787:
143:
44:
2233:
Sidor, Christian A.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Goulding, Adam K.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Peecook, Brandon R.; Steyer, J. Sébastien; Tolan, Stephen (2014-06-07). "Tapinocephalids (Therapsida, Dinocephalia) from the
Permian Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Lower Karoo, Mid-Zambezi Basin)
2057:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Day, Michael O.; Lin, Florence (2016-02-06). "A reevaluation ofBrachyprosopus broomiandChelydontops altidentalis, dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the middle
PermianTapinocephalusAssemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin, South Africa".
1672:
Rubidge, Bruce S.; Day, Michael O.; Barbolini, Natasha; Hancox, P. John; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Bamford, Marion K.; Viglietti, Pia A.; McPhee, Blair W.; Jirah, Sifelani (2016), "Advances in
Nonmarine Karoo Biostratigraphy: Significance for Understanding Basin Development",
2197:
Boos, A.D.S.; Kammerer, C.F.; Schultz, C.L.; Paes Neto, V.D. (2015-11-01). "A tapinocephalid dinocephalian (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Rio do Rasto
Formation (Paraná Basin, Brazil): Taxonomic, ontogenetic and biostratigraphic considerations".
1541:
Day, Michael Oliver; Rubidge, Bruce Sidney (2014-12-01). "A brief lithostratigraphic review of the
Abrahamskraal and Koonap formations of the Beaufort Group, South Africa: Towards a basin-wide stratigraphic scheme for the Middle Permian Karoo".
1942:
Kammerer, Christian F. (2013-09-21), "A Redescription of
Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911 (Therapsida, Gorgonopsia) from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and a Review of Middle Permian Gorgonopsians",
1906:
Reisz, Robert R.; Dilkes, David W.; Berman, David S (1998-09-15). "Anatomy and relationships ofElliotsmithia longicepsBroom, a small synapsid (Eupelycosauria: Varanopseidae) from the late
Permian of South Africa".
2118:
ANGIELCZYK, KENNETH D.; RUBIDGE, BRUCE S. (September 2010). "A new pylaecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the
Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, Middle Permian of South Africa".
1974:
Kammerer, C.F., Smith, R.M., Day, M.O. and
Rubidge, B.S., 2015. New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid‐Permian gorgonopsian E riphostoma microdon Broom, 1911.
1704:
Canoville, A. and
Chinsamy, A., 2017. Bone Microstructure of Pareiasaurs (Parareptilia) from the Karoo Basin, South Africa: Implications for Growth Strategies and Lifestyle Habits.
1206:
Jirah, Sifelani; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2014-12-01). "Refined stratigraphy of the Middle Permian Abrahamskraal Formation (Beaufort Group) in the southern Karoo Basin".
1773:
Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sidor, Christian A. (2002-07-08). "On the cranial morphology of the basal therapsids Burnetia and Proburnetia (Therapsida: Burnetiidae)".
1097:
1405:
Boonstra, L.D. and Broom, R., 1936. Some features of the cranial morphology of the tapinocephalid deinocephalians. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 72, article 2.
1637:
Hancox, P.J; Rubidge, B.S (2001-01-01). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group".
1623:
1597:
Middle Permian continental biodiversity changes as reflected in the Beaufort Group of South Africa: a bio- and lithostratigraphic review of the
1038:
2306:
2162:
Damiani, Ross J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy".
1290:"Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia"
820:
are not especially common, however are most commonly discovered as articulated single specimens within or associated with the
979:
516:
defined the lower, middle, and upper sections of this biozone. In the 1970s, Keyser and Smith proposed the renaming of the
563:. Outcrops of this biozone are known from the south-western and central margins of the Abrahamskraal Formation where it
1992:
Cisneros, Juan Carlos; Abdala, Fernando; Jashashvili, Tea; de Oliveira Bueno, Ana; Dentzien-Dias, Paula (July 2015).
1960:
1690:
1415:
Boonstra, Lieuwe D. (1938-03-01). "A Report on some Karroo Reptiles from the Luangwa Valley, Northern Rhodesia".
83:
1786:
1816:
Day, Michael O.; Güven, Saniye; Abdala, Fernando; Jirah, Sifelani; Rubidge, Bruce; Almond, John (April 2015).
