2279:
1325:
ones, and generally are absent in the young shell, except in some highly accelerated types. Tertiary spirals are intercalated between the preceding groups in more specialized species. Ribs are regular transverse foldings of the shell, which generally extend from the suture to suture. They are usually spaced uniformly and crossed by the spirals. In specialized types, when a shoulder angle is formed, they become concentrated as nodes upon this angle, disappearing from the shoulder above and the body below. Spines may replace the nodes in later stages. They form as notches in the margin of the shell and are subsequently abandoned, often remaining open in front. Irregular spines may also arise on various parts of the surface of the shell (see
2367:
1218:
1171:
2212:
1624:
2022:
2263:
1203:
42:
1607:
110:
1641:
214:
1188:
1902:
1938:
2040:
1974:
2246:
2067:
2010:
1950:
1998:
224:
1986:
1277:
2298:
1926:
280:
1436:
2315:
1025:
862:
1962:
2055:
61:
1914:
2909:
2229:
2335:
2351:
1398:). Similar ridges or columellar plicae or folds are more often found on the inner lip, next to the columella or central spiral twist. These may be oblique or normal to the axis of coiling (horizontal), few or numerous, readily seen, or far within the shell so as to be invisible except in broken shells. When the axis of coiling is hollow (perforate spire) the opening at the base constitutes the
2577:
1241:: this is the most common viewing angle. The shell is shown in its entirety, with its aperture facing the viewer, and the apex at the top. If the aperture is on the right side when viewed like this, then the shell-coiling is "right-handed" or dextral; if the aperture is on the left side when viewed like this, the shell has "left-handed" or sinistral shell-coiling.
201:. The outermost layer is the periostracum which is resistant to abrasion and provides most shell coloration. The body of the snail contacts the innermost smooth layer that may be composed of mother-of-pearl or shell nacre, a dense horizontally packed form of conchiolin, which is layered upon the periostracum as the snail grows.
2078:
1375:). An outer (lateral) emargination or notch, sometimes prolonged into a slit occurs in certain types (Pleurotomidae, Pleurotomaridae, Bellerophontidae, etc.), and the progressive closing of this slit may give rise to a definitely marked slit band. In some cases the slit is abandoned and left as a hole (
2880:
Tanke, D.H. and Brett-Surman, M.K. 2001. Evidence of
Hatchling and Nestling-Size Hadrosaurs (Reptilia:Ornithischia) from Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian), Alberta, Canada. pp. 206–218. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life – New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J.
1324:
of the gastropod shell consists of longitudinal ridges, and/or transverse ridges. Primary spirals may appear in regular succession on either side of the first primary, which generally becomes the shoulder angle if angulation occurs. Secondary spirals may appear by intercalation between the primary
1306:
of the shell gradually increase in size. Normally the whorls are circular or elliptical in section. The spire can be high or low, broad or slender, according to the way the coils of the shell are arranged, and the apical angle of the shell varies accordingly. The whorls sometimes rest loosely upon
1133:
living in isolated colonies on limestone outcrops. Several sets of species differ only in the direction of coiling, but the evidence is inconclusive as to whether left- and right-handed shells live together. Soos (1928, pp. 372–385) summarized previous discussions of the problem and concluded
1063:
In a few cases, both left- and right-handed coiling are found in the same population. Sinistral mutants of normally dextral species and dextral mutants of normally sinistral species are rare but well documented occurrences among land snails in general. Populations or species with normally mixed
1422:
The apertural end of the gastropod shell is the anterior end, nearest to the head of the animal; the apex of the spire is often the posterior end or at least is the dorsal side. Most authors figure the shells with the apex of the spire uppermost. In life, when the soft parts of these snail are
2101:
In this context, the height (or the length) of a shell is its maximum measurement along the central axis. The width (or breadth, or diameter) is the maximum measurement of the shell at right angles to the central axis. Both terms are only related to the description of the shell and not to the
1036:
If a coiled gastropod shell is held with the spire pointing upwards and the aperture more or less facing the observer, a dextral shell will have the aperture on the right-hand side, and a sinistral shell will have the aperture on the left-hand side. This chirality of gastropods is sometimes
981:
zone, are usually inhabited by snails whose shells have a wide aperture, a relatively low surface area, and a high growth rate per revolution. High-spired and highly sculptured forms become more common in quiet water environments. The shell of burrowing forms, such as the
3143:
2366:
992:, are smooth, elongated, and lack elaborate sculpture, in order to decrease resistance when moving through sand. On land, high-spired forms are often associated with vertical surfaces, whereas flat-shelled snails tend to live on the ground.
1355:
or peristome of the shell may be simple or variously modified. An outer and an inner (columellar) lip are generally recognized. These may be continuous with each other, or may be divided by an anterior notch. This, in some types
1037:
overlooked when photographs of coiled gastropods are "flipped" by a non-expert prior to being used in a publication. This image "flipping" results in a normal dextral gastropod appearing to be a rare or abnormal sinistral one.
944:
The rate of translation of the generating curve along the axis of coiling, controlling how high-spired the resulting shell becomes. This may range from zero, a flat planispiral shell, to nearly the diameter of the
3129:
948:
Irregularities or "sculpturing" such as ribs, spines, knobs, and varices made by the snail regularly changing the shape of the generating curve during the course of growth, for instance in the many species of
1427:, a door-like structure which is secreted by, and attached to, the upper surface of the posterior part of the foot. The operculum is of very variable form in the different groups of snails that possess one.
