393:(that have no magnetic interaction with the usual rotor and stator) to feed power to the rotor. These transformers have stationary primaries, and rotating secondaries. The secondary is somewhat like a spool wound with magnet wire, the axis of the spool concentric with the rotor's axis. The "spool" is the secondary winding's core, its flanges are the poles, and its coupling does not vary significantly with rotor position. The primary winding is similar, surrounded by its magnetic core, and its end pieces are like thick washers. The holes in those end pieces align with the rotating secondary poles.
753:
362:
be powered by the same branch circuit, so to speak; the mains excitation voltage sources must match in voltage and phase. The safest approach is to bus the five or six lines from transmitters and receivers at a common point. Different makes of selsyns, used in interlock systems, have different output voltages. In all cases, three-phase systems will handle more power and operate a bit more smoothly. The excitation is often 208/240-V 3-phase mains power. Many synchros operate on 30 to 60
110:
90:
47:
408:
depending upon definition) the angle defined by the transmitter. A differential receiver is connected between two transmitters, and shows the sum (or difference, again as defined) between the shaft positions of the two transmitters. There are synchro-like devices called transolvers, somewhat like differential synchros, but with three-lead rotors and four-lead stators.
397:
The latter was called a 36-speed synchro. Of course, the gear trains were made accordingly. At the receiver, the magnitude of the 1X channel's error determined whether the "fast" channel was to be used instead. A small 1X error meant that the 36x channel's data was unambiguous. Once the receiver servo settled, the fine channel normally retained control.
189:. Control type synchros are used in applications that require large torques or high accuracy such as follow-up links and error detectors in servo, automatic control systems (such as an autopilot system). In simpler terms, a control synchro system is a system in which the transmitted signal controls a source of power which does the usable work.
340:
connected properly. One transmitter can turn several receivers; if torque is a factor, the transmitter must be physically larger to source the additional current. In a motion picture interlock system, a large motor-driven distributor can drive as many as 20 machines, sound dubbers, footage counters, and projectors.
415:
is similar to a synchro, but has a stator with four leads, the windings being 90 degrees apart physically instead of 120 degrees. Its rotor might be synchro-like, or have two sets of windings 90 degrees apart. Although a pair of resolvers could theoretically operate like a pair of synchros, resolvers
396:
For high accuracy in gun fire control and aerospace work, so called multi-speed synchro data links were used. For instance, a two-speed link had two transmitters, one rotating for one turn over the full range (such as a gun's bearing), while the other rotated one turn for every 10 degrees of bearing.
181:
In a torque system, a synchro will provide a low-power mechanical output sufficient to position an indicating device, actuate a sensitive switch or move light loads without power amplification. In simpler terms, a torque synchro system is a system in which the transmitted signal does the usable work.
480:
The Panama Canal; An
Engineering Treatise. A Series Of Papers Covering In Full Detail The Technical Problems Involved In The Construction Of The Panama Canal - Geology, Climatology, Municipal Engineering; Dredging, Hydraulics, Power Plants, Etc. Prepared By Engineers And Other Specialists In Charge
361:
Single phase units have five wires: two for an exciter winding (typically line voltage) and three for the output/input. These three are bussed to the other synchros in the system, and provide the power and information to align the shafts of all the receivers. Synchro transmitters and receivers must
373:
A different type of receiver, called a control transformer (CT), is part of a position servo that includes a servo amplifier and servo motor. The motor is geared to the CT rotor, and when the transmitter's rotor moves, the servo motor turns the CT's rotor and the mechanical load to match the new
339:
connect the rotor to external power. A synchro transmitter's shaft is rotated by the mechanism that sends information, while the synchro receiver's shaft rotates a dial, or operates a light mechanical load. Single and three-phase units are common in use, and will follow the other's rotation when
41:
Schematic of a synchro transducer. The complete circle represents the rotor. The solid bars represent the cores of the windings next to them. Power to the rotor is connected by slip rings and brushes, represented by the circles at the ends of the rotor winding. As shown, the rotor induces equal
407:
Differential synchros are another category. They have three-lead rotors and stators like the stator described above, and can be transmitters or receivers. A differential transmitter is connected between a synchro transmitter and a receiver, and its shaft's position adds to (or subtracts from,
192:
Quite often, one system will perform both torque and control functions. Individual units are designed for use in either torque or control systems. Some torque units can be used as control units, but control units cannot replace torque units.
