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deliberately and covertly set by the temple's administrators, who were aware that the temple's foundation was sinking but were prevented from re-siting it elsewhere by religious constraints; Bammer has noted the conservation of the original sacred location throughout successive rebuildings, despite continued problems with flooding and foundations. Karwiese questions the motive of
Herostratus since he only divulged his purpose under torture, which does not fit a man seeking fame.
759:
345:) of the Lady of Ephesus, which must have been destroyed or recovered from the flood. Bammer notes that though the site was prone to flooding, and raised by silt deposits about two metres between the 8th and 6th centuries, and a further 2.4 m between the sixth and the fourth, its continued use "indicates that maintaining the identity of the actual location played an important role in the sacred organization".
821:. The wealth and splendor of temple and city were taken as evidence of Artemis Ephesia's power, and were the basis for her local and international prestige: despite the successive traumas of Temple destruction, each rebuilding – a gift and honor to the goddess – brought further prosperity. Large numbers of people came to Ephesus in March and in the beginning of May to attend the main Artemis Procession.
786:. The recovered sculptured fragments of the 4th-century rebuilding and a few from the earlier temple, which had been used in the rubble fill for the rebuilding, were assembled and displayed in the "Ephesus Room" of the British Museum. In addition, the museum has part of possibly the oldest cache of coins in the world (600 BC) that had been buried in the foundations of the
1017:, the eternal serpent with its tail in its mouth. In some accounts, the Lady of Ephesus was attended by eunuch priests called "Megabyzoi"; this could have been a proper name or a title. The practise of ritual self-emasculation as qualification to serve a deity is usually identified with Cybele's eunuch mendicant priests, the
1042:—and it is clear that at Ephesus, the identification with Artemis that the Ionian settlers made of the "Lady of Ephesus" was slender. Nevertheless, later Greeks and Romans identified her with both Artemis and Diana, and there was a tradition in ancient Rome that identified her with the goddess Isis as well.
1145:
The intended offering might have included a divine statue of
Alexander himself, or simply an inscription commemorating his subsidy as a gift to the Goddess, with himself as her particular protege. The Ephesians protested with great diplomacy, it being "inappropriate for a god to dedicate offerings to
1061:
Lynn LiDonnici observes that modern scholars are likely to be more concerned with origins of the Lady of
Ephesus and her iconology than her adherents were at any point in time, and are prone to creating a synthetic account of the Lady of Ephesus by drawing together documentation that ranges over more
1028:
A votive inscription mentioned by
Florence Mary Bennett, which dates probably from about the 3rd century BC, associates Ephesian Artemis with Crete: "To the Healer of diseases, to Apollo, Giver of Light to mortals, Eutyches has set up in votive offering the Cretan Lady of Ephesus, the Light-Bearer."
994:
Robert
Fleischer suggested that instead of breasts, the oval objects were decorations that would have been hung ceremonially on the original wood statue (possibly eggs or the scrotal sacs of sacrificed bulls), and which were incorporated as carved features on later copies. The "breasts" of the Lady
990:
Evidence suggests that the oval objects were not intended to depict part of the goddess' anatomy at all. In some versions of the statue, the goddess' skin has been painted black, likely to emulate the aged wood of the original, while her clothes and regalia, including the so-called "breasts", were
1113:
The Roman edict of 162 AD was made as a form of official apology and compensation: A senior Roman official had unwittingly offended the goddess by conducting business during one or more of her holy days. The need for, and extent of, the edict shows that the political, economic, and religious
566:
Alexander offered to pay for the temple's rebuilding; the
Ephesians tactfully refused, saying "it would be improper for one god to build a temple to another", and eventually rebuilt it after his death, at their own expense. Work started in 323 BC and continued for many years. The third temple was
848:
festival was increasingly promoted as a key element in the pan-Hellenic festival circuit. It was part of a definitively Greek political and cultural identity, essential to the economic life of the region, and an excellent opportunity for young, unmarried Greeks of both sexes to seek out marriage
999:
gourd-shaped drops, elliptical in cross-section and drilled for hanging, that were rediscovered in the archaeological excavations of 1987–1988. These objects remained in place where the ancient wooden statue of the goddess had been caught by an 8th-century flood. This form of jewelry, then, had
546:
Herostratus' part in the temple's destruction has been questioned in modern scholarship. Stefan
Karweise notes that any arsonist would have needed access to the wooden roof framing; Dieter Knibbe writes of an "entire corps" of attested temple guards and custodians. The fire might even have been
319:
temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC. The peripteral temple at
Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere.
