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98:
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480:
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22:
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60 Hz. The recommended operating environment is a temperature of 40 to 110 °F (4 to 43 °C), a relative humidity of between 2 and 95 percent, and an altitude of 0 to 10,000 feet (0 to 3,048 m). The printing paper is an 8.44-by-4.5-inch (214 by 114 mm) diameter roll, and the paper tape is a 1,000-foot (300 m) roll of 1-inch (25 mm) wide tape. Nylon fabric
347:
656:
360:) is done with mechanical clips that depress or release various levers. Sensing of punched holes by the paper tape reader is done by using metal pins which mechanically probe for their presence or absence. The paper tape reader and punch can handle eight-bit data, allowing the devices to be efficiently used to download or upload binary data for computers.
761:
634:
and additional ASCII control codes allowe automatic switching between red and black output while printing. An extended keyboard and type element support upper- and lower-case printing with some additional special characters. A wider pin-feed platen and typing mechanism allowed printing 132 columns on
355:
As a cost-saving measure, the optional paper tape mechanisms were dependent on the keyboard and page printer mechanisms. The interface between the paper tape reader and the rest of the terminal is completely mechanical, with power, clock, and eight data bits (which
Teletype called "intelligence") all
499:
The receiving machine can also be set up to not require operator intervention. Since messages were often sent across multiple time zones to their destination, it was common to send a message to a location where the receiving machine was operating in an office that was closed and unstaffed overnight.
495:
or WRU ("Who aRe yoU") code, and the recipient machine automatically initiates a response, which is encoded in a rotating drum that had been preprogrammed by breaking off tabs. The answer-back drum in the recipient machine rotates and sends a unique identifying code to the sender, so that the sender
363:
Earlier
Teletype machine designs, such as the Model 28 ASR, had allowed the user to operate the keyboard to punch tape while independently transmitting a previously punched tape, or to punch a tape while printing something else. Independent use of the paper tape punch and reader is not possible with
105:
Teletype
Corporation's Model 33 terminal, introduced in 1963, was one of the most popular terminals in the data communications industry until the late 1970s. Over a half-million Model 32s and 33s were made by 1975, and the 500,000th was plated with gold and placed on special exhibit. Another 100,000
603:
The printer cover in later units also feature sound-deadening materials, making the Model 35 somewhat quieter than the Model 33 while printing and punching paper tapes. All versions of the Model 35 have a copy holder on the printer cover, making it more convenient for the operator when transcribing
646:
More-expensive
Teletype systems have paper tape readers that used light sensors to detect the presence or absence of punched holes in the tape. These can work at much higher speeds (hundreds of characters per second). More sophisticated punches were also available that could run at somewhat higher
496:
can verify connection to the correct recipient. The WRU code can also be sent at the end of the message. A correct response confirms that the connection had remained unbroken during the message transmission. To conclude the transmission, the sending machine operator presses the disconnect button.
