2184:
2473:
3285:: "D’abord, le site de Byblos était fixé sans conteste possible. Le passage où Strabon définit Byblos une ville située sur une colline à quelque distance de la nier, avait égaré les savants. Renan lui-même avait songé à Qassouba, mais il comprit vite que cette colline était trop peu importante pour avoir été le siège d’une ville telle que Byblos. L’abondance des fragments antiques recueillis aux environs de la citadelle, la situation des nécropoles au nord et au sud de l’enceinte franque prouvent jusqu'à l’évidence que la ville ne s’est pas déplacée et que Gebeil recouvre Byblos."
2455:
1554:
112:
3288:: "First, the site of Byblos was fixed without question possible. The passage where Strabon defines Byblos as a city situated on a hill some distance away from it, had misled the scientists. Renan himself had thought of Qassouba, but he soon realised that this hill was too small to have been the seat of a city such as Byblos. The abundance of ancient fragments collected around the citadel, the situation of the necropolises to the north and south of the Frankish enclosure provide the evidence that the city did not move and that Gebeil is Byblos."
79:
5354:
2464:
6565:
6801:
4050:
1047:
4583:
62:
2482:
4183:
2057:
6894:
2380:
2428:
2332:
2316:
2300:
119:
86:
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2040:
2364:
2348:
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2509:
2412:
1765:
1687:
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4038:
1944:
1672:
1952:
1852:
1757:
1877:
2500:
2518:
2491:
1357:
1313:
2956:
Eusebii pamphili caesareae palestinae episcopi Liber de locis hebraicis: Sive onomasticon urbium et locorum Sacrae
Scripturae. Nunc primùm Graecè editum, cum Latina versione Sancti Hieronymi. Et variis Additamentis R. P. Jacobi Bonfrerii Soc. Iesu. Unà cum Commentariis ejusdem in Josue, Judices,
1867:
negatively affected the ancient city by covering its harbour and town walls with an oil slick that was the result of an oil spill from a nearby power plant. This, however, has been cleared and the coastal area has since then become a destination for beach goers, especially in the late spring and
1327:
The original site spread down into the valley and covered an area of 1.2 ha (3.0 acres) providing fertile soils and a protected landing place for boats. Dunand discovered around twenty houses although some of the settlement was suggested to have been lost to the sea, robbed or destroyed.
1967:, Roman, and Crusader ruins, sandy beaches and the picturesque mountains that surround it make it an ideal tourist destination. The city is known for its fish restaurants, open-air bars, and outdoor cafes. Yachts cruise into its harbor today as they did in the 1960s and 1970s when
1339:
The Middle
Neolithic was a smaller settlement of no more than 0.15 ha (0.37 acres) adjacent to the older site. The pottery was more developed with red washes and more varied forms and elaborate decorations, buildings were poorer with unplastered floors.
1352:
hook, found in a jar. Some jars were lined with white plaster that was applied and self-hardened after firing. Copper appeared more frequently in the Late
Chalcolithic period along with multiple burials in tombs and jar handles with impressed signs.
1343:
The Late
Neolithic period showed development from the middle in building design, a wider range of more developed flint tools and a far larger variety of pottery with fabrication including silica. The Late Chalcolithic featured developments of
2069:, originally built in 1600–1200 BC on top of the “L-shaped temple,” was moved by archaeologists to its present location. The many small obelisks found in this temple were used as religious offerings. The sanctuary contained a large number of
2216:
In the southeast section of the historic city, near the entrance of the archaeological site, is an old market where tourists can shop for souvenirs and antiques, or simply stroll along the old cobblestone streets and enjoy the architecture.
1824:, along with the fortified town, served as an important military base for the Crusaders. The remains of the castle are among the most impressive architectural structures now visible in the town centre. The town was taken by
1927:. The LAU Byblos Campus houses the Medical School, the Engineering School, the School of Architecture and Design, the Pharmacy School, which offers the only Pharm.D. Program outside the United States accredited by the
3492:
Fleisch, Henri., Préhistoire au Liban en 1950, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Français, vol. 48, 1–2, p. 26. (Contains report on Byblos presented by
Maurice Dunand to the 3rd C.I.S.E.A., Brussels, 1948),
2175:
Work on the church started during the
Crusades in 1115. It was considered a cathedral and was partially destroyed during an earthquake in AD 1170. It was later given to the Maronite bishop as a gift by Prince
3538:
Byblos and
Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University
2824:
Byblos and
Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University
1500:
collapsed in the 11th century BC, Byblos ceased being a colony and became the foremost city of
Phoenicia. Although the archaeological evidence seems to indicate a brief resurgence during the
3951:
Dagher, Rhéa; Kalindjian, Rita (2020). "Paving the way for a
Lebanese national narrative: Empathy at the Armenian Genocide Orphans' Aram Bezikian Museum in Lebanon". In Rey, Virginie (ed.).
3567:
Fleisch, Henri., Néolithique du Proche-Orient, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Français, vol. 49, 5–6, p. 212. (Contains report on Byblos excavations of 1951 by Maurice Dunand), 1952.
2931:
An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II
1535:. The use of the alphabet was spread by Phoenician merchants through their maritime trade into parts of North Africa and Europe. One of the most important monuments of this period is the
1058:, Byblos holds a strong allure for archaeologists due to its accumulations of various strata resulting from countless centuries of human dwelling. The initial excavation was conducted by
1403:, Byblos moved from being a fishermen's village to its earlier urban form at the beginning of the third millennium BC. Early Bronze Age remains were characterised by the development of
1557:
Traditional Lebanese house overlooking the Mediterranean sea, Byblos. This house is within the antiquities complex and illustrates the modern ground level concerning excavations
7860:
3851:
1076:, who continued excavations from 1925 for a span of forty years. Renan's expedition was to "provide the evidence that the city did not move and that Gebeil is Byblos".
6882:
6790:
3763:
5343:
1835:
Having voluntarily surrendered to the Mamluks, the city was relatively spared from looting following its capture. Its fortifications were subsequently restored by
7845:
5063:
5058:
4881:
2837:
5153:
4942:
1404:
5218:
5178:
5133:
4952:
2137:
The Byblos Fossil Museum has a collection of fossilised fish, sharks, eel, flying fish, and other marine life, some of which are millions of years old.
7835:
5188:
4831:
4730:
4660:
6860:
5223:
4921:
4756:
4172:
5939:
1418:
Byblos was virtually an Egyptian colony. The growing city was a wealthy one and seems to have been an ally (among "those who are on his waters") of
5253:
5173:
5123:
5022:
5012:
3717:
5980:
5158:
5128:
5007:
5258:
5118:
3702:
2741:
Garfinkel, Yosef (2004). ""Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context". In E. J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse (eds.).
2256:
The Armenian Genocide Orphans' Aram Bezikian Museum is a museum dedicated to preserving the memory of the Armenian Genocide and its survivors.
1183:
Prehistoric settlements at Byblos were divided up by Dunand into the following five periods, which were recently expanded and re-calibrated by
1975:
were regular visitors to the city. Byblos was crowned as the "Arab Tour Capital" for the year 2016 by the Lebanese minister of tourism in the
7905:
6875:
6783:
5268:
5203:
5143:
5138:
5037:
1581:
1473:
who were rulers of Byblos, writing to the Egyptian government. This is mainly due to Rib-Hadda's constant pleas for military assistance from
1309:. It was located on the seaward slope of the larger of the two hills that used to compose ancient Byblos, with a watered valley in between.
1024:-l' / 'g-v-l'), which means 'twist as a rope', '(be a, set) border' or 'bound(aria)', which tells us that it is a North Boundary of Canaan.
7840:
7825:
5336:
5068:
5017:
4957:
4811:
1928:
1613:
1609:
531:
1171:
in 1950. Early pottery found at the tell was published by E.S. Boynton in 1960 with further studies by R. Erich in 1954 and Van Liere and
721:
6623:
5098:
5093:
5073:
5053:
4871:
1785:
1426:
tombs used timbers from Byblos. One of the oldest Egyptian words for an oceangoing boat was "Byblos ship". Archaeologists have recovered
5198:
5183:
5113:
4746:
3855:
1597:
4123:
111:
7865:
6481:
5002:
78:
7855:
7850:
6868:
6776:
5208:
1702:
was elaborately rebuilt, and the city, though smaller than its neighbours such as Tyrus and Zidonia, was a centre for the cult of
147:
7915:
6844:
5329:
5213:
2779:
17:
646:
641:
640:
582:
4653:
644:
577:
4165:
3962:
3631:
3610:
3545:
3228:
3114:
3087:
2831:
2752:
2620:
1931:, the School of Business, and the School of Arts and Sciences. The Campus is situated on a hill overlooking the city and the
580:
575:
5263:
5027:
4150:
7880:
7830:
3774:
2147:
The old medieval part of Byblos is surrounded by walls running about 270m from east to west and 200m from north to south.
1623:(538–332 BC), Byblos was the fourth of four Phoenician vassal kingdoms established by the Persians; the first three being
6520:
5148:
4084:
1386:
530:. Urbanisation is thought to have begun during the third millennium BC and it developed into a city making it one of the
6653:
3738:
6890:
6745:
4982:
2982:
2658:
2639:
2601:
1911:("Daughter of Byblos") in Southern Lebanon was founded by those Shi`i Muslims. Byblos has three representatives in the
1509:
1394:
1378:
609:
5321:
2163:
Byblos Castle was built by the Crusaders in the 12th century. It is located in the archaeological site near the port.