243:
Output: electrical output from rotor (representing an angle equal to the algebraic sum or difference of rotor position angle and angular data from TX) supplied to torque receivers, another TDX, or a torque differential
403:
So called multispeed synchros have stators with many poles, so that their output voltages go through several cycles for one physical revolution. For two-speed systems, these do not require gearing between the shafts.
369:
Synchro transmitters are as described, but 50- and 60-Hz synchro receivers require rotary dampers to keep their shafts from oscillating when not loaded (as with dials) or lightly loaded in high-accuracy applications.
139:
Smaller synchros are still used to remotely drive indicator gauges and as rotary position sensors for aircraft control surfaces, where the reliability of these rugged devices is needed. Digital devices such as the
66:
whose primary-to-secondary coupling may be varied by physically changing the relative orientation of the two windings. Synchros are often used for measuring the angle of a rotating machine such as an
423:) interfaces between resolver and synchro data formats; it was invented to interconnect two-phase AC power with three-phase power, but can also be used for precision applications.
38:
213:
Output: electrical output from stator identifying the rotor position supplied to a torque receiver, torque differential transmitter or a torque differential receiver.
42:
voltages in the 120° and 240° windings, and no voltage in the 0° winding. does not necessarily need to be connected to the common lead of the stator star windings.
70:
platform or transmitting rotation. In its general physical construction, it is much like an electric motor. The primary winding of the transformer, fixed to the
571:
286:
Input: electrical data supplied from two TX's, two TDX's or from one TX and one TDX (one connected to the rotor and one connected to the stator).
128:, and to transmit the desired gun position back to the gun location. Early systems just moved indicator dials, but with the advent of the
304:
Output: electrical output from rotor (proportional to sine of the difference between rotor angular position and electrical input angle).
374:
position. CTs have high-impedance stators and draw much less current than ordinary synchro receivers when not correctly positioned.
867:
847:
447:
377:
Synchro transmitters can also feed synchro to digital converters, which provide a digital representation of the shaft angle.
620:
354:
in most countries), while those for marine or aeronautical use tend to operate at 400 hertz (the frequency of the on-board
170:
Large synchros were used on naval warships, such as destroyers, to operate the steering gear from the wheel on the bridge.
715:
564:
481:
Of The
Various Branches Of The Work And Presented At The International Engineering Congress, San Francisco, California
1005:
887:
737:
557:
228:
Output: electrical output same as TX but supplied to a control transformer or control differential transmitter.
82:
causes voltages to appear between the Y-connected secondary windings fixed at 120 degrees to each other on the
240:
Input: TX output applied to stator; rotor positioned according to amount data from TX that must be modified.
796:
665:
331:
On a practical level, synchros resemble motors, in that there is a rotor, stator, and a shaft. Ordinarily,
106:
in the early 1900s to transmit lock gate and valve stem positions, and water levels, to the control desks.
185:
In a control system, a synchro will provide a voltage for conversion to torque through an amplifier and a
801:
685:
630:
625:
774:
752:
79:
779:
301:
Input: electrical data from CX or CDX applied to stator. Rotor positioned mechanically or manually.
31:
877:
784:
730:
86:. The voltages are measured and used to determine the angle of the rotor relative to the stator.
17:
852:
818:
725:
289:
Output: rotor assumes position equal to the algebraic sum or difference of two angular inputs.
835:
813:
791:
680:
670:
442:
412:
67:
1010:
605:
355:
494:
8:
964:
882:
872:
828:
823:
808:
640:
420:
160:
117:
75:
478:
974:
892:
862:
857:
840:
695:
675:
645:
535:
390:
210:
Input: rotor positioned mechanically or manually by the information to be transmitted.