1523:
Keyser, A.W., 1979. A review of the biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo Basin of South Africa.
1392:
Broom, R., 1912, December. On some new fossil reptiles from the Permian and Triassic beds of South Africa. In
2311:
1857:
Lyson, Tyler R.; Bever, Gabe S.; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Hsiang, Allison Y.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-06-17).
1744:"Morphology and systematic position of the dinocephalian Styracocephalus platyrhynchus (Amniota: Therapsida)"
1721:
Atayman, S., Rubidge, B.S. and Abdala, F., 2009. Taxonomic re-evaluation of tapinocephalid dinocephalians.
778:
Assemblage zone, and all other succeeding assemblage zone deposits, were deposited over millions of years.
568:
482:
96:
239:
2002:, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana"
1183:
van der Walt, Merrill; Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Cooper, Antony; Netterberg, Inge (2010-12-31).
1004:
831:
layers. As the name for this biozone suggests, it is renowned by paleontologists for its diverse
556:
207:
69:
2279:"The first biarmosuchian from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia"
1060:
Assemblage Zone have been found in formations in different countries which correlate in age. As
1085:
713:
359:
in 1856. However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the
1512:
Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin
1459:
1135:"A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa"
574:
in its south-western localities. In its northern and eastern localities it inter-fingers with
955:
2316:
2100:
Boonstra, L.D., 1965. The girdles and limbs of the Gorgonopsia of the Tapinocephalus Zone.
1617:
579:
513:
501:
493:
1818:"Youngest dinocephalian fossils extend the Tapinocephalus Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa"
8:
1947:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Springer Netherlands, pp. 171–184,
1514:. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South Africa.
1501:
Boonstra, L.D., 1969. The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo).
2259:
2144:
2083:
2034:
1993:
1798:
1759:
1730:
1440:
1358:
1311:
1270:
1243:"On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa"
747:
743:
512:. After embarking on further study of dinocephalian fossils and their biostratigraphy,
356:
215:
2175:
1650:
1428:
640:, which indicates a lack of deposition for long periods of time. In some deposits the
2278:
2263:
2251:
2215:
2179:
2148:
2136:
2087:
2075:
2039:
2021:
1956:
1924:
1888:
1880:
1839:
1790:
1743:
1686:
1654:
1559:
1555:
1471:
1444:
1432:
1362:
1350:
1274:
1262:
1223:
1219:
1184:
1113:
695:
564:
1802:
1185:"A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
2243:
2207:
2171:
2128:
2067:
2029:
2013:
1948:
1920:
1916:
1870:
1829:
1782:
1755:
1678:
1646:
1551:
1424:
1342:
1301:
1258:
1254:
1215:
1146:
874:
870:
844:
824:
728:
613:
309:
295:
219:
2071:
1834:
1817:
1595:
2247:
2211:
2132:
1952:
1682:
888:
751:
732:
1089:
539:
which was accepted over Keyser and Smith’s proposal. However, the zoning of the
1056:
861:
840:
802:
735:
648:
560:
534:
525:
375:
360:
348:
287:
275:
211:
174:
73:
31:
1875:
1858:
1346:
2300:
2255:
2219:
2183:
2140:
2079:
2025:
1928:
1884:
1843:
1794:
1658:
1563:
1475:
1436:
1354:
1266:
1227:
999:
966:
941:
927:
836:
771:
445:
263:
255:
243:
122:
27:
1151:
1134:
2043:
1892:
1306:
1289:
1077:
1073:
1061:
1051:
1026:
946:
931:
912:
893:
866:
832:
710:
675:
671:
652:
521:
509:
505:
489:
453:
429:
417:
413:
409:
371:
312:
305:
298:
223:
148:
130:
126:
35:
1991:
786:
1069:
994:
958:
950:
921:
849:
808:
690:
are fine-grained and mainly tabular, indicating that deposition of these
679:
469:
461:
437:
320:
158:
2017:
1375:
Broom, R., 1906. V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa.
