресс. 6857:. Translated by A. Kisilev. Moscow: ACT. 6708: 6539: 6410: 6372: 6160: 5982:Turkic Mythology Encyclopedic Dictionary 5738: 5684: 5592: 5547: 5306:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHesse1987 ( 5223:(First Da Capo Press ed.). Boston: 5131:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHesse1986 ( 5114: 5065: 4954: 4911: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4783: 4762: 4731: 4640: 4636: 4302: 4164: 4070: 4022: 3983: 3955: 3808:, Vol. 140, Hawthorn Books, 1966, p. 80. 3776: 3693:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanyu2007 ( 3604: 3570: 3391:"Tengrism" is the term for a revival of 2867: 2777:Among Mongols: Sünesün, Amin, Kut, Sülde 2580:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2553: 2274: 2217: 2203: 2184: 2127:(its famous proponents were the painter 1872: 1798:ideology since the 1990s, especially in 1773: 1763: 1681: 1640: 1585: 1467: 1429:Turkic beliefs contains the sacral book 1380: 1321: 1302: 1123: 1111: 1041: 512: 11015: 7249:АЗ и Я. Книга благонамеренного читателя 7226: 7199: 7159:] (in Kyrgyz). Бишкек: Кыргыз Жер. 7040: 7024:Burkhanism of the Turks of Sayano-Altai 6979:Тенгрианство как открытое мировоззрение 6893:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6288: 6253: 5975: 5931: 5696: 5598: 5355: 4992: 4582: 4381: 4195: 4165:Kettunen, Harri J. (12 November 1998). 3919: 3736:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLee1981 ( 3514: 3297:. Another Syriac word in the letter is 2496:mythology. They are under the order of 2478:, and life, and is a son of Kök Tengri. 2101:, who traditionally professed forms of 14: 11689: 7206:Fundamentals of the Altaian Philosophy 6975: 6946: 6921: 6823: 6809:. Berkeley, Ca: North Atlantic Books. 6802: 6485: 6349:(FS Taube), Leipzig, pp. 260–65. 6184: 6132: 5954: 5484: 5215: 5182: 5053: 5016: 4644: 4622:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4570:The Secret History of the Mongols 2004 4342: 4318: 4314: 4114: 3750: 3642:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMan2004 ( 1553: 1457:(13th century). The priests-prophets ( 1363:played an important part in Tengrism. 1280: 1219: 1165: 525:It was the prevailing religion of the 11656:Christianization of saints and feasts 11413:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 11367: 11158: 11014: 10921: 10812: 10466: 10194: 10106: 9874: 8506: 8295: 7461: 7437:International Fund of Tengri Research 7272:] (in Russian). Алматы: Атамұра. 7256:] (in Russian). Алма-Ата: Жазушы. 7126: 6959: 6751: 6721: 6589:The Religion of the Turks and Mongols 6504: 6437: 6362:"Тенгрианство в контексте монотеизма" 6359: 6062: 6053: 5914: 5871:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26201179 5790: 5766:Barber, Malcolm; Bate, Keith (2010). 5391:THE DRAGON MOTIF IN ANATOLIAN LEGENDS 5331:Traditional Kazakh Culture and Islam. 5301: 5126: 5079:"Parts of a story of a world picture" 5028: 4980: 4963:(in Russian). No. 28. Kyrgyzstan 4862: 4850: 4750: 4648: 4330: 4277: 4032:, Stacey International, 2003, p. 91: 3987: 3963: 3959: 3688: 3672: 3574: 3547: 3473:List of Tengrist states and dynasties 3281:or Messiah-Tengri in the letter. The 3109: 3017: 2882:The 17th century Mongolian chronicle 2681: 1395:Under the power of the eternal heaven 1213: 1201:'shaman': ńajt (Khanty, Mansi), from 1186: 1159: 999: 898:is a reflection of the Russian term, 34:Religion of the Turko-Mongolic steppe 7286: 6902:Afanasyev, Lazar A. (Téris) (1993). 6850: 6595: 6585:La religion des Turcs et des Mongols 6582: 6556: 6450: 6227:Güngör, Harun; Günay, Ünver (1997). 6075: 5998: 5907: 5102: 5033:. Durham: Acumen. pp. 206–207. 4694:Mustafa Kemal et la Turquie nouvelle 4338: 4334: 4058: 4046: 3979: 3975: 3860: 3792: 3788: 3757:but especially Vol. I, pp. 143, 154. 3656: 3578: 3566: 3562: 3510: 3375:, Tengrism is often referred to as “ 3206: 3137:see themselves as separate from the 2900: 2557: 1575: 1566:played a big role in choices of the 1550:) in parallel with other religions. 1374:("celestial Turks") and other early 1039:shamanism, later known as Tengrism. 828: 772: 503:. It generally involves the titular 6467:. Translated by H. J. Rose. London. 6194:KARADENİZ – BLACK SEA – ЧЕРНОЕ МОРЕ 6065:Türk Mitoloji Sözlüğü (Altay-Yakut) 5978:Türk Mitolojisi Ansiklopedik Sözlük 5893:"Как в Казахстане живут тенгрианцы" 4955:Karashev, Aziz (October 20, 2017). 4196:Lessing, Ferdinand D., ed. (1960). 4028:Fergus, Michael; Jandosova, Janar. 3806:Primitive and prehistoric religions 3731: 3637: 3357: 2358:List of Turkic mythological figures 2142:, 1938–2020) and the ethnic faith 1810:, some autonomous republics of the 1581: 1446:as the primary state spirituality. 1054:Tengrism differs from contemporary 557:of several medieval states such as 491:) is a religion originating in the 24: 7413: 7393:] (in Russian). Улан-Удэ: БНЦ 7295:] (in Chuvash). Шупашкар: ÇИП. 6949:Йоллыг-Тегин. Памятник Куль-Тегина 6562:Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire 4520:Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, (1993), 3909:] (in German). Vol. 9–10. 3069:The Medieval Age Syriac historian 2304:(or Üch-Sümer) in Russia's Altai, 2266:— the sun (featured in most flags) 2157:proponents of the Native Faith in 1693:Tengri is mentioned many times in 1378:during the 8th to 10th centuries. 963:(God) correspond to the Mongolian 951:("Sky God religion"); the Turkish 25: 11743: 7453:(in Kazakh, Russian, and English) 7430: 6780:The Secret History of the Mongols 6598:Revue de l'histoire des religions 4875:(226). The Jamestown Foundation. 3386: 2850: 2834:Abrahamic account on anthropogeny 2654: 1696:the Secret History of the Mongols 1454:the Secret History of the Mongols 10814:Middle-Eastern and North African 9900: 8850: 8534: 8323: 7144:] (in Kyrgyz). Бишкек: Крон. 6953:Yollig Tegin. Kul Tegin Monument 6591:] (in French). Paris: Payot. 6490:. Berlin: Klaus-Schwarz-Verlag. 5885: 5876: 5862: 5853: 5833: 5819: 5810: 5784: 5759: 5732: 5723: 5702: 5641:Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia 5633: 5583: 5574: 5561: 5541: 5532: 5523: 5503: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5441: 5416: 5396: 5361: 5323: 5314: 4879:from the original on 2012-09-12. 4393:] (in German). Vol. 10. 4355:Shirokogorov, Sergei M. (1929). 4103:Patterns in comparative religion 3407:national ideology following the 3005: 2993: 2981: 2774:, Sür, Salkin, Tin, Körmös, Yula 2562: 2189:One of main symbols of Tengrism. 2123:(Ak Jang) that arose in 1904 in 1981:(1958–2016), Choiun Omuraliyev, 1940:(1955–2010), Rafael Bezertinov, 433: 62: 9982:Related ethnic groups and clans 9833:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 8097:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription 6976:Ayupov, Nurmagambet G. (2012). 6058:. London: Book Club Associates. 5902: 5283: 5278:10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2237 5262: 5241: 5176: 5149: 5139: 5085:from the original on 2017-07-01 5071: 5022: 4948: 4929: 4883: 4681: 4654: 4605:from the original on 2011-08-11 4545: 4527: 4514: 4493: 4484: 4417: 4397: 4375: 4348: 4283: 4246: 4204: 4189: 4158: 4133: 4108: 4092: 4080: 3993: 3913: 3891: 3866: 3798: 3710: 3701: 3397:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3293:, Christ) as opposed to Arabic 3022: 2815: 1633:) and the Majesty of the Khan ( 1314:(written from right to left as 1144:(Nedigal, Nanay, Ulcha, Orok), 983:is used in a 1999 biography of 975:(sky), respectively. Mongolian 658:dissolution of the Soviet Union 11428:Polytheistic reconstructionism 8487:Cities and towns by population 6922:Akatai, Sabetkazy N. (2011) . 