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The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the
626:
A technological revolution may involve material or ideological changes caused by the introduction of a device or system. It may potentially impact business management, education, social interactions, finance and research methodology, and is not limited to technical aspects. It has been shown to
755:. The distinction between universal technological revolution and singular revolutions have been debated. One universal technological revolution may be composed of several sectoral technological revolutions (such as in
991:
2016 in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland was "Mastering the Fourth
Industrial Revolution". On October 10, 2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in
707:
Universal (interconnected radical changes in more than one sector, the universal technological revolution can be seen as a complex of several parallel sectoral technological revolutions, e.g.
1522:
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1206:: the shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th century and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world.
307:
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are seen as highly speculative. One such example is an attempt by Daniel Ĺ mihulato to suggest a timeline of technological revolutions in pre-modern
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3556:
813:
337:
1474:, in Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper No. 20, (Norway and Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn)
1395:, in Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper No. 20, (Norway and Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn)
2540:
1782:
1166:
events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of
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1717:
Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.
1620:
1701:
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635:. A technological revolution often significantly changes the material conditions of human existence and has been seen to reshape culture.
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is replaced by another novel technology in a short amount of time. It is a time of accelerated technological progress characterized by
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75:
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82:
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On the other hand, negative consequences have also been attributed to technological revolutions. For example, the use of
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has historically been seen to focus on cost reduction. For instance, the accessibility of coal at a low cost during the
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2094:
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were. He believes that modern technology is not as innovative as others claim, and is far from creating a revolution.
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The Global
Technology Revolution - Bio/Nano/Materials Trends and Their Synergies with Information Technology by 2015.
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115:
64:
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3175:
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1. A strong interconnectedness and interdependence of the participating systems in their technologies and markets.
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in 1988—the PC was an invention that dramatically changed not only professional life, but personal life as well.
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2754:
2526:
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1768:
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1126:: the emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regionally distinct cultures (50,000–40,000 years ago).
539:: Iron—as a new material—initiated a dramatic revolution in technology, economy, society, warfare and politics.
53:
519:
4110:
2682:
1307:
1040:
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Since 2000, there has been speculations of a new technological revolution which would focus on the fields of
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1608:
1080:
Some economists do not think that technological growth will continue to the same degree it has in the past.
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Some say we’re on the brink of a Fourth
Industrial Revolution, aka “The Technological Revolution” (2022- )
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4003:
3916:
3822:
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The Third
Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World
1379:
The
Technological Revolution, in The Newsletter of Foreign Policy Research Institute, Vol.13, No. 18.
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1887:
1352:
1253:
1015:. Schwab expects this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as
619:
395:
380:
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322:
681:. The concept of technological revolution is based on the idea that technological progress is not
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3386:
3214:
3165:
2475:
2200:
2195:
2004:
1808:
1140:: the set of inventions during the Renaissance period, roughly the 14th through the 16th century.
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201:
42:
1532:
1492:
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2450:
2343:
2240:
1264:
1218:
1214:
1137:
1008:
933:
744:
712:
420:
410:
370:
352:
247:
153:
146:
3978:
3842:
3681:
3493:
3461:
3436:
3321:
3274:
3170:
3148:
3138:
3123:
3063:
3050:
3023:
2888:
2853:
2810:
2642:
2549:
2440:
2318:
2303:
2174:
2079:
2014:
1815:
1791:
1203:
1189:
1178:
1144:
1004:
900:
864:
785:
760:
740:
701:
686:
473:
279:
207:
131:
1408:
995:. According to Schwab, fourth era technologies includes technologies that combine hardware,
4008:
3963:
3931:
3926:
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3827:
3783:
3408:
3351:
3254:
3234:
3192:
3108:
3103:
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3003:
2770:
2712:
2677:
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2225:
1952:
1342:
1130:
1012:
977:
954:
748:
678:
649:
2. A potential capacity to greatly affect the rest of the economy (and eventually society).
425:
168:
1760:
8:
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3639:
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3401:
3391:
3249:
3219:
3143:
3128:
3088:
3083:
3008:
2893:
2702:
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1396:
1282:
1257:
1056:
922:
415:
347:
3983:
3921:
3709:
3698:
3676:
3671:
3660:
3446:
3316:
3118:
3018:
3013:
2798:
2424:
2159:
1957:
1829:
1409:"The Contribution of Energy Consumption to Climate Change: A Feasible Policy Direction"
1245:
1070:
1036:
914:
802:
752:
658:
242:
188:
1487:
Long waves of technological innovations, Studia politica
Slovaca, 2/2011, Bratislava,
3958:
3832:
3725:
3634:
3534:
3517:
3498:
3133:
3068:
3038:
2582:
2414:
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2353:
2205:
2149:
2144:
2119:
2074:
2049:
2039:
2009:
1984:
1593:
1569:
1528:
1488:
1451:
1420:
1327:
1210:
1028:
938:
926:
728:
674:
596:
466:
317:
162:
1133:(around 13,000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop.
1099:
719:
The concept of universal technological revolutions is a "contributing factor in the
4034:
4029:
3815:
3810:
3693:
3649:
3451:
3426:
3326:
3187:
3182:
2963:
2637:
2597:
2394:
2384:
2245:
2069:
2054:
2034:
2019:
1989:
1561:
1443:
1234:
1159:
1081:
1074:
880:
697:
583:(shown) greatly increased the productivity of thread manufacturing compared to the
400:
327:
556:
4044:
3805:
3466:
3311:
3289:
3058:
2973:
2958:
2723:
2587:
2323:
2104:
2029:
2024:
1994:
1312:
1297:
1292:
982:
775:
262:
252:
212:
1655:"New Forum Center to Advance Global Cooperation on Fourth Industrial Revolution"
4049:
3524:
3476:
3431:
3224:
3160:
3073:
3033:
2873:
2833:
2333:
2328:
2313:
2298:
2288:
2154:
1999:
1171:
1024:
910:
888:
666:
662:
608:
584:
576:
532:
1188:(18th century), which spurred urbanization and consequently helped launch the
1155:
which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century.
661:
have negative environmental impacts, including being a contributing factor to
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3788:
3737:
3336:
3306:
3244:
3045:
2993:
2988:
2898:
2273:
2215:
2134:
2129:
2099:
1573:
1424:
1322:
1271:
and technological changes resulting from the
Digital Revolution (after 1960).
1062:
1044:
1032:
992:
942:
918:
724:
580:
1967:
639:
A technological revolution can be distinguished from a random collection of
591:
3837:
3296:
3155:
3093:
2828:
2419:
2389:
2374:
2338:
2250:
2139:
2064:
2059:
1917:
1317:
1256:, starting from around 1950 with the creation of the first general-purpose
1181:: a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century.
1152:
973:
950:
868:
628:
600:
173:
1447:
891:
are at the core of each revolution to achieve their all pervasive impact.
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3028:
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2983:
2848:
2843:
2409:
2369:
2348:
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2109:
1877:
1872:
1565:
1148:
1089:
1052:
962:
222:
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3264:
3259:
3204:
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2820:
2647:
2308:
2235:
2230:
2164:
2114:
1937:
1927:
1907:
1337:
1287:
1238:
860:
771:
640:
632:
552:
548:
227:
178:
3775:
3441:
2908:
2883:
2762:
2461:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1942:
1912:
1892:
1249:
1167:
1085:
764:
560:
237:
158:
1677:"The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond"
812:
Comparable periods of well-defined technological revolutions in the
31:
3847:
3770:
3731:
2220:
2210:
1621:
Modern society has reached its limits. Society 5.0 will liberate us
1546:
1016:
996:
884:
876:
872:
677:
described this contradictory nature of technological revolution as
528:
183:
2785:
2404:
2293:
2045:
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
1932:
1902:
1702:"The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond"
1163:
1100:
List of intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions
1000:
946:
801:
Information and telecommunications revolution, also known as the
770:
There are several universal technological revolutions during the
756:
232:
19:
1241:
and new crops largely increased the world's agricultural output.
