Tektronix 4010 - Knowledge

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bell sound appears to be overengineered: It is all-digital, generating an audio frequency from the main crystal-controlled divider chain. While this provides much more precision and stability than necessary, some may perceive the sound as rather dull and non-bell-like. On the other hand, the serial clock for the daisy-chained teletype is generated with an analog circuit. It uses an unijunction RC oscillator, which had to be manually tuned to 110 baud. This is not very stable: After a few hours, heat buildup could cause the frequency to drift enough to cause serial line timing errors. So in this case, a derivation from the divider chain might have served the purpose much better.

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text. Switching between the columns was accomplished by moving to the very last line in any given column and pressing line feed on the keyboard. The cursor would then reappear at the top of the next column. There was no attempt to limit drawing to within these borders, so it was up to the host software to ensure that lines remained within the margins by inserting CR/LF characters at appropriate points. Text lines writing to margin 0 would extend the full length of the screen if CR/LF was not sent to wrap before the 35th character, although any data in the margin 1 area on the same line, being written later, would be drawn on top.

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it is in the proper decimal range. This allows a short-cut way to send points that share a Y coordinate by sending only the X coordinates, even just the low-X if the high-X has not changed. This can greatly reduce the total number of characters sent to the terminal if the programmer arranges the data to minimize changes in Y over a given set of coordinates, and even more if they group together points that change only in low-X and low-Y. The overall effect can roughly halve the amount of data sent to the terminal.

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the enclosure, expansion cards were connected via the Tektronix proprietary "Minibus" system, using a 36-pin card connector with an 8-bit data bus. In addition to the communications card and various enhancements, an optional "Desk-Top Mounting Kit" allowed the CRT to be placed on a desk, while the electronics cart was connected to it using a cable up to 10 feet (3.0 m) away. The overall build quality of the Tektronix 4010 was excellent, with gold-plated boards of high-quality epoxy fiberglass material.

206: 568: 198: 413: 431:, representing single snapshots in time. When the frames are updated rapidly enough, changes in those images provide the illusion of continuous motion. Computer displays, where the image is generally static for extended periods of time (for example, a page of text), required a stationary, more-precise, flicker-free image, as compared to television displays available at the time. A modern solution is to use additional hardware and 728:. X values were assigned the 32 characters between 64 and 95 decimal, mostly the uppercase letters. The Y coordinates are given a similar range from 96 to 127, mostly the lowercase letters. To convert location to an ASCII character code, one added 64 to the X value, and 96 to the Y value. High-order bits for either were the same, from the range 32 to 63, mostly numerals and punctuation. 991:

between the high and low Y characters, using the same character range as the low-order Y addresses. On a 4010 series terminal or 4014 without the Enhanced Graphic Module, this extra byte would then immediately be overwritten by the actual low-order address that arrived as the next character, and thus

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Each of these four coordinate characters is stored in a buffer in the terminal, which holds them until the complete coordinate is received and then drawn. The drawing process is triggered by the reception of the low-X character, which the terminal looks for by waiting for a bit pattern that indicates

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features like addressable cursor positioning. The terminal also lacked any significant data buffering, and many slower operations could lead to data loss. For example, the carriage return took about 100 to 200 μs, and a screen clear operation much longer than that, on the order of a second. It was up

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version allowed the printer to be shared among four terminals. The printer adaptor could be pre-installed in the 4010, making it the 4010-1, and it came pre-installed on both the 4012 and 4013 which do not appear to have used the -1 notation to indicate this. The 4631 was a version of the 4610 with a

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A wide variety of peripherals were available that worked on some or all of these models. The first line, introduced with the 4010, included the 4610 Hard Copy Unit, an early graphics printer. This used a system in the monitor to scan the display line-by-line, which sent signals to the printer where a

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Although the manuals always showed the calculation for X before Y, and low-order character before high-order, the four characters actually had to be transmitted in the opposite order, starting with the high Y, then low Y, high X and finally low X. For instance, consider the coordinate (23, 142). The

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concept for non-stored vectors, but with the terminal itself lacking any memory, the data had to be continually refreshed from the host computer. The communications speed of the connection between the terminal and host limited the number of refreshed objects that could be supported, and was often in

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less expensive than IBM's competing graphics displays. This made very complex and detailed computer graphics practical for a much wider audience. The Tektronix approach also had the advantage that there was no limit to the number of vectors that can be displayed; one could simply keep adding them to

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series used the 4010 or 4014 with internal processors and a DC300 tape unit to produce a simple desktop unit. There were three models: the original 4010-based 4051 with an 8-bit processor, the 4052 with a 16-bit processor, and the 4054 which combined the 4014 screen with the 4052 logic. The 4081 was

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for the entire family. The 4015 was a 4014 with the APL character set card from the 4013. The 4016, introduced in 1979, was a version with a 25-inch screen and a somewhat different mechanical layout to provide room for the much larger tube. It was much more expensive, with the base model selling for

