1362:, was introduced to South Africa in the early 1990s. The impulse for this form of television in South Africa arose from a desire to overcome the divisions and imbalances in broadcasting resulting from apartheid. An important conference held in the Netherlands in 1991 saw a broad range of NGOs and Community Groups resolve that the full diversity of the country should be expressed in its broadcasting. Subsequently, community television was introduced to South Africa by legislation known as the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act of 1993. The act enabled three tiers of broadcasting, these being public, commercial, and community. While many community radio stations sprang up from that time, initially in Durban and Cape Town, community television was enabled only for temporary event licences of up to four weeks in duration. It was only after the national broadcasting regulator, the
592:, and creating unfair competition for the Afrikaans press. Moreover, as the 1950s progressed, the SABC's finances were becoming more desperate, after buying more land for its Auckland Park facilities, expansion of Bantu radio services and loans to install FM transmitters and services. With those plans, the SABC's ambitions were hampered. In the late 50s, UP member B. Wilson had already claimed that the idea to introduce television was no longer of "astronomical proportions", whereas the National Party in the 1960s believed that the benefits of television did not justify the high expenses.
96:
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490:
1956:
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television technology around the world, and its impact was still being studied. Naudé in 1952 said that South Africa had interest in developing its television service in the future, which for the standards of the time was still seen as expensive for the government. The SABC on its behalf said that it was improbable for South Africa to get a service in the near future, due to the cost of installing equipment, importing sets and producing programmes.
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Germany, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, Rhodesia, France and the United Kingdom between 1958 and 1963 alone. These films contained news, interviews and documentary items, and were viewed by millions of viewers, with the cost of production amounting to thousands of rands. The opposition, in principle, did not disapprove of these films, but raised questions about the government's argument.
606:
6201:
24:
830:
programming, using the TV2 and TV3 broadcast channels, which then had to end transmission at 9:00 pm. In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary
Community Values). A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or Topsport Surplus Sport, Topsport being the brand
625:
On the other side, the South
African government had been producing filmed content for television broadcasters as early as the late 1950s. The Department of Information's Television Section produced more than two hundred films sent to television stations in the United States, Canada, Australia, West
719:
The commission also argued that people in South Africa would eventually be able to receive foreign television broadcasts via satellite, thereby bypassing government censorship, and that this should be pre-empted through the introduction of a domestic service. In addition, it would be inconceivable
637:
in 1969, South Africa was one of the few countries unable to watch the event live, prompting one newspaper to remark, "The moon film has proved to be the last straw… The situation is becoming a source of embarrassment for the country." In response to public demand, the government arranged limited
1396:
In addition to the above-mentioned services a channel called Bay TV (now known as Mpuma Kapa TV and only available on DStv) started up in Port
Elizabeth, Tshwane TV in Pretoria and 1KZN TV in Richards Bay. All of these channels had seven-year 'class' licenses. In 2014 these channels collectively
1199:
On 4 February 1996, two years after the ANC came to power, the SABC reorganised its three TV channels, so as to be more representative of different language groups. This resulted in the downgrading of
Afrikaans' status by reducing its airtime from 50% to 15%, a move that alienated many Afrikaans
995:
of programme sales to South Africa, which, combined with a similar boycott by
Australia, meant that South African TV was dominated by programming from the United States. As a result, it was only after the end of apartheid that the boycott was lifted and non-US programming became much more widely
1315:
licence, decided in April 2009 not to pursue the launch of television services as its parent company Telkom did not believe adequate investment returns could be achieved, ad was liquidated. The remaining licensees were expected to be operational by late 2009 and all will operate direct-to-home
557:
on 6 April 1951, by sending a question to the
Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, J. F. Naudé. The SABC had set goals for television since 1944 at earliest. The SABC later reiterated that the introduction of a television service was deemed too costly, coupled with the initial developments of the
1397:
reached an audience of around 12 million viewers and all are carried both terrestrially on local analogue frequencies as well as nationally on pay-TV platforms, principally DStv. In 2013, Alex TV launched on the OpenView platform serving residents of
Gauteng and lasted for two years.
1373:
Community television stations must, by law, a) serve a particular community; b) be run by a non-profit organisation; and c) involve members of the community in the selection and production of programming. Issues of frequency availability are complicated by the migration to
1207:
Previously, subtitling was confined to productions such as operas and operettas. It was not used on TV1, on the assumption that most viewers understood both
Afrikaans and English, nor on CCV, despite presenters using two or more different languages during a single segment.
779:
having introduced the first such service in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not establish a television service until the early 1990s, similarly concerned about the expense and perceived threat to cultural norms). The
Government, advised by SABC technicians, took the view that
688:, remarked that the South African government "had been wise to stand firm against a great deal of well-organised pressure and to insist on waiting until some means might be found of separating television from some of the evils which have attended it in other countries".
1413:
operator MultiChoice in 1995. On 22 February 2007, the South African government announced that the country's public TV operators would be broadcasting in digital by 1 November 2008, followed by a three-year dual-illumination period which would end on 1 November 2011.
617:, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs at the time, argued that "the effect of wrong pictures on children, the less developed and other races can be destructive". Declaring that TV would come to South Africa "over dead body," Hertzog denounced it as "only a miniature
3368:
716:, and later of the SABC. A majority of its members, of whom nine were Broederbond members, recommended that a television service be introduced, provided that "effective control" was exercised "to the advantage of our nation and country".
621:
which is being carried into the house and over which parents have no control." He also argued that "South Africa would have to import films showing race mixing; and advertising would make Africans dissatisfied with their lot."
601:
compared television with atomic bombs and poison gas, claiming that "they are modern things, but that does not mean they are desirable. The government has to watch for any dangers to the people, both spiritual and physical."
861:
on 1 October. However, as part of M-NetĘĽs licensing restrictions, it could not broadcast news programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC, although M-Net started broadcasting a current affairs programme called
5029:
1203:
SABC TV programmes in Afrikaans and other languages are now subtitled in English, but programmes in English are not usually subtitled in other languages, the perception being that all South Africans understand English.
3376:
4944:
4784:
3341:
Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge & Joshua Ogada, Re-visioning Television: Policy, Strategy and Models for the Sustainable Development of Community Television in South Africa (HSRC Press, 2006), p. 43.
1288:
In November 2007 regulators announced the award of four new broadcast licences after a process that saw 18 applications. The successful applicants were Walking on Water, a dedicated Christian service,
4804:
1277:
was launched in 2007 with eight hours of local programming and the remainder pulled from other CNBC affiliates. CNBC Africa competes with Summit, a business television station owned by media group
740:, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between
1531:
was previously used in South Africa for business and educational TV services, but since the introduction of Ku-band satellite transmissions in 1995, most MMDS transmitters have been dismantled.
1370:
on community television in 2004, that longer term licences of up to one year were enabled. This licensing regime was changed in 2010 when the duration for class licences was set at seven years.
2180:
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in 1998. e.tv also provided the first local television news service outside of the SABC stable, although M-Net's parent company, MultiChoice, offers services such as CNN International,
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4819:
2785:
2716:
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after regular transmission ended, throughout the night, thereby giving South African viewers new sources of international news. This was followed by a further agreement with
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In 1968, the government's opposition to the introduction of television began to soften after Hertzog was removed as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs by Prime Minister
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4954:
4844:
4779:
1337:
taking over a 20% share of ODM. By doing so, StarTimes effectively acquired a 65% economic interest in ODM. The vote also included adoption of a business rescue plan.