256:
The design objective for the Model 33 was a machine that would fit into a small office space, match with other office equipment of the time and operate up to two hours per day on average. Since this machine was designed for light duty use, adjustments that
Teletype made in previous teleprinters by
154:
brochure calls the
Teletype Model 28 KSR a "KSR-28" in the paragraph titled "Printer-Keyboard and Control Type 65". This naming convention was extended from the Teletype Model 28 to other Teletype equipment in later DEC documentation, consistent with DEC's practice of designating equipment using
264:
Everything is mechanically powered by a single electric motor, located at the rear of the mechanism. The motor runs continuously as long as power is on, generating a familiar humming and slight rattle from its vibration. The noise level increases considerably whenever the printing or paper tape
388:
listed 69 available Model 33 type element factory-installed options (frequent type element changes in the field were impractical). The type element, called a "typewheel" in
Teletype's technical manuals, is cylindrical, with characters arranged in four tiers, 16 characters per tier, and thus is
268:
The
Teletype Model 33, including the stand, stands 34 inches (860 mm) high, 22 inches (560 mm) wide and 18.5 inches (470 mm) deep, not including the paper holder. The machine weighs 75 pounds (34 kg) on the stand, including paper. It requires less than 4 amperes at 115 VAC
350:
Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinter keyboard with punched tape reader and punch. The left-front unit is the tape reader with its three-position START/STOP/FREE lever in the STOP position. A less-common tape reader had a four-position START/AUTO/STOP/FREE lever. In the AUTO position it could be
128:
As
Teletype Corporation realized the growing popularity of the Model 33, it began improving its most failure-prone components, gradually upgrading the original design from "light duty" to "standard duty", as promoted in its later advertising (see nearby advertisement). The machines had good
512:
The communications module in the Model 33 is known as a Call
Control Unit (CCU), and occupies the space to the right of the keyboard and printer. Various CCU types were available; most of them operated on the telephone network and included the relevant user controls. Variants included
674:
The Teletype Model 33 series was influential in the development and interpretation of ASCII code characters. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON) and 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF) became
591:
The tape reader is mounted separately from the printer-punch mechanism on the left side of the console, and behind it is a tray for storing a manual, sheets of paper, or other miscellanea. To the right of the keyboard is a panel that can optionally house a
503:
The sole electric motor in the machine has to be left running continuously whenever unattended operation is expected, and is designed to withstand many hours of idling. The motor displays a "HOT" warning label, clearly visible once the cover is removed.
383:
The printing mechanism is usually geared to run at a maximum ten characters per second speed, or 100 words per minute (wpm), but other slower speeds were available: 60 wpm, 66 wpm, 68.2 wpm, and 75 wpm. There are also many typefont options. The
389:
capable of printing 64 characters. The character to be printed is selected by rotating the typewheel clockwise or anticlockwise and raising or lowering it, then striking the typewheel with a padded hammer, which impacts the element against the
351:
commanded on and off remotely. The tape punch is the unit directly behind the reader. As it exits the machine, the tape passes under a triangular lip that allows the tape to be easily torn by lifting against the sharp edge of the lip.
265:
mechanisms are operating. Similar noises became iconic for the sounds of an active newswire or computer terminal. There is a mechanical bell, activated by code 07 (Control-G, also known as BEL), to draw special attention when needed.
159:
price list from April 1970 lists a number of Teletype Corporation teletypewriters using this alternative naming convention. This practice was widely adopted as other computer manufacturers published their documentation. For example,
145:
While the manufacturer called the Model 33 teleprinter with a tape punch and tape reader a "Model 33 ASR", many computer users used the shorter term "ASR-33". The earliest known source for this equipment naming discrepancy comes from
588:. The basic Model 35 is mounted in a light gray console that matched the width of the Model 33, while the Model 35 ASR, with eight-hole mechanical tape punch and reader, is installed in a console about twice as wide.
544:
signaling. "Private Line" CCUs had a blank panel with no user controls or displays, since the terminal can be semi-permanently hard-wired to the computer or other device at the far end of the communications line.
175:" became widely used as an informal abbreviation for "Teletype", often used to designate the main text input and output device on many early computer systems. The abbreviation remains in use by
396:
The Model 33 prints on 8.5-inch (220 mm) wide paper, supplied on continuous 5-inch (130 mm) diameter rolls approximately 100 feet (30 m) long, and fed via friction instead of a
577:
The Model 32 line used the same mechanism and looked identical, except for having a three-row keyboard and, on the ASR version, a five-hole paper tape reader and punch, both appropriate for
686:
was designed to be written and edited on a low-speed Teletype Model 33. The slow speed of the Teletype Model 33 influenced the user interface of minicomputer operating systems, including
210:(1975) began to undercut the market for Teletype terminals. Such basic video terminals, which could only sequentially display lines of text and scroll them, were often called
798:
1352:
467:
mode, in which keyboard signals are sent only to the transmission line, and the receiver has to transmit the character back to the Model 33 in order for it to be printed (
51:
introduced the Model 33 as a commercial product in 1963, after it had originally been designed for the United States Navy. The Model 33 was produced in three versions:
318:
273:
are 0.5-inch (13 mm) wide by 60-yard (55 m) long, with plastic spools and eyelets to trigger automatic reversal of the ribbon feed direction.
