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607:. The temple is situated 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of ancient Marib, and was built in the outskirts of the city. Although usually major Sabaean sanctuaries are located outside urban centers, its placement was probably for reasons of religious privacy, and to facilitate the conduct of rituals by arriving pilgrims from remote areas of Sabaean territories. Such patterns are observed in several temples from Al-Jawf and the
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deals with physical and spiritual purity of worshipers. Several inscriptions attest that an individual who enter the sanctuary without performing purification rituals, will suffer severe consequences. Although no detailed information concerning the act of purification is mentioned in
Sabaean inscriptions.
811:" (cemetery sacred enclave). Despite the sacredness of the cemetery, no surplus of epigraphic remains for the ritual ceremonies were found in the complex. Apparently the rituals were conducted in the Oval Sanctuary Precinct, then they enter the cemetery where further ceremonies took place before burial.
740:
A visible water conduit made from alabaster used to run through the hall and into a bronze basin (69 × 200 cm) placed in a room for purification purposes. The water fell on the floor like a fountain, and it fell so long and with such force that it eventually cut through a copper basin
773:
The oval sanctuary is accessible from two gates, either through the northwestern gate, or from the peristyle hall one, the latter of which was the main entrance, while the former was exclusively built for priests. A third gate was discovered by AFSM, but this was restricted to funerary rites usage
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connected to the sanctuary, and a residential area which form the so-called protected enclave. Geomorphological investigations have shown that the Awwam temple was erected on high natural platform, making it even more impressive for the viewers. Access to the complex was controlled by doors leading
799:
The 7th century BCE cemetery is attached to the Oval
Sanctuary, and apparently accessed only from it. The cemetery hosts around 20,000 estimated burials during its long period of usage. That lengthy period created a large settlement of the dead, where passages and streets divide the
729:
The number 8 seems to reflect a sacred number, since it is used at the entrance, interior pillars (8 × 4), and false windows (8 × 8). Ancient South
Arabian buildings, including Awwam peristyle hall, appears to be pre-planned according to a system of prescribed measurements
674:
sacred area. The place-name, 'wm (place of refuge), signify that sacredness attached to the sanctuary. There is a possibility that the temple developed from a small shrine into an enormous complex encompassing multiple structures associated with the temple i.e. houses for priests, auxiliary rooms,
782:
inscriptions, was the house of
Almaqah. This holiness is demonstrated by the existence of three places for purification and to perform ablutions before entering the sacred spaces, primarily the oval sanctuary (dwelling house of Almaqah). Cleanness is emphasized by the discovered inscriptions that
765:
The enclosure is defined by massive oval shaped wall that flank the peristyle hall from its western and eastern wings, the wall measures approximately 757 m long and 13 m high, however the original height can't be determined for certainty, and it's difficult to assess its full extent.
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Statues of bronze bulls, horses, and humans used to be attached to the entrance gates of the temple. Many aspects of the decoration, geometrical and figural paintings, sculptures, large and precisely dressed stones, finely carved inscriptions painted red, and beautiful ornamental friezes on the
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Many inscriptions, hundreds in quantity, were discovered in the sanctuary and nearby, only few that deals directly with the temple's construction. One of the terms used for the sanctuary was "gwbn"; the oracle sanctuary. The sanctuary includes a raised platform within the temple's sacred area
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hall is approximately 42 m × 19 m and is flanked by the end of the oval-shaped enclosure in its western and eastern exterior walls. The interior of the structure contains a large library of inscribed stone blocks and 64 vertically double false windows motif with
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The largest part of the temple is occupied by an unguarded yard that is enclosed by a stone wall with an irregular oval ground plan. On the inner wall of the hall were several dozen highly important inscriptions from the late period of the
Sabaean kingdom.
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religious structures. The peristyle hall might have reflected the numbers of the 8 pillared propylaeum; There are 32 pillars (4 × 8) inside the peristyle hall, and 64 recessed false windows (8 × 8).