2175:
In large enough quantities, gastropod shells can have enough of an impact on environmental conditions to affect the ability of organic remains in the local environment to fossilize. For example, in the
1419:, a proteinaceous layer which sometimes is thick enough to hide the color markings of the surface of the shell. The periostracum, as well as the coloration, is only rarely preserved in fossil shells.
2081:
Schematic representation of the apical, apertural and basal view of a shell, showing 14 different commonly used measurements. Dotted lines represent the orientation axes (except of lower image).
1134:
that the right- and left-handed populations were distinct species. Others have stated that these populations were not distinct, and the question is far from settled. The
Peruvian clausiliid,
1217:
2118:
is an imaginary axis along the length of a shell, around which, in a coiled shell, the whorls spiral. The central axis passes through the columella, the central pillar of the shell.
1313:). They also can overlap the earlier whorls such that the earlier whorls may be largely or wholly covered by the later ones. When an angulation occurs, the space between it and the
1044:. This left-handedness seems to be more common in freshwater and land pulmonates. But still the dextral living species in gastropods seem to account for 99% of the total number.
1021:) show a mixture of dextral and sinistral individuals. There occur also aberrantly sinistral forms of dextral species and some of these are highly sought by shell collectors.
2021:
1055:
is involved. A more recent study (2013) correlates the asymmetric coiling of the shell by the left-right asymmetric expression of the decapentaplegic gene in the mantle.
2469:
2618:
1568:: in shells where the whorls move apart as they grow, on the underside of the shell there is a deep depression reaching up towards the spire; this is the umbilicus
139:, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium storage. Some gastropods appear shell-less (
2769:
Wilson A. B., Glaubrecht M. & Meyer A. (March 2004) "Ancient lakes as evolutionary reservoirs: evidence from the thalassoid gastropods of Lake
Tanganyika".
2192:
sites, both of which are predominated by the preserved shells of invertebrate life, including gastropods. It was the slow dissolution of these shells releasing
1136:
2278:
2141:, in semi-slugs and in various other marine and non-marine gastropods. Sometimes the reduction of the shell is associated with a predatory way of feeding.
977:
Some shell shapes are found more often in certain environments, though there are many exceptions. Wave-washed high-energy environments, such as the rocky
893:
1317:
above it constitutes the area known as the "shoulder" of the shell. The shoulder angle may be smooth or keeled, and may sometimes have nodes or spines.
2721:
2405:"How to Know the eastern land snails; pictured-key for determining the land snails of the United States occurring east of the Rocky Mountain Divide"
2812:
Pfenninger M., Hrabáková M., Steinke D. & Dèpraz A. (4 November 2005) "Why do snails have hairs? A Bayesian inference of character evolution".
3091:– Information on some gastropods of the tropical Western Atlantic, specifically the Caribbean Sea, with relevance to the fisheries in that region
624:
2157:
3094:
3042:
van
Batenburg1 F. H. D. & Gittenberger E. (1996). "Ease of fixation of a change in coiling: computer experiments on chirality in snails".
2211:
3171:
1348:. Varices may also be formed by simple expansion of the outer lip, and a subsequent resumption of growth from the base of the expansion.
1334:
When a row of spines is formed at the edge or outer lip of the shell during a resting period, this feature sometimes remains behind as a
1126:
1064:
coiling are much rarer, and, so far as is known, are confined, with one exception, to a few genera of arboreal tropical snails. Besides
3023:
1440:
845:
2522:
Keisuke
Shimizu, Minoru Iijima, Davin HE SetiamargaIsao Sarashina, Tetsuhiro Kudoh, Takahiro Asami, Edi Gittenberger, Kazuyoshi Endo;
1415:
shells, when the animal is alive or the shell is freshly empty, have an uppermost shell layer of horny, smooth, or hairy epidermis or
1623:
1369:
An upper or posterior notch is present in certain taxa, and this may result in the formation of a ridge or shelf next to the suture (
1298:, which is often quite distinct from the rest of the shell and has no growth lines. From the protoconch, which forms the apex of the
143:) but may have a remnant within the mantle, or in some cases the shell is reduced such that the body cannot be retracted within it (
1170:
1202:
886:
1574:: on some mollusk shells, spaced raised and thickened vertical ribs mark the end of a period of rapid growth; these are varices
1187:
970:
Some of these factors can be modelled mathematically and programs exist to generate extremely realistic images. Early work by
1606:
2737:
Britton J. C (1995) "The relationship between position on shore and shell ornamentation in 2 size-dependent morphotypes of
2674:
2148:, it is not possible to regain the coiling of the shell after it is lost. Despite that, there are few genera in the family
1640:
2245:
1997:
927:
The shape of the generating curve, roughly equivalent to the shape of the aperture. It may be round, for instance in the
1589:
The overall shape of the shell varies. For example, three groups can be distinguished based on the height – width ratio:
1402:. The umbilicus varies greatly in size, and may be wholly or in part covered by an expansion or callus of the inner lip (
2840:
879:
3520:
3139:
119:: Apertural view (top left), lateral view (top right), apical view (bottom left), and umbilical view (bottom right).
3525:
3440:
1669:
Coeloconoid a slightly concave conical shell in which the incremental angle increases steadily during growth (see:
1261:): the shell is shown viewed directly from below. In most cases where there is an umbilicus, this is in clear view.
1819:
Turreted, turriculate, babylonic; an elongated shell with the whorls angulated or shouldered on their upper part.