1104:
3752:
3418:
1882:
1850:
1586:
Philip S. Anton, Richard
Silberglitt, James Schneider (2001):
1268:
817:
682:
536:
3574:
2278:
1922:
1407:
Akpan, Usenobong Friday; Akpan, Godwin
Effiong (2012-03-01).
958:
894:
571:
2446:
History of the British canal system
1221:) and later spreading to the entire world (about 1800–1900).
845:
Each revolution comprises the following engines for growth:
1897:
1867:
1790:
987:
Following the publication of the article, the theme of the
654:
604:
1213:: a change in the manual labour system originating in the
2456:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
1547:"Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms"
696:
Sectoral (more technological changes in one sector, e.g.
524:
1472:
Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms.
1393:
Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms.
840:
2380:
History of the cooperative Movement
1066:
1048:
3969:
International Conference on Population and Development
961:, Japan promoted another round of advancements called
827:
Celtic and Greek technological revolution (700–200 BC)
887:
development. A combination of low-cost input and new
824:
Indo-European technological revolution (1900–1100 BC)
1413:
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
830:
Germano-Slavic technological revolution (300–700 AD)
739:
Some examples of technological revolutions were the
723:
theory of long economic waves/cycles", according to
1509:
The First Technological Revolution and Its Lessons.
836:
Renaissance technological revolution (1340–1470 AD)
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2753:
1007:), and which will put an emphases on advances in
4092:
2471:Timeline of materials technology
1527:, Studia Politica Slovaca, 2/2011, Bratislava,
1440:Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital
833:Medieval technological revolution (930–1200 AD)
2256:Stockton and Darlington Railway
1112:to shift outward and initiate economic growth.
693:Relation revolution (social relations, phones)
3590:
2739:
2534:
1776:
1728:
782:Financial-agricultural revolution (1600–1740)
563:typically cause an abrupt change in society.
500:
3994:United Nations world population conferences
1147:: a period of European economic expansion,
1049:fifth-generation wireless technologies (5G)
798:Scientific-technical revolution (1940–1970)
3907:Population and housing censuses by country
3597:
3583:
2746:
2732:
2541:
2527:
1783:
1769:
1406:
895:Potential future technological revolutions
805:or Third Industrial Revolution (1975–2021)
507:
493:
2548:
607:, propelled the Industrial Revolution in
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3630:Estimates of historical world population
2090:John Kay (spinning frame)
2085:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2020:Thomas and George Cranege
1743:
1103:
614:
590:
570:
518:
1524:Long waves of technological innovations
1108:Technological revolution can cause the
4093:
2476:Timeline of steam power
1632:
1507:for example: Drucker, Peter F. (1965):
937:is the term adopted in a 2014 book by
527:made of iron, dating from the Swedish
3578:
2727:
2522:
2191:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
1764:
1544:
1470:, for example, Perez, Carlota (2009):
1437:
1170:that characterized the period across
945:. The industrial development plan of
841:Structure of technological revolution
4063:
2501:
1138:Renaissance technological revolution
1077:in the Third Industrial Revolution.
1041:industrial internet of things (IIoT)
713:Renaissance technological revolution
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
16:Period of rapid technological change
3999:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
3240:Digital media use and mental health
2954:Sociology of the history of science
1753:. Public Affairs. pp. 161–162.
