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2223:. While the ideas are singular, the style is poetic, combining two major strategies: short, declarative statements, and intentional contradictions, encouraging varied, contradictory interpretations. The first of these strategies creates memorable phrases, while the second forces the reader to reconcile supposed contradictions. With a
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fantasies and represent the colonial appropriation of
Chinese culture. Other Taoism scholars, such as Michael LaFargue and Jonathan Herman, argue that while they do not pretend to scholarship, they meet a real spiritual need in the West. These Westernized versions aim to make the wisdom of the Tao Te
2700:
describes the Tao as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance
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Many translations are written by people with a foundation in
Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English. Some of the more popular translations are written from a less scholarly perspective, giving an individual
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in
Classical Chinese, determining the precise boundaries between words and sentences is not always trivial. Deciding where these phrasal boundaries are must be done by the interpreter. Some translators have argued that the received text is so corrupted due to its original medium being
5384:
2372:. Legends claim variously that Laozi was "born old" and that he lived for 996 years, with twelve previous incarnations starting around the time of the Three Sovereigns before the thirteenth as Laozi. Some scholars have expressed doubts over Laozi's historicity.
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is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in
English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".
2914:, which generally poses a number of challenges for interpreters and translators. As Holmes Welch notes, the written language "has no active or passive, no singular or plural, no case, no person, no tense, no mood." Moreover, the received text lacks many
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still considered the work to be a compilation, and modern scholarship predominantly holds the text to be a compilation or anthology representing multiple authors, as typical for long-form early
Chinese texts. The current text might have been compiled
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intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao. Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.
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author's interpretation. Critics of these versions claim that their translators deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of
Chinese thought. Russell Kirkland goes further to argue that these versions are based on Western
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used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some
Taoists see a connection between
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2769:
has been translated into
Western languages over 250 times, mostly to English, German, and French. According to Holmes Welch, "It is a famous puzzle which everyone would like to feel he had solved." The first English translation of the
294:
2625:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1949:, which had been introduced to China significantly after the initial solidification of Taoist thought. The text is well known in the West, and is one of the most translated texts in world literature.
2192:). There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions—for commentary, or as aids to rote memorisation—and that the original text was more fluidly organised. It has two parts, the
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has a long and complex textual history. Known versions and commentaries date back two millennia, including ancient bamboo, silk, and paper manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century.
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The problem of intentional ambiguities in the original work lies at the heart of all poetry translations but is particularly challenging in the case of ideographic texts of antiquity...
2635:
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Both the
Mawangdui and Guodian versions are generally consistent with the received texts, excepting differences in chapter sequence and graphic variants. Several recent
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scholarship has advanced from archaeological discoveries of manuscripts, some of which are older than any of the received texts. Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s,
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Sinologist Hansen does not consider the Outer
Zhuangzi entirely accurate chronologically, but still discusses Shen Dao as part of the theoretical framework of the
2732:, or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source.
1916:, though the text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated. The oldest excavated portion dates to the late 4th century BC.
3817:
2316:). He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West; at the request of the keeper of the Han-ku Pass,
1937:, the other core Taoist text, as claimed within the text itself. Terminology originating within the text has been reinterpreted and elaborated upon by
8197:
2645:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2269:, whose historical existence has been a matter of scholarly debate. His name, which means "Old Master", has only fuelled controversy on this issue.
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avoidances, scholars believe that Text A can be dated to about the first decade and Text B to about the third decade of the 2nd century BC.
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Ancient Chinese books were commonly referenced by the name of their real or supposed author, in this case the "Old Master", Laozi. As such, the
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The tentative conclusion we have arrived at concerning Lao Tzu the man is this. There is no certain evidence that he was a historical figure.
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4320:(1982), "The Religious and Philosophical Significance of the Hsiang erh Lao tzu 相爾老子 in the Light of the Ma-wang-tui Silk Manuscripts",
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Ching more accessible to modern English-speaking readers by, typically, employing more familiar cultural and temporal references.