3164:
2314:
2098:
of the shell, the height of the aperture and the width of the aperture. The number of whorls is also often used.
1949:
1788:
974:
on the analog computer also revealed many possible combinations that were never adopted by any actual gastropod.
906:
Gastropod shell morphology is usually quite constant among individuals of a species. Controlling variables are:
3465:
3455:
3016:
1385:). The outer emargination is often only indicated by the reflected course of the lines of growth on the shell.
2625:
2188:
vegetation would have caused the ancient waters to become acidic. Eggshell fragments are present in only two
2039:
756:
751:
584:
385:
3088:
2714:
3530:
3495:
1631:
910:
The rate of growth per revolution around the coiling axis. High rates give wide-mouthed forms such as the
45:
Shells of two different species of sea snail: on the left is the normally sinistral (left-handed) shell of
2631:
2588:
958:
Ontologic growth changes as the animal reaches adulthood. Good examples are the flaring lip of the adult
3561:
2262:
579:
3062:
Wandelt J. & Nagy L. M. (24 August 2004) "Left-Right
Asymmetry: More Than One Way to Coil a Shell".
3597:
3157:
1234:
In photographs or illustrations, a gastropod shell can be shown oriented in a number of standard ways:
866:
813:
17:
1481:(or last whorl): the largest whorl in which the main part of the visceral mass of the mollusk is found
3009:
2881:
Currie. Edited by D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter. Indiana
University Press: Bloomington. xviii + 577 pp.
2297:
807:
466:
3100:
2838:
Collin R. & Cipriani R. (22 December 2003) "Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling".
1523:: the nuclear or embryonic whorl; the larval shell, often remains in position even on an adult shell
2672:
Hershler R. & Ponder W. F.(1998). "A Review of
Morphological Characters of Hydrobioid Snails".
353:
1878:
Biconic: shaped like two conical shapes that are touching their bases, and tapering at both ends:
3602:
2793:
Goodfriend G. A. (1986) "Variation in land-snail shell form and size and its causes – a Review".
2656:
2580:
2390:
This article incorporates public domain text from references, and CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.
2177:
589:
461:
2228:
2066:
1251:): the shell is shown with its aperture 180° away from the viewer, and with the apex at the top.
3460:
2614:
2506:
2200:
high enough to prevent the eggshell fragments from dissolving before they could be fossilized.
1937:
1901:
1856:
1769:
Gibbous. Whorls swelled beyond the normal contour of increase (usually on the aperture side ).
778:
603:
2728:". The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
1973:
1961:
3338:
3217:
3128:
Antonio Ruiz Ruiz, Ángel Cárcaba Pozo, Ana I. Porras
Crevillen & José R. Arrébola Burgos
1614:
1490:
1424:
1423:
retracted, in some groups the aperture of the shell is closed by using a horny or calcareous
1017:
1007:
Most gastropod shells are spirally coiled. The majority (over 90%) of gastropod species have
341:
88:
1140:
Pilsbry (1949, pp. 216–217), also has been described as being an amphidromine species.
2009:
1596:
globose or conical shell – the height and the width of the shell are approximately the same
373:
147:). Some snails also possess an operculum that seals the opening of the shell, known as the
1925:
8:
3556:
3485:
3450:
3297:
3262:
2418:
2377:
2218:
1872:
1647:
1565:
1526:
1505:: a thin layer of organic "skin" which forms the outer layer of the shell of many species
1484:
1399:
1321:
1314:
1225:
1110:
1040:
Sinistrality arose independently 19 times among marine gastropods since the start of the
295:
73:
2523:
2416:
Schilthuizen M. & Davison A. (2005). "The convoluted evolution of snail chirality".
3475:
3197:
3044:
1985:
1880:
1722:
1552:
1456:
1352:
1011:(right-handed) shells, but a small minority of species and genera are virtually always
828:
818:
669:
635:
552:
545:
456:
305:
233:
148:
115:
93:
83:
35:
2054:
999:, cement the shell to, and grow along, solid surfaces such as rocks, or other shells.
3510:
3414:
3369:
3252:
3135:
2855:
2426:
2285:
2193:
1913:
1888:
1829:
1813:
1663:
1514:
1309:
1282:
833:
743:
412:
346:
271:
190:
78:
53:
47:
41:
2470:"The Geography of Evolutionary Opportunity: Hypothesis and Two Cases in Gastropods".
109:
3500:
3424:
3419:
3384:
3292:
3212:
3115:
3072:
3052:
2982:
2848:
2820:
2777:
2753:
2682:
2534:
2476:
2434:
2253:
2046:
1705:
1145:
1081:
793:
783:
763:
380:
300:
186:
172:
31:
1562:
Teleoconch : the entire shell without the protoconch; the postnuclear whorls.
3312:
3307:
3302:
3287:
3282:
3222:
3064:
2987:
2966:
2725:
2404:
1577:
1571:
1556:
1546:
1496:
1462:
1335:
1303:
1299:
1178:
1072:
1048:
659:
535:
417:
2130:
include mechanical stability, defense against predators and climatic selection.
1689:
Convolute: aperture as long as the shell, nearly or quite concealing the spire.