840:
and brought
Persian priests into her Ephesian cult; this was not forgiven. When Alexander conquered the Persians, his offer to finance the temple's second rebuilding was politely but firmly refused. Ephesian Artemis lent her city's diplomacy a powerful religious edge.
974:
The traditional interpretation of the oval objects covering the upper part of the
Ephesian Artemis is that they represent multiple breasts, symbolizing her fertility. This interpretation began in late antiquity and resulted in designations of the Ephesian goddess as
688:, under their leaders "Respa, Veduc, and Thurar", "laid waste many populous cities and set fire to the renowned temple of Diana at Ephesus." The extent and severity of the damage are unknown; the temple may have lain derelict until its official closure during the
917:, a virgin goddess of the hunt, the wilderness and the moon, who, despite being a goddess of childbirth was nevertheless known for her chastity. At Ephesus, a goddess whom the Greeks associated with Artemis was venerated in an archaic, pre-Hellenic
2222:, 14.1.23; sometimes the existence of a college is disputed and rather, a succession of priests given the title of "Megabyzos" is preferred. They may have been few in number; their existence in any form is also disputed; see Roller, Lynn E.,
467:, seemingly unaware of the ancient continuity of the sacred site, claims that the new temple's architects chose to build it on marshy ground as a precaution against earthquakes, with lower foundation layers of fleeces and pounded charcoal.
696:
comments on its closure, perhaps as early as 407 CE, or no later than the mid 5th century. After closure and after the city had become Christian, the name of Artemis appears to have been erased from inscriptions throughout Ephesus.
1382:
Valerius Maximus, Memorable deeds and sayings, 8. 14. 5: "A man was found to plan the burning of the temple of Ephesian Diana so that through the destruction of this most beautiful building his name might be spread through the whole
677:, the annual Ephesian festival to Artemis, and officially extended it from a few holy days over March–April to a whole month, "one of the largest and most magnificent religious festivals in Ephesus' liturgical calendar".
828:) could be found throughout the Greek world, but Ephesian Artemis was unique. The Ephesians considered her theirs, and resented any foreign claims to her protection. Once Persia ousted and replaced their Lydian overlord
474:
and various goods. It also offered sanctuary to those fleeing persecution or punishment, a tradition linked in myth to the Amazons who twice fled there seeking the goddess's protection from punishment, firstly by
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Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ.
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The Christian approach was at variance with the syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus suggests why so little remains at the site:
444:
A rich foundation deposit from this era, also called the "Artemision deposit", yielded more than a thousand items, including what may be the earliest coins made from the silver-gold alloy
214:; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, "Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand".
2131:
Nielsen, M. (2009). Diana Efesia Multimammia: The metamorphosis of a pagan goddess from the Renaissance to the age of Neo-Classicism. In Tobias Fischer-Hansen & Birte Poulsen, eds.
1916:
323:
In the 7th century BC, a flood destroyed the temple, depositing over half a meter of sand and flotsam over the original clay floor. Among the flood debris were the remains of a carved
1053:
The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other sites, is only known at Ephesus from Acts 19:35:
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Fragments of bas-relief on the lowest drums of the temple columns, preserved in the British Museum, show that the enriched columns of the later temple, of which a few survive (
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Ephesus: Geschichte einer bedeutenden antiken Stadt und Portrait einer modernen Grossgrabung im 102. Jahr der Wiederkehr des Beginnes österreichischer Forschungen (1895–1997)
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seemed to identify three successive temple buildings. Re-excavations in 1987–88 and re-appraisal of Hogarth's account confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the
987:'s Christian attacks on pagan popular religion, and modern scholarship has cast doubt on the traditional interpretation that the statue depicts a many-breasted goddess.
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670:
and "of a sudden the altar of Artemis split in many pieces ... and half the temple fell down," instantly converting the Ephesians, who wept, prayed, or took flight.
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notes works attributed to him. Most importantly, the Ephesians of Mucianus' time maintained the tradition that a particular sculptor had created the remade image (
930:
The features are most similar to Near-Eastern and Egyptian deities, and least similar to Greek ones. The body and legs are enclosed within a tapering pillar-like
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with destroying the temple, referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and overthrower of the temple of Diana". A later Archbishop of Constantinople,
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What man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the which fell down from Jupiter?