5085:
4909:
2717:
Ban on sale of TV shows to South Africa lifted: Anti-apartheid blockade by actors' union dropped following reform of broadcasting, but opposition to touring remains
1433:
to begin the migration process according to the published timetable. The timetable is phased as follows which is a delay of 4 years from the original one proposed:
4829:
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TopTV was officially rebranded as StarSat on 31 October 2013. The new packages and channels associated with the new brand were made available on 1 December 2013.
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satellite television service. It offers a number of South African and international television channels and broadcasts principally in English, but also in
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1363:
198:
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629:
However, many white South Africans, including some Afrikaners, did not share Hertzog's hostility towards what he called "the little black box". When
520:
1027:
The first locally produced TV programmes in South Africa were in English and Afrikaans. English-language programmes include the family drama series
2944:
2134:
2097:, Volume 550, Issue 75, Irving Kaplan, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969, page 255
1343:
On 15 October 2013, eMedia Investments launched South Africa's first free to view platform Openview consisting of 18 channels including additional
1188:(ANC) came to power, the SABC would revert to type and serve the government of the day. However, starting on March 15, 1993, the SABC also carried
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networks in South Africa, because maintaining a cable network is expensive due to the need to cover larger and more sparsely populated areas.
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of newspapers through its subsidiary, the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company, and Davenport and Meyer, the latter of which operated
444:
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but a lack of financial backers and initial insistence on using analogue technology as opposed to digital technology resulted in failure.
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name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994.
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1418:
732:
In 1971, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a television service. Initially, the proposal was for two television channels, one in
42:
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213:
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1122:, was shown around the world in the 1980s, but this was only possible because the SABC had licensed the series to a US distributor.
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1515:
In October 2013, eMedia Investments launched its free-to-view platform Openview offering both local and international programming.
1196:
signed on 21 September 1993, with the SABC channels gaining access to a live feed for eleven to twelve hours a day from 3 October.
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pointed out that even less economically advanced countries in Africa had already introduced television. In addition, neighbouring
4258:
4051:
3562:
3197:
3169:
2592:"Shows Allow Blacks, Whites to Share Cultural Experiences : South African Viewers Get a Mixed TV Message From U.S. Programs"
1970:
1736:
1293:
2423:
6147:
4723:
4517:
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3438:. Government Communication and Information System (GCIS). Issued by Government Gazette, Vol. 519, No. 31408. 8 September 2008.
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The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. It also became available in
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1454:
2019 – As of 2019 there has been no switch-off of analogue signal and the digital migration seems to have stagnated again.
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1669:
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1941:
1143:, which has been broadcast in over 20 countries, including Japan, France, South Korea, and in the United States on the
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as the digital television standard in South Africa, following the trend in this direction of several African nations.
6003:
4293:
4240:
4215:
4127:
4031:
3820:
3779:
3723:
3655:
2880:
2657:
60:
1466:, but ran into political complications, along with private broadcasters agitating for certain television standards.
5788:
5336:
5138:
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4307:
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3978:
3973:
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2106:
771:, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service,
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platform, although the inclusion of CNBC Africa in the offering of new satellite players seems a near certainty.
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474:
390:
321:
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4364:
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3552:, Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa, Christo Viljoen, Government Printer, 1991, page 31
2181:
The Devil in the Black Box: Ethnic Nationalism, Cultural Imperialism, and the Outlawing of TV under Apartheid
1389:, it is also available by satellite on the MultiChoice platform. The second community television licence was
901:
566:
367:
226:
128:
121:
2801:
1378:. This led ICASA declaring a moratorium on considering new community TV licence applications in March 2010.
1125:
Since the end of apartheid, some South African-produced programmes have been shown internationally, such as
6194:
5955:
5852:
5395:
5190:
5162:
5111:
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2005:
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642:
362:
34:
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1307:
e.sat decided not to launch services but rather adopt a content provider business model. e.sat launched
1162:
6043:
5965:
5904:
5611:
4959:
4716:
4616:
4429:
4349:
4329:
4157:
4132:
4117:
3718:
1438:
1311:, a 24-hour news channel, in 2008 on the MultiChoice platform. Telkom Media, which was also granted an
1282:
1281:, which broadcasts only during evening prime time. Both stations are available only on the MultiChoice
1228:
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349:
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transmission, and states that the department will provide funding to the national signal distributor
1350:
From 1 May 2021, PremiumFree TV launches in the market to serve as a rival to the Openview platform.
1185:
869:
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254:
236:
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907:
853:
In 1986, the SABC's monopoly was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as
693:
332:
208:
116:
2568:
2257:
1916:
1184:, the SABC's news coverage moved towards being more objective, although many feared that once the
6013:
5998:
5842:
5793:
5716:
5616:
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5180:
5175:
4676:
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4439:
4409:
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4273:
4210:
4193:
4009:
3848:
3840:
3422:"South African Advertising Research Foundation (SAARF) Television Audience Measure Survey (TAMS)"
3351:
3183:
2330:
2270:
1068:, which were later made into feature films. Children's programmes included puppet shows, such as
708:. In 1971, it appointed a "Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to Television", headed by
553:
Opposition leader K. Ueckermann was the first politician to suggest a television service for the
106:
86:
2647:
2078:
1421:
announced its Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy. The policy will govern the switchover from
5935:
5721:
5536:
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4834:
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2536:
2052:
1931:
1110:
792:
691:
In the absence of television in South Africa, a radio version of the British television series
417:
3215:
2166:
822:, aimed at a black urban audience. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying
5837:
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5428:
5316:
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4324:
3877:
3703:
3049:
2615:
1301:
713:
709:
674:
638:
viewings of the landing, in which people were able to watch recorded footage for 15 minutes.
562:
428:
404:
381:
305:
249:
133:
77:
5170:
2627:
1097:, which achieved the SABC's highest viewing figures in the late 1980s. It was also shown in
5751:
5711:
5681:
5438:
5373:
5195:
5004:
4999:
4939:
4894:
4749:
4542:
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3129:
2821:
2188:
1359:
1240:
1149:
1093:
988:
945:
886:
464:
357:
153:
3644:
3615:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958-1969"
3435:
3398:
3307:"Welcome to the official South African government online site! | South African Government"
2031:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958-1969"
1843:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958-1969"
701:, in 1972. While it only ran for eighteen months, the radio series proved highly popular.
8:
5761:
5701:
5460:
5422:
5220:
5205:
4979:
4929:
4884:
4869:
4849:
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4142:
2570:
The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation
2439:
The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation
1494:
1463:
1422:
1070:
959:
654:
494:
339:
1333:
On 30 April 2013, shareholders of On Digital Media voted to approve China-based company
5988:
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5876:
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5651:
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3152:
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1490:
1445:
1426:
1406:
1000:
868:
in 1988. As the state-controlled broadcaster, the SABC was accused of bias towards the
800:
536:
was introduced in 1976. The country is notable for the late introduction of widespread
178:
3566:
2108:
Viewing the Foreign and the Local in Zimbabwe: Film, Television, and the Shona Viewers
6028:
5950:
5864:
5847:
5810:
5656:
5486:
5455:
5321:
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4452:
3917:
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2653:
2573:, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 120
2442:, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 127
2030:
1937:
1842:
1189:
911:. However, in July 1986, in order to accommodate English speakers, the SABC began to
843:
781:
646:
173:
148:
138:
5696:
3102:(6). San Francisco, CA: International Association of Business Communicators: 58–60.