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which denoted that a particular coordinate was complete. This allowed, for instance, the X or Y coordinate to be changed without changing the previously stored location for the other. This was useful for drawing boxes or especially a series of lines like an axis, or drawing a point on the screen by

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One peculiar feature was a second margin at the 35th character, allowing lines to be limited between the left side of the screen and that midpoint for margin 0, or that midpoint and the right side of the screen for margin 1. This was useful for mixing graphics and text, or displaying two columns of

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The 401x series physically consisted of a large CRT display sitting on top of a wheeled cart. The cart held most of the electronics in a vertical case at the back, which could be opened from the front to access various switches and jumpers, as well as providing access to the expansion cards. Inside

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of memory, likely more than the cost of the computer it connected to. One solution to reduce the amount of memory required was to represent the image not as dots, but straight-line "vectors". In this case, only the endpoints have to be stored in memory, and additional hardware draws between them to

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host adaptor. These were similar to the earlier third-party terminals, essentially combining one of their storage tubes with the circuitry needed to decode instructions from the host and turn those into control inputs. However, the 4002 had the unique feature that only a portion of the screen was a

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A display using this technique was instantly recognizable by the bright flash of the high-energy write gun beam as it rapidly moved about the display, "painting" the screen with complex lines and patterns. The stored image glowed brighter than the characteristic faint background glow of the entire

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Predecessors of some technical components origin from Tektronix' measurement equipment. For example, the module cards are relatively small in relation to the large pedestal housing. Possibly this is also the reason for surprisingly different design concepts for similar functions. On one hand, the

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Another feature of the Enhanced Graphic Module was circuitry that periodically interrupted the beam as it was drawing a vector, allowing the creation of dashed lines. There were five patterns in total; lines, dots, dash-dot and short and long dashes. These were useful for drawing axes and scales,

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Because the system draws vectors from point to point while in graphics mode, in order to draw separated lines the commands had to enter and exit graphics mode repeatedly. A single point is drawn by entering graph mode at the desired coordinate, drawing a zero length vector to the same coordinate.

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Encoding values from 0 to 1,023 required 10 bits; 2^10 = 1024. These values were encoded in ASCII, using 5 bits per character, and thus requiring two characters per value, or 4 characters for a complete X,Y coordinate. The encoding scheme was designed to make the coordinate characters safely sent

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The main disadvantage of storage tubes was that once an image was stored, it could only be removed by erasing the entire image. This made such screens unsuitable for working with scrolling text, animation, or any other display where portions of the image were continuously changing. Some early CAD

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This capability could be used, for instance, by drawing the outline of a gauge and its scale markers normally to cause them to store, and then drawing the needle interactively using dark mode. It could also be used to move the graphics cursor to a new location without having to exit and re-enter

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sending in the same address as the one last stored or moved to using dark mode. Since the X and Y coordinates used separate characters, the terminal would still notice a sequence of coordinates being sent in the older 4010 format, and draw them as they arrived, providing backward compatibility.

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and towards the front of the display, where they were drained away by a thin transparent electrode. The "written" patch of the phosphor now contained fewer electrons than normal, giving it a positive charge relative to its surroundings. This caused more of the electrons from the flood gun to be

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to move about the screen without writing to memory. This was accomplished by writing with less energy in the beam, just enough to be seen but not enough to store it. The 4014 added escape codes to allow the user to select this mode deliberately by sending any of the sequences from

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character set. These were implemented using plug-in boards that could be added to the base-model 4010 as well. In the 1980s, a version using a built-in RS-232 port and a number of missing features was released as the 4006, which was small enough to fit on a desk, selling for

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Also, complex and precise images would gradually become more diffused and blurry, as the stored charges on the phosphors slowly migrated and diffused away from their original locations. The only way to correct this gradual blurring was to erase and redraw the entire screen.

781:). After that every set of four characters (or less) received by the terminal are used to define an X,Y coordinate. The first four following the GS position the graphic cursor, every point after that draws a vector on the display. The system is returned to text mode ( 719:

The 4010 was not a raster display and thus had an effectively unlimited resolution, but the command decoding circuitry limited this to 1,024 by 1,024. Because the screen had a 4:3 geometry, only 780 points were visible vertically. The origin was in the lower left.