1541:
535:
describes the temple's conflagration, but not its cause. In Greek and Roman historical tradition, the temple's destruction coincided with the birth of
1282:
Herodotus' statement to this effect is confirmed by the conjectural reading of a fragmentary dedicatory inscription, conserved in the British Museum (
612:. Literary sources describe the temple's adornment by paintings, columns gilded with gold and silver, and religious works of renowned Greek sculptors
2795:
1302:, who thought that the cult image by an "Endoios" was extremely ancient, however. Endoios' name appears in late 7th-century Attic inscriptions, and
239:
The Temple of Artemis (artemisia) was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south from the modern port city of
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larger than the second; 137 m (450 ft) long by 69 m (225 ft) wide and 18 m (60 ft) high, with more than 127 columns.
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548:
1735:
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693:
689:
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see Kevin Leloux, "The Campaign Of Croesus Against Ephesus: Historical & Archaeological Considerations", in Polemos 21-2, 2018, p. 47–63
470:
The temple became an important attraction, visited by merchants, kings, and sightseers, many of whom paid homage to Artemis in the form of
1073:
714:, noted the achievements of John, saying "In Ephesus, he despoiled the art of Midas," but there is little evidence to support this claim.
608:(6th century BC). Pliny describes images of Amazons, the legendary founders of Ephesus and Ephesian Artemis' original protégés, carved by
2780:
2574:
543:
remarks that Artemis was too preoccupied with Alexander's delivery to save her burning temple; he does not specify a cause for the fire.
782:. These excavations continued until 1874. A few further fragments of sculpture were found during the 1904–1906 excavations directed by
1136:
Date 268 CE from Wolfram (1979, 1988) who correlates multiple sources to correct the date of the Gothic advance into the Aegean.
2745:
372:. It was 115 m (377 ft) long and 46 m (151 ft) wide, supposedly the first Greek temple built of marble. Its
1397:
1793:
1762:
1513:
1481:
1841:
456:, with the legend ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣΗΜΑ (or similar) ("I am the badge of Phanes"), or just bearing the name ΦΑΝΕΟΣ ("of Phanes").
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pottery and crude clay animal figurines, but warned "it is still to early to come to conclusions about a cult sequence."
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20:
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116:). By AD 401 it had been ruined or destroyed. Only foundations and fragments of the last temple remain at the site.
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1942:
857:' best paintings, which depicted the goddess's image carried through the streets and surrounded by maidens. In the
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At least some of the stone from the abandoned temple was used in construction of other buildings. A legend of the
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columns stood some 13 m (40 ft) high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the
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was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of
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Pausanias's estimation of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by
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1980:. For an exposition of the mechanisms involved in these social, religious, and economic advantages, see
361:'s empire and was overlord of Ephesus. It was designed and constructed from around 550 BC by the Cretan
2730:
2671:
2631:
2616:
2390:
2388:
LiDonnici, Lynn R. (1992). "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration".
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1295:
1114:
importance of Ephesian Artemis was undiminished in 162, more than one hundred years after Paul's visit.
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600:(Artemis "of the first seat") and a gallery of images above this altar, including an ancient figure of
231:, as demonstrated in this imagined portrayal of the temple in a 16th-century hand-colored engraving by
199:
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The site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869, after six years of searching by an expedition led by
2621:
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711:
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grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΟΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines.
195:
178:
The next, greatest, and last form of the temple, funded by the Ephesians themselves, is described in
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and Brita Alroth, among others, criticised and rejected by Robert Fleischer, but widely popularized.
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2641:
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than a millennium in its origins, creating a falsified, unitary picture, as of an unchanging icon.
101:
951:
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1753:. Pelican History of Art (4th ed.). New Haven, CT / London: Yale University Press. p.
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1303:
797:, is marked by a single column constructed of miscellaneous fragments discovered at the site.
593:
296:, legendary warrior-women whose religious practise he imagined already centered upon an image (
261:
1754:
1678:
300:) of Artemis, their matron goddess. Pausanias believed that the temple pre-dated the Amazons.