2332:
Mass Media, Towards the Millennium: The South African Handbook of Mass Communication
1243:, AstraPlus and AstraSport which were intended to catapult the corporation into the
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2015 – ~100% digital coverage and switch-off of all remaining analogue transmitters
1258:
terrestrial television was broken with the introduction of privately owned channel
1158:
768:
741:
733:
598:
589:
3231:
2981:
2541:, African Studies Institute of the University of the Witwatersrand, 1979, page 106
1393:, first licensed in 2008. The station serves the greater Cape Town metro region.
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5259:
5247:
3932:
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TopTV would offer a total of 55 channels with 25 channels in its basic offering.
1130:
916:
819:
698:
279:
274:
188:
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5731:
5706:
5666:
5636:
5511:
5346:
5299:
5274:
5232:
4628:
3927:
3317:
3148:
3054:, Don M. Flournoy, Robert K. Stewart, University of Luton Press, 1997, page 150
2510:
2010:
1512:, Portuguese and Afrikaans. The platform rebranded into Starsat later in 2013.
1509:
1410:
1367:
1317:
1263:
1181:
1016:
976:
815:
811:
796:
721:
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264:
259:
183:
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5227:
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1385:
in 2007. The station serves the southern Johannesburg region and principally
1005:
981:
827:
807:
653:
in 1960, the first country in Africa south of the equator to do so. Known as
618:
294:
1820:
South Africa Enters the Electronic Age: The Decision to Introduce Television
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that came into the country when they became available in mass quantities.
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5646:
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5591:
5551:
5410:
4633:
4582:
4547:
4263:
3907:
3887:
3357:. Independent Communications Authority of South Africa. 30 November 2004.
2083:, Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union, 1962, page 12
1274:
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1232:
1165:
airing 130 episodes by the pairing of a package of 260 episodes in 1998.
1115:
954:
891:
681:
163:
143:
3805:
2585:
2291:, Annenberg School of Communications, Volume 26:1, Winter 1976, page 104
2111:, Katrina Daly Thompson University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2004, page 125
1409:
implementation in South Africa was a satellite-based system launched by
684:, who served as Director of the Government Information Department under
6091:
5798:
5496:
5405:
5361:
5331:
5309:
4701:
4611:
4599:
3251:
Telkom fails to find a new investor for Telkom Media and closes company
2949:
1323:
On Digital Media announced on 18 March 2010 that it would be launching
1174:
1041:, featuring South African and British comedians, and variety programme
925:
920:
835:
785:
670:
662:
561:
The first proposal to introduce television in South Africa was made by
537:
95:
3660:
3436:"Electronic Communications Act: Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy"
2480:
6076:
5541:
5356:
5123:
4623:
3947:
3584:
3549:
Report of the Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa
3369:"Regulations: Standard Terms and Conditions for Class Licences, 2010"
1700:
1630:
1382:
1381:
The first community television station to get a one-year licence was
1334:
1221:
1154:
1102:
912:
889:
into Afrikaans, some of the first being the British detective series
806:
On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in
753:
745:
737:
685:
634:
582:
578:
244:
203:
3393:. Government Communication and Information System (GCIS). Issued by
957:
programmes dubbed in Afrikaans, such as the German detective series
6071:
6061:
5978:
5803:
5626:
4594:
3902:
1864:
Ideology and Technology in the Growth of South African Broadcasting
1267:
1248:
1217:
1193:
1098:
847:
776:
772:
666:
158:
3174:, Jon Orman, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, page 132
3171:
Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa
2379:
The Press and Apartheid: Repression and Propaganda in South Africa
784:
would have to be available so as to avoid a costly migration from
6066:
6051:
5269:
4589:
3284:
1430:
1225:
992:
950:
858:
839:
720:
that the Publications Control Board would be able to censor each
605:
2382:, William A. Hachten, C.Anthony Giffard Springer, 1984, page 222
1458:
The government had a goal to have digital television as well as
872:
regime, giving only limited coverage to opposition politicians.
6096:
6056:
5378:
2425:
South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa
1936:. London: Private Eye Productions in association with Deutsch.
1614:
1580:
1562:
1539:
Source: South African Audience Research Foundation (June 2013)
1474:
1386:
1244:
1126:
823:
757:
748:, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in
609:
Dr. Albert Hertzog, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs 1958–1968
3130:"Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora"
2414:, Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 68
1153:, was shown in 43 African countries, and was even exported to
1015:
from South African circulation, while the transmission of the
6081:
6018:
5326:
2868:
Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid
2149:
1762:
The Cinema of Apartheid. Race and Class in South African Film
1651:
1505:
1459:
1375:
1324:
1278:
1270:
via direct-broadcast satellite as part of its paid offering.
1119:
854:
763:
In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the
574:
3583:. South African Audience Research Foundation. Archived from
6023:
2252:
1687:
1596:
1528:
1486:
1344:
1312:
1308:
1259:
1236:
1144:
760:. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976.
554:
3421:
3091:
2349:, Reader's Digest Association South Africa, 1981, page 144
2171:, Ivor Wilkins, Hans Strydom Jonathan Ball, 1980, page 273
1437:
8 August 2008 – MultiChoice launches South Africa's first
1080:. Other programmes in Afrikaans were the sports programme
697:
was produced by Sonovision for SABC's commercial network,
3650:
2854:
Movies, moguls, mavericks: South African cinema 1979-1991
2234:
Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to Television
764:
3641:
Sentech's VIVID Free to Air satellite TV in South Africa
3620:
3609:
2963:'Shaka Zulu': Negative Metaphor For South African Blacks
2945:
Gloria Mudau: unassuming actress who lit up small screen
2871:, Ron Krabill University of Chicago Press, 2010, page 60
2857:, Johan Blignaut, Martin Botha, Showdata, 1992, page 376
2392:
S. Africa's black TV: on air to manipulate...or educate?
2275:, Automobile Club of Southern California., 1976, page 69
1304:. The MultiChoice licence was renewed at the same time.
791:
Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a
577:
broadcasting, it also saw the new medium as a threat to
2470:, Pieter J. Fourie, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001, page 14
2318:
The World's News Media: A Comprehensive Reference Guide
2202:
Unfinished Business: South Africa, Apartheid, and Truth
1139:, a co-production between the Imaginarium and Canada's
2456:, Richard Paterson, Tantivy Press, 1986, pages 181-183
2080:
EBU Review: Programmes, Administration, Law, Volume 71
2223:, Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001
1868:
Currents of Power: State Broadcasting in South Africa
1489:
is the main digital satellite television provider in
1327:
in May 2010 as a second pay satellite TV competitor.