983:
970:
936:
916:
897:
821:
813:
767:
755:
610:
575:
401:
394:
387:
325:
316:
259:
251:
247:
235:
231:
869:
species which have been discovered from this biozone are the advanced
1490:
The braincase, basicranial axis and median septum in the Dinocephalia
1315:
1032:
1021:
974:
962:
742:
plains flowing northwards from a southerly source area in the rising
699:
691:
687:
683:
667:
663:
659:
625:
617:
330:
301:
292:
1396:(Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 859-876). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
1330:
1242:
43:
1017:
1013:
988:
881:
855:
828:
759:
739:
724:
707:
641:
637:
633:
629:
606:
598:
199:
766:
pulses from the growing Gondwanides mountain chain and associated
597:
Assemblage Zone consist mainly of maroon to greyish red or purple
246:
where outcrops start to only be found in the south-east, north of
230:, reaching approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), occur from
1065:
978:
first appeared in this biozone and remained ubiquitous until the
817:
763:
703:
602:
587:
583:
540:
529:
517:
421:
379:
352:
282:
271:
227:
203:
59:
1101:
1093:
896:
fossils are frequently found disarticulated with much of their
658:
deposits. Alternating beds of light grey to dark greenish grey
364:
344:
904:
835:
fossil species where almost all members of this family – the
645:
367:
2232:
2196:
1182:
481:
Assemblage Zone were first included with those of the lower
185:
Watson (1914), Keyser & Smith (1977-78), Kitching (1984)
1787:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0257:otcmot]2.0.co;2
1294:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
847:– are represented. Example species from these families are
655:
621:
1675:
Origin and Evolution of the Cape Mountains and Karoo Basin
1671:
1578:
Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup).
1167:
Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup).
1080:
fossils, along with other therapsid species found in the
543:
rocks remains as they were defined by Keyser and Smith.
214:, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological
2056:
1856:
1677:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 141–149,
1331:"V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa"
324:. It is also the first biozone of the series where the
624:
climate, revealing the presence of paleocalcretes and
1741:
1132:
670:
frequently contain both symmetrical and asymmetrical
1731:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39675877.pdf#page=88
800:
Assemblage Zone is characterized by the presence of
308:
species along with the appearance of other advanced
258:. Its northernmost exposures occur around the towns
1815:
1076:are good biostratigraphic markers for this period.
1742:Rubidge, Bruce; VAN DEN HEEVER, J.A (1997-01-01).
601:layers which exhibit blocky weathering at exposed
2117:
1905:
1016:, invertebrate trackways and burrows, vertebrate
2298:
754:that had previously begun to take course due to
1525:Geocongress, Geological Society of South Africa
1394:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
620:, both are indicative of a warm and seasonally
1084:Assemblage Zone, have been recovered from the
678:traveled downstream in a northerly direction.
304:. It is characterised by the presence of this
1636:
935:are confined to this biozone. One of the few
774:in the Karoo Basin where the deposits of the
1772:
1622:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1205:
1024:, and a variety of plant fossils, namely of
382:, which he named (from oldest to youngest):
1945:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
1417:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1247:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
954:are likewise found, including a variety of
1540:
903:Despite the rarity of fossils, the fossil
42:
2033:
1874:
1859:"Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell"
1833:
1580:South African Committee of Stratigraphy.
1305:
1169:South African Committee of Stratigraphy.
1150:
939:species found in South African deposits,
2200:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1941:
1457:
1414:
785:
758:of the Palaeo-pacific plate beneath the
702:are capped in the upper sections of the
666:which weather to light orange grey. The
2161:
911:Assemblage Zone are extremely diverse.
363:could be differentiated based on their
351:rocks that encompass the current eight
2299:
1593:
1510:Keyser, A.W. and Smith, R.M.H., 1978.
1287:
1133:Rubidge, B.S.; Kitching, J.W. (2003).
662:and greenish grey to light olive grey
488:under the name "Pareiasaurus beds" by
370:. The initial undertaking was done by
2276:
1460:"Early dichotomies in the Therapsids"
1328:
400:Zone of "highly specialized group of
1240:
719:The depositional environment of the
555:Assemblage Zone correlates with the
238:in its southernmost exposures, from
1594:Oliver, Day, Michael (2014-03-04).
1584:. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
1173:. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
1126:
1064:fossils are only known from Middle
13:
2236:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2121:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2102:Annals of the South African Museum
2060:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1909:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1775:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1760:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00457.x
1241:Bain, Andrew Geddes (1845-02-01).
