26:
223:
340:
is dedicated to
Boguslaus, "minister of the friars who live in Bohemia and Poland", and the author claims to be writing in obedience to Boguslaus' authority, suggesting that the text was commissioned. It is an ethnographic report, although it also contains legendary material borrowed from the
274:
is bound in the fourth volume, although it may once have been part of the third. The Yale manuscript (Beinecke MS 350A) is also associated with the Upper
Rhineland and was probably made at Basel. The Lucerne manuscript is all parchment, while the Yale is a mix of parchment and paper. The Yale
124:
are unclear, although the date of its completion is known precisely: 30 July 1247. The author, C. de Bridia, is not otherwise known and his first name is initialized in the manuscripts. He describes himself modestly as "least among the
Franciscans". He is generally thought to have been
168:. The friars did travel through Poland on their return journey, and Benedict had probably composed a draft of his own report by then. Gregory Guzman argues that Benedict must have given lectures in his native Polish, which de Bridia translated into Latin.
139:
believes he was one of the members of the embassy who stayed at the court of Batu and did not go on to Güyük. In this case, the work is partially based on his own experiences and partially on the reports of his colleagues.
378:
lacks information on the friars' travels. It is more focused on Mongol history, customs and plans. For its time, its account of Mongol history, genealogies and methods of warfare are among the most detailed. It covers the
144:, on the other hand, argued that de Bridia wrote the account based on a lecture given by Benedict of Poland, probably in Germany, since the manuscript tradition of the text is associated with the
325:, but it is not simply a version of Carpine's text. It differs in tone and purpose. Its portrayal of the Mongols (and the Jews) is far more negative. It also lacks the strategic purpose of the
107:. During their return journey through Europe, Carpine wrote that they were obliged to hand over drafts of their official report to the curious. The official report by Carpine is known as the
898:
Werner, Gregor (2016). "Travelling
Towards the Peoples of the Endtime: C de Bridia as Religious Re-interpretation of Carpini". In Wolfram Brandes; Felicitas Schmieder; Rebekka Voß (eds.).
305:. The Yale manuscript may be a copy of the Lucerne, but it is more likely they both derive from the same exemplar. They certainly belong to the same manuscript family. The title
67:
composed by a certain C. de Bridia in Latin in 1247. It is one of the most detailed accounts of the history and customs of the
Mongols to appear in Europe around that time.
877:
Jackson, Peter (2016). "The
Testimony of the Russian "Archbishop" Peter Concerning the Mongols (1244/5): Precious Intelligence or Timely Disinformation?".
199:. The earlier dates to 1338–1340 and the later to about 1440. The latter was first brought to public attention in 1965 because it had been bound with the
347:(wonders) genre, perhaps because, as a non-traveler, de Bridia considered them missing from the accounts of the travelers. It reports the existence of
329:, preferring to describe the Mongols as divine punishment on Christians. Religious references are pervasive. Gregory Werner proposes that the
204:
216:
17:
935:
940:
915:
215:
was generally accepted by scholars as authentic, although there were dissenters. In 2006, an earlier copy of the text in the
351:, ox-footed people and other monstrous races typical of the genre. Another people, the Parossits, appear to be the actual
789:
Connell, Charles W. (2000). "Bridia, C. de (fl. c. 1245 C.E.)". In John Block
Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.).
831:
Guzman, Gregory G. (2000). "Benedict the Pole (fl. 1240s)". In John Block
Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.).
247:
428:
96:
363:
is also incorporated. It is called
Narayrgen, which is said to come from the Tatar for "Men of the Sun".
865:
840:
Guzman, Gregory G. (2006). "The
Vinland Map Controversy and the Discovery of a Second Version of The
380:
418:
common in Europe. It records that the Mongols called the pope the "great pope throughout the West" (
437:
208:
945:
467:
302:
263:
282:
25:
8:
196:
222:
243:
109:
104:
100:
911:
471:
397:
360:
242:. The scribe, Hugo de Tennach, was employed by Peter of Bebelnhein, a teacher in the
141:
903:
886:
853:
819:
441:
84:
267:
259:
92:
333:
is "an eschatological reinterpretation of Carpine's account a complement to ".
387:'s command rather than Batu's, as all other western sources do. His account of
907:
890:
798:
Czarnowus, Anna (2014). "The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The
391:'s rise, however, is marred by legendary material, such as his encounter with
929:
857:
392:
136:
126:
64:
423:
388:
219:
was brought to public attention (having been catalogued as early as 1959).