1333:Productivity-improving technologies
1237:(1945–1975): the use of industrial
989:World Economic Forum Annual Meeting
915:alternative fuel and energy systems
689:. Technological revolution can be:
669:in the atmosphere, and have caused
13:
1699:
1635:"The Fourth Industrial Revolution"
1485:based on: Ĺ mihula, Daniel (2011):
14:
4132:
3891:Population and Development Review
2949:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2794:History and philosophy of science
2776:Economics of scientific knowledge
2688:History of electrical engineering
2005:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
547:is a period in which one or more
479:Outline of prehistoric technology
391:History of electrical engineering
4075:
4074:
4062:
3939:Population concern organizations
3645:Projections of population growth
3542:
3541:
3516:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2241:Portsmouth Block Mills
1966:
976:, the executive chairman of the
30:
4040:Human impact on the environment
3974:Population Action International
2466:Timeline of invention
2441:History of technology
2304:Newcomen steam engine
2080:Joseph Marie Jacquard
1737:
1722:
1693:
1669:
1647:
1626:
1623:(promotional article for Japan)
1614:
1602:
1580:
1248:: the changes brought about by
1186:British Agricultural Revolution
1110:production-possibility frontier
879:was contributed by inexpensive
745:scientific-technical revolution
444:Timeline of historic inventions
41:needs additional citations for
4121:Science and technology studies
3989:United Nations Population Fund
3604:
2755:Science and technology studies
2561:History of technology cultures
2226:Derwent Valley Mills
2095:Francis Cabot Lowell
1554:Cambridge Journal of Economics
1538:
1515:
1501:
1479:
1464:
1431:
1400:
1385:
1371:
1303:Kranzberg's laws of technology
566:
1:
2708:History of nuclear technology
2683:History of computing hardware
2661:History of technology domains
1747:Good Economics for Hard Times
1611:(promotional paper for Japan)
1364:
1308:List of emerging technologies
875:, and the progression of the
731:, Daniel Ĺ mihula and others.
421:History of nuclear technology
3302:Normalization process theory
2859:Philosophy of social science
2693:History of materials science
1633:Schwab, Klaus (2015-12-12).
1358:The Future of Work and Death
1228:Second Industrial Revolution
1124:Upper Paleolithic Revolution
1084:holds the view that today's
970:Fourth Industrial Revolution
905:Fourth Industrial Revolution
793:Second Industrial Revolution
709:Second Industrial Revolution
406:History of materials science
386:History of computer hardware
343:Arab Agricultural Revolution
258:Fourth Industrial Revolution
218:Second Industrial Revolution
21:Second Industrial Revolution
7:
4014:World Population Foundation
4004:World Population Conference
3917:World population milestones
2451:Industrial archaeology
2354:Watt steam engine
2040:Abraham Darby III
1442:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1275:
1246:Third Industrial Revolution
1204:First Industrial Revolution
1065:includes technologies like
871:which led to production of
243:Third Industrial Revolution
208:First Industrial Revolution
10:
4137:
3886:Population and Environment
2925:construction of technology
2319:Reverberatory furnace
2246:Quarry Bank Mill
2035:Abraham Darby II
1948:Economies of agglomeration
1744:Banerjee, Abhijit (2019).
1348:Technological unemployment
1094:internal combustion engine
898:
734:
671:technological unemployment
65:"Technological revolution"
18:
4058:
4022:
3947:
3899:
3878:
3796:Human population planning
3761:
3707:
3658:
3620:Demographics of the world
3612:
3512:
3457:Politicization of science
3417:
3203:
2972:
2907:
2819:
2784:
2761:
2656:
2556:
2484:
2433:
2362:
2264:
2183:
2030:Abraham Darby I
1975:
1964:
1860:
1803:
1057:fully autonomous vehicles
949:began promoting the term
743:in the 19th century, the
454:Complete list by category
3801:Compulsory sterilization
2864:Philosophy of technology
2673:History of communication
2668:History of biotechnology
2344:Stephenson's Rocket
1545:Perez, C. (2010-01-01).
1521:Ĺ mihula, Daniel (2011):
1353:The War on Normal People
1254:communication technology
1217:(and soon moving to the
972:was first introduced by
929:technologies and so on.
791:Technical Revolution or
620:IBM Personal Computer XT
545:technological revolution
449:Technological revolution
396:History of manufacturing
381:History of communication
376:History of biotechnology
3743:Malthusian growth model
2160:Richard Trevithick
1438:Perez, Carlota (2002).