7870:
4646:
3594:
3029:
2789:
2677:
2579:
2019:, about 20 m deep, is a large cavity accessible by spiral stairs. Once it supplied the city with water. According to
904:
is a direct descendant of these earlier names, although apparently modified by a misunderstanding of the name as the
412:
3876:
3533:
2819:
7920:
7234:
5300:
4816:
4158:
2803:
Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.
1896:
1717:, known for his extensive building projects, including beyond his own kingdom, constructed a city wall for Byblos.
7890:
6999:
6165:
4002:
2717:
2168:
1769:
2183:
7754:
6694:
2935:
2696:
1501:
7885:
6628:
6474:
5353:
3356:
2228:
1900:
1505:
1493:
6715:
340:
4836:
2289:
1924:
296:
288:
3317:
Cauvin, Jacques., Les industries lithiques du tell de Byblos (Liban), L'Anthropologie, vol. 66, 5–6, 1962.
2632:
A Monetary and Political History of the Phoenician City of Byblos: In the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E
1234:
1207:
7910:
7739:
7439:
6676:
6549:
4826:
4523:
3457:
Dunand, Maurice., Chronologie des plus anciennes installations de Byblos, Revue Biblique, vol. 57, 1950b.
1644:
1485:
3647:
3326:
Vallois, H.V., Note sur les ossements humains de la nécropole énéolithique de Byblos (avec 2 planches).
7930:
7875:
4617:
4513:
4190:
2081:
2000:
1540:
1524:
1489:
479:
194:
3448:
Dunand, Maurice., Fouilles de Byblos, vol II, Atlas, Paris, 1950d (also part I, 1954 – part II, 1958).
2031:
on the stairs of the spring and took her to the royal palace, where she found the body of her husband
7900:
7895:
7689:
7339:
5357:
2074:
1892:
1860:
1333:
1136:
can be observed, with the remains of well-built houses of uniform size. This was the period when the
818:
704:
7925:
7084:
7059:
6613:
6467:
6215:
2939:
1458:
The rulers of Byblos maintained close relationships with the New Kingdom pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
474:
364:
4026:
3381:
Van Liere, W. and Contenson, Henri de, "Holocene Environment and Early Settlement in the Levant",
1668:
was in use, and there is abundant evidence of continued trade with other Mediterranean countries.
6593:
6527:
6499:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4238:
4042:
2744:
Neolithic Revolution: New Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus
2352:
2092:
1431:
1415:
1382:
1291:
1196:
673:
189:
28:
1348:" and fan scrapers. Adult burials in jars started to appear along with metal in the form of one
7744:
7369:
6898:
6618:
6598:
6586:
6050:
4697:
4627:
4622:
4100:
3933:
2244:
2066:
1976:
1737:
1536:
1423:
693:
452:
4016:
3218:
3104:
3021:
2589:
2084:
dates back to the second millennium BC and contains tombs of the Byblos kings, including King
1984:
1064:
1016:
al Gobâl'..., that is, 'Gebal' or 'Jebel'), which shares the same root as גְּבוּל ('Gəḇūl / Gā
61:
7649:
7644:
7404:
7399:
7279:
6949:
6705:
6700:
5924:
5371:
4680:
4305:
4180:
3515:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1957, 1958 & 1959,
3502:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1960, 1961 & 1962,
3466:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1950, 1951 & 1952,
3079:
3073:
2954:
1912:
1317:
267:
7769:
7149:
6515:
6160:
5990:
5865:
5521:
5430:
5289:
4131:
3605:
Shaw, Ian: "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt", page 321. Oxford University Press, 2000.
3589:"Byblos" in: Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2, p. 692. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1992.
2567:
2472:
2132:
1792:
1497:
1411:
1390:
1374:
1164:
1109:
707:
662:
598:
495:
277:
201:
6180:
4182:
3827:
3075:
A visual history of the English Bible: the tumultuous tale of the world's bestselling book
2117:
The Byblos Wax Museum displays wax statues of characters whose dates of origin range from
8:
7674:
7659:
7454:
7394:
6804:
6710:
6641:
5715:
5248:
4846:
4796:
3954:
Art of Minorities: Cultural Representation in Museums of the Middle East and North Africa
2929:
1661:
1585:
1571:
1547:
1528:
1438:, although this "may easily have reached Byblos through trade and/or at a later period".
866:
775:
545:
538:
332:
6725:
2454:
2233:
This summer music festival is an annual event that takes place in the historic quarter.
7699:
7009:
6768:
6750:
6646:
6633:
6608:
6537:
6104:
5735:
5351:
4777:
3915:
3696:
3395:
2960:(in Latin). apud Sebastianum Cramoisy Regis & Reginae Architypographum. p. 70.
2884:
1657:
1553:
1532:
1172:
1086:
511:
2596:. Translated by Mary Turton (2d ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1163:
sites in 1962. Remains of humans found in Chalcolithic burials have been published by
7729:
7489:
7484:
7414:
6954:
6554:
6544:
6351:
6234:
5654:
5562:
5526:
5305:
4782:
3958:
3798:
3627:
3606:
3590:
3541:
3224:
3110:
3083:
3025:
2978:
2912:
2827:
2785:
2748:
2692:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2597:
2575:
2555:
2112:
1932:
1810:
1777:
1620:
743:
507:
248:
1271:, pierced flint, churn and a violin figurine, dated to between 4500 and 3600 BC and,
7734:
7354:
7344:
7284:
7239:
7194:
7124:
7094:
7074:
6663:
6532:
6322:
6271:
6195:
5806:
5446:
4987:
4972:
4926:
4767:
4503:
4498:
4482:
4292:
4251:
2914:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5
2712:
2384:
2368:
2070:
1864:
1813:, and then as a hereditary fief, undertaking to pay an annual fee to Genoa and the
1714:
995:
669:
605:
523:
519:
383:
5228:
4669:
3479:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1954, 1955,
3435:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1948, 1949,
873:. The name thus seems to have meant the "Well of the God" or "Source of the God".
7820:
7759:
7654:
7604:
7574:
7554:
7524:
7499:
7494:
7444:
7409:
7324:
7099:
6603:
6490:
5764:
5674:
5639:
4947:
4772:
4751:
4186:
3952:
3412:
3278:
3130:
3045:
3015:
2972:
2742:
2336:
2320:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1781:
1733:
1710:
1648:
1567:
1370:
1345:
1184:
1113:
1041:
958:
905:
877:
801:
464:
443:
206:
6720:
6636:
4896:
7789:
7724:
7704:
7639:
7609:
7559:
7539:
7534:
7514:
7504:
7479:
7359:
7319:
7229:
7119:
6969:
6834:
6819:
6687:
6682:
6417:
6099:
6035:
5985:
5949:
5895:
5705:
5567:
5310:
5243:
5238:
4931:
4851:
4761:
4686:
4469:
4373:
4053:
2991:
1840:
1832:
in 1266, but it remained in the possession of the Embriacos until around 1300.
1676:
1462:
1238:
1211:
1188:
1168:
1152:
1073:
1020:ūl, that is 'Gebul' or 'Jabul'), as they're derivatives of ג־ב־ל ('g-ḇ-l' / 'g-
779:
749:
549:
527:
421:
6564:
5505:
5108:
4861:
4092:
3852:"Middle East: Top 5 Cities: Readers' Choice Awards : Condé Nast Traveler"
3300:
3274:
Byblos et l'Égypte: quatre campagnes de fouilles à Gebeil, 1921-1922-1923-1924
2463:
1050:
Terracotta jug from Byblos (now in the Louvre), Late Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC)
7814:
7764:
7694:
7629:
7584:
7549:
7374:
7139:
7134:
7079:
7064:
6974:
6849:
6838:
6800:
6668:
6362:
6125:
5856:
5836:
5695:
5670:
5295:
4911:
4606:
4601:
4330:
4021:
3742:
3529:
3255:
2815:
2158:
1972:
1968:
1821:
1748:
in 1098 that prosperity returned to Byblos, known then as Gibelet or Giblet.
1745:
1729:
1680:
1628:
1513:
1427:
1400:
1283:
1089:
1069:
987:
954:
758:
753:
699:
stated that Byblos was called "Gobel / Gebal" in Hebrew. The name appears as
162:
149:
3355:
Boynton, E.S., The Ceramic Industry of Ancient Lebanon. (Available in MS in
3106:
The Whole Library Handbook 5: Current Data, Professional Advice, and Curiosa
1046:
7719:
7709:
7679:
7669:
7634:
7624:
7619:
7594:
7579:
7569:
7544:
7519:
7274:
7259:
7189:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7049:
7039:
6581:
6573:
6357:
6347:
6230:
6065:
5885:
5881:
5644:
5619:
5547:
5386:
5233:
4937:
4916:
4901:
4638:
2265:
2203:
2177:
1725:
1695:
1605:
1447:
1298:
1279:
1257:
1245:
1160:
1059:
763:
515:
4582:
4145:
4049:
3624:
For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE
3339:
Chehab, Emir M., Tombes des chefs d'époque énéolithique trouvés à Byblos,
2481:
1241:(Jericho) VIII and represented by pottery, dated between 5800 and 5300 BC;
7779:
7714:
7684:
7614:
7564:
7384:
7314:
7214:
6964:
6317:
6129:
5750:
5740:
5486:
5470:
5466:
4997:
4992:
4962:
4450:
3372:
Erich, R., Relative chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Chicago, 1954.