1300:, a company 66% owned by telecommunications operator
680:
Commenting on Rhodesia's experience with television,
3482:
DVB-T2 Digital TV standard and white neo-colonialism
3397:, Vol. 490, No. 28743. 18 April 2006. Archived from
1364:
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
1231:
broadcasting services on 2 October 1995, soon after
3636:
First official TV broadcast in South Africa in 1976
3375:, Vol. 540, No. 33296. 14 June 2010. Archived from
3092:"Ahh … the Pitfalls of International Communication"
2982:"SCI FI ADDS 'CHARLIE JADE,' MORE IN COMING MONTHS"
2817:
South Africa Radio Denies Local Artists Are Snubbed
2411:
Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa
2220:
Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa
1493:, broadcasting principally in English, but also in
1462:up and running in time for the South Africa-hosted
1358:Another model of public service television, called
850:being retransmitted on a local low-power repeater.
3496:"Digital TV standards battle ends: Logic prevails"
3411:Government Gazette Vol. 537, No. 33605, March 2010
2359:The SABC… informing a nation… inspiring the future
1239:. Two years later the SABC launched its ill-fated
803:36. However, advertising began on 1 January 1978.
2467:Media Studies: Institutions, theories, and issues
2237:, Government Printer, South Africa, 1971, page 29
915:the original soundtrack of American series on an
752:began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in
6217:
1803:, 1953-09-11, col. 3334; Union of South Africa,
1060:Afrikaans programmes included the comedy series
987:Owing to South Africa's apartheid policies, the
846:, with a live feed of the channel broadcast via
3391:"Electronic Communications Act, No. 36 of 2005"
2335:, Arrie De Beer, J.L. van Schaik, 1998, page 56
37:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
3626:NEW TV STATION TO OPEN IN 1976 IN SOUTH AFRICA
3217:African Film and Television Magazine, Volume 7
2914:Voëlvry: The Movement that Rocked South Africa
2803:South African Mining & Engineering Journal
2125:, Ken Donaldson (Pty.) Limited, 1967, page 393
1045:. Other programmes were the children's series
999:However, some US production companies such as
5139:
4717:
3821:
3681:
3451:"Government confirms new digital TV standard"
3277:
2645:
2301:TV in South Africa marks its 40th anniversary
727:
569:government. Even though the state-controlled
548:
514:
3563:"The African Demand For Satellite Equipment"
3352:"Community Television Broadcasting Services"
3188:, The South Africa Foundation, 1989, page 80
2739:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 646
2139:, Ivor Benson, Dolphin Press, 1967, page 135
6154:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3127:
2428:, Department of Information, 1992, page 131
1866:, 1924-1971, in R. Tomaselli et al. (eds),
1742:List of television stations in South Africa
1504:In May 2010, On Digital Media launched the
1292:, a broad-spectrum entertainment offering,
6190:
5146:
5132:
4724:
4710:
3828:
3814:
3688:
3674:
2581:
2579:
1815:
1813:
1471:South African Department of Communications
1273:The first 24-hour local business channel,
1091:However, it was the Zulu-language comedy,
1019:ceremony to South Africa was also banned.
521:
507:
3835:
3229:
2028:, 7 July 1969, quoted by Bernard Cros in
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
4731:
3470:SA adopts DVB-T2 standard for digital TV
3448:
3206:, Volume 335, Issues 7917-7920, page 152
2690:
1907:"South Africa: The Other Vast Wasteland"
1826:, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Spring, 1974), page 15
604:
3449:Mammburu, Livhuwani (14 January 2011).
2736:Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis
2618:, TVSA - The South African TV Authority
2576:
2506:"A cracked mirror for a fractured land"
2122:Who's who of Southern Africa, Volume 54
1810:
1737:List of South African television series
1534:
1480:
1353:
1316:services using standard small-aperture
880:
6218:
5153:
3610:South African Broadcasting Corporation
3508:
3232:"Astrasat may be heading for the dump"
3089:
2807:, Thomson Publications, 1980, page xxx
2691:Lelyveld, Joseph (22 September 1985).
2321:, Harry Drost, Longman, 1991, page 499
1836:
1834:
1832:
1619:South African Broadcasting Corporation
1585:South African Broadcasting Corporation
1568:South African Broadcasting Corporation
571:South African Broadcasting Corporation
565:in 1953, but this was rejected by the
5127:
4705:
3809:
3669:
3621:TVSA - The South African TV Authority
3493:
3262:
3051:CNN: making news in the global market
2783:Obituary - Ann Graham (nee Greenwood)
2445:
2050:
1518:
1400:
1296:, a satellite service from e.tv, and
6200:
4538:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
3785:Protection of State Information Bill
3253:, Balancing Act Africa, 2 April 2009
2881:Liewe Heksie creator Verna Vels dies
2248:"South Africa: Apartheid Television"
1988:, 1963-06-14, cols. 7884-7891; RSA,
1929:
1444:2013 – begin digital transmissions (
1022:
974:Similarly, many programmes, such as
859:a consortium of newspaper publishers
17:
6231:1976 establishments in South Africa
3137:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
2917:, Pat Hopkins, Zebra, 2006, page 56
2767:Behind the scenes with Barry Hilton
1829:
1670:NBCUniversal International Networks
1168:
657:(RTV), its major shareholders were
13:
3509:Mawson, Nicola (14 January 2011).
3230:Kobokoane, Thabo (3 August 1997).
3128:Louw, Eric; Mersham, Gary (2001).
2903:, S.A.A.N. Limited, 1986, page 112
2649:Mass Media, Towards the Millennium
2514:. 24 December 1999. Archived from
2453:International TV & Video Guide
1915:. 20 November 1964. Archived from
1485:South African-based MultiChoice's
989:British Actors' Equity Association
14:
6247:
3603:
2835:6 legends: Great SA sportscasters
2792:, Screen Africa, 27 February 2012
2693:"South Africa: Dream and Reality"
1114:, based on the true story of the
941:(Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal)
635:first man to set foot on the Moon
573:(SABC) had a virtual monopoly on
6199:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6168:
5789:Free-space optical communication
5030:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4800:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3697:
3573:
3555:
3541:
2652:. J.L. van Schaik. p. 223.
2285:TV's Last Frontier: South Africa
1840:
838:, an enclave of South Africa in
488:
94:
22:
3795:South African Press Association
3521:
3502:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3442:
3428:
3414:
3405:
3383:
3361:
3344:
3335:
3299:
3256:
3244:
3223:
3209:
3191:
3177:
3163:
3121:
3090:Leaper, Norm (June–July 1996).
3083:
3065:"Murdoch enters African market"
3057:
3043:
3030:
3000:
2974:
2956:
2938:
2920:
2906:
2892:
2874:
2860:
2846:
2828:
2810:
2795:
2776:
2760:
2749:Gordon Mulholland dies, aged 89
2742:
2728:
2710:
2684:
2666:
2639:
2621:
2609:
2562:
2544:
2530:
2498:
2473:
2459:
2431:
2417:
2403:
2385:
2371:
2352:
2338:
2324:
2310:
2294:
2278:
2264:
2240:
2226:
2212:
2194:
2174:
2160:
2142:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2086:
2072:
2044:
2017:
1999:
1978:
1964:
1950:
1923:
1899:
1602:Hosken Consolidated Investments
1211:
905:, as well as the puppet series
3511:"Finally, SA is going digital"
3265:"Top TV to hit screens in May"
3263:Gedye, Lloyd (18 March 2010).