682:cracks which are infilled by fine
109:up to 6,561.68 feet (2,000 m)
14:
2328:
1639:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1544:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1429:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1938.094.01-04.14
1208:Journal of African Earth Sciences
412:named were subdivided further by
1822:South African Journal of Science
1556:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.001
1464:South African Journal of Science
1220:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.06.014
770:created accommodation space for
727:material being deposited in the
500:Assemblage Zone. As a young man
496:redefined the boundaries of the
254:, reaching up to areas south of
141:
2277:Sidor, Christian (2015-04-09).
2270:
2226:
2190:
2155:
2111:
2094:
2050:
1985:
1968:
1935:
1899:
1850:
1809:
1766:
1735:
1715:
1698:
1665:
1630:
1587:
1570:
1534:
1517:
1504:
1495:
1482:
1451:
1408:
1399:
781:
636:are also commonly found in the
206:which correlates to the middle
2307:South African assemblage zones
1921:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011087
1386:
1369:
1322:
1281:
1259:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72
1234:
1199:
1176:
1159:
1054:species that are found in the
1045:
907:that have been found from the
723:Assemblage Zone was formed by
651:which have been attributed to
628:precipitation respectively in
268:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1:
2176:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4
2072:10.1080/02724634.2016.1078342
1651:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00081-1
1458:Boonstra, L.D. (1963-05-01).
1119:
889:Styracocephalus platyrhynchus
2248:10.1080/02724634.2013.826669
2212:10.1016/j.jsames.2015.09.003
2133:10.1080/02724634.2010.501447
1953:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_11
1683:10.1007/978-3-319-40859-0_14
1576:Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b.
1165:Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b.
926:and the perplexing putative
865:respectively. Other notable
546:
7:
1835:10.17159/sajs.2015/20140309
1107:
586:is considered to be Middle
559:, Adelaide Subgroup of the
424:(from oldest to youngest):
210:, Adelaide Subgroup of the
10:
2333:
2006:Royal Society Open Science
1329:Broom, R. (January 1906).
1012:, invertebrate fossils of
862:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
803:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
338:
288:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
175:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
49:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
1876:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.003
1582:Biostratigraphic Series 1
1347:10.1017/S001675680012271X
1171:Biostratigraphic Series 1
980:Permian-Triassic boundary
524:Assemblage Zone. In 1984
477:The rocks of the current
181:
169:
164:
154:
136:
118:
113:
105:
92:
79:
65:
55:
41:
26:
18:
1005:Rhinesuchoides tenuiceps
408:These proposed biozones
2283:Palaeontologia Africana
2000:Anomocephalus africanus
1996:Tiarajudens eccentricus
1976:Papers in Palaeontology
1723:Palaeontologia africana
1189:Palaeontologia Africana
1152:10.1111/1475-4983.00294
1042:, have been recovered.
1000:temnospondyl amphibians
942:Elliotsmithia longiceps
557:Abrahamskraal Formation
420:proposed the following
416:between 1906 and 1909.
208:Abrahamskraal Formation
70:Abrahamskraal Formation
1488:Boonstra, L.D., 1968.
1307:10.1098/rstb.1895.0001
1288:Seeley, H. G. (1895).
1086:Rio do Rasto Formation
1008:, remains of the fish
998:. Finally, fossils of
986:species found include
932:Eunotosaurus africanus
850:Anteosaurus magnificus
816:fossils found in this
793:
738:) by vast, low-energy
590:(Guadalupian) in age.
335:species first appear.
2234:of southern Zambia".
1706:The Anatomical Record
995:Pristerodon brachyops
951:Hipposaurus boonstrai
789:
528:proposed to name the
2312:Permian South Africa
1010:Namaichthys digitata
915:species such as the
744:Gondwanide mountains
694:was in a low-energy
686:are also found. The
674:which indicate that
644:layers contain thin
494:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
2018:10.1098/rsos.150090
1377:Geological Magazine
1335:Geological Magazine
1098:Madumabisa Mudstone
750:were the result of
374:who subdivided the
372:Harry Govier Seeley
355:were discovered by
347:to be found in the
202:assemblage zone or
28:Stratigraphic range
1712:(6), pp.1039-1066.