330:
1375:
630:
The Model 38 (ASR-38) was constructed similar to and has all the typing capabilities of a Model 33 ASR, plus additional features. A two-color
522:
584:
Teletype also introduced a more-expensive ASCII Model 35 (ASR-35) for heavy-duty use, whose printer mechanism is based on the older, rugged
400:. It prints at a fixed pitch of 10 characters per inch, and supported 74-character lines, although 72 characters is often commonly stated.
233:
program without generating large amounts of paper printouts. Teletype machines were gradually replaced in new installations by much faster
282:
161:
294:
195:, did not become available until 1970, and initially cost around $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 100,000 today). However, the introduction of
1138:
1066:
257:
turning screws were made by bending metal bars and levers. Many Model 33 parts were not heat treated and hardened. The base is
180:
1435:
459:
mode, in which signals from the keyboard are sent to the print mechanism, so that characters are printed as they are typed (
1113:
500:
This also took advantage of lower telecommunication charges for non-urgent messages which were sent at off-peak times.
1377:
Technical Manual, 33 Teletypewriter Sets, Receive-Only (RO), Keyboard Send-Receive (KSR), Automatic Send-Receive (ASR)
1494:
721:
1266:
TECHNICAL MANUAL :33 TELETYPEWRITER SETS RECEIVE-ONLY (RO) KEYBOARD.SEND-RECEIVE (KSR) AUTOMATIC SEND-RECEIVE (ASR)
276:
The entire Model 33 ASR mechanism requires periodic application of grease and oil in approximately 500 locations.
668:
488:
1087:
113:
The Model 33 originally cost about $ 1000 (equivalent to $ 10,000 today), much less than other teleprinters and
1471:
Tomasi, Wayne. "Electronic Communications Systems: fundamentals through advanced", Prentice Hall, 2001, p. 531.
667:
was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone and Telegraph's
537:
487:
The Teletype Model 33 contains an answer-back mechanism that is generally used in dial-up networks such as the
229:(1978), could communicate much faster than electromechanical printers, and could support use of a full-screen
768:
713:
215:
147:
130:
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1221:
620:
1308:
783:
107:
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47:
designed for light-duty office use. It is less rugged and cost less than earlier Teletype models. The
1452:"Figure 6 - High Speed Tape Punch, Typical Schematic Wiring (Late Design, Five through Eight Levels)"
1052:
1018:
1564:
1360:
1035:
996:
716:, experimented with using computers to provide arithmetic and spelling drills via Teletypes and
356:
transmitted in parallel through metal levers. Configuration of user-selectable options (such as
1483:
Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry and Made Himself the Richest Man in America
844:
570:
1548:
1416:
261:, but self-tapping screws were used, along with parts that snapped together without bolting.
214:("glass TTYs") analogous to the Teletype printers. More-advanced video terminals, such as the
1514:
916:
397:
962:
Telephone Engineer & Management, Volume 79, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publications, 1975
81:. Because of its low price and ASCII compatibility, the Model 33 was widely used with early
1384:
639:
paper, making its output similar to the 132-column page size of the then industry-standard
608:
565:
306:
101:
This 1974 advertisement emphasizes the widespread and longterm use of the Teletype Model 33
48:
8:
1611:
1486:
1129:
938:
709:
701:
471:). The factory setting is half-duplex, but it can be changed to full-duplex by the user.
1264:"SECTION 574-124-100TC 33 TAPE READER GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION".
1398:
324:
Mechanism which translated serial electrical pulses onto a parallel mechanical data bus
234:
196:
118:
97:
536:
Another CCU type is called "Computer Control Private Line", which operated on a local
240:
Because of falling sales, Teletype Corporation shut down Model 33 production in 1981.
129:
durability and faced little competition in their price class, until the appearance of
62:
Model 33 KSR (Keyboard Send and Receive), which lacks the paper tape reader and punch;
1490:
1095:
972:
815:
676:
647:
speeds; Teletype's DRPE punch can operate at speeds up to 240 characters per second.