3220:, Z Productions, 1995, page 11
2927:New media group takes to stage
2673:Politiek correct en onkijkbaar
2053:"Apollo 11, Apartheid, and TV"
1996:, 1968-04-26, cols. 4149-4150.
1992:, 1968-03-05, col. 1619; RSA,
1896:, 1961-03-24, cols. 3649-3650.
1886:
1873:
1862:G. Hayman & R. Tomaselli,
1856:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1173:Following the easing of media
885:Many imported programmes were
875:
842:, which was itself then under
1:
3198:Surfing through the languages
3038:Africa Film & TV Magazine
2256:. 10 May 1971. Archived from
1747:
588:, giving undue prominence to
6175:Telecommunication portal
5956:Telecommunications equipment
3040:, nÂş. 16, January-March 1998
1473:chose the European standard
1419:Department of Communications
844:South African administration
7:
5692:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3036:"Egoli for Latin America",
2697:The New York Times Magazine
2006:South Africa Defends TV Ban
1961:, Volume 152, 1962, page 49
1730:
1043:The Knicky Knacky Knoo Show
1037:, as well as comedy series
963:, and the Dutch soap opera
10:
6252:
6226:Television in South Africa
5396:Telecommunications history
3656:Strong Technologies l.l.c.
3529:"Top TV launches Saturday"
3149:10.1177/011719680101000204
2616:The Six Million Dollar Man
1933:The white tribes revisited
1441:channel (DStv channel 170)
1229:direct-broadcast satellite
936:The Six Million Dollar Man
728:Introduction of television
549:Opposition to introduction
543:
534:Television in South Africa
6163:
6105:
6042:
6004:Public Switched Telephone
5964:
5928:
5885:
5826:
5816:telecommunication circuit
5777:Fiber-optic communication
5760:
5522:Francis Blake (telephone)
5469:
5317:Optical telecommunication
5161:
5043:
5018:
4737:
4663:
4528:
4438:
4315:
4306:
4201:
4192:
4103:
4094:
4000:
3991:
3966:
3856:
3847:
3772:
3757:
3714:
3012:Africa Film & TV 2000
3008:"Satisfying local demand"
2397:Christian Science Monitor
2346:South Africa's Yesterdays
1366:(ICASA), promulgated its
1186:African National Congress
1157:, where it was dubbed in
788:broadcasting technology.
661:companies, including the
5915:Orbital angular-momentum
5352:Satellite communications
5191:Communications satellite
4785:Central African Republic
3766:Afrikaans radio stations
2788:22 February 2016 at the
2364:15 February 2016 at the
2289:Journal of Communication
2185:School of Advanced Study
2094:Area Handbook for Zambia
2051:Nixon, Rob (July 1999).
1883:, 1959-06-01, col. 7059.
1807:, 1954-05-11, col. 4983.
1790:, 1952-05-09, col. 5539.
1469:On 14 January 2011, the
1224:saw the introduction of
1163:Venezolana de TelevisiĂłn
967:, known in Afrikaans as
814:and TV3 broadcasting in
5794:Molecular communication
5617:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5446:Undersea telegraph line
5181:Cable protection system
4259:State-owned enterprises
3958:Democratic South Africa
2150:"Avengers on the Radio"
1892:Union of South Africa,
1879:Union of South Africa,
1799:Union of South Africa,
1786:Union of South Africa,
1417:On 11 August 2008, the
1254:The SABC's monopoly on
1003:, withdrew series like
969:Hospitaal Wes Amsterdam
949:. This also applied to
895:(known in Afrikaans as
495:South Africa portal
214:Democratic South Africa
87:Culture of South Africa
5936:Communication protocol
5722:Charles Sumner Tainter
5537:Walter Houser Brattain
5482:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5290:Information revolution
3790:Media Appeals Tribunal
2646:Arrie De Beer (1998).
2628:The critics' thumbs-up
2559:, 9 April 1977, page 7
2538:The S.A. film industry
2481:"Carte Blanche: About"
1930:West, Richard (1978).
1822:, Edward C. Corrigan,
1147:. M-Net's soap opera
651:own television service
610:
6236:Television by country
5910:Polarization-division
5642:Narinder Singh Kapany
5607:Erna Schneider Hoover
5527:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5507:Alexander Graham Bell
5238:online video platform
4945:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4805:Republic of the Congo
3878:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3401:on 13 September 2013.
2485:About - Carte Blanche
2207:Dumisa Buhle Ntsebeza
2191:, Rob Nixon, page 122
1972:Australia's Neighbors
1053:and sports programme
714:Afrikaner Broederbond
608:
563:The Rank Organisation
134:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
5752:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5712:Almon Brown Strowger
5682:Charles Grafton Page
5337:Prepaid mobile phone
5265:Electrical telegraph
4732:Television in Africa
4513:World Heritage Sites
4289:Water and sanitation
3898:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3581:"Cume Channel Reach"
2586:GLENN FRANKEL (from
2260:on 20 February 2008.
2189:University of London
2168:The super-Afrikaners
1635:community television
1535:Most-viewed channels
1481:Satellite television
1376:digital broadcasting
1360:community television
1354:Community television
1150:Egoli: Place of Gold
1039:Biltong and Potroast
965:Medisch Centrum West
946:Beverly Hills, 90210
881:Imported programming
445:World Heritage Sites
154:Mthethwa Paramountcy
5702:Johann Philipp Reis
5461:Wireless revolution
5423:The Telephone Cases
5280:Hydraulic telegraph
5020:States with limited
3587:on 10 November 2013
3379:on 24 January 2015.
3371:. ICASA. Issued by
3270:Mail & Guardian
3096:Communication World
3071:. 23 September 1993
3018:on 11 February 2008
2953:, 11 September 2011
2771:Boksburg Advertiser
2633:Mail & Guardian
2588:The Washington Post
2551:Boer War on the box
2272:Westways, Volume 68
2209:Verso, 2003 page 35
1464:2010 FIFA World Cup
1071:Haas Das se Nuuskas
980:, were dubbed into
655:Rhodesia Television
649:had introduced its
384:and performing arts
5900:Frequency-division
5877:Telephone exchange
5747:Charles Wheatstone
5677:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5652:Innocenzo Manzetti
5587:Reginald Fessenden
5322:Optical telegraphy
5155:Telecommunications
3923:Transvaal Republic
3395:Government Gazette
3373:Government Gazette
3185:Information Digest
2986:TheFutonCritic.com
2971:, 21 November 1986
2886:Independent Online
2825:, 18 December 1982
2725:, 10 November 1993
2400:, 24 December 1981
2154:aor.theavengers.tv
2136:The Opinion Makers
2014:, 10 November 1964
1554:Monthly reach (%)
1519:Other technologies
1491:Sub-Saharan Africa
1407:digital television
1401:Digital technology
1241:satellite channels
712:, chairman of the
611:
179:Transvaal Republic
41:You can assist by
6213:
6212:
5951:Store and forward
5946:Data transmission
5860:Network switching
5811:Transmission line
5657:Guglielmo Marconi
5622:Internet pioneers
5487:Mohamed M. Atalla
5456:Whistled language
5121:
5120:
5047:other territories
4820:Equatorial Guinea
4699:
4698:
4659:
4658:
4302:
4301:
4294:Wealth inequality
4241:Income inequality
4188:
4187:
4163:Political parties
4128:Foreign relations
4090:
4089:
3987:
3986:
3918:Orange Free State
3893:Dutch Cape Colony
3883:Kingdom of Mutapa
3803:
3802:
3780:Alternative media
3647:on 6 August 2011.