1511:: the part of the shell that is right around the aperture, also known as the lip
1143:
The genetics of reverse coiling in a rare dextral mutant of another clausiliid,
213:
3480:
3470:
3445:
3364:
3277:
3272:
3227:
3202:
2992:
2350:
2145:
2133:
The shells of some gastropods have been reduced or partly reduced during their
2107:
2029:
1540:
1532:
1472:
1445:
1389:
1363:
1105:
801:
664:
651:
505:
478:
473:
103:
3076:
2438:
1654:
The following are the principal modifications of form in the gastropod shell.
1149:(Montagu), has been studied by Degner (1952). The mechanism is the same as in
3591:
3571:
2925:
2916:
2269:
2149:
1754:
1376:
1151:
823:
768:
608:
571:
434:
392:
363:
358:
176:
152:
66:
2334:
2077:
3237:
2859:
2852:
2824:
2781:
2538:
2480:
2430:
2372:
Thin section in plane-polarized light of microscopic gastropod shell, from
2357:
2153:
1502:
1416:
1276:
1122:
1086:
928:
838:
515:
510:
492:
310:
223:
1392:
are sometimes found, and these occasionally may be strong and tooth-like (
3566:
3551:
3505:
3404:
3247:
2741:, with an estimate of evaporative water-loss in these morphotypes and in
2325:
2189:
2144:
Some taxa lost the coiling of their shell during evolution. According to
1671:
1435:
1371:
1100:
1066:
983:
921:
788:
773:
716:
630:
397:
329:
136:
3056:
1024:
279:
159:. The biological study of gastropods, and other molluscs in general, is
3515:
3490:
3409:
3399:
3328:
3267:
3257:
3207:
3180:
2997:
2956:
2940:
2757:
2584:
2236:
2185:
1839:
1821:
1771:
1730:
1520:
1478:
1345:
1327:
1295:
1130:
1115:
996:
978:
971:
932:
916:
368:
198:
160:
156:
128:
98:
2771:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society London Series B – Biological Sciences
2687:
2528:
in the mantle of gastropods correlates with asymmetric shell coiling."
2451:
2180:, fossil hadrosaur eggshell is rare. This is because the breakdown of
2105:
The largest height of any shell is found in the marine snail species
935:
or have an irregular shape with a siphonal canal extension, as in the
60:
3546:
3333:
3242:
3119:
2930:
2492:
Asami, T. (1993) "Genetic variation of coiling chirality in snails".
2168:
2134:
2127:
1864:
1711:
Cyrtoconoid: approaching a conical shape but with convex sides (see:
1508:
1156:
1094:
711:
704:
598:
444:
402:
144:
3149:
2908:
2090:
The most frequently used measurements of a gastropod shell are: the
1452:
The terminology used to describe the shells of gastropods includes:
1388:
On the inside of the outer lip, various ridges or plications called
3379:
2900:
2643:
Falkner G., Obrdlík P., Castella E. & Speight M. C. D. (2001).
2373:
2341:
1845:
1797:
1738:
1412:
1381:
1041:
699:
689:
424:
407:
3131:
Caracoles Terrestres de Andalúcia. Guía y manual de identificación
2126:
Among proposed roles invoked for the variability of shells during
3576:
2305:
2181:
1886:
Pear-shaped: a combination of two shapes: ovate-conic and conic.
1805:
1763:
1746:
1713:
1699:
1691:
1394:
1358:
988:
911:
694:
619:
540:
429:
315:
132:
1499:: a ridge on the inner lip of the aperture in certain gastropods
208:
3389:
3374:
3348:
2161:
1780:
1404:
1291:
1155:(Müller), with the direction of coiling determined by a simple
1090:
723:
51:, on the right is the normally dextral (right-handed) shell of
3394:
3343:
3232:
2961:
2719:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Turbinellidae) the largest living gastropod
2320:
1680:
1340:
1290:
The shell begins with the larval shell, the (usually) minute
1077:
1052:
963:
959:
951:
937:
439:
189:. The calcareous central layer, tracum, is typically made of
180:
30:"Snail shell" redirects here. For the cave in Tennessee, see
2160:) a coiled shell from the previous condition of an uncoiled
1487:: the "little column" at the axis of revolution of the shell
242:
Central image: Lateral view showing the profile of the shell
2713:
Wells F. E., Walker D. I. & Jones D. S. (eds.) (2003) "
2138:
557:
496:
185:
The gastropod shell has three major layers secreted by the
140:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2576:
2407:
WM. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. 214 pages.
1118:), are known to have mixed dextral-sinistral populations.
231:
Morphology of typical spirally coiled shell. The shell of
1267:: the shell is shown looking down directly onto the apex.
244:
Lower image: Basal view showing umbilicus in the centre.
1580:: each one of the complete rotations of the shell spiral
2865:
2197:
1047:
The chirality in gastropods appears in early cleavage (
70:) with parts broken off to show the interior structure.
1121:
A possible exception may concern some of the European
1599:
depressed – the width is much bigger than the height
1543:: an extension of the aperture in certain gastropods
1535:: raised lines or ridges on the surface of the shell
1379:), or by periodic renewal as a succession of holes (
2715:Food of giants – field observations on the diet of
1162:
1015:(left-handed), and a very few species (for example
2808:
2806:
151:, which provides further protection. The study of
3101:"Effect of Ribonuclease on Shell Regeneration in
1803:Trochiform, pyramidal, conical with a flat base.
1593:oblong – the height is much bigger than the width
1108:), as well as several species of Pacific islands
240:Upper image: Dorsal view, showing whorls and apex
3589:
3099:Nair K. K. & Muthe P. T. (18 November 1961)
1529:: ornamentation on the outer surface of a shell
254:apical view, an apertural view and a basal view
163:. Shell morphology terms vary by species group.