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4994:, vol. 2: From Gautama Buddha to the Triumph of Christianity, translated by Trask, Willard R., University of Chicago Press,
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4897:
Cole, Alan (August 2006), "Simplicity for the Sophisticated: Rereading the Daode Jing for the Polemics of Ease and Innocence",
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Herman, Jonathan R. (1998), "Reviewed work: Tao te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, Ursula K. Le Guin",
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Ariel, Yoav; Raz, Gil (2010), "Anaphors or Cataphors? A Discussion of the Two qi 其 Graphs in the First Chapter of the
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linked with silk threads—that it is impossible to understand some passages without some transposition of characters.
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comprise around 800 slips of bamboo with a total of over 13,000 characters, about 2,000 of which correspond with the
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text, the three primary ones are named after early commentaries. The "Yan Zun Version", which is only extant for the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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2532:, which is why the Henricks translation of them is named "Te-Tao Ching". Based on calligraphic styles and imperial
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2212:; chapters 38–81), which may have been edited together into the received text, possibly reversed from an original
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4583:"The Taoism of the Western Imagination and the Taoism of China: De-Colonizing the Exotic Teachings of the East"
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translations utilise these two versions, sometimes with the verses reordered to synthesize the new finds.
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as preceding it, Hansen similarly notes that it does not demonstrate school of names influence. The
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2332:), who wrote a book in 15 parts. Third, Laozi was the grand historian and astrologer Lao Dan (
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Lao-tzu: Te-tao ching. A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts
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2509:
2447:. The origins of the "Wang Bi" version have greater verification than either of the above.
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is central to both philosophical and religious Taoism, and has been highly influential to
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2023:, designating the work's status as a classic, was only first applied during the reign of
4555:(book review), vol. 70, no. 3, University of Chicago Press, pp. 492–493,
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and Beida texts, which permit the text to be more precise. Lastly, many passages of the
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The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of the "Old Philosopher" Lau-tsze
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The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of the "Old Philosopher" Lau-tsze
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2995:, Sacred Books of the East – Sacred Books of China, vol. XXXIX:V, translated by
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Legge, Suzuki, and Goddard's translations side-by-side, along with the original text
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are those produced by Chinese scholars and teachers: a 1948 translation by linguist
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Generations of scholars have debated the historicity of Laozi and dating of the
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5081:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 4: China, vol. 14, Boston: Brill,
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In 1973, archaeologists discovered copies of early Chinese books, known as the
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Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao
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s composition, approximately three-quarters rhymed in the original language.
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5364:(in Literary Chinese) (Mawangdui ed.) – via Chinese Text Project
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5354:(in Literary Chinese) (Guodian ed.) – via Chinese Text Project
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Henricks, Robert G. (1979). "Examining the Ma-Wang-Tui Silk Texts of the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Although debated more in early scholarship, early modern scholars like
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Zhang, Hanmo (2018). "Text, Author, and the Function of Authorship".
3869:(in French), Paris: École française d'Extrême‑Orient, pp. 24, 50
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Many Taoists venerate Laozi as the founder of the school of Tao, the
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Daoism in Early China: Huang–Lao Thought in Light of Excavated Texts
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2027:(157–141 BC). Other titles for the work include the honorific
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LaFargue, Michael (1998), Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael (eds.),
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4137:: With Special Note of Their Differences from the Wang Pi Text".
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Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of Way
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The Chinese characters in the earliest versions were written in
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5011:. Translated by Roger Greaves. Stanford University Press. 1969.
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2483:. They included more than 50 partial and complete manuscripts.
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Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
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4342:
Zandbergen, Robbert (2022), "The Ludibrium of Living Well",
3928:. Library of Sinology, vol. 2. De Gruyter. pp. 26, 30.
