1261:, a commander during the New Mexican Campaign. Red River Canyon being very narrow and full of thick, deep mud, Major Edmundson was forced to dismount his cavalry and proceed in the attack on foot with the infantry. Now all on foot, the Americans pushed forward and began to break up the ambush. The Mexicans and natives were repulsed but soon regrouped and assaulted the American position. The Americans slowly made an organized retreat, the withdrawal being covered by a Lieutenant Elliot and his Laclede rangers. At sunrise, the Americans reformed and reentered the canyon, where they discovered that the Mexicans and natives had retreated just before their arrival.
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mixture of violence and justice-a strange middle ground between martial and common law. After an absence of a few minutes the jury returned with a verdict, "Guilty in the first degree". Five for murder, one for treason. Treason, indeed! What did the poor devil know about his new allegiance? ... I left the room, sick at heart. Justice! Out upon the word when its distorted meaning is a warrant for murdering those who defended to the last their country and their homes.
37:
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served as court interpreter. Since the Anglo community in Taos was small, and several men had been killed by the rebels, the jury pool was extremely limited. The court was in session for fifteen days. The jury found 15 men guilty of murder and treason (under the new US rule), and the judges sentenced
1048:
The rebel force killed and scalped several other government officials, along with others seen as related to the new US territorial government. Among those killed were
Stephen Lee, acting county sheriff; Cornelio Vigil, prefect and probate judge; and J.W. Leal, circuit attorney. "It appeared," wrote
1187:
It certainly did appear to be a great assumption of the part of the
Americans to conquer a country and then arraign the revolting inhabitants for treason. American judges sat on the bench, New Mexicans and Americans filled the jury box, and an American soldiery guarded the halls. Verily, a strange
1167:, the father of Narcisse Beaubien, who had been killed on January 19. Both men had previously been appointed as judges to the New Mexico Territory Superior Court by the late Gov. Bent in August of the previous year. George Bent, Charles' brother, was elected foreman of the jury. The jury included
984:
An issue more significant than the galling daily insults was that many New
Mexican citizens feared that their land titles, issued by the Mexican government, would not be recognized by the United States. They worried that American sympathizers would prosper at their expense. Following Kearny's
928:
crushed the rebellion of the
Hispano and Pueblo people. The New Mexicans, seeking better representation, regrouped and fought three more engagements, but after being defeated, they abandoned open warfare. Hatred of New Mexicans for the occupying American army combined with the oft-exercised
1359:
980:, "to interpose your authority to compel the soldiers to respect the rights of the inhabitants. These outrages are becoming so frequent that I apprehend serious consequences must result sooner or later if measures are not taken to prevent them.
1120:, the US breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Seven US troops died in the battle.
1310:
and their Pueblo allies. The ensuing battle resulted in an
American retreat to the banks of Cienega Creek. They were able to hold their position until Captain Shepherd's company arrived, "vanquishing the enemy".
1253:
Holaway and
Robinson, were marching at almost sunset along the Red (Canadian) River. They had just entered Red River Canyon when ambushed by an estimated 500 Mexicans and natives, according to reports given to
1037:, where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. After they moved on, Bent was still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends
1045:, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent, but left the women and children unharmed.
281:
1192:
On April 9, the US forces hanged six of the convicted insurgents in the Taos plaza; all but one were convicted of murder, and he of treason. This was the first execution by hanging in the
929:
rebelliousness of Taos residents against authority imposed on them from elsewhere were causes of the revolt. In the aftermath of the revolt the
Americans executed at least 28 rebels. The
1097:
The US military moved quickly to quash the revolt; Col. Price led more than 300 US troops from Santa Fe to Taos, together with 65 volunteers, including a few New
Mexicans, organized by
816:
770:
395:
1085:, survived. Both escaped separately on foot during the night. The same day Hispano insurgents killed seven or eight American traders who were passing through the village of
821:
274:
1049:
Colonel Price, "to be the object of the insurrectionists to put to death every
American and every Mexican who had accepted office under the American government."
1377:
Lyckman, Ernest (1988). "A Review of the Ranch, Trading Post, Mill and
Distillery of Simeon Turley, Canoncito, Arroyo Hondo, Taos County, New Mexico 1830-1847".