2611:
2517:
1710:
934:, from which the goddess' feet protrude. On the coins minted at Ephesus, the goddess wears a
613:
568:
211:
832:, the Ephesians played down his contribution to the temple's restoration. On the whole, the
424:
The earliest known inscribed coinage, from the foundation deposit of the Temple of Artemis:
420:
2657:
1426:
1038:
849:
partners. Games, contests and theatrical performances were held in the goddess's name, and
783:
449:
429:
416:, 625–600 BC. Stag grazing right, ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣΕΜΑ (retrograde, "I am the badge of Phanes").
304:
1036:
assimilated all foreign gods under some form of the Olympian pantheon familiar to them—in
909:
From the Greek point of view, the Ephesian Artemis is a distinctive form of their goddess
503:
In 356 BC, the temple burned down. Various sources describe this as a vainglorious act of
167:, and took 10 years to complete. This version of the temple was destroyed in 356 BC by an
8:
1008:
931:
817:" refer to the later founder-myths of Greek émigrés who developed the cult and temple of
747:
700:
536:
36:
Park, Istanbul, Turkey, attempts to recreate the probable appearance of the third temple.
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dealt fairly with Ephesus, but removed some religious artifacts from Artemis' Temple to
596:(c. 2nd century AD) reports another image and altar in the temple, dedicated to Artemis
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2415:
2407:
2376:
2368:
2335:
2327:
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were taken from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, but there is no truth to this story.
203:
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1995:
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Bammer offers a critical re-appraisal of Hogarth's methods, findings and conclusions.
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518:
513:
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that housed the goddess's cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to
232:
207:
129:
97:
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Gross ist die Artemis von Ephesos: die Geschichte einer der grossen Städt der Antike
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This reconstruction survived for 600 years and appears multiple times in early
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1977:
1956:
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in Ephesus caused locals to fear for the temple's dishonor. The 2nd century
511:, who set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame at any cost; thus the term
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383:
48:
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drops of elliptical cross-section. These probably once dressed a wooden effigy (
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describes her procession as a magnificent crowd-puller; it was shown in one of
813:" but nothing is known of her cult. The literary accounts that describe it as "
787:
779:
739:
645:
587:
69:
2403:
1284:
A Guide to the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum
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The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts
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A drum from the base of a column from the 4th-century rebuilding, now in the
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40:
893:
878:
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The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, Engineering and Technology
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The iconic images have been most thoroughly assembled by Robert Fleischer,
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659:
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492:
332:
89:
1021:. The Megabyzoi of Ephesian Artemis were assisted by young, virgin girls (
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Against this, a Roman edict of 162 AD acknowledges the importance of
33:
935:
558:
considers Herostratus a "useful idiot in the service of the priesthood."
517:. For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced the perpetrator to death and
508:
365:
281:
228:
172:
148:
133:
2561:
2107:
Artemis von Ephesos und der erwandte Kultstatue von Anatolien und Syrien
1344:, translated by H. Rackham et al., 36. 21., Loeb Classical Library, 1938
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2372:
2348:
1357:, University of California Press, 1996, ISBN 0-520-20098-5, pp. 385–387
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Traditional many-breasted interpretation in a 16th-century fountain of
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488:
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147:
Its reconstruction, in more grandiose form, began around 550 BC, under
120:
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1917:"British Museum – The pot-hoard from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos"
1327:
CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes. Circa 625–600 BC. EL Trite (14mm, 4.67 g)
582:
448:. The deposit contains some of the earliest inscribed coins, those of
386:, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grapewood
1996:"Archaeologists Unveil Blazing Mosaics From Apostle Paul-era Ephesus"
1013:
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in the temple with the boys, and later deposited his writings there.
369:
362:
156:
152:
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1732:
Ephesus After Antiquity: A late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city
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Ephesus after antiquity: a late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city
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lent his name to the festival games, and might have sponsored them.
794:
758:
244:
223:
109:
2469:
The Seven Wonders of the World: A history of the modern imagination
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2086:
1855:
1630:
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as a separate aspect of Ephesian cult to Artemis, see Strelan, R.,
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862:
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625:
621:
617:
576:
540:
480:
476:
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243:, in Turkey. Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town of
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and other related descriptions. This interpretation was rooted in
728:
The main primary sources for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus are
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Ancient Greek temple in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk, Turkey)
1939:
Power and Place: Temple and identity in the 'Book of Revelation'
1007:
On the coins she rests either arm on a staff formed of entwined
28:
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2044:
2027:
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939:
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Under Hellenic rule, and later, under Roman rule, the Ephesian
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341:
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113:
1955:
1232:, p. 142 noted some still earlier placements of stones,
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996:
968:
944:
685:
667:
504:
378:
358:
336:
324:
277:
168:
164:
2185:
Fleischer (1983). "Neues zur kleinasiatischen Kultstatue".