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for encoding graphical information was later ported to traditional video terminals using raster scan displays, although these generally offered lower resolution, perhaps half that of the 4010. A number of these emulations also understood the color codes from the

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especially when combined with the defocussed mode to lower the intensity, and using the change-one-coordinate feature to quickly draw them. These were selected using the same escape characters as the drawing mode selection of the normal 4014, the range

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the range of a few dozen graphic elements. Another disadvantage is that it required a brief interval for the image to "store" on the display screen, which limited the maximum speed with which the image could be drawn. Tektronix referred to this as the

821:. The cursor was displayed using a lower intensity of the electron beam that had insufficient energy to cause the storage system to trigger. The cursor was dynamically refreshed by the electronics of the terminal. The cursor was turned on with 282: (equivalent to $ 52,205 in 2023), introducing a larger 19-inch screen as well as a more an ergonomic layout. It had a wide range of new features as well, which made it much more effective in many contexts and became especially common in 221:

in 1963, and was first used for non-oscilloscope applications in the 601 monitor in 1968. A number of graphics terminals based on this tube and others from the 600-series were developed, including the Advanced Remote Display Station from

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The 4010 used a Minibus card to handle communications with the host computer, and a wide variety of host interfaces were available. The 4014 terminal was normally shipped with the standard Communications Interface installed, offering an

932:. This was especially useful in graph mode, as it allowed the system to draw movable objects, although at the cost of having to continually refresh them over the serial link at about 30 times a second in order to avoid flicker. 446:

was extremely expensive, generally priced in dollars or cents per bit. Solid-state memory was even more expensive, and could only be used for a handful of high-speed working storage registers in data processing hardware.

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continuously attracted to that spot, which kept it emitting an intermediate intensity of light. Thus, a complex image could be "stored" in the same light-emitting phosphors which made the image visible to the user.

746:. For the Y coordinate 142, one would need to shift the number back to the range 0 to 31, which could be done by subtracting 128. Doing so leaves 14. Adding 14 to 96 to get the first character gives 110, or 330:

For storage, the systems could write out the data stream of characters as they were received from the host, allowing them to be played back locally to recreate the display. Storage options included the 4911

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One of the 4010's at the Tektronix museum may lack the two wheels used to move the graphics cursor. However, most manuals and marketing materials mention these wheels. This may be part of the 4010A version.

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using the 11-inch diagonal 611. These displays consisted of just the CRT and related basic electronics; it was up to software on the host computer to produce a display by driving the CRT signals directly.

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have no effect. With the Enhanced Graphic Module, the terminal would use bits 1 and 2 to add to the front of the normally 5-bit high-order X address, and bits 3 and 4 to add to the high-order Y address.

154:, because no additional electronics were needed to maintain the display on the storage-tube screen; images drawn to the screen remained there until deliberately erased. This eliminated the need for 1035:

moved up ("north"). This was especially useful for drawing control needles and similar moving displays, and greatly reduces the amount of information that has to be sent to the terminal over time.

660:, so there was no way for the terminal to change these settings while connected. As an alternative to the Communications Interface, the TTY Interface allowed the terminal to be connected to a 876:

In alpha mode, the font could be scaled to produce a number of different line sizes. The original 4010-style 35 lines by 74 characters was the default, or could be selected specifically with

473:, making the price of the terminal prohibitive. The cost would be even more if the terminal needed to display graphics. For instance, a graphics terminal supporting 1-bit points (on/off) at 600:

Because the display tube itself stored the image, there was no need for any sort of auxiliary graphics memory, greatly lowering the cost of the terminal. The 4010 cost $ 3,950, almost two

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Tektronix had originally developed their storage tubes in the late 1950s as a way to store images on oscilloscope displays for study, although the same system had already been used in

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which increased the resolution to 4096 by 4096, again with the upper section of the Y axis above 3120 being unseen. Any address could be sent in 12-bit mode simply by sending in an

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Starting in 1972, the 4002 was first supplanted and then replaced by the 4010. A number of changes and simplifications allowed these to be far less expensive, initially released at

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Other devices in the lineup included the 4901 and 4903 Interactive Graphic Unit, which drew crosshairs on the 4002 (this capability was built into the later models), and the 4951

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X = 32 x (high X character ASCII value - 32) + (low X character ASCII value - 64) Y = 32 x (high Y character ASCII value - 32) + (low Y character ASCII value - 96)

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a complex image, whereas a solution like the IBM terminal had a limited number of vectors it could refresh on its display. Early CAD systems made by companies such as

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storage tube, with a small section set aside for normal refresh-based drawing. This area was used for status messages and entering commands. As they did not include

547:, resembled the normal gun of a black and white TV, and its beam was moved about on the display surface in the conventional fashion by using electromagnetic coils. 1031:

Incremental plot, entered with the ASCII Record Separator (RS) character, replaced the normal coordinates with single-character directions. For instance, sending

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raster scan terminal, which added color to the original 4010 command set. This graphical data standard continues to be emulated by newer terminals to this day;

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system, circa 1979, using Tektronix 19" storage tubes. A slight background glow over the entire screen is characteristic of the storage tube display technology.

286:(CAD) use. The upgraded features became so widely-used that the 4014 series is sometimes considered to be a separate line from the 4010, or alternatively the 1046:

mode with the ASCII File Separator (FS), instead of RS for graph mode, plotted only the points at the coordinates being sent, not the vectors between them.