585:
530:
492:
125:. In 1976, a new Model 33 RO printer cost about $ 600 (equivalent to $ 3,000 today).
114:
86:
41:
30:
1580:
1155:
1529:
717:
526:
200:
540:, the de facto standard serial protocol for computer terminals before the rise of
211:
1006:...having been designed to replace the standard Teletype Model 33, 35 and 37 KSR
106:
were made in the next 18 months, and Serial Number 600,000, manufactured in the
1510:
1247:
1187:
705:
607:
Teletype Model 35 is mentioned as being used in "Experiment One", in the first
258:
192:
1302:
1600:
1099:
834:"Auerbach Guide to Alphanumeric Display Terminals", Auerbach Publishers, 1975
732:
612:
412:
The Model 33 ASR keyboard supported an upper-case-only ASCII character subset
203:-based terminals to rapidly fall below the price of a Teletype teleprinter.
176:
85:, and the large quantity of the teleprinter sold strongly influenced several
804:
The ASR-33 was one of the most affordable terminals for early home computers
491:(TWX). At the beginning of the message, the sending machine can transmit an
69:
The Model 33 was one of the first products to employ the newly standardized
775:
772:
631:
616:
372:
368:
82:
65:
Model 33 RO (Receive Only) which has neither a keyboard nor a reader/punch.
56:
55:
Model 33 ASR (Automatic Send and Receive), which has a built-in eight-hole
26:
1585:
867:
479:
73:
character encoding method, which was first published in 1963. A companion
1533:
1055:. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. September 2013.
888:
593:
578:
514:
468:
464:
456:
230:
110:
year 1976, was painted red-white-and-blue, and shown around the country.
78:
44:
1590:
1330:
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pushbuttons for dialing a connection to a network via telephone lines.
416:
The Model 33 keyboard generates the seven-bit ASCII code, also known as
408:
725:
694:
597:
553:
518:
460:
429:
421:
390:
357:
270:
747:
561:
service, had a three-row keyboard and narrower, five-hole paper tape.
375:
receptacle beneath the tape punch, which required periodic emptying.
207:
134:
371:
to keep its mechanism lubricated. There is a transparent, removable
248:
21:
640:
636:
432:
subset of that code; it does not support lower-case letters or the
122:
739:" symbol on his Teletype Model 33 ASR keyboard for use in network
1320:
Teletype Technical Manual Bulletin 273B page 1-15, 1963, Change 2
1268:(Bulletin 310B ed.). Skokie, IL: Teletype Corporation. 1968.
624:
179:("ham radio") and in the hearing-impaired community, to refer to
168:
199:
and semiconductor memory later that decade allowed the price of
541:
222:
156:
1437:
Model 38 wide platen data terminals, build-in modem - Teletype
1586:
Keyboard layout for Windows that simulates the ASR33 keyboard
789:
740:
683:
664:
558:
483:
Closeup view of mechanically programmable answerback camwheel
417:
300:
Rear of unit, with bell and answer back drum to left of motor
226:
151:
70:
1094:. Vol. 10, no. 51. December 20, 1976. p. 15.
1515:"Arithmetic drills and review on a computer-based teletype"
1118:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2008. p. 220.
687:
425:
346:
218:
420:
International Telegraphic Alphabet No. 5, with one (even)
1137:. Digital Equipment Corporation. 1979. p. 2-14.
655:
164:
marketed the Teletype Model 33 ASR as "Teletype ASR-33".
533:
sized and shaped telephone handset is also available.
474:
16:
1963–1981 ASCII communications/computer terminal device
1122:
623:
to send and receive text messages over the very early
615:. The Model 35 was widely used as terminals for the
736:
155:letters followed by numerals. For example, the DEC
237:and video terminals in the middle-to-late 1970s.