3069:The Straits Times
2968:Los Angeles Times
2935:, 9 November 1997
2636:, 9 February 1996
2596:Los Angeles Times
2590:) (25 May 1986).
1728:
1727:
1460:mobile television
1190:CNN International
1108:The drama series
1023:Local programming
923:. These included
782:colour television
769:colour television
647:Southern Rhodesia
531:
530:
174:Orange Free State
149:Dutch Cape Colony
139:Kingdom of Mutapa
71:
70:
63:
6243:
6203:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6183:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6044:Notable networks
6034:Wireless network
5974:Cellular network
5966:Types of network
5941:Computer network
5828:Network topology
5742:Thomas A. Watson
5597:Oliver Heaviside
5582:Philo Farnsworth
5557:Daniel Davis Jr.
5532:Charles Bourseul
5492:John Logie Baird
5201:Data compression
5196:Computer network
5148:
5141:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5108:
5107:(United Kingdom)
5103:Tristan da Cunha
5099:Ascension Island
5091:
5078:
5069:
5045:Dependencies and
4738:Sovereign states
4726:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4679:
4672:
4498:National symbols
4420:Social movements
4313:
4312:
4254:
4226:Economic history
4199:
4198:
4101:
4100:
4067:Populated places
3998:
3997:
3938:Great Depression
3854:
3853:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3702:
3701:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3643:. Archived from
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:on 7 March 2001.
3565:. Archived from
3559:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3537:. 30 April 2010.
3525:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3494:Vermeulen, Jan.
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3316:. Archived from
3311:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3237:The Sunday Times
3227:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3195:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2960:
2954:
2942:
2936:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2889:, 22 August 2014
2878:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2832:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2583:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2553:, Richard West,
2548:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2307:, 5 January 1976
2298:
2292:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2025:The Sunday Times
2021:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1919:on 9 March 2008.
1903:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1827:
1817:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1764:, pp.14-15, 145.
1758:
1665:Studio Universal
1542:
1541:
1525:cable television
1318:satellite dishes
1302:Telkom Group Ltd
1290:On Digital Media
1169:Political change
1084:music programme
1066:Die Bosveldhotel
1062:Nommer Asseblief
931:Misdaad in Miami
599:Hendrik Verwoerd
523:
516:
509:
493:
492:
491:
194:Great Depression
98:
89:
73:
72:
66:
59:
55:
52:
46:
26:
25:
18:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6169:
6167:
6159:
6101:
6038:
5960:
5924:
5881:
5830:
5822:
5763:
5756:
5662:Robert Metcalfe
5517:Tim Berners-Lee
5465:
5285:Information Age
5157:
5152:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5089:
5076:
5067:
5048:
5046:
5039:
5023:
5021:
5014:
4733:
4730:
4700:
4695:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4655:
4524:
4503:Public holidays
4434:
4400:Sexual violence
4380:Life expectancy
4298:
4252:
4246:Mining industry
4184:
4148:Law enforcement
4086:
4052:Mountain ranges
3983:
3962:
3933:Second Boer War
3843:
3834:
3804:
3799:
3768:
3753:
3710:
3696:
3694:
3617:by Bernard Cros
3606:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3542:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3507:
3503:
3492:
3488:
3484:17 January 2011
3480:
3476:
3472:14 January 2011
3468:
3464:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3424:. October 2014.
3420:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:www.info.gov.za
3309:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3210:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3164:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2961:
2957:
2943:
2939:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2893:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2847:
2833:
2829:
2815:
2811:
2800:
2796:
2790:Wayback Machine
2781:
2777:
2765:
2761:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2722:The Independent
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2685:
2678:NRC Handelsblad
2671:
2667:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2577:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2518:on 7 March 2001
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2404:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2366:Wayback Machine
2357:
2353:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2265:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2004:
2000:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:Cros, Bernard.
1839:
1830:
1818:
1811:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1733:
1537:
1521:
1501:and Afrikaans.
1483:
1403:
1356:
1214:
1179:State President
1171:
1086:Musik en Liriek
1049:, music series
1025:
919:service called
883:
878:
786:black-and-white
730:
699:Springbok Radio
675:Portuguese rule
641:The opposition
551:
546:
527:
489:
487:
480:
479:
475:National anthem
460:
459:
450:
449:
440:
439:
423:
422:
408:
407:
396:
395:
386:
385:
373:
372:
353:
352:
327:
326:
322:Public holidays
317:
316:
300:
299:
240:
239:
221:
220:
219:
218:
189:Second Boer War
110:
109:
85:
67:
56:
50:
47:
40:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
6249:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6197:
6187:
6177:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5895:Space-division
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5845:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5732:Camille Tissot
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5707:Claude Shannon
5704:
5699:
5697:Tivadar Puskás
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Antonio Meucci
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5637:Charles K. Kao
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5612:Harold Hopkins
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Emile Berliner
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5451:Videotelephony
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5349:
5347:Radiotelephone
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Internet video
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:Western Sahara
5109:
5092:
5079:
5070:
5056:Canary Islands
5052:
5051:
5049:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:Cape Coloureds
4621:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4518:heritage sites
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Slum clearance
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Stock exchange
4261:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:Communications
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4180:State security
4177:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:National parks
4059:
4057:Municipalities
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:Climate change
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:First Boer War
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3604:External links
3602:
3599:
3598:
3572:
3554:
3540:
3520:
3501:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3441:
3427:
3413:
3404:
3382:
3360:
3343:
3334:
3323:on 4 July 2009
3298:
3276:
3255:
3243:
3222:
3208:
3190:
3176:
3162:
3120:
3082:
3056:
3042:
3029:
2999:
2973:
2955:
2937:
2932:Business Times
2919:
2905:
2900:Financial Mail
2891:
2873:
2859:
2845:
2843:, 22 June 2014
2827:
2809:
2794:
2775:
2773:, 28 July 2015
2759:
2741:
2727:
2709:
2683:
2665:
2658:
2638:
2620:
2608:
2575:
2561:
2543:
2529:
2511:Daily Dispatch
2497:
2472:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2416:
2402:
2384:
2370:
2351:
2337:
2323:
2309:
2293:
2277:
2263:
2239:
2225:
2211:
2205:, Terry Bell,
2193:
2173:
2159:
2141:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2043:
2016:
2011:New York Times
1998:
1977:
1975:, 1967, page 8
1963:
1949:
1943:978-0233970455
1942:
1922:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1855:
1828:
1809:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1760:K. Tomaselli,
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
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1589:
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1583:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1517:
1482:
1479:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1402:
1399:
1368:position paper
1355:
1352:
1283:direct-to-home
1264:BBC World News
1247:market called
1216:The launch of
1213:
1210:
1182:F. W. de Klerk
1170:
1167:
1145:Sci-Fi Channel
1133:/drama series
1094:'Sgudi 'Snaysi
1047:Bangalory Time
1024:
1021:
1017:Academy Awards
977:The Jeffersons
897:Blitspatrollie
882:
879:
877:
874:
729:
726:
722:video cassette
631:Neil Armstrong
615:Albert Hertzog
596:Prime Minister
567:National Party
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:broadcasting.