3278:
Red Pine, (2009) Lao-tzu's Taoteching, Copper Canyon Press,
2432:(180–157 BC). This commentary has a preface written by
7592:
6734:
5729:
5654:
4746:"Review: On Reading the Tao Te Ching: Mair, Lafargue, Chan"
4458:
3490:
3476:
3431:
2774:
was produced in 1868 by the Scottish Protestant missionary
2424:). The "Heshang Gong" version is named after the legendary
2084:
The Tao Te Ching would generally be taken as preceding the
1714:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
1221:
4978:
Damascene, Hieromonk; Lou, Shibai; Tang, You-Shan (1999),
4244:
4205:
4193:
3484:
2634:
to this template: there are already 1,886 articles in the
2539:
In 1993, the oldest known version of the text, written on
2147:, even if these versions swap the two halves of the text.
7333:
7276:
6624:
4783:
3487:
3428:
1980:
999:
963:
918:
742:
680:
666:
652:
487:
470:
387:
373:
359:
193:
4293:
The Craft of a Chinese Commentator: Wang Bi on the Laozi
2272:
631:
317:
7557:
6688:
3173:
Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way
1107:
4322:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3873:
3026:
The Canon of Reason and Virtue: Lao-tze's Tao Teh King
2790:, who later produced his own translation for Oxford's
2519:
2513:
2412:
2333:
2325:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2116:, which still does not appear to be familiar with the
8136:
4860:
Boltz, William G. (1993), "Lao tzu Tao-te-ching", in
4382:, Society for the Study of Early China, p. 269,
3769:
3767:
3697:
3520:
3514:
3499:
3462:
3440:
3403:
894:
880:
866:
838:
824:
607:
593:
579:
565:
551:
284:
270:
254:
240:
226:
4512:
4035:
3905:
3473:
3465:
3414:
3406:
2618:
2283:
The first biographical reference to Laozi is in the
4230:] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing:
3867:
La divinisation de Lao-tseu dans le taoïsme des Han
3599:
3481:
3422:
3217:
Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
2158:discusses concepts of names and realities, so that
1931:in general. It is generally taken as preceding the
338:
5233:
5126:
5062:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press,
4705:"On Translating the Dark Enigma: The Tao Te Ching"
4476:
3764:
3720:
2356:. Linguistic studies of the text's vocabulary and
2096:and the earlier part of the Zhuangzi preceded the
5337:(in Literary Chinese and English), translated by
5206:
4437:
8184:
5051:(in Chinese, English, and German), Aachen: Mainz
4977:
3795:
3652:
3066:Tao Te Ching: The Book of the Way and Its Virtue
3019:
3015:, The Wisdom of the East, New York: E. P. Dutton
2543:, was found in a tomb near the town of Guodian (
2360:scheme point to a date of composition after the
3829:
3785:
3637:
3194:
3007:
2985:
2383:, and one of the eight elders transformed from
5055:
4698:
4696:
4650:, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 686–689,
3754:
3040:, Taoïsme, Vol. II (in French), translated by
2660:accompanying your translation by providing an
2609:Click for important translation instructions.
2596:expand this section with text translated from
2500:
7292:
6911:
5414:
3213:Addiss, Stephen and Lombardo, Stanley (1991)
3157:, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1989,
2551:, Hubei, and dated prior to 300 BC. The
2475:and others found thousands of scrolls in the
2422: 80 BC – 10 AD
1857:
782:
768:
513:
242:ㄉㄠˋ ㄉㄜˊ ㄐㄧㄥ
180:
166:
120:
5135:, in Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael (eds.),
4866:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
4379:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
2843:
2760:
2497:commentary, which had previously been lost.
5215:(2nd ed.), Indianapolis, IN: Hackett,
4832:(3), University of Hawai'i Press: 391–421,
4693:
4648:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
3989:
2455:-period philosopher and commentator on the
2399:Among the many transmitted editions of the
2108:as a Daoistic precedessor. A member of the
1957:In English, the title is commonly rendered
7323:
7299:
7285:
6925:
6918:
6904:
5421:
5407:
5228:
5122:(10 vols.), Hong Kong: Yuen Yuen Institute
4464:
4448:
4446:
4341:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3543:
3273:Laozi: Tao Te Ching on The Art of Harmony,
2799:Other notable English translations of the
2407:, derives from a commentary attributed to
2219:The written style is laconic, and has few
2003:A Treatise on the Principle and Its Action
1864:
1850:
7012:(Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)
4737:
4005:. Harvard University Press. p. 187.