989:Robertia broomiana
975:Diictodon feliceps
886:, and the unusual
856:Jonkeria boonstrai
794:
504:collaborated with
357:Andrew Geddes Bain
331:Diictodon feliceps
2164:Gondwana Research
2108:(13), pp.237-249.
1869:(12): 1113–1119.
1729:, p.88Á90. Link:
1114:List of synapsids
809:Bradysaurus baini
791:Bradysaurus baini
698:environment. The
593:The rocks of the
321:Bradysaurus baini
189:
188:
2324:
2291:
2290:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2127:(5): 1396–1409.
2115:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
1989:
1983:
1982:(2), pp.201-221.
1972:
1966:
1965:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1645:(3–4): 563–577.
1634:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1609:assemblage zones
1591:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1538:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1423:(1–4): 371–384.
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1180:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1130:
892:. Unfortunately
875:Struthiocephalus
845:Tapinocephalidae
315:, and the large
281:The name of the
220:Karoo Supergroup
147:
145:
144:
46:
16:
15:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2275:
2271:
2231:
2227:
2195:
2191:
2160:
2156:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2066:(2): e1078342.
2055:
2051:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1940:
1936:
1904:
1900:
1863:Current Biology
1855:
1851:
1814:
1810:
1771:
1767:
1740:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1670:
1666:
1635:
1631:
1615:
1614:
1607:Pristerognathus
1592:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1327:
1323:
1286:
1282:
1239:
1235:
1204:
1200:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1160:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1110:
1057:Tapinochephalus
1048:
871:tapinocephalids
784:
672:ripple surfaces
572:Assemblage Zone
549:
508:on research of
486:Assemblage Zone
341:
226:. The thickest
196:Assemblage Zone
142:
140:
100:Assemblage Zone
87:Assemblage Zone
85:Pristerognathus
51:
22:Assemblage Zone
12:
11:
5:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2293:
2292:
2269:
2242:(4): 980–986.
2225:
2189:
2170:(1): 165–173.
2154:
2110:
2093:
2049:
1984:
1967:
1961:
1934:
1915:(3): 602–611.
1898:
1849:
1808:
1781:(2): 257–267.
1765:
1734:
1714:
1697:
1691:
1664:
1629:
1603:Tapinocephalus
1586:
1569:
1533:
1516:
1503:
1494:
1481:
1450:
1407:
1398:
1385:
1383:(1), pp.29-30.
1368:
1321:
1280:
1253:(1): 317–318.
1233:
1198:
1175:
1158:
1145:(1): 199–210.
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1082:Tapinocephalus
1074:dinocephalians
1047:
1044:
967:therocephalian
909:Tapinocephalus
841:Titanosuchidae
798:Tapinocephalus
783:
780:
776:Tapinocephalus
752:crustal uplift
736:foreland basin
721:Tapinocephalus
595:Tapinocephalus
561:Beaufort Group
553:Tapinocephalus
548:
545:
535:Tapinocephalus
526:James Kitching
510:dinocephalians
498:Tapinocephalus
492:. Years later
479:Tapinocephalus
475:
474:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
406:
405:
398:
391:
388:Pareiasaurians
376:Beaufort Group
361:Beaufort Group
349:Beaufort Group
340:
337:
313:dinocephalians
310:tapinocephalid
296:tapinocephalid
276:Beaufort Group
270:is the second
212:Beaufort Group
194:Tapinocephalus
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
134:
133:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
94:
90:
89:
81:
77:
76:
74:Beaufort Group
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
47:
39:
38:
32:Middle Permian
24:
23:
20:Tapinocephalus
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:(7): 150090.
2011:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1962:9789400768406
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1692:9783319408583
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Palaeontology
1136:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:and from the
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Dinocephalian
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:dinocephalian
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:dinocephalian
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
990:
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:species. The
968:
964:
960:
957:
953:
952:
948:
947:biarmosuchian
944:
943:
938:
934:
933:
929:
925:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:dinocephalian
891:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:dinocephalian
864:
863:
858:
857:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
837:Anteosauridae
834:
833:Dinocephalian
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
792:
788:
779:
777:
773:
772:sedimentation
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
714:conglomerates
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:paleocurrents
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:overlies the
566:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
536:
531:
527:
523:
522:Dinocephalian
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
480:
472:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:Kistecephalus
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
384:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
334:
332:
327:
323:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
306:dinocephalian
303:
300:
299:dinocephalian
297:
294:
290:
289:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Victoria West
261:
257:
256:Graaff-Reinet
253:
249:
245:
244:Beaufort West
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
157:
153:
150:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
17:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1944:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1828:(3–4): 1–5.