124:
used synchros extensively, to transmit angular information from guns and sights to an
761:
660:
348:
314:
designed as a torque receiver, but may be used as either a transmitter or receiver.
959:
336:
164:
71:
769:
720:
700:
690:
156:
125:
928:
923:
913:
635:
615:
600:
452:
437:
148:
141:
133:
259:
Output: same as TDX but supplied to only a control transformer or another CDX.
136:, the fire control system could directly control the positions of heavy guns.
999:
938:
522:", 25 March 1991, Department of the Navy, Washington D.C., Table 1, Page 82.]
400:
For very critical applications, three-speed synchro systems have been used.
178:
There are two types of synchro systems: torque systems and control systems.
742:
495:"Naval Ordnance and Gunnery, Volume 1", 1957, U.S. Navy Manual, Chapter 10.
152:
121:
103:
908:
710:
650:
580:
63:
271:
Input: Electrical angle position data from TX or TDX supplied to stator.
933:
918:
610:
457:
274:
Output: Rotor assumes position determined by electrical input supplied.
186:
509:", 25 March 1991, Department of the Navy, Washington D.C., Pages 1-2.]
109:
549:
432:
351:
332:
182:
In such a system, accuracy on the order of one degree is attainable.
129:
343:
Synchros designed for terrestrial use tend to be driven at 50 or 60
969:
655:
89:
979:
419:
A special T-connected transformer arrangement invented by Scott (
83:
595:
344:
201:
A synchro will fall into one of eight functional categories:
102:
Synchro systems were first used in the control system of the
984:
46:
30:
This article is about the transformer. For other uses, see
37:
954:
320:
Output: depending on the application, same as TX or TR.
113:
View of the connection diagram of a synchro transmitter
144:have replaced synchros in most other applications.
476:
132:, as well as motor-driven high-powered hydraulic
997:
317:Input: depending on the application, same as TX.
196:
565:
27:Variable transformers used in control systems
256:Input: same as TDX but data supplied by CX.
62:and by other brand names) is, in effect, a
572:
558:
545:. Beckenham: Muirhead Vactric Components.
868:Rotary variable differential transformer
848:Linear variable differential transformer
108:
88:
45:
36:
173:
14:
998:
579:
541:Upson, A.R.; Batchelor, J.H. (1978) .
251:Control differential transmitter (CDX)
553:
235:Torque differential transmitter (TDX)
621:Condition monitoring of transformers
540:
520:Synchros. Description and Operation
507:Synchros. Description and Operation
716:Toroidal inductors and transformers
380:
24:
281:Torque differential receiver (TDR)
147:Selsyn motors were widely used in
93:A picture of a synchro transmitter
25:
1022:
311:Torque receiver-transmitter (TRX)
751:
159:equipment, before the advent of
888:Variable-frequency transformer
738:Transformer utilization factor
536:AC instrumentation transducers
512:
499:
488:
470:
13:
1:
529:
197:Synchro functional categories
797:Energy efficient transformer
543:Synchro Engineering Handbook
326:
126:analog fire control computer
7:
802:Amorphous metal transformer
686:Resonant inductive coupling
626:Electrical insulation paper
477:Goethals, George W (1916).
426:
10:
1027:
416:are used for computation.
50:Simple two-synchro system.
29:
947:
901:
760:
749:
588:
151:equipment to synchronize
120:designs developed during
80:electromagnetic induction
780:Distribution transformer
484:. New York: McGraw Hill.
463:
358:driven by the engines).