993:
uprising. When the plans were discovered by the US authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Native American allies, including
1212:
The revolt did not end after the Siege of Taos. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the
1101:, the business partner of the brothers William and Charles Bent. Along the way, the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 Hispanos and Puebloans at
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As other occupation troops have done at other times and places have done, they undertook to act like conquerors." Gov. Bent implored Price's superior,
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1196:. Two weeks later, the US forces executed five more. In all, the US hanged at least 28 men in Taos in response to the revolt. A year later, the
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Many New Mexicans were unreconciled to Armijo's surrender; they also resented their treatment by U.S. soldiers, which Governor Bent described:
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202:
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Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire
1701:
381:
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reviewed the case. He said that the one man hanged for treason, Hipolito "Polo" Salazar, might have been wrongfully convicted. The
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On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day
569:
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1566:
McNierney, Michael, "Taos 1847, The Revolt In Contemporary Accounts" Boulder, CO, Johnson Publishing, 1980,
700:
441:
1131:, ended in a New Mexican strategic victory and Hendley's death. The Americans attacked again, under Capt.
930:
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The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 Hispanos and Puebloans attacked and laid siege to
924:
and several other Americans were killed by the rebels. In two short campaigns, United States troops and
470:
1147:
The next day, US officials ordered the execution of some of the captives in the plaza in a "drumhead
485:
1577:
Moore, Mike. "John Albert: One of Colorado's Own". (need url and website info) Retrieved 2006-09-16.
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1220:. After the US forces won each battle, the New Mexicans and Native Americans ended open warfare.
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in 1848 guaranteed the property rights of New Mexico's Hispanic and Native American residents.
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1155:. Price then set up a military court in Taos to try more of the captured insurgents under
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on their way to Missouri. At most 16 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20.
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were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men,
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1556:, first published in 1850; reprint, Norman, Oklahoma: 1955, University of Oklahoma Press
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332:
1619:
The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from 1846 to 1851
1538:
Crutchfield, James A., "Tragedy at Taos, The Revolt Of 1847", Republic of Texas Press,
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troops. On July 9, 1847 a detachment of thirty-one men, belonging to Captain Morin's
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Connor, Buck. "Thomas Tate Tobin". (need url and website info) Retrieved 2006-09-17.
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1648:, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
1306:. On this early morning the Americans were attacked by two hundred New Mexican
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Ayer y Hoy en Taos: Yesterday and Today in Taos County and Northern New Mexico
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1431:(reprint ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 214–215.
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1360:"From New Mexico: Headquarters Army in New Mexico, Santa Fe, Feb 15, 1847"
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A separate force of US troops campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The
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and destroyed the village, which ended the Mora campaign of the revolt.
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71:
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994:
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897:
1559:
Herrera, Carlos R., "New Mexico Resistance to U.S. Occupation", in
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117:
1171:, a brother-in-law of Beaubien; and several friends of the Bents.
1604:
The Little Lion of the Southwest: A Life of Manuel Antonio Chaves
1307:
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were stationed close to Cienega Creek about eighteen miles from
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without firing a shot. When Kearny departed with his forces for
1284:
942:
1411:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 285.
1621:, Denver, Colorado: The Smith-Brooks Company Publishers, 1909
1276:. The battle occurred on July 9, 1847 and was fought between
1348:, Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1954, p. 273
1033:
Romero led a Native American force to the house of Governor
997:, who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory.
1113:, where they took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church.
1549:
Durand, John, 'The Taos Massacres,' Puzzlebox Press, 2004.
1532:, Pueblo, Colorado: Pueblo County Historical Society, 2004
1069:, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to
941:
In August 1846, the territory of New Mexico, then under
1561:
The Contested Homeland, A Chicano History of New Mexico
1396:. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press. pp. 41–43.
965:
in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed
403:
1580:
Niles' National Register, NNR 72.038, March 20, 1847
1272:: the last engagement of the Taos Revolt during the
1073:
for help from the occupying US forces. Eight to ten
778:
1563:, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000
1381:(6). Taos, NM: Taos County Historical Society: 3–5.
289:
1052:
1653:
1635:. Santa FĂ©: R. E. Twitchell, 1925, p. 146.
1364:Wilmington Journal (Wilmington, North Carolina)
1204:agreed. All other convictions were affirmed.
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389:
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969:as New Mexico's first territorial governor.
