983:"Perhaps the ones who attribute the making of hail to men would say that Moses reached his staff up to heaven and in this sense the storm was sent by human agency. Certainly Moses, the servant of God, was good and righteous, but these people do not dare to say that the so-called âstorm-makersâ are good and righteous, but rather evil and unrighteous, deserving of both temporal and eternal condemnation, nor are they servants of God, except perhaps by circumstance rather than willing service. For if there were men who could cause hail, in imitation of Moses, they would surely be servants of God, not servants of the devil; although the passages cited above show that neither servants of God nor those of the devil cause of hail, but only omnipotent God...
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990:...not like these half-faithful of ours, who, as soon as they hear thunder, or when there is a breath of light wind, say âa gale is raisedâ and curse, saying, âCursed be the tongue that did these things, and may it be dried up and now be cut off.â Pray tell, whom are you cursing? A righteous man or a sinner? For a sinner, partly unbelieving like you, cannot raise a gale, as you put it, because he is not able to by his own strength, nor can he command evil angels (nor do evil angels even have power in these matters)."
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Elijah; and to change water into blood and torment the earth with every plague as many times as they wish, as Moses and Aaron did to Egypt. Truly no other person sends hail in the summer, other than the one who sends snow in the winter. For there is a single reason for both these occurrences, when clouds are at either time raised higher than usual.
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Therefore no human assistant should be sought in such events, because none will be found, except perhaps the saints of God, who have brought about, and are yet to bring about, many things. Some of them have the power to close up the heavens, lest it rain on days when they are prophesying, like
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929:(singular)) were weather-making magicians who dwelt among the common people and possessed the power to raise or prevent storms at will. For this reason, anyone reputed as a weather-maker was the subject of respect, fear, and hatred in rural areas.
1041:. Witches struck homes and crops alike, sank ships, killed men and animals, and it was believed they took great delight in the process. Church authorities gave credence to the belief by stating that
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from the fields. On the particular occasion which prompted
Agobard to write, several supposed Magonians had been taken prisoner by irate villagers shortly after a bad storm; the
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the belief in witches who could raise storms was not limited to the
Tempestarii. Depending on a witch's preference, they were believed to cause
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A closer examination of
Agobard's writing shows that he actually argues against the existence of weather-witches, but acquiesces that the
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1002:' ("Land of Magic", "Land of Thieves"). The Magonians were supposed to sail the skies in storm clouds; they would then pay
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around the world, the ability to control elementsâincluding the raising of storms and causing rainâhas been attributed to
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were reluctant to give up their superstitions as being false, the church also sanctioned remedies like the ringing of
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1099:. Shakespeare's final play "The Tempest" also contains a magician named Prospero who is capable of causing tempests.
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of the name of God were prescribed instead with the belief that a person who had strong faith in God, kept the
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Perhaps the best known work on tempestarii was an 815 AD piece called "On Hail and
Thunder" by a bishop,
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Some describe it as a complaint of the irreligious beliefs of his flock, as villagers resented paying
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had been forced to intervene and debate with the villagers in order to save the prisoners' lives.
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to summon up storms over farmlands, during which the
Magonians could swoop down and steal the
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The most famous storm believed to be caused by witches was recorded in 1591 during the
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Agobard of Lyons also referenced a related belief among his parishionersâa belief that
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of the Church would be immune from storms and tempests raised by malicious witches.
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were in league with a mythical race of cloud-dwellers who came from a land named '
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and witches to perform these acts as punishment for the wickedness of the world.
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and his alleged coven of witches were accused of raising a sea storm to drown
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would be protected even if the surrounding land and crops were destroyed.
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in the crop fields. It was believed that if a storm did strike after the
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Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
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Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
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such as storm raising because the remedies themselves were of
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of God are able to cause these things by praying with
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90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
979:, because witches are not able to do such things.
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2639:International Association of Emergency Managers
1102:
4025:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
4112:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
3321:
2698:
1838:
1645:
1220:
898:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4577:The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe
3328:
3314:
2705:
2691:
2644:International Disaster and Risk Conference
1845:
1831:
1652:
1638:
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1213:
905:
891:
1076:prosecuted sorcerers for causing storms.