3272:
2271:
2024:
1988:
1960:
1839:. From 1516 until 1918, the town and the whole region became part of the
1652:
1589:
1435:
1156:
1105:
6086:
5954:
3986:
3982:
3897:
3058:
2559:
1446:
Objects have been found at Byblos naming the 13th Dynasty Egyptian king
1312:
939:
All of these, along with Byblos, are etymologically related. During the
7794:
7774:
7664:
7589:
7509:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7429:
7379:
7269:
7184:
7109:
7014:
6989:
6984:
6939:
6934:
6327:
6291:
6286:
6024:
5629:
5481:
5380:
4886:
4445:
4287:
4072:
3196:
3173:"Strong's Hebrew: 1366. גְּבוּל (gebul) -- border, boundary, territory"
3172:
3148:
2885:"Phoenician alphabet | Definition, Letters, & History | Britannica"
1908:
1904:
1601:
1306:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1249:
1121:
870:
846:
711:
494:
BC. During its history, Byblos was part of numerous cultures including
486:. The area is believed to have been first settled between 8800 and 7000
4297:
2056:
1477:. They also deal with the conquest of neighbouring city-states by the
7599:
7529:
7474:
7334:
7329:
7309:
7299:
7249:
7219:
7199:
7114:
7034:
7024:
6448:
6443:
6433:
6342:
6240:
6219:
6070:
6030:
5975:
5755:
5583:
5441:
5411:
5376:
5163:
5078:
4866:
4841:
4593:
4440:
2859:
2118:
1964:
1736:
colony is known to have been established in the region following the
1671:
1593:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1215:
1200:
1148:
1093:
1083:
1037:
746:
499:
353:
258:
6225:
6184:
5680:
3398:, Groningen Radiocarbon Dates X, Radiocarbon, 14, 6–110 / 105, 1972.
1959:
Byblos is re-emerging as an upscale touristic hub. With its ancient
1430:-made artifacts as old as a vessel fragment bearing the name of the
7784:
7289:
7244:
7224:
7089:
6929:
6755:
6507:
6407:
6210:
6149:
6145:
6045:
6005:
5970:
5918:
5901:
5719:
5710:
5490:
5460:
5451:
5401:
5088:
5032:
4977:
4967:
4891:
4876:
4821:
4547:
4508:
4423:
4400:
3216:
2400:
2020:
1992:
1888:
1740:
of 636, there is little archaeological evidence for it. Trade with
1665:
1227:
1117:
940:
925:
When the Arabic form of the name is used, it is typically rendered
920:
7799:
6459:
6175:
6155:
5501:
2432:
2416:
2039:
1294:
period, approximately 8800 to 7000 BC (Durand's Early Neolithic).
1004:", therefore, ultimately derives from the Greek name of the city,
310:
7449:
7434:
7389:
7364:
7304:
7294:
7264:
7209:
7204:
7159:
7129:
7044:
7019:
7004:
6944:
6909:
6893:
6824:
6808:
6411:
6402:
6387:
6377:
6337:
6312:
6266:
6204:
6200:
6060:
6040:
6014:
6000:
5994:
5846:
5826:
5816:
5811:
5775:
5770:
5725:
5689:
5685:
5624:
5556:
5511:
5456:
5420:
5416:
5395:
5391:
5193:
5168:
4856:
4533:
4518:
4493:
4464:
4384:
4282:
4225:
3360:
2977:. New York, NY: Random House Trade Paperbacks Books. p. 66.
2778:
Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006).
2526:
2508:
2388:
2379:
1881:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1789:
1732:
was established in Byblos, and the town grew rapidly. Although a
1721:
1699:
1577:
1543:
1329:
1297:
Early Neolithic Byblos was a later settlement than others in the
1219:
1100:. (Cronus was considered the nearest equivalent to the Canaanite
1080:
983:
717:
714:
503:
483:
182:
3260:. Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. pp. 329–339.
2535:
1764:
1756:
1686:
1112:
used by the ancient Greeks and Romans.) According to the writer
7419:
7254:
7104:
7069:
7029:
6959:
6919:
6438:
6392:
6382:
6366:
6331:
6296:
6281:
6276:
6190:
6108:
6094:
6055:
6010:
5944:
5820:
5791:
5614:
5593:
5552:
5531:
5515:
5496:
5476:
5436:
5103:
4569:
4561:
4528:
4474:
4405:
4395:
4356:
4340:
4274:
4233:
4037:
3724:
2499:
2436:
2427:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2199:
2085:
2032:
1980:
1943:
1741:
1703:
1478:
1349:
1302:
1223:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1097:
1055:
1033:
948:
535:
284:
263:
4060:
3149:"Strong's Hebrew: 1380. גְּבַל (Gebal) -- a city in Phoenicia"
1951:
1851:
7749:
7424:
6924:
6914:
6396:
6372:
6261:
6256:
6169:
6139:
6135:
5928:
5851:
5796:
5760:
5745:
5730:
5699:
5648:
5634:
5598:
5426:
5405:
4906:
4410:
4348:
4335:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2395:
1996:
1876:
1863:
from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence. The
1799:
1744:
effectively dried up, and it was not until the coming of the
1632:
1624:
1517:
1419:
1321:
1263:
Early Chalcolithic corresponding to the Late Chalcolithic of
1000:
971:
965:
862:
804:
553:
425:
3410:
2517:
2490:
7179:
7154:
7144:
6994:
6979:
6732:
6020:
5934:
5860:
5841:
5801:
5588:
4243:
3534:"Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town"
3197:"Strong's Hebrew: 1379. גָּבַל (gabal) -- to bound, border"
2820:"Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town"
2028:
1356:
1253:
1133:
1101:
2594:
The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade
2268:(born 1970), Lebanese Maronite priest, association founder
401:
7349:
5891:
4415:
3991:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 788–801
3626:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 21–22, 535.
1887:
Byblos's inhabitants are predominantly Christian, mostly
1809:, first as administrators of the city in the name of the
1527:
dating back to around 1200–1000 BC, shows existence of a
1523:
Archaeological evidence at Byblos, particularly the five
392:
6798:
1776:
In the 12th and 13th century, Byblos became part of the
1054:
Situated approximately 42 km (26 mi) north of
3406:
3404:
2777:
2613:
The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos: A Commentary
1410:
Watson Mills and Roger Bullard suggest that during the
1290:
The site first appears to have been settled during the
1199:(PPNB) of Jericho, represented by plastered floors and
1151:
remains of some buildings can be observed at the site.
2736:
2734:
2732:
1531:
of twenty-two characters; an important example is the
1132:). During the 3rd millennium BC, the first signs of a
828:
468:
7861:
Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC
2946:
2071:
human figurines made of bronze covered with gold leaf
1828:
in 1187, re-taken by the Crusaders, and conquered by
413:
404:
3401:
2651:
Reviving Phoenicia: In Search of Identity In Lebanon
1798:
As Gibelet or Giblet, it came under the rule of the
1167:
in 1937. Tombs from this era were discussed by Emir
1143:
865:"), the latter a word that could variously refer to
457:
398:
395:
389:
4108:
3764:"Elections municipales et ikhtiariah au Mont-Liban"
3301:"The Theology of the Phœnicians: From Sanchoniatho"
3212:
3210:
2729:
1929:
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
1751:
1407:and a lithic assemblage studied by Jacques Cauvin.
1195:Early Neolithic (early phase) corresponding to the
1178:
1120:), Byblos was founded by the Phoenician shrine god
386:
1923:Byblos is home to the professional schools of the
1328:Dwellings were rectangular with plastered floors,
1206:Early Neolithic (late phase) corresponding to the
3414:Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 78-79
2006:
7812:
3950:
3540:. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". p. 35.
3207:
2826:. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". p. 35.
2740:
1546:, but this had fallen into ruins by the time of
856:
840:
789:
783:
556:and all other Western alphabets, was developed.
2198:The old mosque by the Castle dates back to the
1286:impressions, dated to between 3600 and 3100 BC.
1079:Fragments attributed to the semi-legendary pre-
7846:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Lebanon
3686:
3217:Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990).
1484:It appears Egyptian contact peaked during the
737:
731:
6876:
6784:
6475:
5337:
4654:
4166:
3715:
3528:
3109:. American Library Association. p. 198.
2906:
2904:
2814:
1274:Late Chalcolithic corresponding to the Early
4668:
3980:
3854:. Cntraveler.com. 2012-10-16. Archived from
3096:
2997:
2927:
1859:Byblos and all of Lebanon were placed under
1600:. Byblos was also subject to Assyrian kings
964:The Phoenician City, known to the Greeks as
887:
881:
812:
6624:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
3957:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 180.
3828:"Byblos, Lebanon's Ancient Port, Is Reborn"
3676:. Paris: Imprimerie impériale. p. 157.
3137:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 246–7.
2187:Sultan Abdulmejid mosque in Byblos, Lebanon
2099:
1720:In the 3rd century, a small but impressive
1252:and represented by pottery, stone vessels,
1244:Late Neolithic corresponding to the Middle
1218:) between 6400 and 5800 BC, represented by
1203:technology, dated between 8800 and 7000 BC;
1072:'s efforts from 1921 to 1924, and later by
1012:a Greek mumbo-jumble of גְּבָל ('Gāḇal / Gə
977:
943:, this name appeared in Western records as
6883:
6869:
6791:
6777:
6482:
6468:
5344:
5330:
4661:
4647:
4173:
4159:
3821:
3819:
3741:. Proud-to-be-lebanese.com. Archived from
3701:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3351:
3349:
3223:. Mercer University Press. pp. 124–.
2952:
2901:
2781:Cities of the Middle East and North Africa
2629:
2610:
2278:
1260:and seals, dated between 5300 and 4500 BC;
1027:
7836:Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon
3078:. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. p.