6759:. Turcologica, 18. Wiesbaden: 6692:Johns Hopkins University Press 6324:Khvastunova, Julia V. (2018). 5961:. London/New York: Routledge. 5603:. Cambridge University Press. 5428:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5661 4173:(Mailing list). Archived from 3584: 3529: 3520: 3403:, Tengrism was suggested as a 1661:... Your saying "May receive 609:, and was first influenced by 13: 1: 10923:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 9823:Organization of Turkic States 8120:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara 7362:Thread of Eternity—Altai Jang 7356:Tyrysova, Zinaida T. (2008). 7227:Stewart, Julie (1997-10-03). 7142:Tengrism: National Philosophy 7016:Butanayev, Victor Y. (2003). 6984:Tengrism as an Open Worldview 6733:] (in Turkish). İstanbul. 6546:Studies in Oriental Religions 6420:Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst 6411:—— (2006-03-22). 6347:"Roter Altai, gib dein Echo!" 6235:] (in Turkish). İstanbul. 6114:Religion, State & Society 4688:Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; 4533:For another translation here 4391:The Origin of the Idea of God 3907:The Origin of the Idea of God 3210: 2896:fusion of Buddhism and Shinto 2678:to reach the heavenly world. 2643:in the center of the worlds. 2105:(Igor Achkinazi (1954–2006), 1677:Secret History of the Mongols 1590:Arghun Khan's 1289 letter to 1077:Secret History of the Mongols 705:) can refer to the sky deity 10467: 8492:Provinces by life expectancy 7487: 7383:Urbanaeva, Irina S. (2000). 7200:Shodoev, Nikolai A. (2010). 7019:Бурханизм тюрков Саяно-Алтая 6644:, Vol. 13, pp. 9080–82. 6583:——, ed. (1984). 6176:] (in Russian). Москва: 5009:Filatov & Shchipkov 1995 4847:Bourdeaux & Filatov 2006 4551:Translation on page 18 here 4509:Bourdeaux & Filatov 2006 4361:. Garland Pub. p. 204. 4198:Mongolian-English Dictionary 4171:AZTLAN Pre-Columbian History 3498: 3310:probably dating back to the 3174:, the "spirit of the earth" 2914:Amgalan jargalantan boltugai 2500:and do good things on earth. 1091:Proto-Indo-European religion 676:and other Turkic nations in 597: 567:the Eastern Turkic Khaganate 563:the Western Turkic Khaganate 7: 8167:Tang Western Turk campaigns 7149:Omuraliyev, Choiun (2012). 7136:Omuraliyev, Choiun (1994). 7076:Lambert Academic Publishing 7066:Fyodorova, Lena V. (2012). 6999:Bezertinov, Rafael (2000). 6969:Problems in Turkish History 6486:Poemer, H. R., ed. (2000). 6311:Kafesoğlu, İbrahim (1980). 6275:10.1080/1361736042000245295 6254:Halemba, Agnieszka (2003). 5710:Islam In Politics In Russia 4890:Marat, Erica (2006-02-22). 4863:Marat, Erica (2005-12-06). 3451: 3409:2005 presidential elections 3362: 3331:in 1271 and also storm the 1128:Buryat shaman performing a 971: 965: 864:is related to the Siberian 852: 10: 11748: 11159: 8157:Tang Eastern Turk campaign 8077:Turks in the Tang military 7757:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan 7293:Forty Fathoms Red Mountain 7208:] (in Russian). Бийск. 7202:Основы алтайской философии 5567:Weatherford, Jack (2016). 5548:Laruelle, Marlene (2021). 5513:, Oxford University Press 5511:The Turks in World History 5509:Findle, Carter V. (2005). 4405:Korean Shamanistic Rituals 4086: 3468:List of Tengrist movements 2968:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg 2871: 2759: 2685: 2658: 2355: 2345: 2329: 2116:(1922–2019), and others). 1770:List of Tengrist movements 1767: 1427:Eastern Tourkia (Khazaria) 1284: 853:Mönkh Khökh Tengeriin Oron 748: 575:the First Bulgarian Empire 559:the First Turkic Khaganate 26: 11651:Christianity and paganism 11641: 11455: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11363: 11171: 11167: 11154: 11141: 11027: 11023: 11010: 10932: 10928: 10917: 10823: 10819: 10808: 10477: 10473: 10462: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10190: 10173: 10145: 10093: 10038: 9981: 9908: 9856: 9815: 9779: 9662: 9636: 9549: 9501: 9494: 9415: 9364: 8859: 8848: 8548: 8474: 8426: 8336: 8263: 8192: 8110: 8019: 7922: 7818: 7690: 7594: 7495: 7152:Теңирчилик: Коом-Мамлекет 7127:Kodar, Auezkhan (2005) . 7112:. Kristianstad: Kjellin. 7041:Devbash, Firdus (2011) . 6451:Ögel, Bahaeddin (2003) . 6396:10.1080/02634930701517433 6294:The religions of Mongolia 6166:"Гл. 7. Религия тюркютов" 6126:10.1080/09637499508431705 5753:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301508 5557:. UCL Press. p. 107. 5159:Kazakhstan: Coming of Age 4222:. Oxford: Clarendon Press 4030:Kazakhstan: Coming of Age 3880: 3874: 3804:E.g., Bergounioux (ed.), 3196:Tengrism and Christianity 2770:Among Turks: Özüt, Süne, 2292:in Mongolia—perhaps, the 1999:Tengrism's revival of an 1830:, and others), among the 1755:sends a secret letter to 1621:("Majesty of the Khan"): 1337:, using the Chinese form 994:(1876–1924) wrote in his 978: 901: 835:proposed that the Turkic 11712:Ethnic religions in Asia 10095:Origin is controversial. 9438:Timeline of the Göktürks 8418:Demographics of Istanbul 7692:Western Turkic Khaganate 7596:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 7106:Kenin-Lopsan, Mongush B. 7094:Kenin-Lopsan, Mongush B. 6965:Türk Tarihinde Meseleler 6915:Республики Саха (Якутия) 6824:Vovina, Olessia (2000). 6648:Saraçoǧlu, Cenk (2004). 6642:Encyclopedia of Religion 6426:(6): 3–4. Archived from 6360:Kodar, Auezkhan (2009). 6332:(in Russian) (5): 33–43. 6330:Colloquium Heptaploremes 5932:Baldick, Julian (2000). 5873:. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023. 5804:University of Washington 5599:Peacock, A.C.S. (2019). 5329:Edelbay, Saniya (2012). 5183:Lurker, Manfred (2015). 5162:. Stacey International. 4403:Lee, Jung Young (1981). 4216:"XII. Shamanism and Sex" 2904: 2878:Buddhism in Central Asia 2753:, life or bodily spirit) 2711: 1898:Tengri, bless the Türks! 1411:Western Turkic Khaganate 326:Bain Tsokto inscriptions 224:Vietnamese folk religion 27:Not to be confused with 8482:Provinces by population 7820:Second Turkic Khaganate 7157:Tengrism: Society–State 6844:Modern Tengrist authors 6711:Тюркологический сборник 6666:. Yokohama: Shumpusha. 6446:(in Russian) (52): 1–6. 6444:Народ Книги в мире книг 6366:Новые исследования Тувы 6063:Dilek, İbrahim (2013). 5976:Beydili, Celal (2005). 5915:Alici, Mustafa (2011). 4734:, pp. 204, 209–11. 4387:Der Ursprung der Gottes 4115:Hoppál, Mihály (2005). 3903:Der Ursprung der Gottes 3677:Güngör & Günay 1997 3393:Central Asian shamanism 3323:would take part in the 2756:Shadow soul / Free soul 2451:Other deities include: 2341: 2197:, and a shaman's drum. 2181:Symbols and holy places 2026:new religious movements 11559:Religion and mythology 11485:Dying and rising deity 11465:Veneration of the dead 11199:Native American Church 9152:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8330:Demographics of Turkey 7497:First Turkic Khaganate 7450:Republic of Kazakhstan 6990:(in Russian). Алматы: 6803:Turner, Kevin (2016). 6713:(in Russian). Москва: 6438:Moroz, Eugeny (2004). 6134:Golden, Peter Benjamin 5663:Aigle, Denise (2014). 5639:Çakmak, Cenap (2017). 5485:Palmer, James (2009). 