3953:
3933:
3926:Authorship and Text-Making in Early China
3292:(in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Unesp
3060:
2894:Learn how and when to remove this message
2088:, the other core Daoist text. Sinologist
1999:The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way
8198:Ancient Chinese philosophical literature
5213:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
5154:
5117:
4905:(1), University of Chicago Press: 1–49,
4819:
4687:
4580:
4530:
4518:
4409:
4132:
3995:
3962:
3899:
3845:
3620:
3131:
3054:Tao Te King: das Buch vom Sinn und Leben
2962:
2815:, another 1963 translation by professor
2440:, and scholarship dates this version to
2271:
4609:
4549:Tao Te Ching: A New English Translation
4443:
4101:
4082:, New York: W. W. Norton, p. 158,
4058:, New York: W. W. Norton, p. 158,
3975:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3670:
3648:
3646:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3614:
3549:
3048:
2941:
2786:'s French translation and dedicated to
2304:(551–479 BC). His surname was Li (
2245:, while later versions were written in
14:
8185:
5428:
5296:
5271:
5182:
5042:(in German and English), Aachen: Mainz
5014:
4986:
4702:
4645:
4546:
4289:
4077:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4025:
3895:
3891:
3861:
3813:
3773:
3703:
3664:
3605:
3378:
3244:
3034:
2999:, Oxford University Press – via
2948:
896:
682:
609:
389:
286:
7280:
6899:
5402:
5253:
5189:A Short History of Chinese Philosophy
5161:The World of Thought in Ancient China
5046:
5040:Das Tao der Weisheit. Laozi-Daodejing
5037:
4932:
4859:
4675:
4488:
4375:
4316:
4256:
4002:The World of Thought in Ancient China
3923:
3911:
3879:
3715:
3220:
3107:
3104:(in French), Paris: Éditions du Seuil
3072:
2485:One written by the scribe So/Su Dan (
2394:
2173:
2073:
2012:is also sometimes referred to as the
5108:
5102:
5076:
4896:
4882:
4789:
4743:
4452:
4414:
3801:
3691:
3643:
3626:
3611:
3170:
3084:
2876:adding citations to reliable sources
2847:
2578:
1975:The Classic of the Way and its Power
5308:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4889:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4616:, Taylor & Francis, p. 1,
4404:
4163:
4095:
3556:The Encyclopedia of World Religions
3509:;Less common romanisations include
3256:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3149:
3110:Tao Te Ching: A New English Version
2811:, a 1963 translation by sinologist
2491:Another partial manuscript has the
1912:traditionally credited to the sage
1806:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
24:
7782:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
5275:A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought
5049:The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi-Daodejing
4296:. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 10.
3117:, New York: Harper Collins, 1988,
2951:Le Livre de la Voie et de la Vertu
2186:in 81 brief chapters or sections (
1424:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
25:
8229:
5325:
4982:, Platina, CA: Saint Herman Press
4792:"Ancient script rewrites history"
4790:Shen, Andrea (22 February 2001).
4744:Chan, Alan K. L. (October 1993).
2918:which are preserved in the older
2436:(164–244 AD), granduncle of
2338:), who lived during the reign of
2308:), and his personal name was Er (
2016:, especially in Chinese sources.