2970:
2773:
2771:
1092:say Byblos was the first city erected in
473:
6845:Rachid Karami International Fair–Tripoli
6837:(the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the
3249:
3247:
3102:
3020:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p.
2921:
2910:
2566:
2549:
2182:
2055:
2038:
2003:as the best Arab tourist city for 2013.
1950:
1942:
1875:
1850:
1763:
1755:
1685:
1670:
1552:
1355:
1311:
1045:
490:BC and continuously inhabited since 5000
4146:Baalat ancient deity, chiefly of Byblos
3877:"Byblos crowned best Arab tourist city"
3825:
3816:
3411:Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965).
3346:
2667:
2648:
2202:period, and adopted the name of Sultan
1846:
1316:Dark faced burnished ware pottery from
994:" came to mean "papyrus" in Greek. The
14:
7813:
3689:Byblos: Its History, Ruins and Legends
3621:
3270:
3129:
2768:
2035:embedded in one of the palace pillars.
1915:: two Maronites and one Shi`i Muslim.
1638:
1233:Middle Neolithic corresponding to the
1116:(quoting Sanchuniathon, and quoted in
6864:
6772:
6463:
5325:
4642:
4154:
3671:
3648:"EMBRIACI in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
3253:
3244:
3071:
2686:
2630:Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G. (2014).
2588:
1820:The Embriaco family's residence, the
7906:Territories of the Republic of Genoa
3013:
982:, was important for their import of
857:
841:
829:
790:
7841:Populated coastal places in Lebanon
7826:Populated places in Byblos District
6489:
3981:Head, Barclay; et al. (1911),
3718:"ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2006/2007"
1387:Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
888:
813:
447:
221:4.16 km (1.61 sq mi)
24:
4581:
3898:"Temple of the Obelisks in Byblos"
3773:. 2010. p. 19. Archived from
3615:
2974:The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt
2543:
1925:Lebanese American University (LAU)
1724:was constructed. With the rise of
1395:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
1379:First Intermediate Period of Egypt
1159:from the stratified Neolithic and
544:It was in Ancient Byblos that the
25:
7942:
3996:
3059:"Byblos Mart -- Bookworms Corner"
2259:
2073:, which are now displayed in the
1805:, who created for themselves the
1608:(r. 668–627 BC), under its kings
1508:dynasties, it is clear after the
1496:dynasties. In addition, when the
1144:Neolithic and Chalcolithic levels
1065:"Mission de Phénicie" (1865–1874)
833:). The name seems to derive from
7866:5th-millennium BC establishments
6892:
6799:
6563:
5352:
5301:Neolithic demographic transition
4181:
4048:
4036:
3135:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
2634:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2378:
2362:
2346:
2330:
2314:
2298:
1752:Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period
1512:the Egyptians started favouring
1441:
1179:Dunand's five-level stratigraphy
1062:in 1860, documented in his work
382:
117:
110:
84:
77:
60:
7856:World Heritage Sites in Lebanon
7851:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
6899:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
5986:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
4124:"Radio Carbon Context Database"
3944:
3926:
3908:
3890:
3869:
3844:
3791:
3756:
3731:
3709:
3680:
3665:
3640:
3599:
3583:
3570:
3561:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3439:. Tome IX, 1949–1950, Beyrouth.
3429:
3388:
3385:, volume 14, pp. 125–128, 1964.
3383:Annales archéologiques de Syrie
3375:
3366:
3343:. Tome IX, 1949–1950, Beyrouth.
3333:
3320:
3311:
3293:
3264:
3189:
3165:
3141:
3123:
3065:
3051:
3039:
3007:
2840:from the original on 2023-09-23
2718:Cities of the ancient Near East
2574:(in French). Paris: H & D.
2274:(born 1966), lebanese economist
1987:as the second best city in the
1871:
1588:in 738 BC, and in 701 BC, when
1364:
1140:civilization began to develop.
1096:and was established by the god
34:City in Keserwan-Jbeil, Lebanon
7916:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
7755:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
6695:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
6582:Latin Empire of Constantinople
5358:Phoenician cities and colonies
4085:"Embassy of Lebanon in Canada"
3826:Beehner, Lionel (2010-01-03).
3799:"Lebanese American University"
3220:Mercer dictionary of the Bible
2964:
2877:
2852:
2808:
2611:Baumgarten, Albert I. (1981).
2007:The Byblos archaeological site
1907:. It is said that the city of
1903:. There is also a minority of
1868:throughout the summer season.
1660:rule came with the arrival of
1584:of Byblos became tributary to
1453:
229:17 km (7 sq mi)
118:
85:
13:
1:
6629:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
3974:
3517:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3504:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3481:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3468:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3437:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3357:American University of Beirut
3341:Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth
3328:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
2229:Byblos International Festival
2222:Byblos International Festival
1488:, only to decline during the
1336:with some shell impressions.
548:, likely the ancestor of the
478:), is an ancient city in the
4056:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4027:Resources in other libraries
3622:Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021).
3506:. Tome XVII, 1964, Beyrouth.
3483:. Tome XIII, 1956, Beyrouth.
3103:Eberhart, George M. (2013).
2928:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920).
2670:The World of the Phoenicians
1918:
966:
784:
732:
559:
469:
7:
7881:Phoenician sites in Lebanon
7831:Christian cities in Lebanon
7440:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
7400:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
6677:State of the Teutonic Order
6550:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3536:. In Nigro, Lorenzo (ed.).
3519:. Tome XVI, 1961, Beyrouth.
3470:. Tome XII, 1955, Beyrouth.
3257:The Neolithic of the Levant
2822:. In Nigro, Lorenzo (ed.).
2706:
2691:. Oxford: DE Publications.
2689:Ancient Byblos Reconsidered
2023:'s version of the Egyptian
1645:Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
1561:
882:
458:
10:
7947:
6338:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
4618:Royal necropolis of Byblos
4191:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
2687:Nibbi, Alessandra (1985).
2668:Moscati, Sabatino (1999).
2649:Kaufman, Asher S. (2004).
2554:. Beirut: Dar al Machreq.
2443:
2284:Twin towns – sister cities
2242:
2226:
2211:Historic Quarter and Souks
2169:St John the Baptist Church
2156:
2130:
2110:
2060:The Temple of the Obelisks
2052:was erected about 2700 BC.
2027:, the king's servants met
2001:World Tourism Organization
1938:
1642:
1565:
1525:Byblian royal inscriptions
1368:
1128:identified with their god
1031:
972:
871:their leader in particular
738:
710:records going back to the
632:
567:
532:oldest cities in the world
480:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
426:
333:UNESCO World Heritage Site
325:UNESCO World Heritage Site
26:
7690:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
7340:Phoenician port of Beirut
7260:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
6905:
6815:
6741:
6662:
6572:
6561:
6506:
6497:
6426:
6305:
6249:
6118:
6091:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
6079:
5963:
5910:
5874:
5784:
5663:
5655:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
5607:
5576:
5540:
5364:
5281:
5046:
4804:
4795:
4739:
4705:
4696:
4676:
4592:
4579:
4209:
4197:
4065:Lebanon, the Cedars' Land
4022:Resources in your library
3330:. Tome I, 1937. Beyrouth.
3072:Brake, Donald L. (2008).
2784:. ABC-CLIO. p. 104.
2672:. London: Phoenix Giant.
2075:National Museum of Beirut
1596:, the king of Byblos was
1510:Third Intermediate Period
1334:Dark faced burnished ware
953:. This name was used for
867:any of the Canaanite gods
774:BC, its name appeared in
371:
359:
349:
339:
330:
323:
305:
295:
274:
257:
246:
238:
233:
225:
217:
212:
200:
188:
178:
143:
71:
59:
52:
39:
7871:Amarna letters locations
7060:Canalizations of Zenobia
6614:Duchy of the Archipelago
5837:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
4670:Neolithic Southwest Asia
3916:"Isis and Osiris Legend"
3739:"Lebanon Elections 2005"
3017:Geschichte der Karthager
2971:Wilkinson, Toby (2011).
2911:Gauthier, Henri (1928).
2723:
2100:Other historic buildings
2095:was built around AD 218.
1880:The old souk in Byblos,
1465:include 60 letters from
1068:. This was succeeded by
43:
7921:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
7245:Kouachra megalith field
7135:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
6594:Kingdom of Thessalonica
6528:Principality of Antioch
6500:List of Crusader states
4725:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
4719:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
4713:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
4611:Jaj Cedar National Park
3687:Maurice Dunand (1973).
3576:Wilkinson, Toby, 1999,
3417:. Imprimerie Catholique
3277:. P. Geuthner. p.
3271:Montet, Pierre (1928).
2953:de Césarée, E. (1659).
2653:. London: I.B. Tauris.
2615:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2552:Byblos through the ages
2550:Jidéjian, Nina (1968).
2353:Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud
2279:International relations
2206:after he renovated it.
2121:times to current days.
1983:. Byblos was chosen by
1855:Byblos Historic Quarter
1770:Church of St. John-Mark
1664:in the area in 332 BC.
1416:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1383:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1292:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1197:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1110:the syncretising system
1028:History and archaeology
976:) and to the Romans as
959:its associated lordship
949:
610:1st Intermediate Period
134:Show map of Middle East
98:Location within Lebanon
29:Byblos (disambiguation)
18:Roman Theatre of Byblos
7891:Roman sites in Lebanon
7745:Temple of the Obelisks
7395:Roman Forum of Berytus
7295:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
7045:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
6716:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
6619:Triarchy of Negroponte
6599:Principality of Achaea
6587:Duchy of Philippopolis
4628:Temple of the Obelisks
4623:Temple of Baalat Gebal
4586:
3934:"St. John-Marc Church"
3672:Renan, Ernest (1864).