2230: 849:). The position was sent back to the computer using the same X,Y encoding as the graphics commands. This could be done interactively by sending the 359: 350:. This hardware allowed the user to select any point on a display, and to input its coordinates to a computer, allowing support of a CAD system. 750:. This requires shifting by 128, which is 4 x 32, so the shift character is the fifth in the sequence (the first is zero shift, the space), or 1573: 376:

known as PLOT10 that converted simple inputs like lists of numbers into a graphic display such as a chart. Another common solution was the

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computers of that era. Direct interfaces using proprietary serial or parallel connections were also available for most mainframe systems.

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The command format for sending graphics to the terminals was very simple, and was soon copied by a number of other terminal vendors. This

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took full advantage of the graphic storage capability, and were able to display arbitrarily complex designs without annoying flicker.

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A map of the contiguous United States on the Tektronix 4010. The typewritten note at the bottom of the display bezel warns against

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With the Enhanced Graphic Module installed, an additional set of features were available. Primary among these was the addition of

543:, provided a constant flow of low-energy electrons covering the entire screen, causing it to glow faintly. The second source, the 369:, the 19-inch version as the GMA101 and 102 (the former offering roughly twice the drawing speed) and the 25-inch as the GMA125. 1997: 956:

which drew at reduced intensity by making the beam slightly wider and spreading the displayed line over a wider area. Finally,

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However, this write gun was set to a higher than normal energy. When its beam struck the screen, it caused an effect known as

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for a host adaptor. Other models in the 4010 series included the 4012 which added lower case characters, and the 4013 with an

629:, and measured it in terms of vector-inches-per-second, with ratings between 1500 and 4000 being typical for their displays. 223: 1226:(CRTs) of the era. The later 19-inch models were built using commercial CRTs and had a more pronounced curved front surface. 738:

X coordinate falls within the range 0 to 31, so no shifting is required. Adding 23 to 64 gives 87, which is ASCII character

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version. Plotters offered color graphical output via colored pen selection, which could be embedded in the graphics data.

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connection, although only the most important connector pins were supported. Setup configuration was handled entirely by

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hardware or any form of memory, refreshing this area rapidly enough to reduce flicker was up to the host computer.

1971: 754:. Now the characters are ordered shift-Y, Y, shift-X, X, so the complete coordinate (23, 142) would be encoded as 683:, the 4010 displayed 35 lines of 74 characters. The terminal was "dumb" by standards of the day, lacking various 2137: 661: 106: 1353: 1113: 231: 2225: 2220: 1645: 365:

built into an office desk, which saw limited use. Tektronix continued selling the basic storage tubes to

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The 11-inch screens were custom built by Tektronix and had a very flat display compared to conventional

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to the coordinate that allowed the points to have various brightnesses and optionally defocus the beam.

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market themselves, introducing the 4002 in 1969, and the updated 4002A in 1971. The latter sold for

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to the host computer to delay further data to avoid it being lost during these refractory periods.

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display screen. The display was always monochrome, in three different brightnesses of "CRT green".

131:. Several members of the family were introduced during the 1970s, the best known being the 11-inch 1584: 1532: 2071: 818: 684: 193:

used the same technology which was fundamental to the 401x series of graphical computer displays

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to display frequently changing text, and a Tektronix display showing complex graphics images.

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programs were not useful in protecting storage tube display screens from burn-in of images.

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35.25 by 18.25 by 28.5 inches (89.5 cm × 46.4 cm × 72.4 cm) (4010)

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41.15 by 20 by 32.8 inches (104.5 cm × 50.8 cm × 83.3 cm) (4014)

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A Tektronix 4014 computer terminal. The support pedestal contained interface electronics.

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The 4000 series were much less expensive than earlier graphics terminals, such as the

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4014, 4014-1, 4015, 4015-1 SN B050000 and UP Computer Display Terminal Service Manual

384: 239: 120: 92: 57: 1406: 1012:. For instance, without the Enhanced Graphics installed, sending any character from 201:

The Tektronix 4010 was the company's initial entry into the computer terminal market

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produce the display. A coordinate within that same 1,024 resolution space requires

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If one wanted to store a screen of text at 80 columns by 25 lines and using 7-bit

2043:, an animation of a vehicle collision rendered frame-by-frame on a Tektronix 4006 535:

displays. The basic concept used a conventional CRT layout, but with two sets of

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tapes based on a Sykes TT120 mechanism, and later added the 4923 based on the 3M

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The 4014 series had a number of minor changes and some more major improvements.