1825:
1821:
1811:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1674:
1667:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1341:(1): 29–30.
1338:
1334:
1324:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1090:Paraná Basin
1081:
1072:) deposits,
1055:
1049:
1037:
1031:
1027:Glossopteris
1025:
1009:
1003:
993:
987:
973:
949:
940:
930:
928:pantestudine
920:
908:
902:
887:
880:
873:
860:
854:
848:
807:
801:
797:
795:
790:
782:Paleontology
775:
720:
718:
594:
592:
569:
552:
550:
533:
497:
483:
478:
476:
468:
460:
454:Lystrosaurus
452:
444:
436:
430:Pareiasaurus
428:
414:Robert Broom
407:
342:
329:
319:
286:
280:
267:
224:South Africa
193:
192:
190:
173:
165:Type section
149:South Africa
131:Eastern Cape
97:
84:
48:
36:Late Permian
19:
2317:Guadalupian
2206:: 375–384.
1754:: 157–168.
1618:cite thesis
1599:Eodicynodon
1550:: 227–242.
1531:, pp.13-31.
1214:: 121–135.
1070:Guadalupian
1046:Correlation
1039:Schizoneura
959:gorgonopsid
922:Bradysaurus
913:Parareptile
748:Gondwanides
729:Karoo Basin
725:sedimentary
680:Desiccation
630:playa lakes
570:Eodicynodon
565:conformably
484:Eodicynodon
470:Cynognathus
462:Procolophon
438:Endothiodon
402:theriodonts
395:Dicynodonts
378:into three
293:herbivorous
242:through to
159:Karoo Basin
98:Eodicynodon
2301:Categories
1120:References
1022:therapsids
1018:footprints
984:dicynodont
971:dicynodont
945:, and the
937:pelycosaur
917:pareiasaur
898:postcrania
822:calcareous
814:Vertebrate
768:subduction
756:subduction
700:sandstones
692:sandstones
688:sandstones
668:siltstones
664:sandstones
653:silicified
618:limestones
616:and sheet
611:calcareous
576:Ecca Group
343:The first
326:dicynodont
317:pareiasaur
291:, a large
285:refers to
260:Fraserburg
252:Willowmore
240:Sutherland
236:Leeu-Gamka
232:Merweville
2264:128431441
2256:0272-4634
2220:0895-9811
2184:1342-937X
2149:129846697
2141:0272-4634
2088:130520407
2080:0272-4634
2026:2054-5703
1929:0272-4634
1885:0960-9822
1844:0038-2353
1795:0272-4634
1659:1464-343X
1612:(Thesis).
1564:1464-343X
1476:0038-2353
1445:129931146
1437:0370-291X
1363:129265956
1355:1469-5081
1275:128602890
1267:0370-291X
1228:1464-343X
1088:from the
1033:Dadoxylon
963:anomodont
900:missing.
760:Gondwanan
733:retro-arc
684:sandstone
660:siltstone
638:mudstones
634:Paleosols
626:carbonate
607:mudstones
547:Lithology
393:Zone of "
386:Zone of "
302:therapsid
248:Oudshoorn
170:Named for
106:Thickness
80:Underlies
2044:26587266
1893:23727095
1803:86207308
1300:: 1–57.
1108:See also
1014:molluscs
1002:such as
982:. Other
884:capensis
882:Moschops
829:mudstone
764:Orogenic
740:alluvial
708:mudstone
642:mudstone
609:contain
603:outcrops
599:mudstone
580:deposits
514:Boonstra
502:Boonstra
422:biozones
380:biozones
353:biozones
228:outcrops
200:tetrapod
182:Named by
123:Northern
114:Location
93:Overlies
2035:4632579
1748:Lethaia
1066:Permian
877:whaitsi
827:in the
825:nodules
818:biozone
762:Plate.