1069:, autonomous vehicles,
1021:artificial intelligence
980:, in a 2015 article in
603:, fuelled primarily by
202:Proto-industrialization
3870:Zero population growth
3865:Sustainable population
3789:Malthusian catastrophe
3748:Overshoot (population)
3625:Demographic transition
2937:Sociology of knowledge
2698:History of measurement
2568:Prehistoric technology
2415:Rochdale Pioneers
2400:Industrial unrest
2206:Bridgewater Canal
2150:Robert Stephenson
2145:George Stephenson
2120:William Radcliffe
2075:Benjamin Huntsman
2050:William Fairbairn
2010:Edmund Cartwright
1985:Richard Arkwright
1888:Industry/Manufacturing
1729:Jeremy Rifkin (2011).
1391:Perez, Carlota (2009):
1265:Information Revolution
1219:Northern United States
1215:Southern United States
1113:
1088:are not as radical as
1005:cyber-physical systems
934:The Second Machine Age
651:
623:
612:
588:
540:
411:History of measurement
371:History of agriculture
338:Medieval Islamic world
248:Digital transformation
4101:History of technology
3979:Population Connection
3843:Mere addition paradox
3682:Physiological density
3504:Transition management
3494:Technology assessment
3462:Regulation of science
3437:Evidence-based policy
3322:Sociotechnical system
3171:Traditional knowledge
3051:Psychology of science
3024:Mapping controversies
2930:shaping of technology
2889:Social constructivism
2854:Philosophy of science
2811:History of technology
2643:Industrial Revolution
2550:History of technology
2385:Cottage industry
2070:Eaton Hodgkinson
2055:James Hargreaves
1990:Thomas Boulsover
1609:Realizing Society 5.0
1448:10.4337/9781781005323
1377:Klein, Maury (2008):
1190:Industrial Revolution
1179:Scientific Revolution
1145:Commercial Revolution
1117:Pre-Industrialization
1107:
901:Emerging technologies
899:Further information:
865:Industrial Revolution
786:Industrial Revolution
747:about 1950–1960, the
741:Industrial Revolution
702:Commercial Revolution
637:
618:
594:
574:
522:
474:Outline of technology
365:By type of technology
292:By historical regions
280:Emerging technologies
140:By technological eras
132:History of technology
4111:Technological change
4009:World Population Day
3964:Church of Euthanasia
3853:Non-identity problem
3828:Political demography
3784:Human overpopulation
3409:Women in engineering
3255:Financial technology
3235:Digital anthropology
3004:Criticism of science
2917:Actor–network theory
2879:Religion and science
2771:Economics of science
2713:History of transport
2678:History of computing
2324:Sheffield plate
2125:Richard Roberts
2105:Thomas Newcomen
2025:Samuel Crompton
1995:Matthew Boulton
1953:Economies of density
1706:World Economic Forum
1681:World Economic Forum
1343:Technological change
1258:electronic computers
1131:Neolithic Revolution
978:World Economic Forum
955:World Economic Forum
749:Neolithic Revolution
679:creative destruction
665:and the increase of
438:Technology timelines
426:History of transport
169:Neolithic Revolution
50:improve this article
4106:Revolutions by type
3858:Reproductive rights
3689:Population dynamics
3640:Population momentum
3250:Engineering studies
3220:Cyborg anthropology
3009:Demarcation problem
2894:Social epistemology
2703:History of medicine
2334:Spinning jenny
2329:Spinning frame
2299:Flying shuttle
2289:Crucible steel
2170:John Wilkinson
2155:Thomas Telford
2000:James Brindley
1283:Accelerating change
923:genetic engineering
416:History of medicine
308:Indian subcontinent
3984:Population Matters
3699:Population pyramid
3677:Population density
3672:Population decline
3530:History of science
3447:Funding of science
3317:Skunkworks project
3014:Double hermeneutic
2799:History of science
2425:Industrial warfare
2274:Blast furnace
2135:Samuel Slater
2130:Thomas Savery
2100:Lunar Society
1958:Economies of scale
1657:. October 10, 2016
1566:10.1093/cje/bep051
1114:
1071:Internet of Things
1037:internet of things
953:. In 2019, at the
869:iron steam engines
803:Digital Revolution
753:Digital Revolution
641:technology systems
624:
613:
589:
541:
353:Renaissance Europe
4116:Stages of history
4088:
4087:
3959:7 Billion Actions
3833:Population ethics
3726:Carrying capacity
3635:Population growth
3572:
3571:
3499:Technology policy
3230:Dematerialization
3039:black swan events
2721:
2720:
2516:
2515:
2390:Factory Acts
2375:Child labour
2339:Steam engine
2251:Soho Foundry
2140:John Smeaton
2065:Thomas Highs
2060:Hawks family
1457:978-1-78100-532-3
1328:Post-work society
1211:Market Revolution
1197:Industrialization
1029:quantum computing
939:Erik Brynjolfsson
729:Tessaleno Devezas
721:Neo-Schumpeterian
675:Joseph Schumpeter
643:by two features:
597:Watt steam engine
517:
516:
323:Hellenistic world
318:Maya civilization
126:
125:
118:
100:
4128:
4078:
4077:
4066:
4065:
4035:Green Revolution
3816:Two-child policy
3811:One-child policy
3734:
3694:Population model
3650:World population
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3545:
3544:
3520:
3472:Right to science
3452:Horizon scanning
3427:Academic freedom
3327:Technical change
3188:Women in science
3183:Unity of science
2964:Strong programme
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2638:Great Divergence
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2395:Great Divergence
2349:Water frame
2284:Cotton mill
2110:Robert Owen
1970:
1938:Water power
1918:Steam power
1873:Coal mining
1851:Potential future
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1267:: the economic,
1235:Green Revolution
1160:Price Revolution
1082:Robert J. Gordon
1075:renewable energy
911:nanotechnologies
881:microelectronics
849:New cheap inputs
698:Green Revolution
667:greenhouse gases
509:
502:
495:
401:Maritime history
333:Byzantine Empire
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4054:
4018:
3952:
3950:
3943:
3895:
3874:
3823:Overconsumption
3806:Family planning
3763:
3757:
3730:
3714:
3711:
3703:
3665:
3662:
3654:
3608:
3603:
3573:
3568:
3508:
3467:Research ethics
3413:
3312:Reverse salient
3206:
3199:
2975:
2968:
2959:Sociotechnology
2903:
2815:
2780:
2757:
2752:
2722:
2717:
2652:
2623:Medieval Europe
2552:
2547:
2517:
2512:
2480:
2429:
2358:
2309:Power loom
2266:
2260:
2236:New Lanark
2179:
2175:John Wyatt
2165:James Watt
2115:Lewis Paul
2015:Henry Cort
1977:
1971:
1962:
1856:
1799:
1789:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1708:
1700:Schwab, Klaus.
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1585:
1581:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1436:
1432:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1313:Mass production
1298:Kondratiev wave
1293:Electrification
1278:
1102:
983:Foreign Affairs
919:biotechnologies
907:
897:
889:infrastructures
843:
776:Western culture
737:
569:
513:
484:
483:
469:
467:Article indices
459:
458:
439:
431:
430:
366:
358:
357:
348:Medieval Europe
293:
285:
284:
275:Post-industrial
263:Imagination Age
253:Information Age
213:Standardization
141:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4050:Sustainability
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4023:Related topics
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3912:Largest cities
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3732:I = P × A  × T
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3477:Science policy
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Digital divide
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:Technological
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:Design studies
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3161:Scientometrics
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3034:Paradigm shift
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2874:Postpositivism
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Antipositivism
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:and technology
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Medieval Islam
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1736:
1721:
1692:
1668:
1646:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1579:
1560:(1): 185–202.