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Weather-making magicians in medieval lore
3335:
2712:
2654:International Disaster Emergency Service
175:This article includes a list of general
4588:
4538:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
4431:List of people executed for witchcraft
1234:
4570:
4553:
4400:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
3309:
2686:
1826:
1633:
1208:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
3290:
2735:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
2667:
2633:List of civil defense organisations
13:
4497:Left-hand path and right-hand path
4072:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
2827:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
932:
181:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4622:
3257:Historiography in the Middle Ages
2311:Structural failures and collapses
1158:made from flowers consecrated on
34:This article has multiple issues.
3289:
3280:
3279:
3269:
2666:
1614:
1613:
1020:
874:
166:
64:
23:
2755:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2750:Decline of Hellenistic religion
2649:Disaster Accountability Project
1107:The Catholic Church prohibited
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
4530:
4195:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
4056:Summis desiderantes affectibus
3033:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1:
4523:
3207:Disability in the Middle Ages
2880:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2812:Rise of the Venetian Republic
1659:
4580:, Princeton University Press
4200:accusations against children
4096:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
2557:Emergency population warning
2250:Unrelated to natural hazards
2207:Potentially hazardous object
1103:Remedies against tempestarii
1072:. As early as 700 A.D., the
7:
2450:Crowd collapses and crushes
1173:
802:Severe weather terminology
264:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
4627:
4563:
4120:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
3008:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1150:, believed to drive storm
1081:North Berwick Witch Trials
4464:
4443:
4408:
4392:
4350:
4299:
4268:
4237:
4228:
4185:
4178:
4152:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
4015:
3892:
3732:
3545:
3478:
3354:
3347:
3265:
3194:
3053:
2948:
2935:Mongol invasion of Europe
2840:
2720:
2662:
2621:
2600:
2567:Earthquake warning system
2544:
2508:
2440:
2376:
2301:
2265:
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2199:
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2103:
2072:
2065:
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1999:
1992:
1970:
1940:
1906:
1873:
1864:
1822:
1815:
1727:Great Britain and Ireland
1667:
1609:
1522:
1481:
1472:
1429:
1351:
1293:
1243:
4482:Christian views on magic
4160:The Discovery of Witches
4032:Directorium Inquisitorum
1166:was placed, the owner's
4088:De praestigiis daemonum
4040:De maleficis mulieribus
2890:Investiture Controversy
2860:Second Bulgarian Empire
2521:Earthquake preparedness
2516:Disaster risk reduction
2460:Environmental disasters
196:more precise citations.
4144:Compendium Maleficarum
4136:Magical Investigations
4027:(8thâ2nd centuries BC)
3247:Post-classical history
3003:Fall of Constantinople
2910:CapetâPlantagenet feud
2777:First Bulgarian Empire
2612:List of disaster films
2562:Emergency Alert System
2526:Hurricane preparedness
992:
863:Tropical cyclone terms
3767:Cloak of invisibility
3523:Solitary practitioner
3436:Witch-cult hypothesis
981:
470:Extratropical cyclone
394:Air-mass thunderstorm
4606:Magic (supernatural)
4572:Flint, Valerie I. J.