3875:Чингис хаан, 1162–1227 3463:Hungarian Native Faith 3329:King Edward of England 3242: 3160:as new expression for 3080: 3062:Muslim Turkic scholar 2977: 2927: 2826: 2283: 2253:Flag of Sakha Republic 2230: 2215: 2190: 2046: 1881: 1854:Turkic names, such as 1791: 1782:temple in the town of 1690: 1672: 1646: 1639: 1603: 1576:Teŋіri yarïlqaduq üčün 1477: 1398: 1330: 1319: 1164:(Tatar, Shor, Oyrat), 1133: 1121: 1051: 958: 952: 947: 940: 763:The forms of the name 522: 184:Hungarian Native Faith 9649:Proto-Turkic language 9280:Extinct Turkic groups 8087:Tonyukuk inscriptions 8072:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb 7307:The Blue Sky: A Novel 7262:Suleimenov, Olzhas O. 7244:Suleimenov, Olzhas O. 6947:Atabek, Aron (2000). 6851:Adji, Murad (2005) . 6835:Seton Hall University 6752:Tekin, Talât (1993). 6682:Shnirelman, Viktor A. 6540:Róna-Tas, A. (1987). 6076:Eröz, Mehmet (1992). 6054:Brent, Peter (1976). 5609:10.1017/9781108582124 4869:Eurasia Daily Monitor 4647:, ch. 9.3 Tengerism; 4407:. Mouton De Gruyter. 3127:and are explained by 3075: 2972: 2868:Tengrism and Buddhism 2822: 2554:Three-world cosmology 2282:(Üch-Sümer) in Altai. 2278: 2221: 2207: 2188: 2041: 1957:Yosif Dmitriev (Trer) 1876: 1856:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1843:Young Turk Revolution 1777: 1764:Contemporary Tengrism 1687:Mount Burkhan Khaldun 1685: 1659: 1644: 1623: 1589: 1471: 1384: 1329:monument, 8th century 1325: 1306: 1285:Further information: 1127: 1115: 1045: 1002:, pp. 137–139). 516: 209:Chinese folk religion 110:Other deities/spirits 10828:Ancient Near Eastern 10615:Hellenistic religion 9848:World Turks Qurultai 8125:Göktürk–Persian wars 7965:Mengchi Protectorate 7936:Kunling Protectorate 7289:Хӗрӗх чалӑш хӗрлӗ ту 7287:Trer, Yosif (2019). 7074:] (in Russian). 6961:Atsız, Hüseyin Nihâl 6631:(150-2), pp. 173–212 6615:(149-2), pp. 197–230 6505:Popov, Igor (2016). 6461:Pettazzoni, Raffaele 6383:Central Asian Survey 6317:Old Turkish Religion 6103:Shchipkov, Aleksandr 5291:(OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0) 4825:, pp. 205, 209. 3090:against the Chinese 2874:Buddhism in Mongolia 2573:factual accuracy is 2005:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1968:Mongush Kenin-Lopsan 1496:as well as Japanese 1488:. Similarities with 1486:Manchu folk religion 1299:Shamanism in Siberia 1153:alman, olman, wolmen 862:Korean folk religion 759:Shamanism in Siberia 265:Mongush Kenin-Lopsan 11727:Mongolian shamanism 11661:Constantinian shift 11383:Neopagan witchcraft 11017:Sub-Saharan African 9916:Tatar confederation 9589:Karachay-Cherkessia 8271:Göktürk family tree 8062:Orkhon inscriptions 8052:Old Turkic language 7860:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan 7439:— official website 6761:Harrassowitz Verlag 6757:= The Book of Omens 6552:. Wiesbaden: 33–45. 6368:(in Russian) (1–2). 6144:Harrassowitz Verlag 5370:, Murat Uraz, 1992 5011:, pp. 239–43; 4995:, pp. 165–82; 4849:, pp. 134–50; 4117:Sámánok Eurázsiában 3872:Boldbaatar et al., 3640:, pp. 402–404. 3478:Manzan Gurme Toodei 3448:, gods and so on.) 3379:” or “böö mörgöl”. 3333:Krak des Chevaliers 3139:Abrahamic religions 2830:anthropocentric one 2229:—symbol of Tengrism 2209:Mongolian shamanism 2022:Russian neopaganism 1894:Tanrı Türkü Korusun 1600:Buscarel of Gisolfe 1560:Orkhon inscriptions 1554:Orkhon inscriptions 1295:Mongolian shamanism 1281:Historical Tengrism 1177:word for shaman is 1101:and the East Asian 1072:Orkhon inscriptions 755:Mongolian shamanism 630:religious movements 440:Religion portal 406:Related conceptions 151:Mongolian Tengerism 11732:Siberian shamanism 11601:Trees in mythology 11596:Supernatural magic 11505:Magic and religion 9780:Traditional sports 9584:Kabardino-Balkaria 9204:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 7906:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun 7722:Tong Yabghu Qaghan 7639:Ashina Jiesheshuai 6786:Igor de Rachewiltz 6623:(150-1), pp. 27–54 6607:(149-1), pp. 49–82 6566:Abrams Discoveries 6519:] (in Russian) 5895:. 6 February 2023. 5846:2018-10-17 at the 5708:Dudolgnon (2013). 4941:2018-12-01 at the 4557:2017-08-11 at the 4539:2016-04-13 at the 4455:2016-05-05 at the 4256:, Springer, 2003, 4220:Aboriginal Siberia 4177:on 12 January 2001 4167:"Re: Ma: Xamanism" 4010:2016-03-03 at the 3986:, pp. 33–45; 3573:, pp. 33–45; 3493:Uralic neopaganism 3110:Contemporary views 3071:Michael the Syrian 3064:Mahmud al-Kashgari 3018:Tengrism and Islam 2892:Mongolian Buddhism 2682:Subterranean world 2284: 2248:Flag of Kyrgyzstan 2243:Flag of Kazakhstan 2231: 2216: 2191: 1931:Nurmagambet Ayupov 1882: 1812:Russian Federation 1792: 1691: 1647: 1604: 1500:are also evident. 1478: 1415:Old Great Bulgaria 1399: 1331: 1320: 1134: 1122: 1056:Siberian shamanism 1052: 571:Old Great Bulgaria 523: 199:Siberian shamanism 11684: 11683: 11449: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11359: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11006: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10804: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10753:Mysteries of Isis 10458: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10100: 10099: 9968:Astrakhan Khanate 9868: 9867: 9644:Old Turkic script 9632: 9631: 9443:Timeline 500–1300 9360: 9359: 8846: 8845: 8705:Kipchak languages 8660:Karamanli Turkish 8500: 8499: 8289: 8288: 8152:Göktürk civil war 8147:Goguryeo–Tang War 8092:Ongin inscription 8057:Old Turkic script 7995:Anxi Protectorate 7348:978-5-91407-189-6 7322:978-1-571310-55-2 7313:Milkweed Editions 7175:Sarygulov, Dastan 7166:978-9967-26-597-4 7085:978-3-659-13666-5 7058:978-5-905372-03-2 7044:Татарские молитвы 6939:978-601-7046-23-1 6795:978-90-04-15363-9 6770:978-3-447-03426-5 6673:978-4-86110-397-1 6374:Laruelle, Marlène 6355:978-3-86583-062-3 6174:The Ancient Turks 6101:Filatov, Sergey; 5908:Secondary sources 5800:Silk Road Seattle 5687:, pp. 208–9. 5673:978-9-0042-8064-9 5234:978-0-306-82395-4 5198:978-1-136-10620-0 5169:978-1-900988-61-2 4914:, pp. 206–7. 4433:978-963-9116-48-1 4262:978-1-4020-1740-7 4151:978-963-218-200-1 4126:978-963-05-8295-7 4075:Klyashtornyj 2008 3734:, pp. 17–18. 3691:, pp. 11–13. 3488:Religion in China 3274: 3273: 3166:Shoqan Walikhanov 2955: 2954: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2238:Flag of Chuvashia 1987:Olzhas Suleimenov 1631:Tengri-yin Kuchin 1615:Tengri-yin Kuchin 1558:According to the 1407:Göktürk Khaganate 1368:Old Turkic script 1312:Old Turkic script 1232:(Evenki, Lamut), 1205:*nojta (cf. Sámi 910:in his 1975 book 908:Olzhas Suleymenov 886:Shoqan Walikhanov 553:, as well as the 474: 473: 275:Olzhas Suleimenov 176:Related movements 89: 16:(Redirected from 11739: 11722:Mongol mythology 11702:Turkic mythology 11643:Christianization 11433:Secular paganism 11418:Goddess movement 11388:Cochrane's Craft 11376: 11375: 11365: 11364: 11169: 11168: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11025: 11024: 11012: 11011: 10930: 10929: 10919: 10918: 10821: 10820: 10810: 10809: 10625:Sacred mysteries 10475: 10474: 10464: 10463: 10203: 10202: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10177:ethnic religions 10127: 10120: 10113: 10104: 10103: 9948:Chagatai Khanate 9895: 9888: 9881: 9872: 9871: 9690:Tibetan Buddhism 9670:Turkic mythology 9551:Autonomous areas 9503:Sovereign states 9499: 9498: 9277: 9276: 9259: 9234: 9131: 9108: 9070: 9021: 8986: 8947:Crimean Karaites 8921: 8898: 8854: 8806: 8805: 8685:Khorasani Turkic 8539: 8538: 8537: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8504: 8503: 8428:Census in Turkey 8364:Turkish language 