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
461:
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448:
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409:
403:
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401:
398:
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393:
387:
380:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
354:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
325:
324:
318:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:Northern Sotho
257:
252:
247:
241:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
223:
222:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
184:First Boer War
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
125:
124:
113:
112:
111:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
91:
90:
82:
81:
69:
68:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6248:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6198:
6196:
6188:
6186:
6178:
6176:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5920:Code-division
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Time-division
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:and switching
5829:
5825:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5782:optical fiber
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:Coaxial cable
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Radia Perlman
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Lee de Forest
5575:
5573:
5572:Thomas Edison
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Donald Davies
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:Claude Chappe
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Smoke signals
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:Semiconductor
5367:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5228:Digital media
5226:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Guinea-Bissau
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Social issues
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Land invasion
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Foreign trade
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Early history
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3203:The Economist
3199:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:(2): 303–33.
3142:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2757:, 1 July 2010
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2659:9780627023248
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2556:The Spectator
2552:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1775:Annual Report
1770:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:There are no
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:warrior King
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:The Villagers
1032:
1031:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:Knots Landing
1002:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:
956:
952:
948:
947:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
894:
893:
888:
873:
871:
867:
866:
865:Carte Blanche
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
829:
828:entertainment
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
799:, charged at
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
695:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
673:, then under
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:South African
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
632:
627:
623:
620:
616:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
556:
541:
539:
535:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
504:
502:
501:
496:
486:
485:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
454:
453:
446:
443:
442:
434:
433:
430:
427:
426:
419:
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129:Early history
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31:This article
29:
20:
19:
16:
5887:Multiplexing
5762:Transmission
5727:Nikola Tesla
5717:Henry Sutton
5672:Samuel Morse
5602:Robert Hooke
5567:Amos Dolbear
5502:John Bardeen
5421:
5401:Telautograph
5305:Mobile phone
5260:Edholm's law
5243:social media
5176:Broadcasting
5095:Saint Helena
5066:
4970:South Africa
4969:
4960:Sierra Leone
4765:Burkina Faso
4530:Demographics
4478:Homelessness
4448:Architecture
4279:Trade unions
4138:Human rights
4108:Constitution
4005:Biodiversity
3943:World War II
3913:Zulu Kingdom
3837:South Africa
3733:
3708:South Africa
3661:My TV Africa
3651:Cape Town TV
3645:the original
3632:, 5 May 1975
3589:. Retrieved
3585:the original
3575:
3567:the original
3557:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3504:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3456:Business Day
3454:
3444:
3430:
3416:
3407:
3399:the original
3385:
3377:the original
3363:
3346:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3318:the original
3313:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3279:
3268:
3258:
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3225:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3193:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3165:
3140:
3136:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3099:
3095:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3068:
3059:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3011:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2988:. 3 May 2008
2985:
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2720:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2681:, 5 May 1998
2676:
2668:
2648:
2641:
2631:
2623:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2587:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:the original
2509:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
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2452:
2447:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2387:
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2373:
2368:, SABC, 2011
2354:
2345:
2340:
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2326:
2317:
2312:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2271:
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2258:the original
2251:
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2201:
2196:
2176:
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2153:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2116:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:The Atlantic
2056:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2023:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1958:Cosmopolitan
1957:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1917:the original
1910:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1824:Africa Today
1823:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1777:, 1944, p.6.
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1717:Mzansi Wethu
1683:Mzansi Magic
1647:M-Net Action
1538:
1522:
1514:
1503:
1484:
1468:
1457:
1416:
1404:
1395:
1391:Cape Town TV
1380:
1372:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1306:
1298:Telkom Media
1287:
1272:
1253:
1215:
1212:New services
1206:
1202:
1198:
1172:
1148:
1136:Charlie Jade
1134:
1124:
1109:
1107:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:Liewe Heksie
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:The Dingleys
1028:
1026:
1012:Falcon Crest
1010:
1004:
998:
986:
975:
973:
968:
964:
958:
944:
940:
934:
930:
924:
908:Thunderbirds
906:
902:Van der Valk
900:
896:
890:
884:
863:
857:, backed by
852:
833:
805:
790:
762:
750:Johannesburg
731:
718:
706:John Vorster
703:
694:The Avengers
692:
690:
679:
643:United Party
640:
628:
624:
612:
594:
585:
560:
552:
533:
532:
470:Coat of arms
412:
199:World War II
169:Zulu Kingdom
57:
48:
35:copy editing
33:may require
32:
15:
6087:NPL network
5799:Radio waves
5737:Alfred Vail
5647:Hedy Lamarr
5632:Dawon Kahng
5592:Elisha Gray
5552:Yogen Dalal
5477:Nasir Ahmed
5411:Teleprinter
5275:Heliographs
5022:recognition
4975:South Sudan
4865:Ivory Coast
4634:Cape Malays
4355:Immigration
4206:Agriculture
4027:Earthquakes
3908:Cape Colony
3888:Kaditshwene
2805:, Volume 91
2702:30 November
1894:Hansard 107
1881:Hansard 101
1870:, pp.60-61.
1275:CNBC Africa
1256:free-to-air
1233:MultiChoice
996:available.
892:The Sweeney
876:Programming
793:licence fee
767:system for
682:Ivor Benson
669:, based in
663:Argus Group
633:became the
164:Cape Colony
144:Kaditshwene
6220:Categories
6133:Antarctica
6092:Toasternet
6014:Television
5497:Paul Baran
5429:Television
5413:(teletype)
5406:Telegraphy
5384:transistor
5362:Phryctoria
5332:Photophone
5310:Smartphone
5300:Mass media
5077:(Portugal)
5035:Somaliland
4955:Seychelles
4920:Mozambique
4905:Mauritania
4890:Madagascar
4845:The Gambia
4780:Cape Verde
4612:Afrikaners
4600:San people
4483:Literature
4430:Xenophobia
4350:Healthcare
4330:Disability
4253:(currency)
4158:Parliament
4133:Government
4118:Corruption
3953:Border War
3749:Literature
3734:Television
3719:Newspapers
3630:AP Archive
3534:Times LIVE
3285:"About Us"
2950:Times Live
1994:Hansard 23
1990:Hansard 22
1805:Hansard 85
1801:Hansard 83
1788:Hansard 78
1748:References
1495:Portuguese
1405:The first
1347:channels.
1200:speakers.