704:biozone
696:fluvial
614:nodules
588:Permian
584:biozone
582:. This
541:biozone
530:biozone
518:biozone
345:fossils
339:History
283:biozone
274:of the
272:biozone
218:of the
204:biozone
137:Country
127:Western
72:of the
66:Unit of
60:Biozone
2289:: 1–7.
2262:
2254:
2218:
2182:
2147:
2139:
2086:
2078:
2042:
2032:
2024:
1959:
1927:
1891:
1883:
1842:
1801:
1793:
1689:
1657:
1562:
1474:
1443:
1435:
1361:
1353:
1314:
1273:
1265:
1226:
1195:: 1–6.
1102:Zambia
1094:Brazil
1036:, and
965:, and
859:, and
843:, and
746:. The
649:lenses
605:. The
578:-aged
532:after
410:Seeley
365:fossil
266:. The
155:Extent
146:
129:&
119:Region
2260:S2CID
2145:S2CID
2084:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1470:(5).
1441:S2CID
1359:S2CID
1316:91793
1312:JSTOR
1271:S2CID
1050:Many
956:basal
711:clast
706:with
646:chert
506:Broom
490:Broom
418:Broom
216:Group
198:is a
2252:ISSN
2216:ISSN
2180:ISSN
2137:ISSN
2076:ISSN
2040:PMID
2022:ISSN
1998:and
1957:ISBN
1925:ISSN
1889:PMID
1881:ISSN
1840:ISSN
1791:ISSN
1687:ISBN
1655:ISSN
1624:link
1605:and
1560:ISSN
1472:ISSN
1433:ISSN
1351:ISSN
1263:ISSN
1224:ISSN
992:and
905:taxa
879:and
806:and
796:The
656:tuff
622:arid
551:The
473:beds
465:beds
457:beds
449:beds
441:beds
433:beds
368:taxa
262:and
250:and
234:and
191:The
56:Type
2244:doi
2208:doi
2172:doi
2129:doi
2068:doi
2030:PMC
2014:doi
1949:doi
1917:doi
1871:doi
1830:doi
1826:111
1783:doi
1756:doi
1710:300
1679:doi
1647:doi
1552:doi
1548:100
1425:doi
1343:doi
1302:doi
1298:186
1255:doi
1216:doi
1212:100
1147:doi
1100:in
1092:in
1020:of
731:(a
520:to
222:in
34:to
2303::
2287:49
2285:.
2281:.
2258:.
2250:.
2240:34
2238:.
2214:.
2204:63
2202:.
2178:.
2166:.
2143:.
2135:.
2125:30
2123:.
2106:48
2104:,
2082:.
2074:.
2064:36
2062:.
2038:.
2028:.
2020:.
2008:.
2004:.
1978:,
1955:,
1923:.
1913:18
1911:.
1887:.
1879:.
1867:23
1865:.
1861:.
1838:.
1824:.
1820:.
1797:.
1789:.
1779:22
1777:.
1752:30
1750:.
1746:.
1727:44
1725:,
1708:,
1685:,
1653:.
1643:33
1641:.
1620:}}
1616:{{
1601:,
1558:.
1546:.
1527:,
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1431:.
1421:94
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1357:.
1349:.
1337:.
1333:.
1310:.
1296:.
1292:.
1269:.
1261:.
1249:.
1245:.
1222:.
1210:.
1193:45
1191:.
1187:.
1143:46
1141:.
1137:.
1104:.
1030:,
961:,
919:,
853:,
839:,
812:.
716:.
632:.
328:,
278:.
125:,
30::
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2246::
2222:.
2210::
2186:.
2174::
2168:7
2151:.
2131::
2090:.
2070::
2046:.
2016::
2010:2
1994:"
1980:1
1951::
1931:.
1919::
1895:.
1873::
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1832::
1805:.
1785::
1762:.
1758::
1681::
1661:.
1649::
1626:)
1566:.
1554::
1529:2
1492:.
1478:.
1447:.
1427::
1381:3
1365:.
1345::
1339:3
1318:.
1304::
1277:.
1257::
1251:1
1230:.
1218::
1155:.
1149::
1068:(
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333:,
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