8328: 8327: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8184:Battle of Bolchu 8179:Li-Sun rebellion 7732:Sy Yabghu Khagan 7482: 7475: 7468: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7442: 7408: 7379: 7373: 7365: 7352: 7329: 7310: 7301:Tschinag, Galsan 7296: 7283: 7257: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7223: 7217: 7209: 7196: 7170: 7145: 7132: 7123: 7101: 7089: 7062: 7037: 7012: 6995: 6989: 6972: 6956: 6943: 6918: 6898: 6891: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6871: 6858: 6838: 6832: 6820: 6799: 6774: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6718: 6705: 6677: 6660:Shimamura, Ippei 6655: 6601: 6592: 6579: 6553: 6536: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6501: 6482: 6476: 6468: 6456: 6447: 6434: 6432: 6417: 6407: 6369: 6342: 6333: 6320: 6307: 6290:Heissig, Walther 6285: 6283: 6277:. Archived from 6260: 6250: 6244: 6236: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6208:. Archived from 6191: 6181: 6162:Gumilyov, Lev N. 6157: 6129: 6111: 6097: 6072: 6059: 6050: 6037:Keston Institute 6023: 5995: 5972: 5951: 5928: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5792:Waugh, Daniel C. 5788: 5782: 5781: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5652: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5521: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5420: 5414: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5213: 5204: 5202: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5026: 5020: 5006: 5000: 4997:Khvastunova 2018 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4952: 4946: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4860: 4854: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4770: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4674:978-0-81085475-8 4658: 4652: 4639:, pp. 3–4; 4634: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4567: 4561: 4549: 4543: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4466: 4460: 4446: 4440: 4421: 4415: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4383:Schmidt, Wilhelm 4379: 4373: 4372: 4352: 4346: 4328: 4322: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212:Czaplicka, Maria 4208: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4112: 4106: 4101:, John C. Holt, 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4026: 4020: 3997: 3991: 3973: 3967: 3954:, p. 261f; 3949: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3921:Doerfer, Gerhard 3917: 3911: 3910: 3899:Schmidt, Wilhelm 3895: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3686: 3680: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3635: 3626: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3508: 3434:Ulyana Fatyanova 3413:Dastan Sarygulov 3358:Contemporary Age 3327:with the future 3207: 3180:, demons became 3135:Modern Tengrists 3123:derive from the 3047:(Gök Tengri) or 3009: 2997: 2985: 2964:Fère-Champenoise 2901: 2626:Turkic mythology 2609: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586:reliably sourced 2566: 2565: 2558: 2352:Turkic mythology 2348:Mongol mythology 2336:ancestor worship 2280:Belukha Mountain 2155:Slavic Bulgarian 2141: 2115: 2091:Crimean Karaites 2069:Dastan Sarygulov 1983:Dastan Sarygulov 1980: 1965: 1954: 1939: 1924: 1916:Sabetkazy Akatai 1913: 1832:Crimean Karaites 1675:Tengrism in the 1655:Pope Nicholas IV 1596:Mongolian script 1582:Arghun's letters 1577: 1490:Korean shamanism 1482:Tungusic peoples 1437:Uyghur Khaganate 1391:Pope Innocent IV 1361:Ancestor worship 1351: 1291:Mongol mythology 1287:Turkic mythology 1264:'Mother Earth'. 1223: 1221:[udaɣan] 1217: 1215:[iduɣan] 1190: 1169: 1163: 981: 980: 974: 968: 950: 943: 904: 903: 855: 830: 774: 600: 493:Eurasian steppes 466: 459: 452: 438: 437: 393:Tangra Mountains 270:Dastan Sarygulov 194:Manchu shamanism 189:Korean shamanism 71: 66: 56: 46: 39: 38: 21: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11736: 11707:Asian shamanism 11687: 11686: 11685: 11680: 11637: 11537:Myth and ritual 11457:Myth and ritual 11451: 11450: 11437: 11370: 11351: 11304:Turko-Mongolic 11163: 11144: 11137: 11136: 11123: 11019: 10998: 10924: 10905: 10815: 10796: 10469: 10450: 10319:Hindu mythology 10197: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10141: 10138:modern paganism 10131: 10101: 10096: 10089: 10034: 9977: 9963:Crimean Khanate 9904: 9899: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9811: 9775: 9658: 9628: 9545: 9526:Northern Cyprus 9490: 9476:Altai Mountains 9411: 9356: 9275: 9255: 9200:North Macedonia 9142: 9123: 9080: 9066: 9062:Siberian Tatars 9017: 9002:Khorasani Turks 8982: 8909: 8878: 8855: 8842: 8804: 8725:Ottoman Turkish 8645:Karachay-Balkar 8544: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8501: 8496: 8470: 8422: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8290: 8285: 8259: 8188: 8112: 8106: 8020:Göktürk culture 8015: 8004:Tokhara Yabghus 7949:Ashina Yuanqing 7926: 7918: 7913:El Bilga Khatun 7835:Qapaghan Qaghan 7830:Ilterish Qaghan 7822: 7814: 7694: 7686: 7598: 7590: 7499: 7491: 7486: 7452: 7440: 7433: 7416: 7414:Further reading 7411: 7405: 7367: 7366: 7349: 7323: 7280: 7234: 7232: 7211: 7210: 7193: 7167: 7120: 7086: 7059: 7034: 6992:КазНПУ им. Абая 6987: 6940: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6873: 6872: 6846: 6841: 6830: 6817: 6796: 6771: 6736: 6735: 6702: 6674: 6576: 6558:Roux, Jean-Paul 6522: 6520: 6498: 6470: 6469: 6430: 6415: 6304: 6281: 6258: 6238: 6237: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6189: 6154: 6109: 6094: 6047: 6020: 6000:Bira, Shagdaryn 5992: 5969: 5948: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5848:Wayback Machine 5838: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5764: 5760: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5662: 5655: 5638: 5634: 5619: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489:. Basic Books. 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5421: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5388: 5381: 5368:Türk Mitolojisi 5366: 5362: 5354: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5267: 5263: 5257:Bezertinov 2000 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227:. p. 510. 5214: 5207: 5199: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5027: 5023: 5013:Shnirelman 1996 5007: 5003: 4991: 4987: 4983:, pp. 1–6. 4979: 4975: 4966: 4964: 4953: 4949: 4943:Wayback Machine 4934: 4930: 4924:Omuraliyev 1994 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4888: 4884: 4861: 4857: 4845: 4841: 4835:Bezertinov 2000 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4773: 4767:Suleimenov 1975 4765:, p. 204; 4761: 4757: 4749: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4690:Roux, Jean-Paul 4686: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4643:, p. 205; 4635: 4631: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4593:"Archived copy" 4591: 4590: 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3636: 3629: 3624: 3611: 3607:, pp. 3–4. 3603: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3454: 3389: 3365: 3360: 3354:(Eternal God). 3285:is from Syriac 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3112: 3088:Battle of Talas 3059:form of Islam. 