16:Insurrection in New Mexico Territory in 1847
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1326:List of assassinated American politicians
1646:A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War
1406:
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1163:, a close friend of Charles Bent; and
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1682:Native American history of New Mexico
1357:
912:' occupation of present-day northern
752:
377:
263:
1702:Rebellions against the United States
869:United States occupation of Veracruz
1687:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
1216:, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the
1207:
1059:Simeon Turley's mill and distillery
13:
1625:
1202:Supreme Court of the United States
1183:, described the trial and events:
1151:", including the leader "Montojo"
14:
1728:
1717:Events that led to courts-martial
1639:
1358:Price, Sterling (30 April 1847).
1712:1847 in the Mexican-American War
1026:, a Taos Puebloan also known as
945:rule, fell to U.S. forces under
218:
196:
100:
35:
1672:New Mexico and Arizona campaign
1425:Garrard, Lewis Hector (1955) .
1065:, several miles north of Taos.
1053:Arroyo Hondo and Mora massacres
291:New Mexico and Arizona Campaign
1707:Military history of New Mexico
1606:, Chicago: The Swallow Press.
1471:
1458:
1445:
1400:
1392:Crutchfield, James A. (1995).
1385:
1370:
1351:
1338:
1198:United States Secretary of War
1109:. The insurgents retreated to
1092:
1:
1554:Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail
1522:
1479:Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail
1466:Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail
936:
817:Walker's expedition to Mexico
1697:1847 in New Mexico Territory
1142:
7:
1677:History of Taos, New Mexico
1314:
1224:The Red River Canyon affair
931:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
1733:
1617:Twitchell, Ralph Emerson,
1583:Perkins, James E. (1999).
1228:Battle of Red River Canyon
1214:Battle of Red River Canyon
358:Battle of Red River Canyon
83:American strategic victory
1441:– via Google Books.
1394:It Happened in New Mexico
1159:. He appointed as judges
1000:
985:departure, dissenters in
792:
415:
302:Mexican-American Conflict
297:
247:
228:
124:
93:
53:
34:
26:
21:
1595:. Online book review at
1515:, Cincinnati: U.P. James
1407:Lavender, David (1954).
1331:
554:Northern Mexican Theater
85:Mexican tactical Victory
1667:19th-century rebellions
1585:Tom Tobin: Frontiersman
1552:Garrard, Lewis Hector,
1270:Battle of Cienega Creek
1218:Battle of Cienega Creek
1103:Santa Cruz de la Cañada
978:Col. Alexander Doniphan
920:. Provisional governor
363:Battle of Cienega Creek
353:Siege of Pueblo de Taos
61:January 19–July 9, 1847
43:Siege of Pueblo de Taos
1602:Simmons, Marc (1973).
1190:
982:
664:Pacific Coast Campaign
251:~20 killed, including
125:Commanders and leaders
1513:Doniphan's Expedition
1321:History of New Mexico
1185:
1137:Second Battle of Mora
974:
839:San Elizario Salt War
782:Mexican–American wars
701:2nd San Jose del Cabo
696:1st San Jose del Cabo
575:Santa Cruz de Rosales
348:Second Battle of Mora
343:Battle of Embudo Pass
229:Casualties and losses
49:'s death (far right).
1511:Hughes, J.T., 1847,
1274:Mexican–American War
1181:Lewis Hector Garrard
1125:First Battle of Mora
947:Stephen Watts Kearny
918:Mexican–American War
898:popular insurrection
802:Mexican-American War
581:Mexico City Campaign
408:Mexican–American War
338:First Battle of Mora
319:Battle of El Brazito
249:Civilian casualties:
29:Mexican–American War
1587:, Herodotus Press.
1528:Broadhead, Edward,
1477:Garrard, Lewis H.,
1464:Garrard, Lewis H.,
1230:: on May 26, 1847,
1165:Charles H. Beaubien
1018:. They were led by
1006:Taos assassinations
953:surrendered at the
908:allies against the
900:in January 1847 by
797:Capture of Monterey
497:New Mexico Campaign
449:California Campaign
309:Capture of Santa Fe
1292:United States Army
1259:Alexander Doniphan
1237:Edmondson, with a
1232:United States Army
961:, he left Colonel
955:Battle of Santa Fe
874:Mexican Expedition
859:Mexican Revolution
442:Resaca de la Palma
1631:Twitchell, R. E.
1572:978-0-933472-07-5
1546:, Plano, TX 1995.
1344:Lavender, David.
1129:Israel R. Hendley
1083:Thomas Tate Tobin
1079:John David Albert
1030:(Little Thomas).
