27:
269:
281:
50:
43:
257:
293:
1186:
786:
205:
743:
196:, were venerated in the city for more than two millennia during the Canaanite and Phoenician eras. It was constructed when Byblos had close ties with Egypt, and a number of Egyptian references are found throughout the temple complex. The temple itself was expanded a number of times and remained in use until the Roman era.
482:
The most characteristic assemblage of offerings is without doubt the bronze figurines representing Baal, many of them covered in gold plate. Almost 2,000 figurines of this type have been found — an important group coming from the Temple of Baalat Gebal — the majority in the Temple of the
Obelisks,
166:. Built in 2800 BCE, it was the largest and most important sanctuary in ancient Byblos, and is considered to be "one of the first monumental structures of the Syro-Palestinian region". Two centuries after the construction of the Temple of Baalat Gebal, the
234:'s excavation of the city. Montet published two sketches of his excavations, and Dunand published a few plans for the wider sector of excavations in his 1939 volume. Almost all of the artifacts found in the excavation of the temple are displayed at the
630:
Espinel, Andrés Diego. “The Role of the Temple of Ba'alat Gebal as
Intermediary between Egypt and Byblos during the Old Kingdom.” Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur, vol. 30, 2002, pp. 103–119. JSTOR,
268:
26:
280:
685:
775:
638:
The
Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
81:
624:
332:
Espinel, Andrés Diego (2002). "The Role of the Temple of Ba'alat Gebal as
Intermediary between Egypt and Byblos during the Old Kingdom".
173:
The length and continuity of its history as an active temple is "remarkable" and "supports its centrality in the life of the city".
747:
256:
42:
768:
667:
646:
607:
506:
475:
442:
753:
1261:
761:
181:
483:
where more than twenty votive deposits and pitchers with figurines of different typologies have been found
1266:
1256:
1126:
245:. The theater, built around AD 218, was reconstructed and moved to allow excavation of the temple site.
1271:
1220:
1116:
793:
292:
235:
725:
716:
841:
410:
242:
1230:
434:
428:
167:
636:
597:
496:
465:
461:
908:
783:
424:
578:
785:
8:
147:
522:
701:
341:
663:
659:
Byblos in the Late Bronze Age: Interactions
Between the Levantine and Egyptian Worlds
642:
603:
502:
471:
438:
193:
1106:
1101:
1085:
895:
854:
299:
215:
177:
155:
1251:
789:
693:
657:
132:
180:
were found in the temple; these figurines have become the "poster child" of the
1072:
976:
231:
687:
Byblos et l'Égypte: quatre campagnes de fouilles à Gebeil, 1921-1922-1923-1924
1245:
1209:
1204:
933:
227:
223:
208:
96:
83:
204:
1185:
1053:
618:
345:
1048:
890:
430:
Beyond
Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.
143:
900:
1196:
1043:
498:
The Oxford
Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE
163:
1150:
1111:
1026:
1003:
599:
International
Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa
211:
535:
1136:
1121:
1096:
1067:
987:
885:
828:
1172:
1164:
1131:
1077:
1008:
998:
959:
943:
919:
877:
836:
804:
742:
159:
151:
69:
1013:
951:
938:
846:
413:, Biblical Archaeology Review 34:5, September/October 2008
1018:
559:
382:
380:
378:
376:
274:
Montet's 1924 diagram of the Byblos archaeological site
199:
373:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
488:
392:
352:
230:from 1921–24 and subsequently in the early part of
547:
467:Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East
313:
226:, and was first excavated by French archaeologist
1243:
495:Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (2014).
494:
214:coin showing the temple of Baalat Gebal and its
262:View of the temple's inner rooms’ foundations
222:The site of the temple is near the Crusaders'
49:
769:
515:
470:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–.
625:International Council on Monuments and Sites
218:, the only surviving depiction of the temple
616:
565:
449:More than fifteen hundred male figurines...
286:Montet's 1924 diagram of the Byblos temples
776:
762:
727:Fouilles de Byblos: Atlas : 1926-1932
170:was built approximately 100m to the east.
25:
677:
454:
422:
203:
416:
331:
1244:
723:
683:
655:
553:
541:
398:
386:
757:
634:
620:Report on Mission to Byblos (Lebanon)
460:
433:Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp.
367:
595:
319:
200:Modern identification and excavation
635:Bryce, Trevor (10 September 2009).
579:"The archaeological site of Byblos"
136:
13:
1184:
656:Kilani, Marwan (24 October 2019).