3053:Rakhat Achylova 3025: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3001: 2998: 2989: 2986: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2880: 2870: 2853: 2818: 2764: 2762:Kut (mythology) 2714: 2690: 2684: 2663: 2657: 2610: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2579: 2571:This section's 2567: 2563: 2556: 2360: 2354: 2346:Main articles: 2344: 2332: 2319:Burkhan Khaldun 2310:Jengish Chokusu 2183: 2135: 2109: 2007:and Kyrgyzstan 2001:ethnic religion 1974: 1959: 1948: 1933: 1918: 1907: 1870:— "sky hero"). 1841:After the 1908 1772: 1766: 1680: 1594:, in classical 1592:Philip the Fair 1584: 1556: 1419:Danube Bulgaria 1301: 1283: 1266:Maria Czaplicka 1193:early Mongolian 1170:(Tuva, Tofalar) 1048:Nicolaes Witsen 841:Proto-Yeniseian 761: 747: 666:Sakha (Yakutia) 615:Abdulkadir Inan 479:(also known as 470: 432: 362:Jengish Chokusu 357:Burkhan Khaldun 280:Galsan Tschinag 78:Eurasian Steppe 54: 44: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11745: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11678: 11676:Virtuous pagan 11673: 11671:Religio licita 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11633:Animal worship 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11598: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 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10806: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10622: 10617: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10580: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10538: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10511: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10484: 10478: 10471: 10470: 10460: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10391:Tibeto-Burmese 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10199: 10198: 10185: 10183: 10180:(existing and 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10130: 10129: 10122: 10115: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10075: 10053: 10048: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9953:Timurid Empire 9950: 9945: 9944: 9943: 9933: 9931:Kazakh Khanate 9928: 9923: 9918: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9898: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9875: 9866: 9865: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9838:Turkic Academy 9835: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9735:Khalwati order 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9715:Bektashi Order 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9594:Karakalpakstan 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9559:Altai Republic 9555: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9460:Nomadic empire 9457: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9228:Western Thrace 9134: 9133: 9132: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8952:Crimean Tatars 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8755:Siberian Tatar 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8530: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8344:Turkish people 8340: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8319: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8116: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7983:Ashina Huaidao 7980: 7978:Ashina Huseluo 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7878:Ashina Duoxifu 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7753: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7712:Heshana Qaghan 7709: 7704: 7698: 7696: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7681:Ashina Shibobi 7677: 7670: 7663: 7660:Ashina Nishufu 7656: 7649: 7642: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7572: 7565: 7562:Empress Ashina 7558: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7539:Ishbara Qaghan 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7443: 7432: 7431:External links 7429: 7428: 7427: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7380: 7353: 7347: 7330: 7321: 7297: 7284: 7278: 7258: 7240: 7224: 7197: 7191: 7171: 7165: 7146: 7133: 7124: 7118: 7102: 7090: 7084: 7063: 7057: 7038: 7032: 7013: 6996: 6973: 6957: 6944: 6938: 6919: 6899: 6859: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6821: 6815: 6800: 6794: 6775: 6769: 6749: 6719: 6706: 6701:978-0801852213 6700: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6645: 6634: 6593: 6580: 6574: 6554: 6537: 6528: 6502: 6496: 6483: 6457: 6448: 6435: 6433:on 2006-12-07. 6408: 6370: 6357: 6343: 6334: 6321: 6313:Eski Türk Dini 6308: 6302: 6286: 6284:on 2005-05-10. 6251: 6224: 6182: 6158: 6153:978-3447032742 6152: 6130: 6098: 6092: 6073: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6024: 6018: 5996: 5990: 5973: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5929: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5884: 5875: 5861: 5852: 5832: 5818: 5809: 5794:(2004-07-12). 5783: 5776: 5758: 5731: 5722: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5653: 5632: 5617: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5560: 5540: 5531: 5522: 5502: 5496:978-0465014484 5495: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5440: 5415: 5395: 5379: 5360: 5335: 5322: 5313: 5304:, p. 405. 5294: 5282: 5261: 5249: 5240: 5233: 5205: 5197: 5175: 5168: 5148: 5138: 5119: 5117:, p. 210. 5107: 5095: 5070: 5058: 5056:, p. 10f. 5046: 5039: 5021: 5001: 4985: 4973: 4947: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4882: 4855: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4813:, p. 207. 4803: 4801:, p. 213. 4788: 4786:, p. 206. 4771: 4769:, p. 271. 4755: 4736: 4724: 4720:Saraçoǧlu 2004 4709: 4702: 4680: 4673: 4653: 4629: 4581: 4562: 4544: 4526: 4513: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4461: 4441: 4416: 4396: 4374: 4367: 4347: 4323: 4307: 4291: 4282: 4270: 4245: 4241:Urbanaeva 2000 4233: 4203: 4188: 4157: 4150: 4132: 4125: 4107: 4105:, 1958, p. 94. 4091: 4079: 4063: 4061:, p. 242. 4051: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4021: 4019: 4018: 3992: 3968: 3944: 3912: 3890: 3865: 3850: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3797: 3781: 3779:, p. 204. 3766: 3743: 3724: 3709: 3700: 3681: 3675:, p. 9f; 3661: 3649: 3627: 3609: 3592: 3583: 3552: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3458:Heaven worship 3453: 3450: 3388: 3387:Modern revival 3385: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3272: 3271: 3240: 3197: 3194: 3111: 3108: 3104:Bektashi Order 3031:, identifying 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2980: 2962:Leipzig, 2953: 2952: 2941:May sickness, 2925: 2888:Golden Summary 2869: 2866: 2852: 2851:Creation Story 2849: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2806: 2796: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2713: 2710: 2683: 2680: 2656: 2655:Heavenly world 2653: 2649:nature spirits 2637:Tree of Worlds 2612: 2611: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2528: 2527: 2517: 2507: 2501: 2479: 2474:, atmosphere, 2465: 2462: 2459: 2343: 2340: 2331: 2328: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2182: 2179: 2129:Grigory Gurkin 1972:Auezkhan Kodar 1946:Firdus Devbash 1942:Shagdaryn Bira 1836:Crimean Tatars 1788:Inner Mongolia 1765: 1762: 1679: 1673: 1583: 1580: 1555: 1552: 1484:, such as the 1444:Mongol Empires 1423:Volga Bulgaria 1405:, such as the 1350:/*rtʰaːŋ.riːl/ 1282: 1279: 1271: 1270: 1210: 1199: 1171: 1156: 1149: 1095:Vedic religion 1060:Paleosiberians 1026:Jean-Paul Roux 921:The spellings 890:Jean-Paul Roux 746: 743: 701:(compare with 598:Türük Tängrisi 579:Volga Bulgaria 555:state religion 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 