1022:, a Hispano, and
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314:Capture of Tucson
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1304:Taos, New Mexico
1208:Further fighting
1127:, under Captain
1067:Charles Autobees
1012:Taos, New Mexico
995:Puebloan peoples
854:Nogales Uprising
849:Garza Revolution
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812:Cortina Troubles
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1468:, pp. 197–198
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1153:Pablo Montoya
1150:
1149:court-martial
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1020:Pablo Montoya
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951:Manuel Armijo
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548:Cienega Creek
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253:Simeon Turley
250:
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243:~400 captured
238:
233:
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224:Manuel Cortez
221:
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193:Pablo Montoya
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1633:Old Santa FĂ©
1632:
1618:
1603:
1599:. (need url)
1596:
1584:
1560:
1553:
1529:
1512:
1478:
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1372:
1366:. p. 2.
1363:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1298:of American
1269:
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1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1146:
1122:
1115:
1096:
1075:mountain men
1063:Arroyo Hondo
1056:
1047:
1043:Thomas Boggs
1035:Charles Bent
1032:
1027:
1024:Tomás Romero
1009:
983:
975:
971:
967:Charles Bent
940:
922:Charles Bent
893:
891:
806:
706:Todos Santos
597:2nd Veracruz
587:1st Veracruz
325:
248:
236:~103 wounded
215:Tomás Romero
208:
203:Jesus Tafoya
186:
181:Pablo Chavez
169:
153:
148:John Burgwin
137:
132:Charles Bent
94:Belligerents
47:John Burgwin
45:, depicting
27:Part of the
1692:Taos Pueblo
1662:Taos Revolt
1597:Denver Post
1453:Bent's Fort
1409:Bent's Fort
1346:Bent's Fort
1278:New Mexican
1194:Taos Valley
1116:During the
1111:Taos Pueblo
1107:Embudo Pass
1093:US response
1016:Taos Pueblo
1014:and nearby
949:. Governor
916:during the
894:Taos Revolt
820: [
807:Taos Revolt
786:(1845–1920)
738:2nd Tabasco
733:1st Tabasco
657:Zacualtipan
627:Mexico City
622:Chapultepec
602:Cerro Gordo
565:Buena Vista
528:Embudo Pass
481:San Pasqual
461:Los Angeles
326:Taos Revolt
22:Taos Revolt
1656:Categories
1523:References
1451:Lavender,
1281:insurgents
1039:Kit Carson
989:plotted a
959:California
937:Background
914:New Mexico
879:Bandit War
864:Border War
829:Reform War
728:3rd Tuxpan
723:2nd Tuxpan
718:1st Tuxpan
691:2nd La Paz
686:1st La Paz
612:Churubusco
513:El Brazito
432:Fort Texas
239:~11 killed
234:367 killed
72:New Mexico
1268:, or the
1226:, or the
1157:civil law
1143:Aftermath
1135:, in the
991:Christmas
647:Matamoros
637:Huamantla
607:Contreras
560:Monterrey
476:Natividad
437:Palo Alto
70:Northern
1481:, p. 228
1455:, p. 264
1315:See also
1300:infantry
1251:Captains
1243:infantry
1071:Santa Fe
1028:Tomasito
987:Santa Fe
533:2nd Mora
523:1st Mora
503:Santa Fe
456:Monterey
118:Puebloan
66:Location
1308:militia
1296:company
1288:natives
1256:Colonel
1247:cavalry
1239:company
943:Mexican
926:militia
902:Hispano
671:Guaymas
642:Atlixco
491:La Mesa
209:†
187:†
170:†
154:†
138:†
113:Hispano
1610:
1591:
1570:
1542:
1435:
1285:Pueblo
1249:under
1001:Revolt
906:Pueblo
896:was a
676:Mulegé
632:Puebla
592:Polkos
518:Cañada
508:Tucson
217:
205:
195:
183:
166:
150:
134:
120:rebels
115:rebels
105:
80:Result
1332:Notes
1235:Major
824:]
466:Chino
130:Gov.
1608:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1290:and
1264:The
1245:and
1105:and
1087:Mora
1081:and
1041:and
904:and
892:The
58:Date
41:The
1061:in
1658::
1486:^
1417:^
1362:.
1283:,
822:es
1614:.
1574:.
772:e
765:t
758:v
397:e
390:t
383:v
283:e
276:t
269:v
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