2161:
Seiterle (1979). "Artemis: die Grosse Göttin von Ephesos".
491:, thoroughly disapproving of civil life at Ephesus, played
437:
272:. He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were
2224:
In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele,
1883:"Ephesos – An Ancient Metropolis: Exploration and History"
1355:
Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World
311:, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to
2518:
World History Encyclopedia - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
601:
1432:
The Internet Classics Archive | Meteorology by Aristotle
913:. In Greek cult and myth, Artemis is the twin sister of
335:, apparently North Syrian, and some drilled tear-shaped
2351:
of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus".
2308:
Arnold, Irene Ringwood (1972). "Festivals of Ephesus".
1561:, trans Jones and Ormerod, 1918, from perseus.org. For
809:
beneath the later temples clearly housed some form of "
92:
dedicated to an ancient, localised form of the goddess
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Buildings and structures demolished in the 5th century
2596:
2226:
University of California Press, 1999, p. 253, note 52
1675:
Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370–529
793:
Today the site of the temple, which lies just outside
144:. In the 7th century BC, it was destroyed by a flood.
2776:
Religious buildings and structures destroyed by arson
2454:
1399:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1083:
A 360-degree panoramic view of the site of the temple
2455:
Rodríguez Moya, Inmaculada; Mínguez, Víctor (2017).
1902:
The sculptures were published in the British Museum
1784:(1st ed.). New York: Electa / Rizzoli. p.
1648:
1646:
1644:
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to house it was erected east of the open-air altar.
2457:
The Seven Ancient Wonders In the Early Modern World
2133:
From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast
1542:"Strabo, Geography, Book 14, chapter 1, section 22"
227:The fame of the Temple of Artemis was known in the
2471:(1st American ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt.
1625:
1623:
604:(the primordial goddess of Night) by the sculptor
2736:6th-century BC religious buildings and structures
1932:
1930:
1885:. Austrian Archaeological Institute. October 2008
1657:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. pp. 52 ff.
1641:
1595:Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400
995:of Ephesus, it now appears, were likely based on
353:The new temple was sponsored at least in part by
2722:
2282:1984, ch. III "Christianity as presented" p. 18.
1127:are otherwise unknown; see Wolfram (1979, 1988).
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1620:
1465:
1463:
171:, commonly thought to have been a madman named
2801:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1927:
690:persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
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1497:
1495:
1493:
1298:, 16.79.213–16; Pliny's source was the Roman
899:The Lady of Ephesus no. 718, 1st century AD,
884:The Lady of Ephesus no. 712, 1st century AD,
2539:Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons:
1460:
1245:The flood is dated by fragmentary ceramics:
1199:
1197:
991:left unpainted or cast in different colors.
762:Reconstructive plan of Temple of Artemis at
753:
19:For other shrines dedicated to Artemis, see
2543:: Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
2259:Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons
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1808:
1748:
1668:
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579:, as sculptor of Artemis' main cult image.
2761:Buildings and structures in İzmir Province
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2280:Christianizing the Roman Empire AD 100–400
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2123:
2121:
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1751:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
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662:prayed publicly in the Temple of Artemis,
2440:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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2184:
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2014:
1981:
1973:
1936:
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1307:
1194:
824:Artemis' shrines, temples and festivals (
487:claims that the misanthropic philosopher
463:) were versions of this earlier feature.
194:on which is a road for chariots, and the
2160:
2101:
2099:
1993:
1672:
1661:
1469:
950:
757:
581:
419:
403:
222:
47:
39:
32:This model of the Temple of Artemis, at
27:
2435:
2261:(1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (
2116:
2048:
2047:'s account is variously interpreted in
1734:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1652:
1607:
1553:
1551:
938:(like a city's walls), an attribute of
721:claims that some of the columns in the
519:forbade anyone from mentioning his name
218:
2751:Ancient Greek buildings and structures
2723:
2346:
2307:
2203:
2082:
1868:(Plutarch mentions the burning of the
1610:Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus
1567:Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus
1528:
1501:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1258:
1246:
1229:
1217:
658:tale of the temple's destruction: The
640:accounts of Ephesus. According to the
119:The earliest version of the temple (a
2796:Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
2570:
2096:
2089:for marriage-broking at the Ephesian
1994:Bohstrom, Philippe (11 August 2016).