429: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 414:Heaven worship 408: 407: 403: 402: 401: 400: 398:Tengger Desert 395: 390: 382: 381: 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 346: 345: 341: 340: 339: 338: 333: 328: 316: 315: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 298: 290: 289: 285: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260:Grigory Gurkin 257: 255:Shagdaryn Bira 252: 247: 239: 238: 234: 233: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 178: 177: 173: 172: 171: 170: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 135: 134: 128: 127: 126: 125: 120: 112: 111: 107: 106: 105: 104: 96: 95: 91: 90: 68: 67: 59: 58: 50: 49: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11744: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Reincarnation 11552: 11550: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11362: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11314: 11313:Vattisen Yaly 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11148: 11146: 11140: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11013: 11009: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10967:Cook Islander 10965: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10920: 10916: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10807: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10775:Baltic Finnic 10773: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10743:Imperial cult 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10304:Sunda Wiwitan 10302: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10240:Austroasiatic 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10121: 10116: 10114: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10092: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10020:Mughal people 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9973:Kazan Khanate 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9958:Mughal Empire 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9926:Uzbek Khanate 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9891: 9889: 9884: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9862: 9855: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9816:Organizations 9814: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9771:Vattisen Yaly 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564:Bashkortostan 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9453:Turkification 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9069: 9068:Baraba Tatars 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823:Common Turkic 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8800:Western Yugur 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Crimean Tatar 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8305: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8067:Orkhon Valley 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7973:Ashina Buzhen 7971: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7925: 7924:Western Turks 7921: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7855:Tengri Qaghan 7853: 7851: 7850:Yollıg Khagan 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7750:El Kulug Shad 7747: 7746: 7743: 7742:Ishbara Tolis 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7674:Ashide Fengji 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653:Ashina She'er 7650: 7647: 7646:Ashina Funian 7643: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7626:Qilibi Qaghan 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:Taspar Qaghan 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7406: 7404:5-7925-0024-X 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7279:9965-05-662-5 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7192:9967-21-186-5 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7119:9789197831901 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7049:Tatar Prayers 7046: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7033:5-7810-0226-X 7029: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6908:Teachings of 6905: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6836: 6829: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6816:9781583946343 6812: 6808: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6723:Tanyu, Hikmet 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6575:9780810991033 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6548:(in German). 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6497:9783879972838 6493: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6390:(2): 203–16. 6389: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6303:0-7103-0685-7 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6269:(2): 165–82. 6268: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6215:on 2016-08-13 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6170:Древние тюрки 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6142:. Wiesbaden: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6120:(3): 233–48. 6119: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6093:9789754980516 6089: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6046:5-98704-057-4 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6019:9789992955932 6015: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5968:9781138179295 5964: 5960: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5947:9780814798720 5943: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5894: 5888: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5839:Erica Marat, 5836: 5828: 5822: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5779: 5777:9780754663560 5773: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5726: 5719: 5718:9781136888786 5715: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5685:Laruelle 2007 5681: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5649:9781610692175 5646: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5618:9781108582124 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5535: 5526: 5520: 5519:9780195177268 5516: 5512: 5506: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5444: 5437: 5436:9789004082656 5433: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5411:3-12-909870-4 5408: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5389:Ferhat ASLAN 5386: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5326: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5259:, p. 71. 5258: 5253: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225:Da Capo Press 5222: 5218: 5217:McLynn, Frank 5212: 5210: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5142: 5134: 5129:, p. 19. 5128: 5123: 5116: 5115:Laruelle 2007 5111: 5104: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5067: 5066:Laruelle 2007 5062: 5055: 5050: 5042: 5040:9781844656622 5036: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4913: 4912:Laruelle 2007 4908: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4823:Laruelle 2007 4819: 4812: 4811:Laruelle 2007 4807: 4800: 4799:Laruelle 2007 4795: 4793: 4785: 4784:Laruelle 2007 4780: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4763:Laruelle 2007 4759: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4732:Laruelle 2007 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4703:2-7068-0829-2 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641:Laruelle 2007 4638: 4637:Laruelle 2006 4633: 4625: 4619: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4370: 4368:9780824096205 4364: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4303:Gumilyov 1967 4300: 4295: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4099:Mircea Eliade 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4071:Stebleva 1971 4067: 4060: 4055: 4049:, p. 14. 