60:
900:
Peoples of the Apocalypse: Eschatological Beliefs and Political Scenarios
348:
239:
200:
145:
436:
portrays the Mongols as operating on three distinct fronts: against the
823:
445:
80:
383:
from the 1220s through the 1240s, correctly crediting the invasion to
157:
343:
88:
161:
356:
352:
276:
113:. In October 1247, Benedict also dictated an account known as the
833:
Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia
791:
Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia
153:
410:
165:
34:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
230:
in the Yale manuscript. The rubric above the first line reads
384:
130:
52:
718:
238:
The Lucerne manuscript (Latin MS P Msc 13.2°) is written in
558:
489:
359:
are also mentioned. The magnetic island from the legend of
672:
670:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
293:, which contains material on the Mongols derived from the
16:"Hystoria Tartarorum" redirects here. For other uses, see
742:
730:
285:
in the Lucerne manuscript give the title of the work as
191:
is known from two manuscripts, both also containing the
682:
667:
657:
655:
628:
514:
606:
604:
589:
766:
754:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
309:, coined by Painter for his 1965 edition, has stuck.
706:
694:
652:
640:
579:
577:
575:
573:
616:
601:
156:. Tadeusz Bieńkowski argues for its composition in
535:
570:
129:, and his surname may indicate that he came from
927:
70:
79:is one of several reports produced by the
797:
748:
736:
724:
564:
508:
258:. These four manuscripts belonged to the
460:Hystoria Tartarorum C. de Bridia Monachi
221:
120:The circumstances of the genesis of the
24:
876:
864:
788:
772:
760:
552:
529:
476:The Vinland Map and The Tartar Relation
289:and specify that it is not part of the
928:
897:
844:: The Authenticity of the 1339 Text".
839:
830:
712:
700:
688:
676:
661:
646:
634:
622:
610:
595:
583:
478:(New ed.). Yale University Press.
321:is almost identical at parts with the
262:until in 1420 they were pawned to the
217:Lucerne Central and University Library
203:, a modern forgery. It is part of the
115:De itinere Fratrum Minorum ad Tartaros
879:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
870:The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410
13:
802:Tradition in Benedict of Poland's
59:, "History of the Tartars") is an
14:
957:
420:magnum papam per totum occidentem
95:in 1245. This mission was led by
37:(red) above the first line reads
175:are certainly borrowed from the
781:
248:Saint Martin's Church in Colmar
33:in the Lucerne manuscript. The
902:. De Gruyter. pp. 83–95.
182:
164:, while others have suggested
103:and the Bohemians Ceslaus and
1:
936:13th-century Latin literature
414:rather than the corrupt form
941:13th-century Christian texts
835:. Routledge. pp. 57–58.
806:and John of Plano Carpini's
793:. Routledge. pp. 74–75.
462:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
458:Önnerfors, Alf, ed. (1967).
429:Tractatus de ortu Tartarorum
254:but all four volumes of the
250:. He wrote out not only the
97:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
71:Circumstances of composition
7:
451:
444:(Anatolia) and against the
404:In places, the text of the
232:Incipit hystoria tartarorum
39:Incipit hystoria tartarorum
10:
962:
408:uses the correct spelling
312:
15:
908:10.1515/9783110473315-005
891:10.1017/s135618631500084x
381:Mongol invasion of Europe
275:manuscript is written in
99:, who was accompanied by
858:10.1179/tin.2006.38.1.19
483:
209:Yale University Library
470:; Marston, Thomas E.;
303:Simon of Saint-Quentin
235:
211:. Unlike the map, the
83:mission dispatched by
42:
18:History of the Tartars
225:
28:
264:abbey of Saint Urban
808:Historia Mongalorum
804:Historia Tartarorum
727:, pp. 490–491.
567:, pp. 494 n32.
511:, pp. 487–488.
299:Historia Tartarorum
291:Speculum historiale
287:Hystoria Tartarorum
205:Beinecke collection
197:Vincent of Beauvais
193:Speculum historiale
57:Hystoria Tartarorum
824:10.1111/lic3.12150
812:Literature Compass
472:Painter, George D.
438:Sultanate of Egypt
395:, inspired by the
323:Ystoria Mongalorum
295:Ystoria Mongalorum
244:cathedral of Basel
236:
171:Some parts of the
110:Ystoria Mongalorum
101:Benedict of Poland
43:
917:978-3-11-047331-5
846:Terrae Incognitae
691:, pp. 86–87.
679:, pp. 84–85.
637:, p. 20 n13.
598:, pp. 18–19.
532:, pp. 87–88.