1777:
1424:
1395:
800:
399:
190:I have set eyes on the wall of lofty
1854:
1729:
1673:Trombley, Frank R. (December 1995).
1629:
1548:
1173:, Cambridge University Press, 1979,
256:) at Ephesus was far older than the
1313:
927:) and kept decorated with jewelry.
868:
13:
2781:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
2598:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
2428:
2026:
1957:Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus
1385:Valerius Maximus, VIII. 14. ext. 5
54:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
21:Temple of Artemis (disambiguation)
14:
2817:
2562:Pictures of the current situation
2551:, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
2477:
1919:. 5 February 2015. Archived from
1369:Lives of the eminent philosophers
56:, including the Temple of Artemis
1072:
892:
877:
2746:1869 archaeological discoveries
2558:(W. R. Lethaby, 1908)
2436:Higgins, Michael Denis (2023).
2311:American Journal of Archaeology
2285:
2268:
2251:
2236:
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2197:
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2154:
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2058:
2038:
2020:
2008:
1987:
1967:
1949:
1909:
1896:
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1848:
1826:
1802:
1771:
1742:
1695:
1601:
1586:
1575:
1534:
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1447:
1418:
1389:
1376:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1289:
1139:
1130:
1117:
1107:
390:was sculpted by Endoios, and a
348:
1703:"Temple of Artemis at Ephesus"
1677:. Vol. 1. Brill. p.
1276:
1264:
1252:
1239:
1223:
1210:
1179:
1159:
1000:already been developed by the
942:as a protector of cities (see
561:
498:
44:The site of the temple in 2017
1:
1749:Krautheimer, Richard (1986).
1476:(in German). Phoibos Verlag.
1435:. Translated by E. W. Webster
1402:. p. 439. Archived from
1153:
1095:List of Ancient Greek temples
901:Ephesus Archaeological Museum
886:Ephesus Archaeological Museum
632:Further claims of destruction
206:, and the huge labour of the
196:statue of Zeus by the Alpheus
2508:Resources in other libraries
1175:pp. 86–89 & footnote 83.
1100:
705:Archbishop of Constantinople
539:(around 20/21 July 356 BC).
159:. The project was funded by
7:
2467:; Romer, Elizabeth (1995).
2135:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1937:Stevenson, Gregory (2001).
1088:
1065:
921:that was carved of wood (a
452:, dated to 625–600 BC from
10:
2822:
2672:Eighth Wonder of the World
2664:Seven Wonders of the World
2632:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
2617:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2459:. New York, NY: Routledge.
2391:Harvard Theological Review
2300:
1593:MacMullen, Ramsay (1984).
1169:2004, p. 148; Clive Foss,
646:first Christian missionary
18:
2806:Amazons (Greek mythology)
2650:
2622:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
2604:
2556:Diana's Temple at Ephesus
2503:Resources in your library
2404:10.1017/S0017816000008208
2347:Bammer, Anton (1990). "A
2171:accepted in the 1980s by
1653:Wolfram, Herwig (1988) .
1616:– via Google Books.
1470:Karwiese, Stefan (1995).
1125:Respa, Veduco, and Thurar
754:Rediscovery of the temple
108:(near the modern town of
73:
2786:Temples in ancient Ionia
2678:New7Wonders of the World
2642:Lighthouse of Alexandria
2187:Archäologischer Anzeiger
977:Diana Efesia Multimammia
680:In 268 AD, according to
644:, the appearance of the
288:attributed the earliest
52:Timeline and map of the
2766:Destroyed Greek temples
2537:Florence Mary Bennett,
2257:Florence Mary Bennett,
1736:86–87 & footnote 83
1502:Knibbe, Dieter (1998).
1396:Smith, William (1849).
1296:Pliny's Natural History
436:, 625–600 BC. Obverse:
182:'s list of the world's
140:, attributed it to the
2756:Ancient Greek religion
1941:. de Gruyter. p.
1904:Catalogue of Sculpture
1781:Byzantine Architecture
1608:Strelan, Rick (1996).
1508:(in German). P. Lang.