4048: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999:Meserve, R., 3996: 3989: 3985: 3984:Róna-Tas 1987 3981: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:Gumilyov 1967 3953: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3832:, p. 31. 3831: 3826: 3820:, p. 36. 3819: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3795:, p. 65. 3794: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3777:Laruelle 2007 3773: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751:Didier (2009) 3747: 3739: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3685: 3679:, p. 36. 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3605:Laruelle 2006 3601: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3581:, p. 14. 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571:Róna-Tas 1987 3568: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3428:According to 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3355: 3353: 3352:Möngke Tengri 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325:Ninth Crusade 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3308:Misicatengrin 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279:Misicatengrin 3269: 3241: 3238: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121:religious law 3118: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3098:, especially 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:Modernization 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2950: 2944: 2926: 2923: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:North America 2722: 2720: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Central Asian 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2608: 2605: 2597: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2144:Vattisen Yaly 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2017:Yenisei River 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1966:(1947–2018), 1963: 1958: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1925:(1938–2003), 1922: 1917: 1914:(1944–2018), 1911: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Bashkortostan 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1651:Mongke Tengri 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534:converted to 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1389:'s letter to 1388: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1212:'shamaness': 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1188:[bøː] 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:[xam] 1162: 1161:[qam] 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Lake Khovsgol 1061: 1057: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1024:According to 1022: 1018: 1016: 1015:supreme being 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 979:Тэнгэр шүтлэг 973: 967: 962: 961: 956: 955: 949: 948:Göktanrı dini 944: 942: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 916:Bulgar legacy 913: 909: 905: 897: 893: 891: 887: 884:ethnographer 883: 880: 876: 871: 869: 868: 863: 859: 854: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 766: 760: 756: 752: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727: 722: 718: 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 692:Vattisen Yaly 690: 686: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654:Bashkortostan 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 594: 593: 588: 587:Mongol Empire 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 515: 511: 509: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 447: 445: 444: 441: 436: 431: 430: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 410: 409: 405: 404: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 379: 378: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 343: 342: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 313: 312: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 292: 291: 287: 286: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 241: 240: 236: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 175: 174: 169: 168: 164: 162: 161:Vattisen Yaly 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 133: 130: 129: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 109: 108: 103: 100: 99: 98: 97: 94:Supreme deity 93: 92: 87: 83: 79: 75: 74:Central Asian 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 57: 52: 51: 47: 41: 40: 37: 30: 19: 11666:Neoplatonism 11606:Tree of life 11569:Sacred grove 11470:Bear worship 11423:Neoshamanism 11285:Zalmoxianism 11238:Adyghe Habze 11143:Modern pagan 10850:Mesopotamian 10706:Paleo-Balkan 10640:Samothracian 10519:Old Prussian 10416:Bongthingism 10229: 10078: 10055: 10025:Aimaq people 9941:Budjak Horde 9921:Golden Horde 9902:Turco-Mongol 9750:Qalandariyya 9725:Christianity 9674: 9536:Turkmenistan 9474: / 9465:Turco-Mongol 8904:Azerbaijanis 8381:Christianity 8349:Ethnic Kurds 8276:Ashina tribe 8111:Göktürk wars 8026: 7944:Ashina Mishe 7865:Özmiş Khagan 7809:Ashina Tuizi 7802:Tardush Shad 7795:Ashina Duzhi 7737:Duolu Qaghan 7667:Ashide Wenfu 7631:Chebi Qaghan 7621:Illig Qaghan 7616:Chulo Qaghan 7611:Shibi Qaghan 7578:Yangsu Tegin 7549:Tulan Qaghan 7544:Bagha Qaghan 7534:Ashina Anluo 7524:Muqan Qaghan 7519:Issik Qaghan 7514:Bumin Qaghan 7441:(in Russian) 7420: 7390: 7385: 7361: 7357: 7338: 7334: 7326: 7306: 7292: 7288: 7269: 7265: 7253: 7248: 7233:. 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Heissig 6523:2019-11-23 6219:2019-11-23 6200:: 189–95. 5991:9759025051 5302:Hesse 1987 5146:1414-1418. 5127:Hesse 1986 5105:, preface. 5089:2019-05-09 4981:Moroz 2004 4967:2020-01-09 4898:2019-12-13 4851:Popov 2016 4751:Popov 2016 4649:Popov 2016 4609:2018-10-21 4477:2013-02-19 4413:9027933782 4345:, ch. 3.3. 4331:Brent 1976 4278:Tekin 1993 3988:Kodar 2009 3964:Alici 2011 3960:Tanyu 1980 3881:Хаадын сан 3732:Lee (1981) 3689:Tanyu 2007 3673:Tanyu 1980 3575:Kodar 2009 3548:Tekin 1993 3423:Kazakhstan 3405:Pan-Turkic 3401:Kyrgyzstan 3395:after the 3377:бөө мөргөл 3348:Güyük Khan 3321:Abaqa Khan 3096:Folk Islam 3045:kok tangir 2872:See also: 2760:See also: 2730:North Asia 2697:Erlik Khan 2686:See also: 2659:See also: 2594:April 2019 2376:Kök Tengri 2356:See also: 2233:See also: 2150:, Russia. 2121:Burkhanism 2107:David Rebi 2054:Aiyy Faith 2037:Beznen-Yul 2028:, such as 1905:Murad Adji 1804:Kazakhstan 1800:Kyrgyzstan 1768:See also: 1572:Old Turkic 1524:Esfandiyār 1520:Wind Horse 1509:Hungarians 1387:Güyüg Khan 1385:Seal from 1262:Etügen Eke 1228:(Buryat), 1218:(Mongol), 1158:'shaman': 1151:'shaman': 1140:'shaman': 1120:ethnicity. 