2803:
2647:. München: Friedrich-Held-Gesellschaft, 267 pp.
2571:
2569:
2567:
2102:orientation of the shell on the living animal.
197:) precipitated into an organic matrix known as
2630:. A. G. Seiler & Company, New York. pages
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2033:has the largest shell of any living gastropod.
2003:elongate-conic or turriform or cockscrew shape
3165:
3017:
1549:: the part of the shell above the body whorl.
914:, low rates give highly coiled forms such as
887:
2399:
2397:
1058:
2544:
3172:
3158:
3024:
3010:
2167:
1895:Detailed distinction of the shape can be:
1686:Contabulate, short, with shouldered whorls
894:
880:
64:The shell of a large land snail (probably
2834:
2832:
2394:
2152:that changed their developmental timing (
1362:, etc.) it is drawn out into an anterior
34:. For the They Might Be Giants song, see
2610:
2608:
2452:"Amphidromus perversus (Linnaeus, 1758)"
2076:
1811:Turbinated: conical, with rounded base.
1434:
1275:
1023:
108:
59:
40:
27:Part of the body of a gastropod or snail
2637:
2196:into the water that raised the water's
2121:
1443:form of the shell of the garden snail,
14:
3590:
3095:Radiocarbon Dating of Gastropod Shells
2829:
1475:: the smallest few whorls of the shell
1229:also shows an apical view of its shell
1223:This dorsal view of the living animal
3179:
3153:
2707:
2650:
2605:
2524:"Left-right asymmetric expression of
1584:
1430:
2675:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
2661:Structural and systematic conchology
2645:Shelled Gastropoda of Western Europe
2137:. This reduction can be seen in all
237:, a land snail, has dextral coiling.
2473:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2222:, many-whorled shell of tower snail
2203:
1955:depressed trochiform or valvatiform
1827:Scalariform, whorls not impinging.
995:A few gastropods, for instance the
24:
2887:
2841:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
212:
25:
3614:
3521:Reproductive system of gastropods
3082:
2380:, Bahamas. Scale bar 500 μm.
2111:, which can be up to 91 cm.
962:and the inward-coiled lip of the
3526:Respiratory system of gastropods
3441:Circulatory system of gastropods
2907:
2575:
2365:
2349:
2333:
2313:
2296:
2277:
2261:
2244:
2227:
2210:
2065:
2053:
2038:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1639:
1622:
1605:
1216:
1201:
1186:
1169:
1163:Standard ways of viewing a shell
861:
860:
278:
222:
2787:
2763:
2731:
2694:
2666:
2376:lagoonal sediment of Rice Bay,
1744:Elongated, subulate, elevated.
1366:, of greater or lesser length.
625:microbial calcite precipitation
166:
3466:Excretory system of gastropods
3456:Digestive system of gastropods
2516:
2499:
2486:
2462:
2444:
2410:
2251:Shell of marine cowry snail –
2027:spindle shape – the sea snail
1271:
13:
1:
2385:
2085:
1862:Boat-shaped, slipper-shaped.
1837:Irregularly spiral, evolute.
1493:: the "trapdoor" of the shell
1193:Abapertural view of shell of
585:marine biogenic calcification
204:
3531:Sensory organs of gastropods
3496:Nervous system of gastropods
2623:North American Index Fossils
2505:Myers P. Z. (13 April 2009)
1632:Sphincterochila candidissima
1469:: the margin of the aperture
1002:
210:
7:
3562:Circumesophageal nerve ring
1208:Umbilical view of shell of
1176:Apertural view of shell of
814:Biomineralising polychaetes
580:amorphous calcium carbonate
266:Part of a series related to
10:
3619:
1870:Conical or limpet-shaped.
1761:Fusiform, spindle-shaped.
1459:: the opening of the shell
846:Burgess Shale preservation
229:
170:
29:
3539:
3433:
3357:
3321:
3188:
3077:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.010
2439:10.1007/s00114-005-0045-2
1517:: folds on the columella.
1439:A drawing of an abnormal
1059:Mixed coiling populations
808:Cupriavidus metallidurans
127:is part of the body of a
113:Four views of a shell of
3089:Gastropods by J. H. Leal
2814:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2627:Invertebrates. Volume I.
1320:The most simple form of
1028:The left-handed turrid (
529:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
2657:George Washington Tryon
2593:: a synoptic catalogue"
2468:Geerat Vermeij (2002).
2403:John. B. Burch (1962).
2178:Dinosaur Park Formation
1720:Depressed, lenticular.
1697:Cylindrical, pupiform.
1661:Bulloid: bubble-shaped
1555:: The junction between
590:calcareous nannofossils
386:Choanoflagellate lorica
2853:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517
2825:10.1186/1471-2148-5-59
2782:10.1098/rspb.2003.2624
2589:"The land snail genus
2539:10.1186/2041-9139-4-15
2513:, accessed 3 May 2009.
2323:image of the shell of
2082:
1678:Cone-shaped, obconic.
1449:
1287:
1280:Spiral tower shell of
1129:. They are obligatory
1033:
779:Magnetotactic bacteria
604:oolitic aragonite sand
462:scaly-foot snail shell
248:Photo of the shell of
217:
120:
106:
57:
2743:Melarhaphe neritoides
2080:
1615:Bulgarica denticulata
1438:
1279:
1027:
1018:Amphidromus perversus
931:, elongate as in the
216:
112:
63:
44:
2949:About mollusc shells
2507:"Snails have nodal!"