4487:Magical organization
4002:Witches of Benevento
3227:Medieval reenactment
3023:Renaissance Humanism
2930:Medieval Warm Period
2900:Republic of Florence
2714:European Middle Ages
2577:Emergency management
1494:Evolutionary history
830:Weather modification
428:Anticyclonic tornado
84:improve this article
4596:European witchcraft
4104:Newes from Scotland
4064:Malleus Maleficarum
3441:Anglo-Saxon England
2940:Kingdom of Portugal
2807:Old Church Slavonic
2792:Anglo-Saxon England
2482:Terrorist incidents
1431:Natural environment
825:Weather forecasting
661:Rain and snow mixed
487:Subtropical cyclone
4456:Witches in fiction
4444:In popular culture
4018:historic treatises
3121:In popular culture
3086:Crusading movement
2958:Hundred Years' War
2817:Civitas Schinesghe
2802:Carolingian Empire
2787:Kingdom of Croatia
2740:Barbarian kingdoms
2582:Hurricane response
2428:Disease of despair
2338:Civilian radiation
1858:list by death toll
1154:away, and placing
1135:, and revered the
1095:on their way from
881:Weather portal
497:Atlantic hurricane
475:European windstorm
382:Volcanic lightning
343:Cumulonimbus cloud
4520:
4519:
4477:Witch (archetype)
4439:
4438:
4388:
4387:
3714:Sympathetic magic
3541:
3540:
3303:
3302:
3212:Basic topics list
3013:Swiss mercenaries
2963:Wars of the Roses
2870:Kingdom of Poland
2855:Holy Roman Empire
2722:Early Middle Ages
2680:
2679:
2587:Crisis management
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2436:
2435:
2245:
2244:
2222:Geomagnetic storm
2195:
2194:
2061:
2060:
1988:
1987:
1932:Soil liquefaction
1854:Natural disasters
1627:
1626:
1605:
1604:
1278:chemical elements
1111:remedies against
915:
914:
240:
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160:
159:
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134:
57:
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4451:Magic in fiction
4281:Northern Moravia
4235:
4234:
4215:Papua New Guinea
4183:
4182:
3967:Nine sorceresses
3719:Witches' Sabbath
3568:Ceremonial magic
3558:Apotropaic magic
3352:
3351:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3273:
3232:Medieval studies
3076:Church and State
2950:Late Middle Ages
2842:High Middle Ages
2760:Christianization
2730:Migration Period
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2552:Humanitarian aid
2348:Military nuclear
2343:Civilian nuclear
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2154:Tropical cyclone
2148:Tornado outbreak
2070:
2069:
1997:
1996:
1950:Pyroclastic flow
1942:Volcano eruption
1871:
1870:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1823:
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1819:
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1647:
1640:
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1617:
1616:
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1479:
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1419:tropical cyclone
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1229:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1205:
907:
900:
893:
879:
878:
492:Tropical cyclone
404:Dry thunderstorm
299:Tropical seasons
242:
241:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
192:this article by
183:inline citations
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4404:
4384:
4346:
4300:Northern Europe
4295:
4264:
4224:
4174:
4017:
4011:
3894:
3888:
3827:Magical weapons
3777:Flying ointment
3728:
3573:Magical formula
3537:
3474:
3421:Greece and Rome
3343:
3334:
3304:
3299:
3261:
3242:Neo-medievalism
3190:
3126:Itinerant court
3049:
2944:
2865:Georgian Empire
2850:Norman Conquest
2836:
2782:Frankish Empire
2716:
2711:
2681:
2676:
2658:
2617:
2596:
2545:Countermeasures
2540:
2496:
2492:Nightclub fires
2455:Economic crises
2432:
2423:Opioid epidemic
2372:
2297:
2241:
2191:
2158:
2122:Cyclonic storms
2117:
2099:
2057:
2053:Limnic eruption
2029:
2003:
1984:
1972:Natural erosion
1966:
1936:
1910:
1902:
1860:
1851:
1811:
1663:
1658:
1628:
1623:
1601:
1518:
1487:
1468:
1425:
1367:
1347:
1338:Gaia hypothesis
1328:Plate tectonics
1289:
1239:
1233:
1176:
1105:
1074:Catholic Church
1023:
935:
933:Agobard of Lyon
911:
873:
868:
867:
843:
835:
834:
693:
683:
682:
595:
585:
584:
573:Ground blizzard
333:
323:
322:
301:
291:
290:
266:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
188:Please help to
187:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4583:
4582:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:, p. 112.