1537:
1514:
1500:
1478:
1463:
1456:
1430:
1399:
1384:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1175:
1172:Western Europe
1162:: a series of
1156:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1101:
1098:
1025:nanotechnology
896:
893:
859:Technological
857:
856:
853:
850:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
814:pre-modern era
810:
809:
806:
799:
796:
789:
783:
736:
733:
717:
716:
705:
694:
663:climate change
611:and the world.
585:spinning wheel
577:Spinning Jenny
568:
565:
515:
514:
512:
511:
504:
497:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
470:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
298:Ancient Africa
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
156:
150:
149:
147:Pre-industrial
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
124:
123:
106:September 2022
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4133:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Bennett's law
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3951:organizations
3946:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Kaya identity
3736:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:Technoscience
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Media studies
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Early adopter
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Co-production
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
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3064:communication
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3046:Pseudoscience
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2994:Boundary-work
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2989:Bibliometrics
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2899:Transhumanism
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2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Ancient Greek
2591:
2589:
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2581:
2579:
2578:Ancient Egypt
2576:
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2363:Social impact
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2216:Coalbrookdale
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2199:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
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1983:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1959:
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1941:
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1813:
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1802:
1797:
1796:technological
1793:
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1598:0-8330-2949-5
1595:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
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1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:, pp. 50-69.
1494:
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1459:
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1336:
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1324:
1323:Mechanization
1321:
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1128:
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1120:
1116:
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1111:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Jeremy Rifkin
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:decentralized
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:biotechnology
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:communication
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:San Francisco
990:
986:
984:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Andrew McAfee
940:
936:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:Iron railways
870:
866:
862:
855:New processes
854:
851:
848:
847:
846:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
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819:
815:
807:
804:
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790:
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781:
780:
779:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
725:Carlota Perez
722:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
692:
691:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:energy source
656:
650:
647:
644:
642:
636:
634:
630:
621:
617:
610:
609:Great Britain
606:
602:
598:
593:
586:
582:
581:Spinning Mule
578:
573:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
510:
505:
503:
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475:
472:
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349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Ancient China
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Ancient Egypt
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
273:
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261:
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120:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4067:
3879:Publications
3838:Antinatalism
3776:
3753:World3 model
3613:Major topics
3552:Associations
3387:criticism of
3366:
3297:Leapfrogging
3280:linear model