2481:10.1093/icb/42.5.935
2122:Evolutionary changes
1795:Short, bucciniform.
1789:Millerelix peregrina
1294:whorls known as the
1137:Nenia callistoglypta
131:or snail, a kind of
3486:Hypobranchial gland
3434:Internal soft parts
3358:External soft parts
3057:10.1038/hdy.1996.41
2895:Part of a series on
2847:(1533): 2551–2555.
2419:Naturwissenschaften
2378:San Salvador Island
2219:Turritella communis
2156:) and gained back (
1648:Escargot de Quimper
1646:depressed shell of
1307:one another (as in
1226:Calliostoma bairdii
1085:(Linnaeus) (family
506:Vertebrate skeleton
296:Mineralized tissues
2795:Systematic Zoology
2758:10.1007/BF00014480
2724:2009-10-03 at the
2094:of the shell, the
2083:
1881:Fasciolaria tulipa
1723:Ethalia carneolata
1658:Regularly spiral:
1585:Shape of the shell
1559:of most gastropods
1450:
1431:Parts of the shell
1344:) and many of the
1288:
1098:and many Hawaiian
1034:
670:diatomaceous earth
636:Great Calcite Belt
553:Scale microfossils
546:otolithic membrane
457:small shelly fauna
430:echinoderm stereom
306:Biocrystallization
250:Zonitoides nitidus
234:Zonitoides nitidus
218:
135:. The shell is an
121:
116:Arianta arbustorum
107:
58:
36:John Henry (album)
3598:Gastropod anatomy
3585:
3584:
3511:Oesophageal pouch
3370:Caudal mucous pit
3071:(16): R654–R656.
3034:
3033:
2988:Crustacean shells
2983:Brachiopod shells
2739:Littorina striata
2663:, 1882, pp. 43–44
2597:Fieldiana Zoology
2511:The Panda's Thumb
2286:Epitonium scalare
2194:calcium carbonate
1830:Epitonium scalare
1629:globose shell of
1310:Epitonium scalare
1283:Epitonium scalare
1125:of the subfamily
1030:Antiplanes vinosa
904:
903:
834:permineralization
819:Mineral nutrients
744:Mineral evolution
413:foraminifera test
272:Biomineralization
258:
257:
191:calcium carbonate
54:Neptunea despecta
48:Neptunea angulata
16:(Redirected from
3610:
3501:Nidamental gland
3425:Suprapedal gland
3322:Other hard parts
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3127:
3120:10.1038/192674b0
3026:
3019:
3012:
2998:Sea urchin tests
2911:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2863:
2836:
2827:
2810:
2801:
2791:
2785:
2767:
2761:
2735:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2670:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2612:
2603:
2579:
2573:
2542:
2520:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2475:42(5): 9359–40.
2466:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2369:
2353:
2337:
2317:
2300:
2281:
2265:
2254:Cypraea nebrites
2248:
2231:
2214:
2204:Variety of forms
2069:
2057:
2047:Venus Comb Murex
2042:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1643:
1626:
1612:oblong shell of
1609:
1245:abapertural view
1220:
1205:
1190:
1173:
1146:Alinda biplicata
1082:Liguus virgineus
896:
889:
882:
869:
864:
863:
784:Magnetoreception
764:Ballast minerals
359:Cephalopod shell
354:Brachiopod shell
301:Remineralisation
282:
263:
262:
226:
209:
173:mantle (mollusc)
79:columellar plait
32:Snail Shell Cave
21:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3535:
3476:Hancock's organ
3429:
3353:
3317:
3288:Stromboid notch
3184:
3178:
3125:
3085:
3065:Current Biology
3037:About chirality
3030:
2993:Horseshoe crabs
2975:Other seashells
2890:
2888:Further reading
2885:
2879:
2866:
2837:
2830:
2811:
2804:
2792:
2788:
2768:
2764:
2736:
2732:
2726:Wayback Machine
2712:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2613:
2606:
2574:
2545:
2521:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2425:(11): 504–515.
2415:
2411:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2318:
2309:
2303:X-ray image of
2301:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2234:X-ray image of
2232:
2223:
2215:
2206:
2173:
2124:
2088:
2073:
2072:irregular shape
2070:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1854:Shield-shaped.
1650:
1644:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1587:
1497:Parietal callus
1433:
1302:, the coils or
1274:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1210:Valvata sincera
1206:
1197:
1195:Valvata sincera
1191:
1182:
1179:Valvata sincera
1174:
1165:
1073:Liguus vittatus
1061:
1051:) and the gene
1049:spiral cleavage
1005:
920:or some of the
900:
859:
852:
851:
850:
738:
730:
729:
728:
684:
676:
675:
674:
660:biogenic silica
654:
644:
643:
642:
627:
615:
594:
574:
564:
563:
562:
530:
522:
521:
520:
500:
485:
484:
483:
450:gastropod shell
418:testate amoebae
408:diatom frustule
333:
322:
321:
320:
290:
260:
253:
243:
241:
238:
207:
196:
183:
171:Main articles:
169:
125:gastropod shell
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3603:Mollusc shells
3600:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Hepatopancreas
3478:
3473:
3471:Gastric shield
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Semper's organ
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Caryophyllidia
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Siphonal notch
3275:
3273:Siphonal canal
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3123:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3083:External links
3081:
3080:
3079:
3060:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3031:
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3028:
3021:
3014:
3006:
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2959:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2917:Mollusc shells
2913:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2864:
2828:
2802:
2786:
2762:
2730:
2717:Syrinx aruanus
2706:
2693:
2665:
2649:
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2604:
2543:
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2226:
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2216:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2172:
2166:
2123:
2120:
2108:Syrinx aruanus
2087:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2030:Syrinx aruanus
2026:
2019:
2017:
2014:
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2002:
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1801:
1793:
1786:Many-whorled.