3254:Moore, A.M.T. (1978).
2245:Temple of Baalat Gebal
2238:Temple of Baalat Gebal
2193:Sultan Abduljid Mosque
2188:
2067:Temple of the Obelisks
2061:
2044:
1956:
1948:
1884:
1856:
1773:
1761:
1738:early Muslim conquests
1698:period, the temple of
1691:
1683:
1558:
1537:Temple of the Obelisks
1361:
1324:
1051:
990:– to the extent that "
978:
7405:Roman temple of Bziza
6950:Akkar plain foothills
6706:Bishopric of Courland
6701:Archbishopric of Riga
5681:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
5064:Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi
5059:Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi
4681:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
4614:Laqlouq skiing resort
4585:
4128:University of Cologne
3691:. Beirut. p. 41.
3014:Huss, Werner (1985).
2568:Thiollet, Jean-Pierre
2186:
2059:
2042:
1954:
1946:
1913:Parliament of Lebanon
1891:, with minorities of
1879:
1854:
1817:(Genoa's Cathedral).
1815:church of San Lorenzo
1767:
1759:
1689:
1674:
1556:
1359:
1315:
1155:published studies of
1049:
345:Cultural: iii, iv, vi
276: • Summer (
163:34.12361°N 35.65194°E
7886:Hellenistic colonies
6805:World Heritage Sites
6516:Kingdom of Jerusalem
6358:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
6196:Carthage (Cartagena)
5584:Callista (Santorini)
5522:Tipasa in Mauretania
5482:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
5290:Neolithic Revolution
4045:at Wikimedia Commons
3578:Early Dynastic Egypt
3359:and in microfilm in
3305:www.sacred-texts.com
2590:Aubet, Maria Eugenia
2251:Aram Bezikian Museum
2133:Byblos Fossil Museum
2126:Byblos Fossil Museum
1847:Contemporary history
1793:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1604:(r. 681–669 BC) and
1461:Around 1350 BC, the
1422:for many centuries.
1412:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1391:New Kingdom of Egypt
1375:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1165:Henri Victor Vallois
131:Byblos (Middle East)
27:For other uses, see
7660:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
6711:Bishopric of Dorpat
6642:Knights Hospitaller
6095:Olissipona (Lisbon)
5249:Teleilat el Ghassul
5154:Khabrat Abu Hussein
4101:"Byblos in Belarus"
3938:jbail-byblos.gov.lb
3716:Dr. Lina G. Tahan.
3674:Mission de Phénicie
2917:. pp. 197–198.
2572:Je m'appelle Byblos
2043:The L-shaped Temple
1985:Condé Nast Traveler
1947:Byblos public beach
1807:Lordship of Gibelet
1786:largely independent
1662:Alexander the Great
1639:Classical antiquity
1586:Tiglath-Pileser III
1572:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1548:Alexander the Great
1539:, dedicated to the
1529:Phoenician alphabet
1520:instead of Byblos.
1214:(Jericho) IX (also
1008:('Βύblos / Byblos')
678:(2055–1650 BC)
614:(2181–2055 BC)
546:Phoenician alphabet
539:World Heritage Site
159: /
101:Show map of Lebanon
7911:Tourism in Lebanon
7700:Tell Sultan Yakoub
7650:Tell Neba'a Litani
7645:Tell Neba'a Chaate
7010:Baidar ech Chamout
6841:(Horsh Arz el-Rab)
6751:Crusading movement
6647:Hospitaller Rhodes
6609:Duchy of Neopatras
6267:Balanaea (Baniyas)
5497:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
4943:Tell Qarassa North
4587:
4222:Almat el-Jnoubiyeh
4219:Almat el-Chmaliyeh
4210:Towns and villages
3920:www.phoenician.org
3832:The New York Times
2889:www.britannica.com
2189:
2142:Medieval city wall
2062:
2045:
1991:for 2012, beating
1957:
1949:
1893:Armenian Apostolic
1885:
1857:
1784:connected to, but
1774:
1762:
1692:
1684:
1559:
1533:Ahiram sarcophagus
1469:and his successor
1405:Byblos combed ware
1362:
1325:
1187:to correlate with
1173:Henri de Contenson
1052:
475:[ʒ(ə)beːl]
226: • Metro
168:34.12361; 35.65194
7931:Yarmukian culture
7876:Phoenician cities
7808:
7807:
7740:Temple of Jupiter
7730:Temple of Bacchus
7490:Tell Ain Ghessali
7485:Tell Ain el Meten
7415:Saraain El Faouqa
6858:
6857:
6766:
6765:
6733:Free City of Riga
6555:Kingdom of Cyprus
6545:County of Tripoli
6457:
6456:
6087:Portus Hannibalis
5976:Arambys (Mogador)
5861:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
5842:Porphyreon (Jieh)
5711:Kapara (Soluntum)
5527:Tipasa in Numidia
5477:Rusicade (Skikda)
5319:
5318:
5306:Neolithic decline
5277:
5276:
5179:Khirbet al-Dharih
5134:Jebel Abu Thawwab
4953:Tepe Abdul Hosein
4882:Dja'de el Mughara
4791:
4790:
4636:
4635:
4434:Jouret el-Qattine
4041:Media related to
4003:Library resources
3964:978-1-4744-4379-1
3633:978-0-300-24813-5
3611:978-0-19-280458-7
3547:978-88-88438-06-1
3230:978-0-86554-373-7
3116:978-0-8389-1090-0
3089:978-0-8010-1316-4
2833:978-88-88438-06-1
2754:978-1-84217-132-5
2622:978-90-04-06369-3
2113:Byblos Wax Museum
2106:Byblos Wax Museum
1955:The King's Spring
1933:Mediterranean Sea
1811:Republic of Genoa
1778:County of Tripoli
1768:The Crusades-era
1621:Achaemenid Empire
1541:Canaanite war god
1278:, represented by
1267:, represented by
1230:and small points;
691:
690:
679:
654:
653:
650:
649:
627:
626:
615:
590:
589:
586:
585:
467:
456:
430:), also known as
375:
374:
239: • City
218: • City
16:(Redirected from
7938:
7901:Crusader castles
7896:Coloniae (Roman)
7735:Temple of Eshmun
7345:Plain of Zgharta
7285:Maronite mummies
7240:Khirbet El-Knese
7195:Kamouh el Hermel
7125:Haret ech Cheikh
7095:Douris (Baalbek)
7075:Deir El Aachayer
6897:
6896:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6803:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6770:
6769:
6726:Order of Dobrzyń
6654:Genoese colonies
6567:
6533:County of Edessa
6484:
6477:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6226:Tagilit (Tíjola)
6001:Shalat (Chellah)
5971:Azama (Azemmour)
5356:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5189:Mugharat al-Jawa
4973:Nahal Hemar Cave
4927:Tell Abu Hureyra
4832:Bawwab al-Ghazal
4802:
4801:
4731:Zagros Neolithic
4703:
4702:
4683:(10,500–7500 BP)
4663:
4656:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4499:Mazraat es-Siyad
4293:Bichtlida -Fidar
4252:Ain el-Ghouaybeh
4185:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4130:. Archived from
4119:
4117:
4116:
4107:. Archived from
4096:
4091:. Archived from
4080:
4068:
4052:
4040:
3992:
3988:Historia Numorum
3969:
3968:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3902:www.obelisks.org
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3619:
3613:
3603:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3353:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3131:Beekes, R. S. P.
3127:
3121:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3011:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2738:
2713:Byblos syllabary
2702:
2683:
2664:
2645:
2626:
2607:
2585:
2563:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2414:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2382:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2335:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2302:
2082:royal necropolis
1865:2006 Lebanon War
1346:Canaanite blades
981:
975:
974:
969:
952:
938:
918:
917:
912:
911:
891:
890:
885:
860:
859:
854:
853:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
816:
815:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
782:inscriptions as
773:
769:
761:
741:
740:
735:
729:
726:
723:
677:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
613:
572:
571:
568:
564:
563:
493:
489:
477:
472:
463:
461:
451:
449:
429:
428:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
319:
316:
314:
312:
281:
174:
173:
171:
170:
169:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
135:
121:
120:
114:
102:
88:
87:
81:
64:
37:
36:
21:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7926:Former kingdoms
7811:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7760:Tyre Necropolis
7655:Tell Qasr Labwe
7605:Tell Kabb Elias
7575:Tell Hoch Rafqa
7555:Tell El Ghassil
7525:Tell Bir Dakoue
7500:Tell Ain Saouda
7495:Tell Ain Nfaikh
7445:Tahun ben Aissa
7410:Sands of Beirut
7150:Jabal es Saaïdé
7100:Elaea (Lebanon)
7085:Deir Mar Maroun
6901:
6891:
6889:
6859:
6854:
6811:
6797:
6767:
6762:
6746:Military orders
6737:
6666:
6658:
6604:Duchy of Athens
6568:
6559:
6502:
6493:
6491:Crusader states
6488:
6458:
6453:
6422:
6313:Aspis (Kelibia)
6301:
6245:
6114:
6100:Ossonoba (Faro)
6075:
5959:
5906:
5870:
5807:Athar (Tripoli)
5780:
5659:
5603:
5572:
5536:
5412:Iol (Cherchell)
5360:
5350:
5320:
5315:
5273:
5224:Tell Abu Suwwan
5219:Tabaqat al-Bûma
5042:
4787:
4735:
4692:
4672:
4667:
4637:
4632:
4588:
4577:
4205:
4193:
4187:Byblos District
4179:
4137:
4135:
4122:
4114:
4112:
4099:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3652:www.treccani.it
3646:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3620:
3616:
3604:
3600:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3402:
3396:Waterbolk, H.T.