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marking the entrance, followed by large rectangular peristyle hall, and massive oval shaped enclosure with other exterior linked structures (nearby cemetery). Pillars are the most widespread architectural feature used in ancient
777:
The oval sanctuary precinct was the main and holy part of Awwam temple. It was an open space that contains several structures, courtyards, and wellspring. Most rituals were performed in the oval sanctuary, and according to
662:, cleared the entrance court almost completely and made numerous discoveries. Such as elaborate bronze statues, and the usage of the southern entrance in the elliptic wall for ablution rituals before entering the cella.
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tombs. The cemetery tombs were multi-storey structures (up to four) built using excellently polished and dressed limestone blocks. External walls were sometimes decorated with friezes and low relief of the dead's face.
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representing primordial mound, which makes it more impressive when looked from a distance. It appears, from archeological investigation, that a cultic place was built around a wellspring inside the sanctuary.
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Yadaʿʾil Dharih, son of Sumhuʾalay, mukarrib of Saba', walled ʾAwwam, the temple of
Almaqah, when he sacrificed to Athtar and he established the whole community by a god and a patron and a pact and a trea
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in the middle of the 7th century BCE. Indicating a much earlier period for the temple's construction. Yada`'il inscription was carved outside the wall, and contains the following:
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Visitors of the sanctuary are obliged to go through the annex, then via a gate of three entrances into the peristyle hall. The gate could be closed if needed.
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1092:]. Philosophisch-historische Klasse (in German). Vol. 402. Sitzungsberichte . Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften .
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The memory of the dead was preserved by placing sculptural representations of them on their tombs, frequently inscribing their names.
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The oldest inscription found in the complex was in reference to the building of the temple's massive enclosure known as
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temple of
Harunum to perform their religious rituals, and continued to the sanctuary of Awwam using processional road.
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Partial excavation of Awwam peristyle in 1951–1952 by the
American Foundation for the Study of Man that was led by
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Das
Grossreich der Sabäer bis zu seinem Ende im frühen 4. Jahrhundert vor Christus. Die Geschichte von Saba'II
1800:
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Pre-Islamic Yemen: Socio-political organization of the
Sabaean cultural area in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD
855:
Pre-Islamic Yemen: Socio-political Organization of the Sabaean Cultural Area in the 2nd and 3rd Centuries AD
196:
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1027:. Publications of the American Foundation for the Study of Man. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
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as it was the cemetery entrance, and could only be accessed from the interior of the oval sanctuary.
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The temple itself was oriented towards the rising sun (north-east) and consisted of eight pillars
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The United Kingdom of the Sabeans to its end in the early 4th century BC. The history of Saba'II
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wall's exterior, were meant to impress visitors and fill them with awe in the presence of god.
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AFSM member with the help of locals copying an inscription from the sanctuary's exterior wall
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instead of full use of space. AFSM excavation in the paved courtyard revealed multiple
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32 pillars made from single monolith except two that once supported stone beams.
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to hierarchical series of courtyards and halls that served as transitional areas.
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In pre-Islamic times, numerous pilgrims gathered in Ma'rib city and headed to
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889:"Landmarks of Ancient Kingdom of Saba added to UNESCO's World Heritage List"
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The hall has a semi-rectangular form, with a pillared 8 monolith
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Architectural refinement and measure in early South Arabian buildings
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Reconstruction of the northwestern gate, only accessible to priests
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The temple is situated in isolated site functioning mainly as
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entrance, topped by square tenons designed to accommodate an
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Pritchard, James B.; Fleming, Daniel E. (28 November 2010).
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The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures
1023:
Le Baron Bowen Jr., Richard; Albright, Frank P. (1958).
1758:
38:
Mahram Bilqis or Awam Temple in 2017 in Marib, Yemen
907:
981:. Vol. 12. London, UK: PSAS. pp. 22–23.
595:temple dedicated to the principal deity of Saba,
1816:Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba (Marib)
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1678:Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve
913:
1042:Sabaean Inscriptions from Mahram Bilqîs (Marîb)
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190:Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib
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623:other landmarks of the ancient Kingdom of Saba
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944:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
741:placed under and then into the stone itself.
560:
744:
947:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 245.
934:
920:. Princeton University Press. p. 313.