1784:
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1726:
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1541:Siphonal canal
1538:
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1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1460:
1446:Cornu aspersum
1432:
1429:
1364:siphonal canal
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1255:umbilical view
1252:
1242:
1239:apertural view
1232:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1106:Achatinellidae
1060:
1057:
1004:
1001:
968:
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804:
799:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
760:
759:
757:immobilization
754:
752:mineralization
746:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
721:
720:
719:
709:
708:
707:
702:
692:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
665:siliceous ooze
662:
656:
655:
652:Silicification
650:
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474:Sponge spicule
471:
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467:estuary shells
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153:mollusc shells
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Tyrian purple
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
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3383:
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3378:
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3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
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3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
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3269:
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3259:
3256:
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3251:
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3145:
3141:
3140:84-935194-2-1
3137:
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3098:
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3093:
3090:
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3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Chiton shells
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:Hydrobiologia
2744:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2602:(4): 505–720.
2601:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2581:Laidlaw F. F.
2578:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2456:jaxshells.org
2453:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:Helix pomatia
2264:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2164:-like shell.
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:Calyptraeidae
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2079:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2045:club shape -
2041:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:Helix pomatia
1752:Few-whorled.
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:Fissurellidae
1374:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:Radix peregra
1148:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
973:
965:
961:
957:
954:
953:
947:
943:
940:
939:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
918:
913:
909:
908:
907:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
875:
874:
868:
858:
857:
856:
855:
847:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
829:Fossilization
827:
825:
824:Microbial mat
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
798:
796:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Magnetofossil
767:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
745:
742:
741:
734:
733:
725:
722:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
680:
679:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
648:
647:
637:
634:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
617:
610:
609:aragonite sea
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
596:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:Calcification
568:
567:
559:
556:
554:
551:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
526:
525:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:Endoskeletons
489:
488:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:mollusc shell
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:Protist shell
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:cirrate shell
362:
361:
360:
357:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
325:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
286:
285:
281:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
251:
247:
245:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
211:
202:
200:
192:
188:
182:
178:
177:mollusc shell
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
117:
111:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
68:
67:Helix pomatia
62:
56:
55:
50:
49:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3238:Periostracum
3189:
3144:from website
3130:
3126:(in Spanish)
3111:
3108:
3102:
3068:
3063:
3048:
3043:
2936:Snail shells
2935:
2844:
2839:
2816:
2813:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2700:Dance P. S.
2696:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2619:Shimer H. W.
2615:Grabau A. W.
2599:
2596:
2590:
2533:2013, 4:15.
2530:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2496:, 8, 263–276
2493:
2488:
2472:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2389:
2358:Murex pecten
2356:
2340:
2324:
2304:
2289:spiral shell
2284:
2268:
2252:
2235:
2217:
2174:
2171:implications
2158:re-evolution
2154:heterochrony
2143:
2132:
2125:
2116:central axis
2115:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2028:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1736:Ear-shaped.
1729:
1721:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1630:
1613:
1588:
1503:Periostracum
1466:
1451:
1444:
1421:
1417:periostracum
1410:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1289:
1281:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1177:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1120:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1087:Orthalicidae
1080:
1076:(Swainson),
1071:
1070:, the Cuban
1065:
1062:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
994:
987:
976:
969:
950:
936:
929:turban shell
915:
905:
839:petrifaction
806:
794:
789:Microfossils
536:Limpet teeth
516:Ossification
511:Bone mineral
449:
445:chiton shell
330:Exoskeletons
311:Biointerface
259:
249:
239:
232:
184:
167:Shell layers
155:is known as
124:
122:
114:
65:
52:
46:
3567:Trochophore
3552:Pseudofeces
3506:Odontophore
3461:Diverticula
3405:Pneumostome
3248:Planispiral
3134:. 303 pp.,
3114:: 674–675.
3051:: 278–286.
2941:Tusk shells
2926:Clam shells
2776:: 529–536.
2752:: 129–142.
2591:Amphidromus
2326:Tonna galea
2190:microfossil
2184:from local
2146:Dollo's law
1979:ovate-conic
1943:planispiral
1728:Discoidal.
1672:Calliostoma
1372:Clavilithes
1272:Description
1265:apical view
1249:dorsal view
1159:recessive.
1131:calciphiles
1123:clausiliids
1101:Achatinella
1067:Amphidromus
922:Planorbidae
774:Magnetosome
717:phosphorite
683:Other forms
631:calcite sea
398:coccosphere
342:exoskeleton
137:exoskeleton
3592:Categories
3516:Osphradium
3491:Nephridium
3410:Rhinophore
3400:Parapodium
3329:Clausilium
3268:Selenizone
3258:Protoconch
3208:Body whorl
3103:Ariophanta
2957:Conchology
2800:: 204–223.
2688:10088/5530
2386:References
2237:Turritella
2186:coniferous
2169:Taphonomic
2086:Dimensions
1967:trochiform
1931:neritiform
1857:Umbraculum
1840:Siliquaria
1822:Turritella
1778:Globular.