1509:
288:Paper tape punch and reader visible in foreground
1598:
1036:"Digital Equipment Corporation pdp15 Price List"
973:"History of Telegraphy from the Teletype Museum"
861:
859:
857:
150:(DEC) documentation, where the September 1963
424:and two stop bits, with a symbol rate of 110
1399:"ASR 33 Teletype Rear View of Main Assembly"
1304:Teletype ASR 33 Part 6: Print Head Mechanism
1222:"Teletype Model 33 Vol. 1: Technical Manual"
854:
845:"A Synopsis of Teletype Corporation History"
1549:"Computer-Assisted Instruction at Stanford"
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
671:(TWX) using Teletype Model 33 teleprinters.
507:
162:Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
89:that developed during the 1960s and 1970s.
918:Teletype Model 33 and Training Manual B-52
1241:
1239:
865:
627:, which later evolved into the Internet.
1513:; Jerman, Max; Groen, Guy (April 1966).
1226:Technical Manual: 33 Teletypewriter Sets
1170:
654:
564:
552:
478:
407:
345:
247:
243:
96:
25:Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinter, with
20:
1293:, No. 1184B, pages 27–29, figures 29–31
206:"Dumb terminals", such as the low-cost
181:text input and output assistive devices
1599:
1546:
1245:
1236:
767:Teletypes were standard terminals for
1480:
1350:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1144:from the original on January 1, 2020.
1053:"Text Telephone Devices (TTY or TDD)"
1019:"F-41D PDP-4 Brochure September 1963"
889:"ASCII, BAUDOT AND THE RADIO AMATEUR"
886:
720:to elementary school students in the
341:
252:Operator's view of printing mechanism
140:
77:used the older, established five-bit
1248:"Some Notes on Teletype Corporation"
1185:
933:
931:
911:
909:
882:
880:
650:
475:Answer-back and unattended operation
1387:. September 1974. pp. 1, 6, 7.
548:
455:The Model 33 can operate either in
336:Closeup of a well-worn type element
191:Early video terminals, such as the
13:
1205:
924:. General Telephone Co. p. 2.
14:
1623:
1574:
1424:. Teletype Corp. 1969. p. 5.
1232:. Teletype Corporation. May 1974.
1004:. DEC. August 1971. p. 1.1.
998:LA30 DECwriter Maintenance Manual
928:
906:
877:
722:Palo Alto Unified School District
1547:Suppes, Patrick (May 19, 1971).
797:
782:
760:
754:, which is short for "Teletype".
329:
317:
305:
293:
281:
1558:
1540:
1503:
1474:
1465:
1444:
1428:
1409:
1391:
1368:
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1323:
1314:
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1284:
1281:, No. 1184B, page 35, figure 38
1272:
1257:
1148:
1106:
1080:
1059:
1045:
1028:
1011:
669:Teletypewriter Exchange Service
489:Teletypewriter Exchange Service
186:
1351:Starr, Samuel S. (July 1977).
989:
965:
956:
837:
828:
117:in the mid-1960s, such as the
29:reader and punch, usable as a
1:
1567:, Shady Characters, July 2011
1331:"ASR 33 Teletype Information"
1188:"ASR 33 Teletype Information"
1131:VT100 Series Technical Manual
821:
714:computer assisted instruction
697:' first computing experience.
693:A Teletype Model 33 provided
216:Digital Equipment Corporation
148:Digital Equipment Corporation
131:Digital Equipment Corporation
7:
1591:ASR 33 Teletype Information
1353:"Inside the Amazing ASR 33"
809:
712:, in the pilot program for
659:Model 33 ASR in use in 1978
428:, but it only supports an
403:
378:
10:
1628:
108:United States Bicentennial
92:
1565:The @-symbol, part 1 of 2
1166:(12): 214. December 1980.
1115:A Dictionary of Computing
1067:"Tektronix Products 1973"
682:The programming language
868:"TV Typewriter Cookbook"
508:Communications interface
367:The tape punch required
137:series of teleprinters.
1581:Photo of a Model 33 ASR
1481:Manes, Stephen (1994).
1361:Kilobaud Microcomputing
1291:Teletype Parts Bulletin
1279:Teletype Parts Bulletin
1088:"ComData advertisement"
866:Lancaster, Don (1976).