4543:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4351:Western Europe
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4269:Eastern Europe
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4007:Witch of Endor
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3884:Witch's ladder
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Misconceptions
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3045:Little Ice Age
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Western Schism
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2745:Late antiquity
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2465:Sacrifice zone
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2368:Infrastructure
2365:
2363:Mast and tower
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2066:Meteorological
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Seismic hazard
1918:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Czech Republic
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1104:
1101:
1045:permitted the
1022:
1019:
934:
931:
913:
912:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
884:
883:
870:
869:
866:
865:
860:
855:
853:Climate change
850:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
800:
795:
788:Severe weather
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
764:
763:
758:
748:
747:
746:
736:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
706:
705:
700:
694:
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
653:
648:
647:
646:
636:
631:
626:
625:
624:
622:Megacryometeor
614:
609:
608:
607:
596:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
555:
550:
545:
540:
539:
538:
528:
527:
526:
521:
511:
506:
505:
504:
499:
489:
484:
483:
482:
477:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
420:
419:
418:
408:
407:
406:
401:
396:
386:
385:
384:
374:
373:
372:
367:
362:
352:
351:
350:
345:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
314:
313:
302:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
262:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:
238:
237:
220:
219:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4623:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Folk religion
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Three Witches
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Morgan le Fay
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Kitchen witch
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Latin America
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:Witch smeller
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
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2951:
2947:
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2926:
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2918:
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2913:
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2905:Scholasticism
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
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2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Rise of Islam
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:Civil defense
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:Organizations
2620:
2613:
2609:
2608:Disaster film
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2592:Disaster area
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:Famine scales
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:by death toll
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Meteor shower
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Coastal flood
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:United States
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1755:
1753:
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1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:by death toll
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1488:(abiogenesis)
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
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1428:
1420:
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1412:
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1410:
1407:
1405:
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1400:
1397:
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1392:
1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1370:
1364:
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1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
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1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Earth science
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:Because many
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:superstitious
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:ancient times
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:Storm raising
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
919:medieval lore
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
886:
885:
882:
877:
872:
871:
864:
861:
859:
858:Tornado terms
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
817:
816:United States
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
735:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
707:
704:
701:
699:
698:Air pollution
696:
695:
692:
687:
686:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:Precipitation
589:
588:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
488:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
417:
414:
413:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:
319:
316:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
248:
244:
243:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
195:
191:
185:
184:
178:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: â
100:
99:"Tempestarii"
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4611:Weather lore
4575:
4554:Flint (1991)
4532:
4472:Witch (word)
4421:Witch's mark
4230:Early Modern
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4128:Daemonologie
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4080:Laienspiegel
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
3962:Muma PÄdurii
3893:Folklore and
3864:Sator Square
3817:Magic circle
3812:Magic carpet
3772:Crystal ball
3709:Spiritualism
3533:Witch doctor
3416:Cunning folk
3066:Architecture
3038:Great Famine
3028:Universities
2968:Hussite Wars
2885:Great Schism
2772:Papal States
2536:Survival kit
2358:Levee breach
2212:Impact event
2200:Astronomical
2134:Thunderstorm
2129:Bomb cyclone
1993:Hydrological
1962:Volcanic ash
1927:Seismic risk
1875:Mass wasting
1594:
1527:Biodiversity
1513:astrobiology
1235:Elements of
1200:Weather lore
1148:church bells
1141:
1133:commandments
1106:
1078:
1051:
1024:
1006:
995:
993:
989:
985:
982:
958:
953:
943:
936:
927:Tempestarius
926:
922:
916:
634:Diamond dust
558:Winter storm
389:Thunderstorm
226:
208:
199:
180:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4179:Persecution
4048:Formicarius
3992:Spearfinger
3932:Elbow witch
3832:Magic sword
3797:Julleuchter
3782:Goofer dust
3724:White magic
3637:Incantation
3563:Black magic
3518:Renaissance
3486:Chaos magic
3458:Middle East
3389:Philippines
3295:WikiProject
3222:Medievalism
3061:Agriculture
2925:Manorialism
2920:Communalism
2915:Monasticism
2832:Reconquista
2822:Kievan Rus'
2672:WikiProject
2572:Evacuations
2509:Preparation
2418:Biosecurity
2293:Spaceflight
2227:Solar flare
2113:Megadrought
2073:Temperature
2046:Megatsunami
2025:Storm surge
2020:Flash flood
1898:Debris flow
1787:South Korea
1767:Philippines
1757:New Zealand
1578:Prokaryotes
1366:Atmosphere
1361:Meteorology
1160:Palm Sunday
1027:witch hunts
1025:During the
1007:tempestarii
996:tempestarii
954:tempestarii
923:Tempestarii
848:Meteorology
783:Meteorology
671:Snow roller
666:Snow grains
629:Ice pellets
578:Snow squall
509:Storm surge
455:Anticyclone
411:Mesocyclone
399:Thundersnow
348:Arcus cloud
194:introducing
4590:Categories
4524:References
4492:Maleficium
4416:Witch-hunt
4220:Witch camp
3879:Witch ball
3822:Magic ring
3807:Love charm
3662:Necromancy
3657:Moon magic
3652:Mediumship
3647:Love magic
3632:Gray magic
3612:Divination
3411:Benandanti
3341:witchcraft
3217:Land terms
3171:Technology
3151:Philosophy
3131:Literature
3096:Demography
2797:Viking Age
2353:Oil spills
2303:Industrial
1908:Earthquake
1866:Geological
1697:Bangladesh
1459:Wilderness
1312:geological
1195:Witchcraft
1185:Witch-hunt
1180:Solomonari
1129:invocation
1127:, and the
1125:sacraments
1113:witchcraft
1093:Queen Anne
1035:hailstorms
842:Glossaries
778:Jet stream
717:Convection
703:Atmosphere
651:Cloudburst
514:Dust storm
480:Nor'easter
450:Fire whirl
445:Dust devil
438:Waterspout
365:Heat burst
360:Microburst
318:Wet season
306:Dry season
202:March 2022
177:references
140:March 2016
110:newspapers
39:improve it
4393:Classical
3912:Baba Yaga
3895:mythology
3704:Spiritism
3694:Sex magic
3672:Shamanism
3667:Occultism
3622:Evocation
3617:Entheogen
3595:Damnation
3546:Practices
3202:Dark Ages
3111:Household
3106:Hastilude
2875:Feudalism
2283:Shipwreck
2266:Transport
2258:Accidents
2237:Hypernova
2232:Supernova
2180:Firestorm
2095:Heat wave
2090:Ice storm
2085:Cold wave
1888:Avalanche
1883:Landslide
1816:Disasters
1742:Indonesia
1692:Australia
1661:Disasters
1537:Eukaryota
1504:Hierarchy
1499:Biosphere
1464:Wildfires
1454:Radiation
1444:Ecosystem
1384:Moonlight
1318:Structure
1273:particles
1085:John Fian
1066:sorcerers
1058:magicians
1039:lightning
973:Christian
941:of Lyon.
773:Heat wave
768:Cold wave
712:Chemistry
563:Ice storm
553:Firestorm
465:Polar low
433:Landspout
416:Supercell
377:Lightning
355:Downburst
311:Harmattan
245:Part of
45:talk page
4601:Folklore
4574:(1991),
4426:Pricking
4337:Scotland
4260:Virginia
4250:New York
4245:Maryland
4238:Americas
3987:Sorginak
3977:Pasiphaë
3869:Talisman
3839:Mojo bag
3787:Grimoire
3682:Regional
3627:Familiar
3590:Anathema
3506:Neopagan
3501:Medieval
3406:Akelarre
3285:Category
3252:Timeline
3141:Minstrel
3136:Medicine
3018:Chivalry
2973:Burgundy
2895:Crusades
2472:Military
2442:Man-made
2413:Pandemic
2401:Epidemic
2278:Maritime
2187:ARkStorm
2175:Wildfire
2080:Blizzard
1980:Sinkhole
1797:Thailand
1777:Portugal
1762:Pakistan
1668:Overview
1619:Category
1588:bacteria
1571:protista
1532:Organism
1399:Sunlight
1245:Universe
1190:Paganism
1174:See also
1144:peasants
1119:origin.