3166:Team science
3156:Scientocracy
3079:Neo-colonial
2829:Anthropocene
2660:
2560:
2506:
2493:
2420:Urbanization
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1795:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1628:
1616:
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1588:
1582:
1557:
1553:
1540:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1439:
1433:
1419:(1): 21–33.
1416:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1373:
1318:Machine tool
1230:(1871–1914).
1153:mercantilism
1079:
1061:
1013:connectivity
981:
974:Klaus Schwab
969:
967:
951:Industry 4.0
932:
931:
908:
867:allowed for
858:
852:New products
844:
811:
769:
738:
718:
652:
648:
645:
638:
629:productivity
625:
601:steam engine
555:whose rapid
549:technologies
544:
542:
448:
328:Roman Empire
200:
145:Premodern /
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3762:Society and
3721:Biocapacity
3397:theories of
3382:and society
3378:Technology
3372:transitions
3362:determinism
3357:convergence
3332:Technocracy
3114:controversy
3100:Scientific
3084:post-normal
3029:Metascience
2999:Consilience
2984:Antiscience
2849:Neo-Luddism
2844:Fuzzy logic
2628:Renaissance
2410:Proletariat
2370:Bourgeoisie
1661:October 15,
1535:, pp. 50-69
1239:fertilizers
1149:colonialism
1090:electricity
1053:3D printing
1047:consensus,
968:The phrase
963:Society 5.0
957:meeting in
861:revolutions
795:(1870–1920)
788:(1760–1840)
567:Description
557:application
553:innovations
531:, found at
223:Machine Age
154:Prehistoric
4095:Categories
3949:Events and
3764:population
3710:Population
3661:Population
3606:Population
3535:Technology
3487:science of
3482:history of
3367:revolution
3275:disruptive
3265:Innovation
3260:Hype cycle
3205:Technology
3176:ecological
3149:skepticism
3139:misconduct
3124:enterprise
2942:scientific
2869:Positivism
2839:Empiricism
2821:Philosophy
2267:technology
2265:Invention/
2231:Ironbridge
1928:Technology
1908:Metallurgy
1798:revolution
1792:Industrial
1711:2017-06-29
1686:2018-03-20
1640:2019-01-15
1365:References
1338:Innovation
1288:Automation
1086:inventions
772:modern era
751:, and the
687:undulatory
633:efficiency
228:Atomic Age
179:Bronze Age
174:Copper Age
76:newspapers
4045:Migration
3922:6 billion
3442:Factor 10
3270:diffusion
3109:consensus
3104:community
3069:education
2909:Sociology
2884:Scientism
2763:Economics
2613:Byzantine
2573:Neolithic
2434:Reference
2201:Bethlehem
2196:Allentown
1943:Workforce
1913:Sociology
1903:Machinery
1893:Invention
1574:0309-166X
1533:1337-8163
1493:1337-8163
1425:2146-4553
1250:computing
1168:inflation
927:materials
765:transport
627:increase
561:diffusion
238:Space Age
159:Stone Age
4080:Category
3848:Natalism
3771:Eugenics
3562:Scholars
3557:Journals
3547:Category
3521:Portals
3402:transfer
3392:dynamics
3342:feminist
3144:priority
3129:literacy
3089:rhetoric
3055:Science
3019:Logology
2495:Category
2221:Cromford
2211:Broseley
1933:Textiles
1592:, RAND,
1276:See also
1164:economic
1092:and the
1017:robotics
997:software
885:computer
877:internet
761:industry
529:Iron Age
184:Iron Age
4069:Commons
3712:ecology
3663:biology
3525:Science
3207:studies
3119:dissent
3059:citizen
2976:studies
2974:Science
2921:Social
2786:History
2633:Ottoman
2603:Chinese
2507:Commons
2405:Luddite
2314:Railway
2294:Factory
1976:People/
1001:biology
947:Germany
757:science
735:History
533:Gotland
233:Jet Age
189:Ancient
90:scholar
3779:genics
3419:Policy
3352:change
3285:system
3134:method
3074:normal
2648:Modern
2608:Indian
2184:Places
1978:groups
1883:Cotton
1861:Themes
1837:Fourth
1823:Second
1596:
1572:
1531:
1491:
1454:
1423:
1269:social
1073:, and
1039:, the
1035:, the
999:, and
925:, new
818:Europe
683:linear
657:as an
537:Sweden
269:Future
195:Modern
163:lithic
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3900:Lists
2598:Roman
2583:Mayan
2279:Canal
1923:Steel
1844:Fifth
1830:Third
1816:First
1809:Proto
1751:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
959:Davos
763:, or
599:—the
97:JSTOR
83:books
3290:user
3193:STEM
3094:wars
2588:Inca
1898:Iron
1878:Coke
1868:Coal
1794:and
1663:2018
1594:ISBN
1570:ISSN
1529:ISSN
1489:ISSN
1452:ISBN
1421:ISSN
1263:The
1252:and
1244:The
1233:The
1226:The
1209:The
1202:The
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1177:The
1158:The
1151:and
1143:The
1136:The
1129:The
1122:The
1055:and
1011:and
941:and
903:and
883:for
711:and
700:and
685:but
655:coal
631:and
605:coal
579:and
575:The
559:and
69:news
3777:Dys
1562:doi
1444:doi
774:in
767:).
525:axe
523:An
52:by
4097::
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1704:.
1679:.
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1067:5G
1059:.
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595:A
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1003:(
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161:(
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113:(
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104:(
94:·
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46:.
23:.
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