14:
1283:
735:
334:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur
784:
741:
291:
279:
267:
255:
241:The temple now sits east of the
48:
41:
617:Michaelides, Demetrios (2001),
571:
192:The temple, and its patroness,
162:, known later to the Greeks as
631:www.jstor.org/stable/25152861.
404:
325:
154:. The temple was dedicated to
31:The temple excavations in 1950
1:
589:
501:. OUP Oxford. pp. 465–.
187:
158:, the goddess of the city of
7:
1262:Phoenician sites in Lebanon
544:, p. Plates xxi, xxii.
10:
1288:
1221:Royal necropolis of Byblos
794:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
425:"Byblos: Standing Figures"
248:
1195:
1182:
812:
800:
236:National Museum of Beirut
182:Lebanese Tourism Ministry
117:
112:
75:
65:
36:
24:
724:Dunand, Maurice (1937).
602:. Taylor & Francis.
596:Boda, Sharon La (1994).
306:
146:temple structure in the
1214:Jaj Cedar National Park
684:Montet, Pierre (1928).
423:Hakimian, Suzy (2008).
1231:Temple of the Obelisks
1226:Temple of Baalat Gebal
1189:
748:Temple of Baalat Gebal
678:Archaeological reports
219:
176:An important group of
168:Temple of the Obelisks
129:Temple of Baalat Gebal
20:Temple of Baalat Gebal
1217:Laqlouq skiing resort
1188:
207:
118:Excavation dates
97:34.11917°N 35.64583°E
750:at Wikimedia Commons
462:Aubet, Maria Eugenia
57:Shown within Lebanon
692:The text volume is
464:(31 January 2013).
148:World Heritage Site
142:) was an important
140:maebad baalat jbeil
93: /
21:
1267:Phoenician temples
1257:Temples in Lebanon
1190:
825:Almat el-Jnoubiyeh
822:Almat el-Chmaliyeh
813:Towns and villages
411:WorldWide: Lebanon
220:
102:34.11917; 35.64583
19:
1272:History of Byblos
1239:
1238:
1037:Jouret el-Qattine
746:Media related to
709:External link in
669:978-90-04-41659-8
648:978-1-134-15908-6
609:978-1-884964-03-9
508:978-0-19-921297-2
477:978-0-521-51417-0
444:978-1-58839-295-4
125:
124:
1279:
1102:Mazraat es-Siyad
896:Bichtlida -Fidar
855:Ain el-Ghouaybeh
788:
778:
771:
764:
755:
754:
745:
731:
720:
714:
713:
707:
705:
697:
673:
652:
627:
613:
583:
582:
575:
569:
566:Michaelides 2001
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
532:
530:
529:
519:
513:
512:
492:
486:
485:
458:
452:
451:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
389:, p. 53-54.
384:
371:
365:
350:
349:
329:
323:
317:
300:Byblos figurines
295:
283:
271:
259:
216:sacred enclosure
178:Byblos figurines
138:
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
52:
51:
45:
29:
22:
18:
16:Temple in Byblos
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1191:
1180:
808:
796:
790:Byblos District
782:
738:
711:
710:
708:
699:
698:
690:. P. Geuthner.
680:
670:
649:
610:
592:
587:
586:
577:
576:
572:
564:
560:
552:
548:
540:
536:
527:
525:
523:"Byblos Castle"
521:
520:
516:
509:
493:
489:
478:
459:
455:
445:
421:
417:
409:
405:
397:
393:
385:
374:
366:
353:
330:
326:
318:
314:
309:
302:
296:
287:
284:
275:
272:
263:
260:
251:
202:
190:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
84:
82:
80:
79:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
53:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
993:
990:
985:
982:
979:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
957:
954:
949:
946:
941:
936:
931:
928:
925:
922:
917:
914:
911:
906:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
880:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
852:
849:
844:
839:
834:
831:
826:
823:
820:
816:
814:
810:
809:
801:
798:
797:
781:
780:
773:
766:
758:
752:
751:
737:
736:External links
734:
733:
732:
730:. P. Geuthner.
721:
694:available here
679:
676:
675:
674:
668:
653:
647:
632:
628:
614:
608:
591:
588:
585:
584:
570:
558:
546:
534:
514:
507:
487:
476:
453:
443:
415:
403:
391:
372:
370:, p. 138.
351:
324:
322:, p. 146.
311:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
297:
290:
288:
285:
278:
276:
273:
266:
264:
261:
254:
250:
247:
232:Maurice Dunand
201:
198:
189:
186:
137:معبد بعلة جبيل
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
110:
109:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
56:
47:
46:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1284:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Byblos Castle
1208:
1206:
1205:Abraham River
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:Kfar Masshoun
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:Hay el-Arabeh
983:
980:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
961:
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:Birket Hjoula
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:Ain ed-Delbeh
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
759:
756:
749:
744:
740:
739:
729:
728:
722:
718:
703:
696:
695:
689:
688:
682:
681:
671:
665:
661:
660:
654:
650:
644:
641:. Routledge.
640:
639:
633:
629:
626:
622:
621:
615:
611:
605:
601:
600:
594:
593:
580:
574:
568:, p. 21.
567:
562:
555:
550:
543:
538:
524:
518:
510:
504:
500:
499:
491:
484:
479:
473:
469:
468:
463:
457:
450:
446:
440:
436:
432:
431:
426:
419:
412:
407:
401:, p. 54.
400:
395:
388:
383:
381:
379:
377:
369:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
321:
316:
312:
301:
294:
289:
282:
277:
270:
265:
258:
253:
252:
246:
244:
243:Roman theater
239:
237:
233:
229:
228:Pierre Montet
225:
224:Byblos Castle
217:
213:
210:
209:Roman emperor
206:
197:
195:
194:Ba‘alat Gebal
185:
183:
179:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:Ba'alat Gebal
153:
149:
145:
141:
134:
130:
120:
116:
111:
106:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
44:
35:
28:
23:
1225:
1127:Nahr Ibrahim
803:
726:
712:|quote=
691:
686:
658:
637:
619:
598:
573:
561:
549:
537:
526:. Retrieved
517:
497:
490:
481:
466:
456:
448:
429:
418:
406:
394:
337:
333:
327:
315:
240:
221:
191:
175:
172:
139:
128:
126:
1054:Kfar Kiddeh
871:Beer el-Hit
554:Dunand 1937
542:Montet 1928
399:Kilani 2019
387:Kilani 2019
340:: 103–119.
100: /
76:Coordinates
1246:Categories
1061:Kfar Qouas
1049:Kfar Hitta
891:Beithabbak
590:References
528:2013-03-02
368:Bryce 2009
188:Background
144:Bronze Age
113:Site notes
88:35°38′45″E
85:34°07′09″N
1197:Landmarks
1169:Tourzaiya
1144:Qorqraiya
1141:Qartaboun
1117:Mish Mish
1044:Kfar Baal
859:Ain Jrain
802:Capital:
702:cite book
662:. Brill.
320:Boda 1994
164:Atargatis
1158:Seraaita
1151:Ras Osta
1112:Mghayreh
1027:Jeddayel
1004:Hosrayel
970:Ghorfine
967:Gharzouz
964:Ghalboun
927:Chikhane
874:Behdidat
868:Bchilleh
862:Ain Kfaa
819:Aabaydat
346:25152861
212:Macrinus
66:Location
1177:Zebdine
1161:Souaneh
1155:Rihaneh
1137:Qartaba
1122:Mounsef
1107:Mechane
1097:Mayfouq
1093:Mastita
1068:Laqlouq
1034:Jlisseh
995:Hdayneh
988:Hbaline
924:Chatine
913:Boulhos
901:Bentaël
886:Berbara
882:Bekhaaz
865:Bazyoun
829:Amsheet
249:Gallery
1252:Byblos
1173:Yanouh
1165:Tartej
1132:Qahmez
1086:Majdel
1078:Lehfed
1031:Jenjol
1023:Janneh
1009:Hsarat
999:Hjoula
960:Ghabat
948:Ferhet
944:Fatreh
930:Chmout
920:Byblos
878:Bejjeh
842:Adonis
837:Aqoura
833:Annaya
805:Byblos
666:
645:
606:
505:
474:
441:
344:
160:Byblos
152:Byblos
133:Arabic
70:Byblos
1073:Lassa
1064:Kfoun
1014:Hsoun
992:Hboub
981:Haqel
977:Halat
973:Habil
956:Fghal
952:Fidar
939:Ehmej
916:Brayj
435:52–53
342:JSTOR
307:Notes
1090:Marj
1082:Maad
1040:Kafr
934:Edde
909:Blat
847:Afqa
717:help
664:ISBN
643:ISBN
604:ISBN
503:ISBN
472:ISBN
439:ISBN
298:The
127:The
121:1922
1147:Ram
1019:Jaj
238:.
150:of
1248::
792:,
706::
704:}}
700:{{
623:,
480:.
447:.
437:.
427:.
375:^
354:^
338:30
336:.
184:.
135::
777:e
770:t
763:v
719:)
715:(
672:.
651:.
612:.
581:.
556:.
531:.
511:.
348:.
131:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