1772:Streptaxis
1731:Elachorbis
1521:Protoconch
1479:Body whorl
1346:Ranellidae
1328:Platyceras
1296:protoconch
1259:basal view
1116:Partulidae
997:Vermetidae
979:intertidal
972:David Raup
933:cone shell
917:Turritella
369:cuttlebone
338:Arthropod
205:Morphology
199:conchiolin
161:malacology
157:conchology
99:body whorl
18:Teleoconch
3547:Epiphragm
3451:Ctenidium
3339:Operculum
3334:Love dart
3298:Umbilicus
3263:Sculpture
3243:Peristome
3218:Columella
3181:Gastropod
2901:Seashells
2135:evolution
2128:evolution
2060:egg shape
2015:top shape
1919:ear shape
1907:cap shape
1865:Crepidula
1566:Umbilicus
1527:Sculpture
1509:Peristome
1491:Operculum
1485:Columella
1467:peristome
1425:operculum
1400:umbilicus
1322:sculpture
1292:embryonic
1157:Mendelian
1127:Alopiinae
1095:Partulina
1013:sinistral
1003:Chirality
945:aperture.
795:engrailed
712:Phosphate
705:oil shale
599:Aragonite
403:coccolith
145:semi-slug
129:gastropod
89:columella
74:umbilicus
3380:Cnidosac
3198:Aperture
3045:Heredity
2860:14728776
2722:Archived
2681:: 1–55.
2632:page 582
2587:(1961).
2585:Solem A.
2431:16217668
2374:Holocene
2342:Charonia
1851:Tubular.
1846:Vermetus
1798:Buccinum
1739:Haliotis
1457:Aperture
1441:scalarid
1382:Haliotis
1353:aperture
1114:(family
1104:(family
1091:Hawaiian
1089:), some
1042:Cenozoic
867:Category
748:In soil
700:alginite
690:Bone bed
425:Seashell
332:(shells)
149:aperture
84:aperture
3577:Veliger
3557:Torsion
3183:anatomy
2621:(1909)
2531:EvoDevo
2306:Cypraea
2182:tannins
1873:Patella
1806:Trochus
1764:Fusinus
1747:Terebra
1714:Gibbula
1700:Lioplax
1692:Cypraea
1395:Nerinea
1359:Fusinus
1338:as in (
1111:Partula
1078:Haitian
1009:dextral
989:Terebra
912:abalone
737:Related
695:Kerogen
620:Calcite
541:Otolith
374:gladius
347:cuticle
316:Biofilm
289:General
252:with an
133:mollusc
3420:Siphon
3390:Mentum
3385:Mantle
3375:Cerata
3349:Radula
3293:Suture
3213:Callus
3138:
3109:Nature
2858:
2819:: 59.
2702:Shells
2617:&
2583:&
2429:
2162:limpet
2092:height
1781:Natica
1557:whorls
1553:Suture
1413:Recent
1405:Natica
1315:suture
1304:whorls
865:
724:Pyrena
381:Lorica
187:mantle
179:, and
94:suture
3540:Other
3395:Notum
3344:Pearl
3313:Whorl
3308:Varix
3303:Valve
3283:Spire
3253:Plait
3233:Nacre
3190:Shell
2967:Valve
2962:Nacre
2634:–584.
2494:Forma
2321:X-ray
2139:slugs
2096:width
1991:conic
1889:Ficus
1814:Turbo
1681:Conus
1664:Bulla
1578:Whorl
1572:Varix
1547:Spire
1515:Plait
1411:Many
1390:lirae
1341:Murex
1336:varix
1300:spire
1053:NODAL
984:olive
964:cowry
960:conch
952:Murex
938:Murex
802:Druse
497:bones
440:nacre
193:(CaCO
181:nacre
141:slugs
3446:Crop
3228:Lira
3203:Apex
3136:ISBN
3105:sp."
2856:PMID
2427:PMID
2114:The
1706:Pupa
1533:Lira
1473:Apex
1351:The
1257:(or
1247:(or
986:and
797:gene
558:Tusk
479:Test
123:The
104:apex
102:7 –
97:6 –
92:5 –
87:4 –
82:3 –
77:2 –
72:1 –
3223:Lip
3142:. (
3116:doi
3112:192
3073:doi
3053:doi
2849:doi
2845:270
2821:doi
2778:doi
2774:271
2754:doi
2750:309
2745:".
2683:hdl
2679:600
2535:doi
2526:dpp
2477:doi
2435:doi
1843:,
1463:Lip
1408:).
1331:).
3594::
3107:.
3069:14
3049:76
2867:^
2831:^
2805:^
2798:35
2659:,
2607:^
2600:41
2595:.
2546:^
2509:.
2454:.
2433:.
2423:92
2396:^
2198:pH
1703:,
1465::
175:,
3173:e
3166:t
3159:v
3146:)
3122:.
3118::
3075::
3059:.
3055::
3025:e
3018:t
3011:v
2862:.
2851::
2823::
2817:5
2784:.
2780::
2760:.
2756::
2704:.
2691:.
2685::
2541:.
2537::
2483:.
2479::
2458:.
2441:.
2437::
1792:.
1775:.
1758:.
1717:)
1675:)
1356:(
1286:.
1032:)
966:.
955:.
941:.
924:.
895:e
888:t
881:v
499:)
495:(
221:|
195:3
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