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599:(frequently called "Lord of ʾAwwām"), near
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1025:Archaeological Discoveries in South Arabia
1000:Zaid & Marqten (2008) pp. 228-240
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842:Zaid & Marqten (2008) pp. 228-240
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32:
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1208:Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba
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858:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 82.
807:inscriptions the cemetery was known as "
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1114:Pictorial compendium of the Awam Temple
56:
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1683:Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park
625:, Awam Temple was added to the UNESCO
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13:
1698:Zuqur Islands Marine National Park
1645:St. Mary Help of Christians Church
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991:Albright (1952) pp. 269-275
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1791:1951 archaeological discoveries
1734:Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery
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1009:Roring (2005) pp. 153-159
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967:Albright (1952) pp. 26-28
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941:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1979).
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1806:Architecture of ancient Yemen
1796:Archaeological sites in Yemen
1693:Socotra Island Protected Area
1673:Bura Community Protected Area
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1640:St. Francis of Assisi Church
1224:Archaeological Site of Marib
675:workshops for metalworkers,
666:General plan of Awwam temple
16:Archaeological site in Yemen
7:
1269:Sharma/Jethmun coastal area
1239:The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada
1044:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
817:
10:
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1244:Jibla and its surroundings
1234:The Historic City of Thula
732:South Arabian inscriptions
201:Cultural: (iii), (iv)
179:UNESCO World Heritage Site
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1625:Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Mosque
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1198:Old Walled City of Shibam
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1078:Müller (Hrsg.), Walter W.
957:– via Google Books.
930:– via Google Books.
745:The oval shaped enclosure
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1427:National Museum of Yemen
515:Civil war (2014–present)
1605:Grand Synagogue of Aden
852:A. V. Korotaev (1996).
721:. The perimeter of the
639:The great wall of Awwam
109:15.404247°N 45.355705°E
1229:Historic City of Saada
1188:Historic Town of Zabid
1040:Jamme, Albert (1962).
796:
762:
754:
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1600:Great Mosque of Sanaa
1497:Qu'aiti Sultan Palace
1432:Yemen Military Museum
1082:von Wissmann, Hermann
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587:" ("Sanctuary of the
486:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
1801:Sabaean architecture
1492:Palace of Queen Arwa
621:In 2023, along with
341:Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt
114:15.404247; 45.355705
1688:Ras Isa Marine Park
1540:Al-Bakiriyya Mosque
1203:Socotra Archipelago
1157:Tourist attractions
977:Doe, Brian (1985).
704:Peristyle hall plan
627:World Heritage List
105: /
21:
1315:Cisterns of Tawila
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709:The peristyle hall
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500:Yemeni unification
476:Sultanate of Lahej
391:Rashidun Caliphate
351:Kingdom of Qatabān
64:Shown within Yemen
19:
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1630:Queen Arwa Mosque
1570:Al Tawheed Mosque
1565:Al Shohada Mosque
1555:Al-Muhdhar Mosque
1535:Al-Asha'ir Mosque
1502:Citadel of Rada'a
1422:House of Folklore
1277:
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1193:Old City of Sanaa
1050:Korotayev, Andrey
954:978-0-8028-3781-3
927:978-0-691-14726-0
895:. 25 January 2023
893:Marib Governorate
865:978-3-447-03679-5
643:Yada`'il Dharih I
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520:COVID-19 pandemic
510:Yemeni revolution
471:Aden Protectorate
401:Abbasid Caliphate
396:Umayyad Caliphate
361:Kingdom of Ḥimyar
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158:Satellite of
78:Marib Governorate
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1590:Ashrafiya Mosque
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1560:Al-Qalis Church
1550:Al-Mahdi Mosque
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1482:Fort Al-Ghwayzi
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1745:
1744:Sira Fortress
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
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1712:
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1699:
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1641:
1638:
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1633:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Jennad Mosque
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Barran Temple
1593:
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1578:
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1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Aidrus Mosque
1528:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Seiyun Palace
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
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1423:
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1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:The Hawf Area
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
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1219:
1215:
1209:
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1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
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1179:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1099:3-7001-0516-9
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:3-447-03679-6
1065:
1061:
1058:. Wiesbaden:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1006:
997:
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973:
964:
956:
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946:
945:
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929:
923:
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910:
894:
890:
884:
875:
867:
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857:
856:
848:
839:
835:
825:
824:Barran Temple
822:
821:
815:
812:
810:
806:
805:South Arabian
803:According to
801:
793:
784:
781:
775:
771:
767:
759:
751:
742:
738:
735:
733:
727:
724:
720:
716:
702:
698:
694:
691:
690:South Arabian
686:
681:
678:
673:
663:
661:
656:
651:
646:
644:
641:by Mukarrib
640:
630:
628:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Mahram Bilqis
582:
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
551:
550:
548:
547:
544:
534:
533:
526:
523:
521:
518:
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506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Qasimid state
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:
450:
449:
442:
441:Tahirid state
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
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422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
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389:
388:
385:
380:
379:
372:
371:Sasanian rule
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
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337:
334:
333:
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324:
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316:
315:
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304:
295:
284:
275:
266:
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245:
244:
236:
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222:
218:
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208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:Ancient Yemen
150:
146:
143:1500–1200 BCE
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:
118:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
51:
42:
35:
30:
23:
1769:Yemen portal
1729:Big Ben Aden
1650:Talha Mosque
1635:Saleh Mosque
1512:Sheba Palace
1472:Dar al-Shukr
1467:Dar al-Hajar
1457:Cairo Castle
1089:
1085:
1060:Harrassowitz
1054:
1041:
1024:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
972:
963:
943:
936:
916:
909:
897:. Retrieved
892:
883:
874:
854:
847:
838:
813:
808:
802:
798:
787:The cemetery
776:
772:
768:
764:
739:
736:
728:
712:
695:
682:
669:
657:
653:
648:
636:
620:
613:
584:
580:
578:
426:Mahdid state
1477:Dar as-Sa'd
1295:Al Hajjarah
1249:Jabal Haraz
878:Robin, 1996
633:Archaeology
495:South Yemen
258:History of
219:2023 (45th
216:Inscription
112: /
88:Coordinates
1785:Categories
1724:Yemen Gate
1664:Protected
1521:Places of
1254:Jabal Bura
1017:Literature
830:References
809:Mhrm Gnztn
719:architrave
715:propylaeum
685:propylaeum
229:Endangered
168:Site notes
100:45°21′21″E
97:15°24′15″N
26:محرم بلقيس
1335:Marib Dam
723:peristyle
672:religious
609:Hadramawt
206:Reference
1370:Shaharah
1325:Kaminahu
1305:Baraqish
1171:Heritage
1084:(1982).
1052:(1996).
899:26 March
818:See also
677:cemetery
650:Almaqah.
591:") is a
421:Zurayids
318:Timeline
249:a series
247:Part of
233:2023–...
197:Criteria
134:Sabaeans
73:Location
1811:Temples
1523:worship
1444:Castles
1441:Palaces
1414:Museums
780:Sabaean
616:Almaqah
597:Almaqah
593:Sabaean
221:Session
186:Part of
162:Almaqah
148:Periods
140:Founded
130:Builder
125:History
76:Awwam,
1707:Others
1380:Sirwah
1375:Shibam
1365:Shabwa
1355:Nashaq
1350:Nashan
1330:Ma'rib
1310:Baynun
1181:Listed
1096:
1066:
1033:445765
1031:
951:
924:
862:
601:Ma'rib
251:on the
1395:Zafar
1390:Zabid
1385:Timna
1360:Sanaa
1345:Nahom
1320:Haram
1300:Awwam
1288:sites
1173:Sites
1169:World
1161:Yemen
1088:[
605:Yemen
491:North
260:Yemen
82:Yemen
1666:area
1094:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1029:OCLC
949:ISBN
922:ISBN
901:2023
860:ISBN
583:or "
579:The
493:and
210:1700
1159:in
1787::
1080:;
1062:.
891:.
629:.
611:.
80:,
1142:e
1135:t
1128:v
1102:.
1072:.
1035:.
903:.
868:.
568:e
561:t
554:v
223:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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