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in their documents) using a number of commands, typically Unit Separator (US,

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graphics mode, which previously was the only way to accomplish this. Sending

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The 4014 made a change to the way graphics points were entered by adding an

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and then pressing a key on the keyboard, or immediately by the host sending

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So the complete formula for calculating the points from the characters was:

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The 4010 series was also used as the basis for two self-hosted systems. The

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The terminals also optionally supported a second character set via plug-in

536: 362: 218: 124: 82: 1958: 797:), but a number of other sequences also have the same effect, including a 197: 161:

The display series remained popular until the introduction of inexpensive

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In the 4010, the cursor and graphic crosshairs were interactive and used

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to store the image between each update, a section of memory known as a

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VT330/VT340 Programmer Reference Manual Volume 2: Graphics Programming

19:"4014" redirects here. For the Union Pacific Railroad locomotive, see 2168: 2087: 668: 128: 47: 813:

For graphics input, the terminal used a pair of thumb wheels on the

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selected normal line drawing mode, while with the module installed

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Tektronix 4014 and 4014-1 Computer Display Terminal User's Manual

501:(2), so if a display can hold 1000 vectors in total, it requires 373: 33: 1848: 1846: 1553:

Landau, Rubin; Fink, Jr, Paul; Johnson, Melanie; Maestri, Jon.

1158: 653: 102: 837:) (which also turned off graphic mode if it was on), and then 1843: 1807: 1675: 532: 451: 424: 397: 2056: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1762: 2033:, shows a 4006 being used in text mode as a terminal on an 1863: 1861: 1704: 1702: 1277: 711:

language, which used a large number of special characters.

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Tektronix also sold a set of graphics software routines in

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drew smaller glyphs to produce 38 lines of 81 characters,

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over serial links by assigning each value from the set of

1921: 1831: 1819: 1795: 1774: 1750: 1608:. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Archived from 366: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1858: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1699: 1687: 1552: 1478: 1387: 1375: 1360: 1319: 1304: 1289: 1265: 562: 380:

software system, which was adapted to run on the 4010.

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to store the images, which was expensive in the 1970s.

1979:. Tektronix. August 1979. Manual part no. 070-2303-00. 1466: 1418: 1123:

52 typewriter keys + cross-hair controls and switches

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for 64 by 133. All of these could be mixed on-screen.

246: (equivalent to $ 64,518 in 2023), and required a 769:

by sending the ASCII Group Separator (GS) character (

1966:. Tektronix. July 1974. Manual part no. 070-1647-00. 1933: 1253: 2037:

server along with a number of Tek demos being drawn

1603:"SuperPaint: An Early Frame Buffer Graphics System" 524:graphics terminal used this solution, and sold for 165:in the 1980s. These new graphics workstations used 1096:74 × 35 characters or 1024 × 780 point locations. 972:returned the terminal to the normal storage mode. 262: (equivalent to $ 27,111 in 2023) and another 2049:, data plotting on a 4010-4014, mostly using the 2047:Tektronix 4010- 4014 Graphics 3D Vintage Computer 1104:6.7 by 9 inches (170 mm × 230 mm) 323:-based 4662 Interactive Digital Plotter and 4663 2202: 1594: 554:that expelled electrons from the light-emitting 1628:, Keydata Corp., March 1970, pp. V.1980, V.1964 2013:. Tektronix. 1975. Manual part no. 021-0071-0. 585:The storage tube technology was vulnerable to 2072: 1600: 2011:TTY-Port Interface for 4010-Series Terminals 1183:110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 bit/s 315:A properly equipped 4014 could also drive a 1038:The Enhanced Graphic Module introduced two 427:displays consist of a series of images, or 2079: 2065: 2009: 1927: 667:interface, which was still widely used by 528: (equivalent to $ 2,196,812 in 2023). 407: 299:one-line-tall CRT duplicated the image on 32: 1996: 1983: 1970: 1957: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1852: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1768: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1693: 1681: 1484: 1472: 1424: 1393: 1381: 1369: 1341: 1339: 1330: 1313: 1298: 1283: 1271: 1259: 1028:was normal with dotted lines, and so on. 319:through an expansion card, including the 119:series was a family of text-and-graphics 1986:Tektronix 4010 Computer Display Terminal 1662: 868: 699:, selecting between them with the ASCII 632: 566: 411: 204: 196: 184: 1663:Hamilton, Rosemary (30 December 1985). 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 295: (equivalent to $ 72,109 in 2023). 275: (equivalent to $ 11,075 in 2023). 2203: 1941:"The Tektronix 4010 Graphics Terminal" 1571: 1456:"Tape Memory Links To Tektronix 4010s" 1408:Tektronix Interactive Digital Plotters 1336: 1074: 707:characters. This was required for the 139:, along with the less popular 25-inch 2231:History of human–computer interaction 2060: 1150:, Graphic plot, Graphic input, Print 503:1000 vectors × 2 ends × 2 coordinates 147:market in the 1970s and early 1980s. 1631: 714: 637: 563:Display capabilities and limitations 217:was first used in the Tektronix 564 16:Text and graphics computer terminals 1646:"Tektronix: Three Kinds of Storage" 1533:"Tektronix 4014 and 4105 Emulation" 13: 1559:Coping With Unix, A Survival Guide 230:, and the KV8I (later, KV8E) from 14: 2242: 2018: 1992:. Beaverton, OR: Tektronix. 1972. 1139:Power lamp + Two indicator lamps 1112:64 printing characters including 808: 215:direct-view bistable storage tube 1581:Sensory Processes and Perception 1555:"xterm: Tektronix 4014 Emulator" 1951: 1656: 1619: 1565: 1546: 1525: 1506: 1490: 1448: 1430: 1399: 1229: 765:Graphics are drawn by entering 674: 312:sheet feeder and higher speed. 238:Tektronix decided to enter the 177:chips became markedly cheaper. 173:that became more affordable as 143:. They were widely used in the 2138:Tektronix analog oscilloscopes 1346:"Computer Graphics Products". 1216: 646: 442:In the 1960s, memory based on 1: 2086: 1242: 1065: 817:to control the position of a 613:workstations employed both a 477:resolution would require 1024 232:Digital Equipment Corporation 109:, other proprietary protocols 1918:, p. TC1 Block Diagram. 1247: 278:The 4014 joined the line at 7: 1042:modes. Entering the normal 10: 2247: 726:ASCII printable characters 180: 18: 2177: 2156: 2115: 2094: 1626:"Computer Display Review" 1197: 1187: 1179: 1168: 1154: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1108: 1100: 1092: 1081: 620:Tektronix introduced the 98: 88: 78: 63: 53: 43: 31: 1209: 1999:Tektronix Products 1973 1572:Watson, Andrew (1986). 1349:Tektronix Products 1980 1201:80 pounds (36 kg) 408:Principles of operation 303:. Normally selling for 2143:Tektronix extended HEX 1601:Richard Shoup (2001). 1574:"Temporal Sensitivity" 578: 454:, one would require 80 420: 400:can emulate the 4014 ( 210: 202: 194: 127:technology created by 1665:"One company's story" 1180:Communication Speeds 869:Changes in 4014 model 633:Technical description 570: 415: 343:digital tape system. 284:computer-aided design 208: 200: 188: 163:graphics workstations 145:computer-aided design 2148:Tektronix Phaser 740 2107:Keithley Instruments 1855:, pp. 2–8, 2–9. 1816:, pp. 1–7, 1–8. 1684:, pp. 1–2, A-2. 1024:was normal drawing, 952:set the terminal to 627:stored writing speed 423:Conventional modern 191:storage oscilloscope 2226:Graphical terminals 2185:Danaher Corporation 1945:090527 columbia.edu 1771:, pp. C-1–C-4. 1286:, pp. 260–263. 1075:4010 Technical data 1060:intensity character 977:execution character 900:for 58 by 121, and 602:orders of magnitude 28: 2221:Computer terminals 2005:. Tektronix. 1973. 1462:: 20. 4 June 1975. 1414:. Tektronix. 1981. 