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3269:
3265:
3252:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3215:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3012:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2776:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2747:. Oxbow Books.
2739:
2730:
2726:
2709:
2699:
2680:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2604:
2582:
2546:
2544:Further reading
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2446:
2441:
2425:
2409:
2393:
2377:
2361:
2345:
2329:
2313:
2297:
2281:
2262:
2247:
2231:
2161:
2135:
2115:
2102:
2050:L-shaped Temple
2009:
1941:
1921:
1901:Greek Catholics
1874:
1849:
1803:Embriaco family
1754:
1655:
1649:Seleucid Empire
1643:Main articles:
1641:
1574:
1568:Kings of Byblos
1566:Main articles:
1564:
1456:
1444:
1397:
1371:Kings of Byblos
1369:Main articles:
1367:
1185:Yosef Garfinkel
1181:
1146:
1114:Philo of Byblos
1044:
1042:Kings of Byblos
1032:Main articles:
1030:
924:
915:
914:
909:
908:
906:triliteral root
851:
850:
835:
834:
823:
822:
796:
795:
771:
767:
757:
727:
724:
676:
660:
645:
612:
596:
581:
576:
562:
491:
487:
414:
385:
381:
335:
326:
309:
275:
167:
165:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
122:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
89:
67:
66:Byblos Old Town
55:
48:
45:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7725:Temnin el-Foka
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7705:Tell Taalabaya
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7640:Tell Nahariyah
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7610:Tell Majdaloun
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7560:Tell El Hadeth
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7540:Tell Derzenoun
7537:
7535:Tell Delhamieh
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7515:Tell Bar Elias
7512:
7507:
7505:Tell Ain Sofar
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7480:Tell Ain Cerif
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7360:Qalaat Tannour
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7320:Nahle, Lebanon
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7230:Khallet Michte
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6970:Anjar, Lebanon
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6773:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6688:Livonian Order
6685:
6683:Teutonic Order
6673:
6671:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6639:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6578:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6405:
6400:
6390:
6385:
6383:Sicca (El Kef)
6380:
6375:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6223:
6213:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6173:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6143:
6133:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5950:Ras il-Wardija
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5922:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5889:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5832:Gebal (Byblos)
5829:
5827:Botrys (Teros)
5824:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5713:
5708:
5706:Heraclea Minoa
5703:
5693:
5683:
5678:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Kissi (Djinet)
5434:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5311:Vavilov centre
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Umm Dabaghiyah
5251:
5246:
5244:Tell es-Sawwan
5241:
5239:Tell Shemshara
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:Sha'ar HaGolan
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Khirbet Hammam
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Wadi Faynan 16
5020:
5015:
5013:Shkarat Msaeid
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4932:Tell es-Sultan
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Boncuklu Tarla
4849:
4847:Boncuklu Höyük
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4689:(8000–6100 BP)
4687:Late Neolithic
4684:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4120:
4097:
4095:on 2006-10-10.
4081:
4077:middleeast.com
4069:
4057:
4046:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:External links
3995:
3994:
3993:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3943:
3925:
3907:
3889:
3868:
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3815:
3790:
3755:
3730:
3708:
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3632:
3614:
3598:
3582:
3569:
3560:
3546:
3521:
3508:
3495:
3485:
3472:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3428:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3365:
3363:Library) 1960.
3345:
3332:
3319:
3310:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3263:
3243:
3229:
3206:
3188:
3164:
3140:
3122:
3115:
3095:
3088:
3064:
3050:
3038:
3030:
3006:
3004:, p. 791.
2990:
2984:978-0553384901
2983:
2963:
2945:
2920:
2900:
2876:
2851:
2832:
2807:
2790:
2767:
2753:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2665:
2660:978-1780767796
2659:
2646:
2641:978-1575063041
2640:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2603:978-0521795432
2602:
2586:
2580:
2564:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2522:
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2513:
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2407:
2391:
2375:
2359:
2343:
2327:
2311:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2260:Notable people
2258:
2254:
2253:
2243:Main article:
2241:
2240:
2227:Main article:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2196:
2195:
2173:
2172:
2157:Main article:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2131:Main article:
2129:
2128:
2111:Main article:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2078:
2054:
2053:
2037:
2036:
2008:
2005:
1940:
1937:
1920:
1917:
1897:Greek Orthodox
1873:
1870:
1861:French Mandate
1848:
1845:
1841:Ottoman Empire
1782:Crusader state
1753:
1750:
1690:Ruins at port.
1677:late antiquity
1640:
1637:
1592:conquered all
1563:
1560:
1463:Amarna letters
1455:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1432:Second dynasty
1366:
1363:
1288:
1287:
1272:
1261:
1242:
1239:Tell es-Sultan
1231:
1212:Tell es-Sultan
1204:
1189:Tell es-Sultan
1180:
1177:
1169:Maurice Chehab
1153:Jacques Cauvin
1145:
1142:
1074:Maurice Dunand
1029:
1026:
750:Amarna letters
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
674:Middle Kingdom
666:
665:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
602:
601:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
561:
558:
373:
372:
369:
368:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
307:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
282:
272:
271:
261:
255:
254:
251:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
195:Keserwan-Jbeil
192:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
141:
140:
130:
124:
123:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:
106:
97:
91:
90:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
46:
40:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7943:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:Tell Shamsine
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7630:Tell Mureibit
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:Tell Khardane
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7550:Tell el-Burak
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7375:Ras Baalbek I
7373:
7371:
7370:Qasr el Banat
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7355:Qal'at Bustra
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:Hermel plains
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7080:Deir Al-Ahmar
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Dahr El Ahmar
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:Augusti Pagus
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6975:Antelias cave
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6839:Cedars of God
6836:
6835:Ouadi Qadisha
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6262:Marat (Amrit)
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:Gadir (Cadiz)
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5981:Caricus Murus
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Gaulos (Gozo)
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5776:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
5774:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Founder crops
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Tell Ghoraifé
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:Khallat Anaza
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Kfar HaHoresh
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:Jabal Quweisa
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:Sheikh e-Abad
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Jerf el Ahmar
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Byblos Castle
4605:
4603:
4602:Abraham River
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4455:Kfar Masshoun
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:Hay el-Arabeh
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:Birket Hjoula
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:Ain ed-Delbeh
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4134:on 2011-08-13
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4111:on 2020-01-22
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:"Byblos info"
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3858:on 2013-05-15
3857:
3853:
3847:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3780:on 2015-07-24
3776:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3745:on 2012-12-01
3744:
3740:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3595:0-85229-553-7
3592:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3564:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3530:Lorenzo Nigro
3525:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3248:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3033:
3031:9783406306549
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:Lorenzo Nigro
2811:
2804:
2793:
2791:1-57607-919-8
2787:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2772:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2679:9780753807460
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:9782914266048
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:Byblos Castle
2153:
2152:Byblos Castle
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:Roman theater
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:King's Spring
2014:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1999:, and by the
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:Frank Sinatra
1970:
1969:Marlon Brando
1966:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Shi`i Muslims
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:Byblos Castle
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1760:Crusader Fort
1758:
1749:
1747:
1746:First Crusade
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1681:Peutinger map
1678:
1675:Phoenicia in
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1442:Middle Bronze
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:First Dynasty
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:Lorenzo Nigro
1399:According to
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:cylinder seal
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:chamber tombs
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Sanchuniathon
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Pierre Montet
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
988:Ancient Egypt
985:
980:
968:
962:
960:
956:
955:Byblos Castle
951:
946:
942:
936:
932:
928:
922:
907:
903:
899:
895:
884:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
848:
820:
810:
806:
803:
786:
781:
777:
765:
760:
759:Amenhotep III
755:
751:
748:
745:
734:
719:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
697:
687:
686:
683:
682:
675:
671:
668:
667:
664:
658:
657:
643:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
623:
622:
619:
618:
611:
607:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
579:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
485:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
454:
445:
441:
437:
433:
423:
419:
418:
409:
379:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
322:
318:
313:.jbail-byblos
308:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
273:
269:
265:
262:
260:
256:
252:
250:
247: •
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
172:
144:Coordinates:
142:
113:
80:
70:
63:
58:
51:
38:
30:
19:
7720:Tell Zeitoun
7710:Tell Wardeen
7680:Tell Saoudhi
7675:Tell Safiyeh
7670:Tell Saatiya
7635:Tell Murtafa
7625:Tell Meouchi
7620:Tell Mekhada
7595:Tell Jezireh
7580:Tell Karmita
7570:Tell Hazzine
7545:Tell Dibbine
7520:Tell Beshara
7325:Neba'a Faour
7275:Majdal Anjar
7190:Kamid el-Loz
7175:Joub Jannine
7170:Jeita Grotto
7165:Jebel Aabeby
7120:Hadeth south
7054:
7050:Bustan Birke
7040:Belat temple
6829:
6721:Dobrzyń Land
6637:Stato da Màr
6066:Thymiaterium
5940:Għajn Qajjet
5831:
5765:Sant'Antioco
5387:Hippo Regius
5288:
5264:Wadi Shuʿeib
5259:Wadi Jilat 7
5234:Tell Hassuna
5119:Ibn el Ghazi
5083:
5028:Wadi Shuʿeib
4983:Netiv HaGdud
4938:Tell Qaramel
4917:Karahan Tepe
4902:Iraq ed-Dubb
4897:Göbekli Tepe
4764:(Jericho XI)
4524:Nahr Ibrahim
4316:
4201:
4200:
4136:. Retrieved
4132:the original
4127:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:the original
4104:
4093:the original
4088:
4076:
4064:
4017:Online books
4007:
3987:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3871:
3860:. Retrieved
3856:the original
3846:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:
3807:. Retrieved
3805:. 2016-02-29
3802:
3793:
3782:. Retrieved
3775:the original
3770:
3758:
3747:. Retrieved
3743:the original
3733:
3711:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3654:(in Italian)
3651:
3642:
3623:
3617:
3601:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3563:
3551:. Retrieved
3537:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3436:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3413:
3394:Vogel, J.C.