1371:, Book 9, "Heraclitus"
1059:
1051:
971:
771:
694:Ammonius of Alexandria
590:
441:
417:
313:Middle Geometric times
236:
216:
81:
57:
45:
37:
2707:37.94972°N 27.36389°E
2612:Great Pyramid of Giza
2113:(Leiden: Brill) 1973.
1778:Mango, Cyril (1985).
1205:Description of Greece
1055:
1047:
954:
778:and sponsored by the
761:
585:
569:Athenagoras of Athens
423:
407:
226:
188:
104:). It was located in
84:), also known as the
51:
43:
31:
2658:Wonders of the World
2085:, p. 18, cites
1984:, pp. 70–80 ff.
1730:Foss, Clive (1979).
1707:Encyclopaedia Romana
1655:History of the Goths
1569:, de Gruyter, 1996,
1563:Artemis Protothronia
1531:, pp. 144, 153.
1261:, pp. 144, 153.
1039:interpretatio graeca
1032:The Greek habits of
784:David George Hogarth
305:David George Hogarth
219:Location and history
2703: /
1976:, p. 77 cites
1923:on 5 February 2015.
1906:, vol. II, part VI.
1406:on February 2, 2007
1367:Diogenes Laertius,
701:Cyril of Alexandria
537:Alexander the Great
204:colossus of the Sun
2791:Temples of Artemis
2712:37.94972; 27.36389
2637:Colossus of Rhodes
2051:, p. 80, and
1961:Concerning Concord
1614:57–58, footnote 83
1220:, pp. 137–160
972:
859:Roman Imperial era
801:Cult and influence
772:
591:
461:illustration below
442:
418:
400:Foundation deposit
292:at Ephesus to the
237:
180:Antipater of Sidon
58:
46:
38:
2731:Temple of Artemis
2686:
2685:
2627:Temple of Artemis
2605:The Seven Wonders
2549:Temple of Artemis
2529:) objects at the
2523:Temple of Artemis
2489:Temple of Artemis
2484:Library resources
2353:Anatolian Studies
1860:Life of Alexander
1795:978-0-8478-0615-7
1764:978-0-300-05296-1
1515:978-3-631-32152-2
1483:978-3-901232-05-3
1455:Life of Alexander
1353:Rigsby, Kent J.,
1340:Pliny the Elder,
1011:or of a stack of
485:Diogenes Laertius
250:The sacred site (
233:Martin Heemskerck
130:Ionic immigration
62:Temple of Artemis
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1002:Geometric Period
896:
881:
869:Ephesian Artemis
776:John Turtle Wood
768:John Turtle Wood
719:Late Middle Ages
684:, a raid by the
557:
525:later noted it.
514:herostratic fame
212:tomb of Mausolus
128:) antedated the
82:Artemis Tapınağı
75:
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2429:Further reading
2426:
2365:10.2307/3642799
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2081:
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2070:Natural History
2066:Pliny the Elder
2063:
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2013:
2009:
1992:
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1972:
1968:
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1815:Natural History
1810:Pliny the Elder
1807:
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1427:"Book 3 Part 1"
1423:
1419:
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1407:
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1390:
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1377:
1365:
1361:
1352:
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1342:Natural History
1339:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1310:, p. 398).
1294:
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1188:Greek Anthology
1184:
1180:
1164:
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819:Artemis Ephesia
803:
756:
735:Natural History
730:Pliny the Elder
708:John Chrysostom
634:
564:
551:
501:
465:Pliny the Elder
408:Electrotype of
402:
384:Pliny the Elder
351:
286:Hymn to Artemis
221:
210:, and the vast
200:hanging gardens
138:Hymn to Artemis
132:by many years.
112:in present-day
86:Temple of Diana
24:
17:
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2531:British Museum
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2478:External links
2476:
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2398:(4): 389–415.
2385:
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2324:10.2307/503607
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2297:
2296:
2292:LiDonnici 1992
2284:
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2250:
2235:
2208:
2206:, p. 153.
2196:
2177:
2173:Walter Burkert
2153:
2115:
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2049:Strelan (1996)
2037:
2019:
2007:
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1834:Pomponius Mela
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738:, writings by
633:
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588:British Museum
563:
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479:and later, by
401:
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357:, who founded
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155:, and his son
96:(equalized to
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2498:Online books
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2352:
2318:(1): 17–22.
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2263:on-line text
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1709:. Penelope.