1089:James VI
1031:tempests
1004:Frankish
975:, not a
644:Freezing
605:Freezing
568:Blizzard
247:a series
4564:Sources
4465:Related
4409:Related
4327:Iceland
4322:Finland
4317:England
4312:Denmark
4276:Hungary
3972:Obayifo
3902:Agamede
3859:Potions
3792:Incense
3733:Objects
3553:Animism
3528:Warlock
3463:Oceania
3446:Britain
3195:Related
3181:Warfare
3176:Theatre
3166:Slavery
3161:Science
3116:Hunting
3081:Cuisine
3054:Culture
2993:Castile
2988:England
2326:Nuclear
2170:Derecho
2144:Tornado
2105:Drought
2041:Tsunami
1893:Mudflow
1807:Vietnam
1782:Romania
1722:Estonia
1712:Croatia
1685:by cost
1596:Viruses
1583:archaea
1559:animals
1511: (
1509:Biology
1486:Origin
1439:Ecology
1414:tornado
1374:Climate
1368:(Earth)
1353:Weather
1323:Geology
1310: (
1308:History
1097:Denmark
1070:witches
1062:shamans
1000:Magonia
948:to the
939:Agobard
798:Extreme
744:Physics
734:Climate
722:Physics
612:Graupel
600:Drizzle
548:Sirocco
531:Monsoon
502:Typhoon
460:Cyclone
423:Tornado
370:Derecho
255:Weather
190:improve
124:scholar
4378:Basque
4363:Geneva
4358:France
4342:Sweden
4332:Norway
4307:Baltic
4291:Russia
4286:Poland
4187:Modern
4171:(1751)
4163:(1647)
4155:(1627)
4147:(1608)
4139:(1599)
4131:(1597)
4123:(1595)
4115:(1593)
4107:(1591)
4099:(1584)
4091:(1563)
4083:(1509)
4075:(1489)
4067:(1487)
4059:(1484)
4051:(1475)
4043:(1440)
4035:(1376)
3982:Sebile
3937:Hecate
3907:Aradia
3854:Poppet
3849:Nkondi
3762:Censer
3745:Athame
3740:Amulet
3699:Sigils
3687:Yellow
3496:Hoodoo
3491:Goetia
3468:MÄkutu
3396:Europe
3367:Azande
3362:Africa
3355:Region
3275:Portal
3156:Poetry
2983:France
2531:Safety
2384:Famine
2377:Health
2316:Bridge
1792:Sweden
1772:Poland
1702:Canada
1547:plants
1379:Clouds
1343:Future
1333:Oceans
1285:Change
1268:Matter
1263:Energy
1237:nature
1156:charms
1152:devils
1121:Prayer
1068:, and
1052:Since
1037:, and
1015:Bishop
961:saints
950:church
946:tithes
806:Canada
761:Season
691:Topics
536:Amihan
524:Haboob
519:Simoom
331:Storms
286:Autumn
281:Summer
276:Spring
271:Winter
179:, but
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
4512:Adept
4373:Spain
4368:Italy
4255:Salem
4210:Nepal
4205:India
4016:Major
3952:Medea
3947:Kalku
3927:Drude
3922:Dayan
3917:Circe
3844:Nkisi
3755:besom
3750:Broom
3677:Black
3607:Demon
3585:Curse
3580:Coven
3511:Wicca
3431:Völva
3426:SeiĂ°r
3401:Italy
3372:Ghana
3348:Types
3337:Magic
3186:Women
3146:Music
3101:Domes
3091:Dance
2978:Milan
2601:Media
2487:Riots
2163:Other
2034:Other
2001:Flood
1955:Lahar
1752:Malta
1747:Japan
1737:India
1732:Haiti
1707:China
1675:Lists
1566:fungi
1554:fauna
1542:flora
1449:Field
1404:Tides
1295:Earth
1253:Space
1168:crops
1164:charm
1137:rites
1117:pagan
1047:Devil
977:witch
969:devil
965:faith
811:Japan
739:Cloud
727:River
676:Slush
338:Cloud
131:JSTOR
117:books
3942:Huld
3874:Wand
3642:Jinn
3600:Jinx
3479:Form
3384:Asia
3339:and
2477:Wars
2406:list
2389:List
2273:Rail
2138:Hail
2006:List
1913:List
1474:Life
1409:Wind
1394:Snow
1389:Rain
1258:Time
1091:and
1011:corn
925:(or
793:List
756:Mist
656:Snow
639:Rain
617:Hail
543:Gale
103:news
3071:Art
2321:Dam
2288:Air
1043:God
917:In
751:Fog
86:by
4592::
4546:^
1856:â
1123:,
1083:.
1064:,
1060:,
1033:,
921:,
249:on
48:.
4540:.
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2150:)
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2136:(
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2004:(
1915:)
1911:(
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233:)
227:(
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209:(
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200:(
186:.
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147:(
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138:(
128:·
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55:)
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