3390:
3382:
3377:
3368:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3273:
3266:
3256:
3234:. Retrieved
3219:
3201:biblehub.com
3200:
3191:
3180:. Retrieved
3177:biblehub.com
3176:
3167:
3156:. Retrieved
3153:biblehub.com
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3105:
3098:
3074:
3067:
3053:
3041:
3016:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2955:
2948:
2930:
2923:
2913:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2823:
2810:
2802:
2795:. Retrieved
2780:
2758:. Retrieved
2743:
2688:
2669:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2593:
2571:
2551:
2449:Byblos views
2287:
2266:Majdi Allawi
2255:
2250:
2237:
2232:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2204:Abdulmejid I
2197:
2192:
2178:Yusuf Shihab
2174:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2049:
2016:
2013:Ain el-Malik
2012:
1977:Grand Serail
1958:
1922:
1886:
1872:Demographics
1858:
1834:
1819:
1797:
1775:
1726:Christianity
1719:
1708:
1693:
1656:
1618:
1606:Ashurbanipal
1575:
1522:
1486:19th dynasty
1483:
1460:
1457:
1448:Neferhotep I
1445:
1409:
1398:
1365:Early Bronze
1342:
1338:
1332:was usually
1326:
1299:Beqaa Valley
1296:
1289:
1280:architecture
1246:Chalcolithic
1182:
1161:Chalcolithic
1147:
1078:
1063:
1060:Ernest Renan
1053:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
963:
944:
934:
930:
926:
901:
897:
893:
876:Its present
875:
808:
766:. In the 1st
754:18th-dynasty
708:hieroglyphic
700:
695:
692:
543:
439:
435:
431:
377:
376:
297:Dialing code
7780:Wadi Yaroun
7770:Umm al-Amad
7715:Tell Zenoub
7685:Tell Serhan
7615:Tell Masoud
7565:Tell Fadous
7385:Ras El Kelb
7315:Nachcharini
7215:Kafr Tebnit
6965:Amlaq Qatih
6318:Bulla Regia
5866:Umm al-Amad
5751:Pantelleria
5620:Akka (Acre)
5506:Aïn Oulmene
5487:Rusubbicari
5471:Tamentfoust
5431:Constantine
5269:Zumlat Arus
5204:Mushash 163
5144:Jebel Subhi
5139:Jebel Qurma
5124:Jabal Na'ja
5109:Hallan Çemi
5038:Zumlat Arus
4998:Qermez Dere
4993:Nachcharini
4988:Nevalı Çori
4922:Tell 'Abr 3
4817:ʿAin Ghazal
4805:Pre-Pottery
4706:Pre-Pottery
4451:Kfar Kiddeh
4268:Beer el-Hit
3983:"Phoenicia"
3553:17 February
2936:John Murray
2844:17 February
2272:Jihad Azour
2025:Osiris myth
1989:Middle East
1696:Greco-Roman
1694:During the
1679:, from the
1658:Hellenistic
1653:Roman Syria
1590:Sennacherib
1582:Sibittibaal
1498:New Kingdom
1454:Late Bronze
1436:Khasekhemwy
1269:jar burials
1191:(Jericho):
1157:flint tools
1106:Baal Hammon
937:in English.
919:, meaning "
730:BC) and as
725: 2600
712:4th-dynasty
696:Onomasticon
663:hieroglyphs
599:hieroglyphs
512:Hellenistic
360:Inscription
190:Governorate
166: /
7815:Categories
7795:Ain W Zain
7775:Wadi Koura
7665:Tell Rayak
7590:Tell Kirri
7510:Tell Ayoub
7470:Tell Addus
7465:Tell Ablah
7460:Tell Aalaq
7430:Sin el Fil
7380:Ras Beirut
7280:Mansourieh
7270:Lion Tower
7185:Kafr Zabad
7110:Fadous Sud
7015:Batroumine
6990:Ard Tlaili
6985:Ard Saouda
6940:Ain Harcha
6935:Ain Choaab
6328:Hadrumetum
6146:Akra Leuka
6025:Casablanca
5857:Sur (Tyre)
5069:Ayn Jammam
5018:Shubayqa 6
4958:Tepe Asiab
4887:Ganj Dareh
4812:Abu Hudhud
4778:Wadi Rabah
4458:Kfar Qouas
4446:Kfar Hitta
4288:Beithabbak
4138:2011-05-04
4115:2021-06-15
3975:References
3862:2013-03-26
3837:2010-04-27
3809:2020-09-22
3784:2016-02-12
3749:2012-10-31
3658:2020-12-15
3182:2024-08-26
3158:2024-08-26
2957:& Ruth
2938:. p.
2894:2022-11-11
2760:18 January
2698:0951070401
2288:Byblos is
2119:Phoenician
1965:Phoenician
1909:Bint Jbeil
1788:from, the
1614:Yehawmelek
1610:Milkiasaph
1602:Esarhaddon
1307:Ard Tlaili
1276:Bronze Age
1265:Ghassulian
1250:Beth Shean
1124:(whom the
1084:Phoenician
817:); and in
800:); in the
776:Phoenician
770:millennium
694:Eusebius'
534:. It is a
500:Phoenician
363:1984 (8th
234:Population
154:35°39′07″E
151:34°07′25″N
7600:Tell Jisr
7530:Tell Deir
7475:Tell Ahle
7335:Hosn Niha
7330:Nebi Safa
7310:Nabi Zair
7300:Moukhtara
7250:Ksar Akil
7220:Kfar Qouq
7200:Karak Nuh
7115:Hebbariye
7035:Beit Mery
7025:Bechamoun
6449:Tahpanhes
6444:Gibraltar
6439:Phoenicus
6434:Myriandus
6343:Kerkouane
6220:Almunecar
6031:Volubilis
5902:Tsabratan
5756:Selinunte
5726:Lilybaeum
5493:El Bahri)
5467:Rusguniae
5442:Macomades
5377:Cartennae
5164:Kharaysin
5099:Ghuwayr 1
5094:El-Hemmeh
5079:Bestansur
5074:Ayn Rahub
5054:Abu Hamid
4934:(Jericho)
4872:Chia Sabz
4867:Chia Jani
4842:Beisamoun
4783:Yarmukian
4594:Landmarks
4566:Tourzaiya
4541:Qorqraiya
4538:Qartaboun
4514:Mish Mish
4441:Kfar Baal
4256:Ain Jrain
4199:Capital:
4105:byblos.by
3771:Localiban
3697:cite book
1919:Education
1772:in Byblos
1730:bishopric
1594:Phoenicia
1475:Akhenaten
1471:Ili-Rapih
1467:Rib-Hadda
1228:figurines
1216:Yarmukian
1201:naviforme
1175:in 1964.
1149:Neolithic
1138:Canaanite
1094:Phoenicia
1038:Phoenicia
756:pharaohs
747:cuneiform
742:) in the
560:Etymology
453:romanized
350:Reference
259:Time zone
7785:Yammoune
7290:Mayrouba
7235:Kharayeb
7225:Kfarhata
7090:Dekwaneh
6955:Al-Bireh
6930:Ain Aata
6756:Crusades
6634:Venetian
6408:Thysdrus
6352:Monastir
6323:Carthage
6231:Toscanos
6211:Saguntum
6201:Rushadir
6150:Alicante
6080:Portugal
6046:Oualidia
6006:Tamusida
5955:Tas-Silġ
5919:Cospicua
5917:Maleth (
5736:Neapolis
5720:Cagliari
5686:Drepanum
5645:Shikmona
5563:Lapathus
5491:Zemmouri
5461:Azeffoun
5452:Rachgoun
5402:Igilgili
5372:Camarata
5282:Concepts
5199:Muraybet
5184:Matarrah
5114:Hibabiya
5089:Dhuweila
5033:Yiftahel
4978:Nemrik 9
4968:Mureybet
4963:M'lefaat
4892:Gilgal I
4877:Dhuweila
4768:Nizzanim
4747:Amuq A-B
4698:Cultures
4555:Seraaita
4548:Ras Osta
4509:Mghayreh
4424:Jeddayel
4401:Hosrayel
4367:Ghorfine
4364:Gharzouz
4361:Ghalboun
4324:Chikhane
4271:Behdidat
4265:Bchilleh
4259:Ain Kfaa
4216:Aabaydat
4061:"Byblos"
3532:(2007).
3133:(2009).
3002:. (1911)
2869:14 March
2860:"Byblos"
2838:Archived
2818:(2007).
2707:See also
2592:(2001).
2570:(2005).