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1398:
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654:includes an
651:Acts of John
649:
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493:knucklebones
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368:and his son
352:
349:Second phase
340:
333:Tree of Life
327:plaque of a
322:
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2666:(1956 film)
2465:Romer, John
2359:: 137–160.
2220:Geographica
2204:Bammer 1990
2163:Antike Welt
1612:. pp.
1557:Pausanias,
1529:Bammer 1990
1425:Aristotle.
1373:, Loeb edn.
1259:Bammer 1990
1247:Bammer 1990
1230:Bammer 1990
1218:Bammer 1990
1203:Pausanias,
1185:Antipater,
936:mural crown
746:'s Life of
562:Third phase
552: [
532:Meteorology
521:, although
509:Herostratus
499:Destruction
388:cult statue
366:Chersiphron
282:Callimachus
229:Renaissance
173:Herostratus
149:Chersiphron
134:Callimachus
2725:Categories
2698:27°21′50″E
2695:37°56′59″N
2349:Peripteros
2274:Quoted in
2243:Xenophon,
2141:8763507889
2034:. 14.1.22.
1889:2009-11-01
1870:Artemiseum
1716:2020-07-05
1711:U. Chicago
1582:Acts 19:27
1457:, 1. 3. 5.
1453:Plutarch,
1154:References
1123:The names
1034:syncretism
919:cult image
675:Artemesion
664:exorcising
656:apocryphal
614:Polyclitus
523:Theopompus
507:by a man,
489:Heraclitus
412:coin from
374:peripteral
317:peripteral
309:Bronze Age
258:Artemision
202:, and the
198:, and the
121:Bronze Age
74:Ἀρτεμίσιον
66:Artemision
2420:154679084
2381:164151382
2340:191403956
2091:Artemesia
2032:Geography
1978:Aristides
1637:. xx.107.
1304:Pausanias
1234:Mycenaean
1101:Footnotes
1014:ouroboroi
846:Artemisia
826:Artemisia
815:Amazonian
748:Alexander
703:credited
638:Christian
594:Pausanias
527:Aristotle
370:Metagenes
363:architect
315:, when a
284:, in his
262:Pausanias
157:Metagenes
153:architect
136:, in his
34:Miniatürk
2245:Anabasis
2193:: 81–93.
2087:Xenophon
2072:. 35–93.
1856:Plutarch
1631:Jordanes
1410:July 21,
1300:Mucianus
1207:7.2.6–8.
1089:See also
1066:Panorama
1009:serpents
863:Commodus
834:Persians
790:temple.
744:Plutarch
682:Jordanes
626:Phradmon
622:Cresilas
618:Pheidias
577:Daedalus
541:Plutarch
481:Heracles
477:Dionysus
446:electrum
428:coin of
426:electrum
410:electrum
331:and the
260:itself.
169:arsonist
88:, was a
2771:Ephesus
2651:Related
2533:website
2527:Ephesos
2412:1510059
2373:3642799
2301:Sources
2247:, 5.3.7
2169:: 3–16.
2001:Haaretz
1571:p. 157.
1559:10.38.6
1383:world."
1146:a god".
911:Artemis
855:Apelles
830:Croesus
807:temenos
788:Archaic
764:Ephesus
742:, and
712:Proclus
606:Rhoecus
573:Endoeus
472:jewelry
454:Ephesus
434:Ephesus
414:Ephesus
393:naiskos
355:Croesus
329:griffin
294:Amazons
290:temenos
278:Lydians
274:Leleges
253:temenos
192:Babylon
161:Croesus
142:Amazons
125:temenos
106:Ephesus
94:Artemis
78:Turkish
2541:(1912)
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2028:Strabo
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1635:Getica
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1191:IX.58.
985:Jerome
965:Tivoli
940:Cybele
924:xoanon
915:Apollo
838:Sardis
795:Selçuk
770:(1877)
668:demons
624:, and
610:Scopas
571:names
450:Phanes
430:Phanes
342:xoanon
298:bretas
270:Didyma
266:Apollo
245:Selçuk
114:Turkey
110:Selçuk
2416:S2CID
2408:JSTOR
2377:S2CID
2369:JSTOR
2336:S2CID
2328:JSTOR
2109:EPRO
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1943:70–80
1864:III.5
1439:5 May
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969:Italy
945:polos
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686:Goths
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359:Lydia
337:amber
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241:İzmir
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