296:Control transformer (CT)
220:Control transmitter (CX)
32:Synchro (disambiguation)
878:Solid-state transformer
785:Pad-mounted transformer
731:Transformer oil testing
205:Torque transmitter (TX)
97:
853:Parametric transformer
819:Instrument transformer
775:Buck–boost transformer
726:Dissolved gas analysis
114:
94:
51:
43:
1006:Electric transformers
836:Isolation transformer
814:Grounding transformer
792:Delta-wye transformer
671:Pressure relief valve
112:
92:
49:
40:
356:electrical generator
266:Torque receiver (TR)
174:Synchro system types
965:Mitsubishi Electric
883:Trigger transformer
873:Scott-T transformer
829:Voltage transformer
824:Current transformer
809:Flyback transformer
641:Induction regulator
391:rotary transformers
161:crystal oscillators
118:Fire-control system
76:alternating current
74:, is excited by an
975:Schneider Electric
893:Zigzag transformer
863:Rotary transformer
858:Planar transformer
841:Austin transformer
696:Short-circuit test
676:Quadrature booster
646:Leakage inductance
387:brushless synchros
225:Input: same as TX.
115:
95:
52:
44:
993:
992:
661:Open-circuit test
16:(Redirected from
1018:
960:General Electric
755:
574:
567:
560:
551:
550:
546:
523:
518:"MIL-HDBK-225A,
516:
510:
505:"MIL-HDBK-225A,
503:
497:
492:
486:
485:
474:
381:Synchro variants
365:
165:microelectronics
21:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1015:
996:
995:
994:
989:
943:
897:
770:Autotransformer
756:
747:
721:Transformer oil
701:Stacking factor
691:Severity factor
584:
578:
532:
527:
526:
517:
513:
504:
500:
493:
489:
475:
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466:
429:
383:
363:
329:
199:
176:
157:sound recording
100:
58:(also known as
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1008:
991:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
949:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
931:
929:Repeating coil
926:
924:Polyphase coil
921:
916:
914:Induction coil
911:
905:
903:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
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880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
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845:
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772:
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708:
703:
698:
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683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:High-leg delta
633:
628:
623:
618:
616:Circle diagram
613:
608:
603:
601:Buchholz relay
598:
592:
590:
586:
585:
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576:
569:
562:
554:
548:
547:
538:
531:
528:
525:
524:
511:
498:
487:
468:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
455:
453:Servomechanism
450:
445:
440:
438:Rotary encoder
435:
428:
425:
382:
379:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
318:
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217:
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206:
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195:
175:
172:
149:motion picture
142:rotary encoder
99:
96:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1023:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
948:Manufacturers
946:
940:
939:Trembler coil
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
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724:
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719:
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707:
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689:
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629:
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587:
582:
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534:
533:
521:
515:
508:
502:
496:
491:
483:
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469:
459:
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431:
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417:
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409:
405:
401:
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212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
194:
190:
188:
183:
179:
171:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:movie cameras
150:
145:
143:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
107:
105:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
48:
39:
33:
19:
743:Vector group
705:
542:
519:
514:
506:
501:
490:
479:
472:
418:
410:
406:
402:
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395:
386:
384:
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372:
368:
360:
342:
330:
200:
191:
184:
180:
177:
169:
146:
138:
122:World War II
116:
104:Panama Canal
101:
59:
55:
53:
1011:Transducers
909:Hybrid coil
711:Tap changer
651:Magnet wire
581:Transformer
366:V AC also.
78:, which by
64:transformer
1000:Categories
934:Tesla coil
919:Oudin coil
611:Center tap
530:References
458:Servomotor
385:So-called
333:slip rings
187:servomotor
433:Amplidyne
421:"Scott T"
352:frequency
327:Operation
244:receiver.
130:amplidyne
970:ProlecGE
681:Resolver
666:Polarity
656:Metadyne
443:Resolver
427:See also
413:resolver
980:Siemens
706:Synchro
631:Growler
606:Bushing
337:brushes
68:antenna
56:synchro
18:Telesyn
589:Topics
583:topics
364:
134:servos
84:stator
60:selsyn
902:Coils
762:Types
596:Balun
464:Notes
349:mains
347:(the
345:hertz
72:rotor
985:TBEA
448:RVDT
389:use
335:and
163:and
155:and
98:Uses
955:ABB
1002::
411:A
167:.
54:A
573:e
566:t
559:v
34:.
20:)
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