398:Alexander Romance
361:Sinbad the Sailor
246:and the prior of
226:The start of the
148:. Benedict's own
142:George D. Painter
87:to the courts of
29:The start of the
953:
921:
894:
873:
861:
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827:
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568:
562:
556:
550:
533:
527:
512:
506:
479:
463:
442:Sultanate of Rum
366:Compared to the
317:The text of the
268:Rhenish guilders
85:Pope Innocent IV
961:
960:
956:
955:
954:
952:
951:
950:
926:
925:
924:
918:
842:Tartar Relation
784:
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536:
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515:
507:
490:
486:
466:
457:
454:
370:and Benedict's
349:dog-face people
315:
307:Tartar Relation
277:bastard cursive
260:abbey of Pairis
252:Tartar Relation
228:Tartar Relation
189:Tartar Relation
185:
152:was written in
146:Upper Rhineland
122:Tartar Relation
73:
48:Tartar Relation
31:Tartar Relation
21:
12:
11:
5:
959:
949:
948:
943:
938:
923:
922:
916:
895:
885:(1–2): 65–77.
874:
866:Jackson, Peter
862:
837:
828:
818:(7): 484–495.
795:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:
765:
753:
751:, p. 489.
749:Czarnowus 2014
741:
739:, p. 492.
737:Czarnowus 2014
729:
725:Czarnowus 2014
717:
705:
693:
681:
666:
651:
639:
627:
615:
600:
588:
569:
565:Czarnowus 2014
557:
534:
513:
509:Czarnowus 2014
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
468:Skelton, R. A.
464:
453:
450:
440:, against the
314:
311:
184:
181:
72:
69:
63:report on the
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
958:
947:
946:Mongol Empire
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
919:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
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875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
786:
775:, p. 74.
774:
769:
763:, p. 72.
762:
757:
750:
745:
738:
733:
726:
721:
715:, p. 88.
714:
709:
703:, p. 95.
702:
697:
690:
685:
678:
673:
671:
664:, p. 23.
663:
658:
656:
649:, p. 22.
648:
643:
636:
631:
625:, p. 20.
624:
619:
613:, p. 24.
612:
607:
605:
597:
592:
585:
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578:
576:
574:
566:
561:
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531:
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477:
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439:
435:
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430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
402:
400:
399:
394:
393:Gog and Magog
390:
386:
382:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
297:and the lost
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
273:
269:
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261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Gothic script
233:
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138:
137:Marian Plezia
134:
132:
128:
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118:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
65:Mongol Empire
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
40:
36:
32:
27:
23:
19:
899:
882:
878:
872:. Routledge.
869:
852:(1): 19–25.
849:
845:
841:
832:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
790:
782:Bibliography
773:Jackson 2016
768:
761:Jackson 2016
756:
744:
732:
720:
708:
696:
684:
642:
630:
618:
591:
560:
553:Connell 2000
530:Jackson 2005
475:
459:
433:
427:
424:Friar Julian
419:
415:
409:
405:
403:
396:
389:Genghis Khan
375:
371:
367:
365:
342:
337:
335:
330:
326:
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298:
294:
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286:
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149:
135:
121:
119:
114:
108:
76:
74:
61:ethnographic
56:
47:
46:
44:
38:
30:
22:
713:Werner 2016
701:Werner 2016
689:Werner 2016
677:Werner 2016
662:Guzman 2006
647:Guzman 2006
635:Guzman 2006
623:Guzman 2006
611:Guzman 2006
596:Guzman 2006
584:Guzman 2000
448:and Poles.
201:Vinland map
183:Manuscripts
133:in Poland.
930:Categories
446:Hungarians
372:De itinere
150:De itinere
93:Güyük Khan
81:Franciscan
800:Mirabilia
474:(1995) .
344:mirabilia
283:Colophons
89:Batu Khan
868:(2005).
452:Editions
434:Relation
426:and the
422:). Like
416:Tartaros
406:Relation
376:Relation
357:Samoyeds
353:Permians
338:Relation
331:Relation
319:Relation
272:Relation
266:for 110
256:Speculum
213:Relation
173:Relation
77:Relation
411:Tataros
368:Ystoria
327:Ystoria
313:Content
177:Ystoria
158:Wrocław
154:Cologne
105:Stephen
914:
432:, the
374:, the
355:. The
270:. The
166:Prague
162:Kraków
127:Polish
35:rubric
484:Notes
385:Jochi
131:Brzeg
53:Latin
912:ISBN
336:The
187:The
91:and
75:The
45:The
904:doi
887:doi
854:doi
820:doi
810:".
301:of
207:at
195:of
160:or
932::
910:.
883:26
881:.
850:38
848:.
816:11
814:.
669:^
654:^
603:^
572:^
537:^
516:^
491:^
401:.
279:.
179:.
117:.
55::
920:.
906::
893:.
889::
860:.
856::
826:.
822::
586:.
555:.
234:.
51:(
41:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