2401:Valletta
2021:Plutarch
1993:Tel Aviv
1889:Maronite
1790:Crusader
1734:Sasanian
1598:Urumilki
1580:period,
1578:Assyrian
1562:Iron Age
1428:Egyptian
1301:such as
1226:blades,
1118:Eusebius
941:Crusades
921:mountain
744:Akkadian
705:Egyptian
504:Assyrian
496:Egyptian
341:Criteria
202:District
7435:Sarepta
7390:Rashaya
7365:Qaraoun
7305:Mtaileb
7265:Libbaya
7210:Kefraya
7205:Kaukaba
7160:Jdeideh
7130:Hashbai
7020:Batroun
7005:Baalbek
6945:Akbiyeh
6910:Aadloun
6825:Baalbek
6809:Lebanon
6669:Livonia
6664:Prussia
6521:vassals
6412:El Djem
6403:Thapsus
6393:Tayinat
6388:Tabarka
6378:Ruspina
6306:Tunisia
6241:Tyreche
6205:Melilla
6166:Iboshim
6071:Rusibis
6041:Rusadir
6036:Mogador
6015:Tangier
5995:Larache
5964:Morocco
5896:Tripoli
5847:Sarepta
5812:Baalbek
5785:Lebanon
5771:Tharros
5690:Trapani
5557:Larnaca
5512:Thagora
5457:Rusazus
5421:Tigzirt
5417:Iomnium
5396:Algiers
5392:Icosium
5365:Algeria
5194:Munhata
5169:Kaukaba
5003:Sabra 1
4857:Bouqras
4773:Samarra
4757:Jarmoan
4752:Hassuna
4574:Zebdine
4558:Souaneh
4552:Rihaneh
4534:Qartaba
4519:Mounsef
4504:Mechane
4494:Mayfouq
4490:Mastita
4465:Laqlouq
4431:Jlisseh
4392:Hdayneh
4385:Hbaline
4321:Chatine
4310:Boulhos
4298:Bentaël
4283:Berbara
4279:Bekhaaz
4262:Bazyoun
4226:Amsheet
3882:20 June
3421:21 July
3361:Harvard
3046:Ezekiel
2797:22 July
2444:Gallery
2389:Lebanon
2385:Tripoli
2321:Tripoli
2290:twinned
1939:Tourism
1882:Lebanon
1837:Baybars
1830:Baibars
1826:Saladin
1800:Genoese
1722:theatre
1700:Resheph
1666:Coinage
1619:In the
1576:In the
1544:Resheph
1330:pottery
1220:pottery
1081:Homeric
996:English
986:out of
984:papyrus
945:Gibelet
849:") and
752:to the
718:Sneferu
715:pharaoh
528:Ottoman
520:Genoese
508:Persian
484:Lebanon
465:locally
455::
448:جُبَيْل
365:Session
306:Website
253:100,000
183:Lebanon
179:Country
44:جُبَيْل
7821:Byblos
7455:Tayibe
7420:Shheem
7255:Labweh
7105:Flaoui
7070:Dakoue
7055:Byblos
7030:Beirut
6980:Apheca
6960:Amioun
6920:Aammiq
6830:Byblos
6574:Greece
6538:Marash
6508:Levant
6367:Djerba
6363:Meninx
6348:Lepcis
6332:Sousse
6297:Ugarit
6287:Shuksi
6282:Safita
6277:Paltus
6185:Málaga
6181:Malake
6126:Abdera
6109:Tavira
5991:Likush
5945:Mtarfa
5882:Lepcis
5821:Beirut
5716:Karaly
5640:Reshef
5630:Michal
5615:Achzib
5608:Israel
5594:Rhodes
5577:Greece
5568:Marion
5553:Kition
5541:Cyprus
5532:Timici
5516:Taoura
5447:Malaca
5209:Sayyeh
5104:Ginnig
5084:Byblos
4948:Tayibe
4862:Çayönü
4837:Beidha
4762:Lodian
4727:(PPNC)
4721:(PPNB)
4715:(PPNA)
4570:Yanouh
4562:Tartej
4529:Qahmez
4483:Majdel
4475:Lehfed
4428:Jenjol
4420:Janneh
4406:Hsarat
4396:Hjoula
4357:Ghabat
4345:Ferhet
4341:Fatreh
4327:Chmout
4317:Byblos
4275:Bejjeh
4239:Adonis
4234:Aqoura
4230:Annaya
4202:Byblos
4089:Byblos
4054:Byblos
4043:Byblos
4008:Byblos
4005:about
3961:
3725:ICOMOS
3630:
3609:
3593:
3580:p. 78.
3544:
3236:8 July
3227:
3113:
3086:
3028:
2998:Head,
2981:
2864:UNESCO
2830:
2788:
2751:
2695:
2676:
2657:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2578:
2558:
2437:Turkey
2373:France
2369:Orange
2357:France
2341:Greece
2337:Sparta
2325:Greece
2309:Greece
2305:Patras
2292:with:
2200:Mamluk
2086:Ahiram
2033:Osiris
1981:Beirut
1899:, and
1742:Europe
1715:Judaea
1704:Adonis
1651:, and
1631:, and
1479:Habiru
1434:ruler
1393:, and
1360:Byblos
1350:copper
1303:Labweh
1224:sickle
1130:Cronus
1126:Greeks
1098:Cronus
1087:priest
1056:Beirut
1040:, and
1034:Canaan
1006:Βύβλος
998:word "
992:Byblos
979:Byblus
973:Βύβλος
967:Býblos
950:Giblet
883:Jubayl
878:Arabic
869:or to
819:Syriac
802:Hebrew
791:𐤂𐤁𐤋
772:
768:
728:
536:UNESCO
524:Mamluk
492:
488:
459:Jubayl
444:Arabic
440:Jubayl
432:Jebeil
427:Βύβλος
378:Byblos
242:40,000
207:Byblos
125:Byblos
92:Byblos
47:Jebeil
41:Byblos
7800:Zahlé
7790:Yanta
7750:Toron
7450:Taire
7425:Sidon
6925:Aaqbe
6915:Aaiha
6820:Anjar
6427:Other
6418:Utica
6397:Thyna
6373:Ruspe
6292:Sumur
6272:Carne
6257:Arwad
6250:Syria
6235:Velez
6191:Onoba
6176:Mahón
6170:Ibiza
6161:Herna
6140:Ceuta
6136:Abyla
6119:Spain
6105:Balsa
6056:Gadir
6051:Zilil
6011:Tinga
5929:Mdina
5911:Malta
5886:Khoms
5875:Libya
5852:Sidon
5817:Birut
5761:Sulci
5746:Olbia
5731:Motya
5700:Erice
5671:Bitan
5664:Italy
5649:Haifa
5635:Jaffa
5599:Delos
5548:Dhali
5502:Sarai
5427:Cirta
5406:Jijel
5381:Tenes
4907:Jarmo
4827:Basta
4822:Ba'ja
4797:Sites
4470:Lassa
4461:Kfoun
4411:Hsoun
4389:Hboub
4378:Haqel
4374:Halat
4370:Habil
4353:Fghal
4349:Fidar
4336:Ehmej
4313:Brayj
3803:AAICU
3778:(PDF)
3767:(PDF)
3721:(PDF)
3493:1951.
3048:27:9.
3000:et al
2724:Notes
2433:İzmir
2421:Spain
2417:Cádiz
2405:Malta
1997:Dubai
1711:Herod
1709:King
1633:Arwad
1625:Sidon
1518:Sidon
1420:Egypt
1322:Syria
1320:, in
1254:silos
1001:Bible
935:Jbayl
933:, or
931:Jbail
927:Jbeil
892:) or
880:name
809:Geval
805:Bible
785:Gebal
780:Punic
733:Gubla
701:Kebny
554:Latin
550:Greek
516:Roman
470:Jbeil
436:Jbeil
422:Greek
417:-loss
285:UTC+3
264:UTC+2
249:Metro
7765:Tyre
7180:Jieh
7155:Jbaa
7145:Iaat
6995:Arqa
6850:Tyre
6667:and
6216:Sexi
6130:Adra
6061:Sala
6021:Anfa
5892:Oyat
5802:Arqa
5797:Ampi
5792:Amia
5741:Nora
5696:Eryx
5675:Chia
5625:Dora
5589:Paxi
5047:Late
4740:Late
4487:Marj
4479:Maad
4437:Kafr
4331:Edde
4306:Blat
4244:Afqa
3959:ISBN
3884:2013
3703:link
3628:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3555:2017
3542:ISBN
3423:2011
3238:2011
3225:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2940:1047
2871:2018
2846:2017
2828:ISBN
2799:2009
2786:ISBN
2762:2012
2749:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2598:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2560:7630
2556:OCLC
2091:The
2080:The
2065:The
2048:The
2029:Isis
1995:and
1971:and
1961:port
1780:, a
1728:, a
1612:and
1570:and
1516:and
1514:Tyre
1506:23rd
1504:and
1502:22nd
1494:21st
1492:and
1490:20th
1414:and
1318:Shir
1305:and
1282:and
1134:town
1102:Baal
957:and
902:beil
889:جبيل
858:𐤀𐤋
847:well
842:𐤂𐤁
778:and
762:and
739:𒁺𒆷
595:kbnj
526:and
315:.gov
301:+961
289:EEST
213:Area
54:City
7350:Qaa
6807:in
5925:Ann
4544:Ram
4416:Jaj
3022:561
2015:or
1979:in
1713:of
1629:Tyr
1248:of
1237:of
1235:PNB
1210:of
1208:PNA
1108:in
947:or
923:".
916:JBL
913:or
910:GBL
863:god
861:, "
845:, "
830:ܓܒܠ
824:GBL
821:as
814:גבל
807:as
797:GBL
722:fl.
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