1175:censorship
1111:Shaka Zulu
1082:Sportfokus
1055:Sportsview
991:started a
929:(known as
926:Miami Vice
921:Radio 2000
836:Walvis Bay
795:as in the
710:Piet Meyer
671:Mozambique
538:television
413:Television
350:Literature
209:Border War
43:editing it
6117:Americas
6106:Locations
6077:Internet2
5838:Bandwidth
5542:Vint Cerf
5439:streaming
5417:Telephone
5357:Semaphore
5248:streaming
4910:Mauritius
4624:Coloureds
4370:Languages
4335:Education
4284:Transport
4216:Companies
4168:President
4123:Elections
4072:Provinces
4032:Estuaries
4022:Districts
3993:Geography
3948:Apartheid
3724:Magazines
3291:2 January
3287:. StarSat
3157:153693948
3108:107299423
2822:Billboard
2601:14 August
2305:channel24
1986:Hansard 8
1701:Channel O
1631:Soweto TV
1497:, Hindi,
1383:Soweto TV
1335:StarTimes
1235:launched
1222:satellite
1220:'s PAS-4
1155:Venezuela
1103:Swaziland
913:simulcast
870:apartheid
754:Cape Town
746:Afrikaans
738:Afrikaans
686:Ian Smith
583:Afrikaner
579:Afrikaans
438:Monuments
391:Musicians
315:Festivals
245:Afrikaans
237:Languages
204:Apartheid
51:July 2024
6185:Category
6072:Internet
6062:CYCLADES
5979:Ethernet
5929:Concepts
5853:terminal
5804:wireless
5627:Bob Kahn
5470:Pioneers
5295:Internet
5186:Cable TV
5101: /
5097: /
5090:(France)
5084: /
5062: /
5058: /
5010:Zimbabwe
4985:Tanzania
4835:Ethiopia
4830:Eswatini
4810:Djibouti
4775:Cameroon
4760:Botswana
4686:Category
4595:Khoekhoe
4473:HIV/AIDS
4395:Religion
4360:Intersex
4340:Feminism
4320:Cannabis
4269:Taxation
4173:timeline
4153:Military
4096:Politics
4082:Wildlife
3979:Military
3967:By topic
3903:Ndwandwe
3861:Timeline
3841:articles
3773:See also
3760:language
3739:Internet
3591:6 August
3327:30 April
3113:14 March
3022:14 March
2786:Archived
2522:14 March
2362:Archived
2064:12 March
1731:See also
1545:Position
1423:analogue
1268:Sky News
1249:AstraSat
1218:PanAmSat
1194:Sky News
1099:Zimbabwe
1051:Pop Shop
917:FM radio
848:Intelsat
777:Tanzania
773:Zanzibar
667:LM Radio
619:bioscope
581:and the
333:Religion
159:Ndwandwe
117:Timeline
78:a series
76:Part of
6205:Commons
6195:Outline
6148:Oceania
6067:FidoNet
6052:ARPANET
5865:circuit
5434:digital
5163:History
5086:RĂ©union
5082:Mayotte
5073:Madeira
5068:(Spain)
5064:Melilla
4995:Tunisia
4965:Somalia
4950:Senegal
4935:Nigeria
4925:Namibia
4915:Morocco
4880:Liberia
4875:Lesotho
4825:Eritrea
4795:Comoros
4770:Burundi
4745:Algeria
4670:Outline
4651:Chinese
4646:Indians
4639:Griquas
4617:British
4590:Khoisan
4543:Ndebele
4463:Cuisine
4440:Culture
4410:Smoking
4385:Poverty
4308:Society
4274:Tourism
4211:Banking
4194:Economy
4042:Islands
4037:Forests
4010:Climate
3974:Economy
3849:History
3075:21 July
2490:24 July
1548:Channel
1431:Sentech
1427:digital
1226:Ku band
1161:, with
1159:Spanish
1001:Lorimar
993:boycott
960:Derrick
840:Namibia
742:English
734:English
590:English
544:History
458:Symbols
368:Writers
306:Cuisine
255:Ndebele
250:English
107:History
6143:Europe
6113:Africa
6097:Usenet
6057:BITNET
5994:Mobile
5870:packet
5379:MOSFET
5374:device
5171:Beacon
5105:
5088:
5075:
5005:Zambia
5000:Uganda
4940:Rwanda
4895:Malawi
4855:Guinea
4750:Angola
4691:Portal
4607:Whites
4568:Tswana
4563:Tsonga
4508:Sports
4458:Cinema
4390:Racism
4345:Health
4231:Energy
4113:Courts
4077:Rivers
3839:
3744:Cinema
3155:
3106:
2840:News24
2754:News24
2656:
2036:12 May
1940:
1848:12 May
1773:SABC,
1615:SABC 3
1581:SABC 2
1563:SABC 1
1499:German
1475:DVB-T2
1411:pay-TV
1387:Soweto
1245:Pay TV
1177:under
1127:SABC 3
951:German
899:) and
887:dubbed
824:sports
820:Tswana
758:Durban
418:Cinema
358:Comics
280:Tsonga
275:Tswana
227:People
80:on the
6126:South
6121:North
6082:JANET
6019:Telex
6009:Radio
5848:Nodes
5843:Links
5764:media
5342:Radio
5327:Pager
5255:Drums
5221:video
5216:image
5206:audio
5060:Ceuta
4980:Sudan
4930:Niger
4885:Libya
4870:Kenya
4850:Ghana
4840:Gabon
4815:Egypt
4755:Benin
4677:Index
4578:Xhosa
4573:Venda
4558:Swazi
4553:Sotho
4493:Music
4488:Media
4425:Women
4325:Crime
4251:Rand
4047:Lakes
3866:Years
3729:Radio
3704:Media
3515:ITWeb
3355:(PDF)
3321:(PDF)
3310:(PDF)
3153:S2CID
3133:(PDF)
2992:3 May
1984:RSA,
1705:M-Net
1652:M-Net
1551:Group
1510:Hindi
1506:TopTV
1325:TopTV
1294:e.sat
1279:Avusa
1131:scifi
1120:Shaka
955:Dutch
855:M-Net
816:Sotho
812:Xhosa
575:radio
429:Sport
405:Media
382:Music
363:Poets
290:Xhosa
285:Venda
270:Swazi
265:Sotho
122:Years
6138:Asia
6024:UUCP
5984:ISDN
4990:Togo
4900:Mali
4790:Chad
4583:Zulu
4548:Pedi
4467:wine
4375:LGBT
3593:2013
3329:2017
3293:2014
3115:2013
3104:OCLC
3077:2024
3024:2013
2994:2008
2704:2010
2654:ISBN
2603:2012
2524:2013
2492:2014
2253:TIME
2066:2013
2038:2020
1938:ISBN
1912:TIME
1850:2020
1724:15%
1721:DStv
1708:16%
1692:17%
1688:DStv
1674:18%
1656:19%
1638:20%
1622:76%
1606:81%
1597:e.tv
1588:84%
1572:85%
1529:MMDS
1487:DStv
1439:HDTV
1345:e.tv
1313:IPTV
1309:eNCA
1266:and
1260:e.tv
1237:DStv
1141:CHUM
1116:Zulu
1101:and
1074:and
1064:and
1033:and
1009:and
982:Zulu
953:and
943:and
933:),
826:and
818:and
810:and
808:Zulu
756:and
744:and
736:and
613:Dr.
586:volk
555:SABC
465:Flag
295:Zulu
6029:WAN
5999:NGN
5989:LAN
5270:Fax
5211:DCT
4453:Art
4143:Law
3758:By
3706:of
3145:doi
1446:DTV
1425:to
1129:'s
775:in
765:PAL
340:Art
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