569:A Model 35 ASR, at the
557:The Model 32, used for
386:Teletype Parts Bulletin
312:Fully-exposed mechanism
1522:The Arithmetic Teacher
792:computer with teletype
704:psychology professors
660:
574:
571:Living Computer Museum
562:
484:
413:
352:
253:
102:
59:reader and tape punch;
33:
1593:with movies and sound
1461:(2): 6. January 1965.
1459:Bell System Practices
887:Henry Jr., George W.
658:
568:
556:
482:
411:
349:
251:
244:Technical information
100:
24:
1534:10.5951/AT.13.4.0303
1385:Teletype Corporation
746:The serial ports in
521:"), or a mechanical
49:Teletype Corporation
1487:Touchstone Pictures
943:www.curiousmarc.com
873:. pp. 210–211.
710:Richard C. Atkinson
702:Stanford University
235:dot-matrix printers
197:integrated circuits
1607:Computer terminals
1418:Model 35 Equipment
1403:www.pdp8online.com
1364:. pp. 98–100.
1311:, October 28, 2019
1074:Tektronix Products
750:systems are named
677:de facto standards
661:
604:written material.
575:
563:
538:20 mA current loop
485:
414:
364:the Model 33 ASR.
353:
342:Paper tape options
254:
141:Naming conventions
119:Friden Flexowriter
115:computer terminals
103:
87:de facto standards
34:
1186:Gesswein, David.
939:"Teletype ASR 33"
816:Teletype Model 28
718:acoustic couplers
651:Historical impact
531:de facto standard
493:enquiry character
75:Teletype Model 32
42:electromechanical
38:Teletype Model 33
31:computer terminal
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893:www.digigrup.org
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643:model printers.
549:Related machines
527:acoustic coupler
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
369:oiled paper tape
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
225:(1976), and the
201:cathode-ray-tube
174:
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1511:Suppes, Patrick
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1076:: 275. 1973.
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1024:. p. 5.
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979:. Retrieved
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773:Data General
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632:inked ribbon
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221:(1975), the
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187:Obsolescence
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57:punched tape
37:
35:
27:punched tape
18:
1336:October 22,
1197:January 24,
1156:"Bytelines"
752:/dev/tty...
735:chose the "
611:, RFC
594:rotary dial
579:Baudot code
523:card dialer
515:rotary dial
469:remote echo
465:full-duplex
457:half-duplex
393:and paper.
271:ink ribbons
231:text editor
79:Baudot code
45:teleprinter
1612:Telegraphy
1601:Categories
1192:pdp8online
822:References
743:addresses.
726:California
695:Bill Gates
598:Touch-Tone
573:in Seattle
519:Touch-Tone
461:local echo
430:upper-case
422:parity bit
391:ink ribbon
1100:0010-4841
981:March 18,
748:Unix-like
731:In 1971,
700:In 1965,
517:, DTMF ("
463:), or in
135:DECwriter
1139:Archived
810:See also
641:IBM 1403
637:fan-fold
586:Model 28
404:Keyboard
379:Printing
123:IBM 1050
121:and the
1440:. 1971.
1309:YouTube
948:May 28,
898:May 28,
625:ARPANET
169:trigram
93:History
1493:
1098:
542:RS-232
529:for a
448:, and
358:parity
223:ADM-3A
157:PDP-15
40:is an
1552:(PDF)
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1022:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
790:PDP-7
741:email
684:BASIC
665:ASCII
559:Telex
525:. An
418:CCITT
227:VT100
208:ADM-3
152:PDP-4
71:ASCII
1491:ISBN
1338:2020
1199:2022
1160:Byte
1096:ISSN
983:2012
950:2024
900:2024
771:and
708:and
688:UNIX
621:IMPs
619:and
426:baud
373:chad
219:VT52
167:The
36:The
1530:doi
1307:on
769:DEC
724:in
609:RFC
596:or
173:tty
133:'s
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1457:.
1401:.
1383:.
1358:.
1238:^
1228:.
1224:.
1207:^
1190:.
1172:^
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1158:.
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908:^
891:.
879:^
856:^
581:.
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1230:1
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850:.
737:@
690:.
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613:1
450:~
446:}
442:|
438:{
434:`
171:"
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