1136:Visual indicators 1048:Special point plot 662:20-mA current-loop 658:electrical jumpers 579: 421: 358:a version with an 211: 203: 195: 189:The Tektronix 564 175:solid-state memory 121:computer terminals 26: 21:Union Pacific 4014 2216:Graphics hardware 2198: 2197: 1540:Drexel University 1224:cathode-ray tubes 1205: 1204: 1128:Auxiliary keypad 985:12-bit addressing 715:Graphics protocol 638:Mechanical layout 385:de facto standard 335:, the 4912 using 240:computer terminal 113: 112: 93:Computer keyboard 58:Computer terminal 2238: 2178:Related articles 2081: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2053:software package 2025:Tektronix 4010-1 2014: 2006: 2004: 1993: 1991: 1980: 1978: 1967: 1965: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1642: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1607: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1583:. Archived from 1578: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1502:. DEC. May 1988. 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1438:"Tektronix 4912" 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1352:. 1980. p. 1343: 1334: 1328: 1317: 1311: 1302: 1296: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1220: 1144:Operating modes 1079: 1078: 527: 519: 517: 511: 510: 504: 500: 495: 493: 487: 484: 480: 476: 472: 470: 464: 461: 457: 403: 310: 306: 294: 281: 274: 265: 261: 249: 245: 74: 72: 36: 29: 25: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2173: 2152: 2111: 2090: 2085: 2021: 2002: 1989: 1976: 1963: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1928:Tektronix 1972b 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1859: 1851: 1844: 1840:, p. 3-25. 1836: 1832: 1828:, p. 3-24. 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1804:, p. 3-26. 1800: 1796: 1792:, p. 3-27. 1788: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1759:, p. 3-28. 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1661: 1657: 1644: 1643: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1551: 1547: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1361: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1192: 1077: 1068: 1057: 1053: 1050:, entered with 1034: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954:defocussed mode 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 927: 923: 919: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 871: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 811: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 776: 772: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 735: 717: 706: 702: 677: 649: 640: 635: 565: 525: 515: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 491: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 468: 466: 462: 459: 455: 433:computer memory 410: 401: 308: 304: 292: 288:canonical model 279: 272: 263: 259: 247: 243: 183: 167:raster displays 156:computer memory 70: 68: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2244: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2133:Tektronix 4105 2130: 2128:Tektronix 4050 2125: 2123:Tektronix 4010 2119: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2102:Arbor Networks 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2038: 2028: 2020: 2019:External links 2017: 2016: 2015: 2007: 1994: 1981: 1968: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1932: 1930:, p. 1-3. 1920: 1916:Tektronix 1974 1908: 1906:, p. F-8. 1904:Tektronix 1974 1896: 1894:, p. F-7. 1892:Tektronix 1974 1884: 1882:, p. F-6. 1880:Tektronix 1974 1872: 1870:, p. F-4. 1868:Tektronix 1974 1857: 1853:Tektronix 1974 1842: 1838:Tektronix 1974 1830: 1826:Tektronix 1974 1818: 1814:Tektronix 1974 1806: 1802:Tektronix 1974 1794: 1790:Tektronix 1974 1773: 1769:Tektronix 1974 1761: 1757:Tektronix 1974 1749: 1747:, p. 2-7. 1745:Tektronix 1974 1737: 1735:, p. 2-9. 1733:Tektronix 1974 1725: 1723:, p. A-6. 1721:Tektronix 1974 1713: 1711:, p. E-1. 1709:Tektronix 1974 1698: 1696:, p. D-8. 1694:Tektronix 1974 1686: 1682:Tektronix 1974 1674: 1655: 1630: 1618: 1615:on 2004-06-12. 1593: 1590:on 2016-03-08. 1564: 1545: 1524: 1505: 1489: 1487:, p. 277. 1485:Tektronix 1973 1477: 1473:Tektronix 1971 1465: 1447: 1429: 1425:Tektronix 1971 1417: 1398: 1396:, p. 269. 1394:Tektronix 1973 1386: 1384:, p. 255. 1382:Tektronix 1973 1374: 1372:, p. 273. 1370:Tektronix 1973 1359: 1335: 1333:, p. 276. 1331:Tektronix 1973 1318: 1316:, p. 274. 1314:Tektronix 1973 1303: 1301:, p. 275. 1299:Tektronix 1973 1288: 1284:Tektronix 1973 1276: 1274:, p. 260. 1272:Tektronix 1973 1264: 1260:Tektronix 1971 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109:Character set 1106: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1085:Pedestal with 1083: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1040:point plotting 1032: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 969: 965: 961: 957: 949: 945: 941: 937: 929: 925: 921: 917: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 870: 867: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 810: 809:Graphics input 807: 798: 794: 790: 786: 778: 774: 770: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 733: 716: 713: 704: 700: 697:circuit boards 685:smart terminal 676: 673: 648: 645: 639: 636: 634: 631: 615:video terminal 607:Computervision 587:screen burn-in 572:Computervision 564: 561: 418:screen burn-in 409: 406: 390:Tektronix 4105 360:Interdata 7/16 355:Tektronix 4050 213:The Tektronix 209:Tektronix 4051 182: 179: 171:screen