1000:Alici 2011 957:(sky) and 882:Russophone 825:Old Turkic 769:Old Turkic 749:See also: 729:) such as 716:Sky father 711:Gök Tengri 685:Burkhanism 642:Kazakhstan 638:Kyrgyzstan 611:monotheism 585:, and the 314:Scriptures 146:Burkhanism 141:Aiyy Faith 86:East Asian 11697:Tengriism 11579:Sacrifice 11574:Holy well 11542:Mythology 11525:Stone row 11335:Hungarian 11265:Hellenism 11260:Heathenry 11228:Caucasian 11190:American 11184:Godianism 11145:movements 10877:Canaanite 10780:Hungarian 10748:Mithraism 10679:Camunnian 10620:Hero cult 10487:Anatolian 10401:Benzhuism 10396:Bathouism 10324:Dravidian 10255:Indonesia 10225:Mongolian 10160:Pantheism 10064:Ergenekon 9766:Zahediyeh 9761:Safaviyya 9710:Bayramiye 9705:Batiniyya 9680:Shamanism 9663:Religions 9654:Turkology 9614:Tatarstan 9599:Khakassia 9569:Chuvashia 9495:Locations 9472:Tian Shan 9448:Migration 9423:Turkestan 9406:Hungarian 9397:Turkesism 9094:Kryashens 9082:Astrakhan 9007:Krymchaks 8967:Karachays 8888:Telengits 8884:Kumandins 8810:Alphabets 8640:Ili Turki 8550:Languages 8398:Education 8359:Languages 8162:Xueyantuo 8012:(665–870) 8006:(625-758) 7892:Kul Tigin 7885:Kulun Beg 7823:(682–744) 7788:Böri Shad 7695:(581–657) 7599:(581–630) 7500:(552–581) 7370:cite book 7303:(2006) . 7214:cite book 7108:(2010) . 6886:ignored ( 6876:cite book 6755:Irk Bitig 6739:cite book 6560:(2003) . 6473:cite book 6404:145234197 6292:(1980) . 6241:cite book 6206:1308-6200 6039:; Логос. 5938:NYU Press 5741:Viator 11 5720:pp. 301-4 5627:211657444 5103:Adji 2005 5068:, note 1. 4339:Bira 2011 4335:Roux 2003 4059:Roux 1956 4047:Bira 2011 3980:Roux 1984 3976:Roux 1956 3958:, ch. 7; 3933:cite book 3861:Eröz 1992 3793:Roux 1984 3789:Roux 1956 3657:Roux 1956 3579:Bira 2011 3567:Roux 1984 3563:Roux 1956 3511:Roux 1956 3499:Footnotes 3373:Mongolian 3303:Nestorian 3299:Barachmar 3033:Dervishes 2803:Süne ruhu 2582:talk page 2438:lightning 2148:Chuvashia 2131:and poet 2095:Krymchaks 2013:Khakassia 1994:AZ-and-IA 1816:Tatarstan 1753:Batu Khan 1474:Syr Darya 1432:Irk Bitig 1327:Kul Tigin 1224:(Yakut), 1155:(Yukagir) 1033:sky deity 923:Tengriism 912:AZ-and-IA 697:The term 670:Khakassia 650:Tatarstan 592:Irk Bitig 589:. In the 543:Yeniseian 521:at sunset 497:shamanism 485:Tengerism 481:Tengriism 419:Sky deity 331:Irk Bitig 132:Movements 18:Tengerism 11510:Megalith 11500:Idolatry 11495:Folklore 11325:Estonian 11280:Kemetism 11255:Canarian 11206:Armenian 11175:African 11094:Malagasy 11064:Dahomean 11042:Bushongo 10987:Tahitian 10982:Rapa Nui 10972:Hawaiian 10860:Sumerian 10838:Egyptian 10760:Scythian 10721:Thracian 10716:Illyrian 10684:Ligurian 10593:Frankish 10583:Germanic 10578:Etruscan 10554:Ossetian 10549:Georgian 10509:Armenian 10502:Phrygian 10482:Albanian 10468:European 10436:Kiratism 10356:Ryukyuan 10314:Hinduism 10260:Parmalim 10245:Sarnaism 10230:Tengrism 10182:extinct) 10134:Paganism 10056:Tengrism 10046:Kurultai 9995:Keraites 9730:Hurufism 9675:Tengrism 9624:Xinjiang 9579:Gagauzia 9428:Mongolia 9402:Turanism 9377:Kemalism 9365:Politics 9327:Kipchaks 9307:Göktürks 9302:Dughlats 9156:Bulgaria 9144:Abkhazia 9119:Turkmens 9102:Nağaybäk 8932:Bashkirs 8896:Tubalars 8880:Chelkans 8874:Altaians 8828:Cyrillic 8730:Pecheneg 8695:Krymchak 8600:Chagatai 8573:Southern 8568:Northern 8371:Religion 8172:Conquest 8047:Kurultai 8027:Tengrism 7899:Tonyukuk 7489:Göktürks 7264:(2002). 7246:(1975). 7177:(2002). 7096:(1993). 6963:(1966). 6725:(1980). 6684:(1996). 6662:(2014). 6376:(2007). 6263:Sibirica 6164:(1967). 6136:(1992). 6105:(1995). 6002:(2011). 5844:Archived 5667:, BRILL 5376:34244225 5219:(2015). 5083:Archived 4939:Archived 4877:Archived 4692:(1983). 4618:cite web 4600:Archived 4555:Archived 4537:Archived 4524:, p. 249 4453:Archived 4385:(1952). 4305:, ch. 7. 4226:March 7, 4214:(1914). 4089:. p. 32. 4008:Archived 3923:(1965). 3884:, 1999, 3638:Man 2004 3483:Nardoqan 3452:See also 3369:Mongolia 3363:Mongolia 3147:Turanism 3041:Muhammad 2719:Samoyeds 2630:Siberian 2575:disputed 2524:moon god 2486:goodness 2446:rainbows 2410:the moon 2223:Shangrak 2159:Bulgaria 2079:(1994). 2077:Tengrism 2063:Several 1851:Kemalism 1847:Turanism 1824:Buryatia 1808:Mongolia 1710:Taichiud 1705:Qongirat 1544:Buryatia 1376:khanates 1372:Göktürks 1269:female". 1130:libation 1009:, but a 927:Tangrism 875:Tengrism 848:Mongolia 846:"high". 844:*tɨŋgɨr- 721:Blue sky 662:Buryatia 583:Khazaria 547:Mongolic 527:Göktürks 517:Peak of 477:Tengrism 380:Toponyms 229:Ông Trời 123:Mongolic 88:religion 82:Siberian 55:Tengrism 45:a series 42:Part of 29:Tenrikyo 11480:Tumulus 11408:Druidry 11340:Mordvin 11330:Finnish 11295:Semitic 11243:Uatsdin 11104:Odinani 11084:Lugbara 10952:Nauruan 10889:Persian 10884:Iranian 10872:Arabian 10867:Semitic 10833:Hurrian 10701:Nuragic 10689:Umbrian 10675:Italic 10649:Iberian 10559:Vainakh 10524:Latvian 10492:Hittite 10421:Burmese 10406:Bimoism 10341:Punjabi 10309:Chinese 10292:Tagalog 10277:Kejawèn 10150:Animism 10039:Culture 10030:Hazaras 10005:Naimans 9807:Chovgan 9787:Kyz kuu 9700:Alevism 9637:Studies 9433:History 9416:Origins 9347:Türgesh 9317:Khazars 9312:Karluks 9292:Bulgars 9267:(Sakha) 9245:Uyghurs 9224:Tunisia 9212:Romania 9192:Lebanon 9160:Croatia 9148:Algeria 9137:Turkish 9129:Iranian 9114:Tofalar 9086:Chinese 9047:Qashqai 9032:Naimans 8977:Kazakhs 8957:Dolgans 8942:Chuvash 8937:Chulyms 8927:Balkars 8919:Georgia 8915:Armenia 8892:Teleuts 8869:Afshars 8861:Peoples 8838:Persian 8775:Turkmen 8770:Turkish 8735:Qashqai 8690:Kipchak 8610:Chuvash 8590:Bashkir 8413:Poverty 8386:Judaism 8255:Elteber 8245:Tarkhan 6715:АН СССР 6638:Tengri. 5571:, p. 59 3446:spirits 3438:physics 3432:writer 3317:Kitbuqa 3312:Keraite 3291:Messiah 3177:Shaitan 3100:Alevism 2799:Sünesün 2676:rainbow 2628:within 2522:is the 2520:Ay Dede 2434:thunder 2406:the sun 2382:to the 2380:Tangara 2330:Beliefs 2316:), and 2301:Belukha 2264:Gun Ana 2258:Göktürk 2170:Bishkek 2163:Bulgars 2103:Judaism 2058:Yakutsk 2030:New Age 1860:Atatürk 1828:Yakutia 1790:, China 1727:Subutai 1715:Toghrul 1505:Magyars 1459:temujin 1403:Eurasia 1357:Animism 1343:chēnglí 1335:Xiongnu 1191:, from 972:Tengeri 781:Tangara 777:Tengeri 709:– also 689:Chuvash 682:Altaian 678:Siberia 607:animism 539:Xiongnu 535:Bulgars 531:Xianbei 505:sky god 501:animism 424:Animism 352:Belukha 296:Qam/böö 288:Priests 11623:Virtue 11584:animal 11564:Ritual 11520:Menhir 11515:Dolmen 11320:Uralic 11300:Slavic 11290:Romani 11250:Celtic 11233:Abkhaz 11221:Romuva 11211:Baltic 11161:Ethnic 11119:Somali 11089:Maasai 10992:Tongan 10957:Papuan 10896:Berber 10843:Nubian 10770:Uralic 10765:Slavic 10733:Cybele 10711:Dacian 10696:Minoan 10659:Castro 10635:Orphic 10598:Gothic 10566:Celtic 10536:Basque 10514:Baltic 10497:Lydian 10431:Heraka 10361:Korean 10351:Shinto 10336:Kalash 10299:Marapu 10235:Turkic 10220:Manchu 10215:Altaic 10060:Tengri 10010:Merkit 10000:Barlas 9909:States 9797:Kokpar 9792:Jereed 9755:Rifaʽi 9745:Qadiri 9574:Crimea 9531:Turkey 9481:Otuken 9342:Shatuo 9332:K'o-sa 9297:Cumans 9287:Bulaqs 9271:Yugurs 9265:Yakuts 9250:Uzbeks 9240:Tuvans 9216:Serbia 9188:Kosovo 9184:Israel 9168:Cyprus 9125:Afghan 9098:Mishar 9076:Tatars 9037:Nogais 9027:Kumyks 9012:Kyrgyz 8997:Khalaj 8992:Khakas 8962:Gagauz 8790:Uyghur 8710:Kyrgyz 8680:Khazar 8675:Khalaj 8670:Khakas 8665:Kazakh 8650:Karaim 8635:Gagauz 8625:Dolgan 8605:Chulym 8595:Bulgar 8558:Afshar 8543:topics 8541:Turkic 8403:Health 8337:Topics 8281:Ashide 8264:Family 8240:Khatun 8215:Yabghu 8200:Khagan 8193:Titles 8135:Second 8037:Otuken 7927:under 7775:Hallig 7717:Sheguy 7585:Tamgan 7555:Istämi 7401: 7395:СО РАН 7345: 7319: 7276: 7189: 7163: 7116: 7082: 7055: 7030: 6994:; КИЕ. 6986:] 6936: 6813: 6792: 6767: 6698: 6670: 6572: 6494: 6402: 6353: 6300: 6204: 6150: 6090: 6043: 6016: 5988: 5965: 5944: 5774: 5716: 5675:p. 107 5671: 5647: 5625: 5615: 5517: 5493: 5434: 5409: 5374: 5231: 5195: 5166: 5037: 4936:RFE/RL 4700: 4671: 4437:p. 151 4431: 4411: 4365: 4260: 4148: 4123: 4003:. 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