buffers 169:and dedicated 117:Tektronix 4010 111: 110: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 45: 41: 40: 37: 27:Tektronix 4010 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2243: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164:Howard Vollum 2162: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041:Hvosm spin001 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1670: 1669:Computerworld 1666: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1461: 1460:Computerworld 1457: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1426: 1421: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1340: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1082:Construction 1080: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1029: 993: 990: 986: 981: 978: 973: 955: 933: 914: 909: 874: 866: 820: 816: 806: 802: 784: 768: 763: 759: 732: 729: 727: 721: 712: 710: 698: 693: 689: 686: 682: 672: 670: 666: 663: 659: 655: 644: 630: 628: 623: 622:write through 618: 616: 610: 608: 603: 598: 594: 592: 588: 583: 576: 573: 569: 560: 557: 553: 552:photoemission 548: 546: 542: 538: 537:electron guns 534: 529: 523: 453: 448: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 419: 414: 405: 399: 395: 391: 386: 381: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 361: 356: 351: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 328: 326: 322: 318: 313: 302: 301:thermal paper 296: 289: 285: 276: 269: 256: 254: 241: 236: 233: 229: 225: 220: 216: 207: 199: 192: 187: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 49: 46: 42: 35: 30: 22: 2122: 2095:Subsidiaries 2010: 1998: 1985: 1972: 1959: 1952:Bibliography 1935: 1923: 1911: 1899: 1887: 1875: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1689: 1677: 1668: 1658: 1652:. July 1972. 1649: 1621: 1610:the original 1596: 1585:the original 1580: 1567: 1558: 1548: 1539: 1527: 1521:. ICL. 1991. 1514: 1508: 1498: 1492: 1480: 1475:, p. 4. 1468: 1459: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1427:, p. 6. 1420: 1407: 1401: 1389: 1377: 1348: 1279: 1267: 1255: 1231: 1218: 1206: 1170:flow control 1159:RS-232C/V.24 1148:Alphanumeric 1101:Screen size 1069: 1059: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1030: 994: 988: 984: 982: 976: 974: 953: 934: 912: 910: 875: 872: 812: 803: 782: 766: 764: 760: 736: 730: 722: 718: 694: 690: 680: 678: 675:Text display 650: 641: 626: 621: 619: 611: 599: 595: 584: 580: 549: 544: 540: 530: 509:10 bits 507:(X and Y) × 499:10 bits 449: 441: 428: 422: 382: 371: 363:minicomputer 352: 345: 329: 314: 297: 277: 257: 237: 219:oscilloscope 212: 160: 149: 140: 136: 135:and 19-inch 132: 125:storage-tube 116: 114: 107:current loop 99:Connectivity 83:Storage tube 64:Release date 44:Manufacturer 1188:Dimensions 1058:, added an 647:Interfacing 591:screensaver 539:. One, the 475:1024 by 768 463:7 bits 437:framebuffer 394:NCSA Telnet 317:pen plotter 253:raster scan 228:Project MAC 2205:Categories 1442:ClassicCmp 1243:References 1155:Interface 1066:Criticisms 1044:point plot 989:extra byte 783:alpha mode 767:graph mode 681:alpha mode 518: bits 494: bits 486:1 bit 471: bits 333:punch tape 2211:Tektronix 2169:Del Yocam 2088:Tektronix 1515:ICL A420C 1248:Citations 913:dark mode 669:mainframe 556:phosphors 545:write gun 541:flood gun 526:$ 280,000 129:Tektronix 123:based on 48:Tektronix 2116:Products 1650:Tekscope 1163:Teletype 1093:Display 1087:keyboard 1004:through 964:through 944:through 924:through 815:keyboard 665:teletype 522:IBM 2250 505:per end 402:xterm -t 348:Joystick 337:cassette 293:$ 19,500 152:IBM 2250 2190:Fortive 2051:Disspla 2031:tek4006 1198:Weight 843:Control 831:⇧ Shift 827:Control 791:⇧ Shift 787:Control 775:⇧ Shift 771:Control 378:DISSPLA 374:FORTRAN 325:C-sized 309:$ 3,950 305:$ 3,550 280:$ 8,450 273:$ 2,995 260:$ 3,950 244:$ 9,400 181:History 79:Display 69: ( 2157:People 2035:Ubuntu 819:cursor 799:Return 654:RS-232 520:. The 429:frames 103:RS-232 2003:(PDF) 1990:(PDF) 1977:(PDF) 1964:(PDF) 1613:(PDF) 1606:(PDF) 1588:(PDF) 1577:(PDF) 1536:(PDF) 1519:(PDF) 1412:(PDF) 1210:Notes 1175:None 1131:None 1120:Keys 1114:space 906:; 898:: 756:$ n W 744:space 533:radar 452:ASCII 425:video 398:xterm 341:DC300 264:$ 290 248:$ 150 89:Input 703:and 444:core 396:and 367:OEMs 321:GPIB 307:, a 141:4016 137:4014 133:4010 115:The 71:1972 67:1972 54:Type 1052:Esc 1016:to 1006:Esc 998:Esc 966:Esc 958:Esc 946:Esc 938:Esc 926:Esc 918:Esc 902:Esc 894:Esc 886:Esc 878:Esc 863:ENQ 859:ESC 855:SUB 851:ESC 839:SUB 823:ESC 709:APL 679:In 575:CAD 516:000 492:432 490:786 481:768 469:000 404:). 268:APL 226:'s 224:MIT 2207:: 1860:^ 1845:^ 1776:^ 1701:^ 1667:. 1648:. 1633:^ 1579:. 1557:. 1538:. 1458:. 1440:. 1362:^ 1354:35 1338:^ 1321:^ 1306:^ 1291:^ 1172:: 1161:, 1056:FS 884:. 865:. 801:. 758:. 752:$ 705:SO 701:SI 514:40 512:= 488:= 483:× 479:× 467:14 465:= 460:× 458:25 456:× 439:. 105:, 2080:e 2073:t 2066:v 1943:. 1671:. 1561:. 1542:. 1444:. 1356:. 1262:. 1054:+ 1033:E 1026:a 1022:, 1018:d 1014:, 1010:w 1008:+ 1002:` 1000:+ 970:g 968:+ 962:` 960:+ 950:o 948:+ 942:h 940:+ 930:w 928:+ 922:p 920:+ 904:+ 896:+ 890:9 888:+ 882:8 880:+ 861:+ 853:+ 847:Z 845:+ 841:( 835:K 833:+ 829:+ 825:( 795:O 793:+ 789:+ 779:M 777:+ 773:+ 748:n 740:W 73:) 23:.

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