1987:The Book of the Way and of Virtue
1734:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
8170:
8158:
8146:
7489:
5379:
4547:Eoyang, Eugene (1990), "Review:
3968:
3458:
3399:
3230:, Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 1998,
3102:La Voie et sa vertu: Tao-tê-king
3090:The Way of Lao Tzu: Tao-te ching
2958:, Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1842
2852:
2726:This concept is used to explain
2583:
962:
38:
7877:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
5341:(Wang Bi ed.) – via
5127:LaFargue, Michael; Pas (1998),
4940:, University of Chicago Press,
4681:
4669:
4639:
4629:
4603:
4574:
4540:
4482:
4438:Van Norden & Ivanhoe (2005)
4395:
4369:
4335:
4310:
4283:
4250:
4199:
4196:, vol. 63, tr. Chan 1963:35–37.
4187:
4157:
4126:
4071:
4047:
3917:
3855:
3709:
2863:needs additional citations for
2807:, a 1961 translation by author
2344:
2046:Five Thousand Character Classic
1991:The Tao and its Characteristics
1527:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
919:
758:Second alternative Chinese name
743:
722:
708:
681:
667:
653:
632:
488:
471:
450:
429:
415:
388:
374:
360:
339:
318:
5256:Taoism: The Parting of the Way
4613:Taoism: The Enduring Tradition
4492:Taoism: The Parting of the Way
4266:, Penguin, 1963, p. 162,
4245:Records of the Grand Historian
4228:Records of the Grand Historian
4194:Records of the Grand Historian
3658:
3571:
3368:
3275:Duncan Baird Publications 2009
3136:, New York: Ballantine Books,
2670:You may also add the template
2445: the 3rd century AD
2286:Records of the Grand Historian
2054:
2040:
1995:The Canon of Reason and Virtue
1895:
1887:
1820:Institutions and organizations
1719:The Northern Celestial Masters
895:
881:
867:
840:
839:
825:
783:
769:
608:
594:
580:
566:
552:
514:
285:
271:
255:
241:
227:
181:
167:
44:Ink on silk manuscript of the
13:
1:
7992:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
7757:Three Great Emperor-Officials
5232:; Huang, Chung-liang (1975),
5120:Handbooks for Daoist Practice
4356:10.1080/02549948.2022.2131802
4232:Imperial Household Department
3532:
3092:, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill
3056:(in German), Jena: Diederichs
2782:. It was heavily indebted to
2441:
2294:
2256:
2133:
2104:and contemporaries discussed
1709:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1409:Three Great Emperor-Officials
7997:Way of the Celestial Masters
5138:Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching
5059:Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching
4992:A History of Religious Ideas
4703:Record, Kirby (March 2022).
4164:Cao Feng (20 October 2017),
3973:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
3537:
3355:Four Books and Five Classics
3132:Henricks, Robert G. (1989),
3037:Les Pères du Système Taoiste
3023:; et al., eds. (1913),
3011:; et al., eds. (1905),
2926:are deliberately ambiguous.
2819:, and a 1972 translation by
1704:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
8213:Works of unknown authorship
5387:public domain audiobook at
4215:Vol. 63, biography of Laozi
3550:Ellwood, Robert S. (2008),
3521:
3515:
3297:
2954:(in French), translated by
2929:Since there is very little
2672:{{Translated|de|Daodejing}}
2642:will aid in categorization.
10:
8234:
8002:Northern Celestial Masters
7306:
5551:Hundred Schools of Thought
4812:
4709:Translation and Literature
4610:Russell, Kirkland (2004),
4581:Kirkland, Russell (1997),
4290:Wagner, Rudolf G. (2000).
3997:Schwartz, Benjamin Isadore
3898:, pp. 345, 205, 208;
3288:Sinedino, Giorgio (2015),
3180:, New York: Bantam, 1990,
2617:Machine translation, like
2572:
2520:
2514:
2413:
2334:
2326:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2182:is a text of around 5,000
2077:
1973:. It can be translated as
1826:Chinese Taoist Association
8077:Sacred Mountains of China
8064:
7972:
7809:
7693:
7605:
7498:
7487:
7417:
7314:
7193:
7136:
7079:
6938:
6811:
6617:
6377:
6239:
6130:
6034:
5965:
5852:
5743:
5570:
5561:
5436:
5077:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000),
4477:LaFargue & al. (1998)
4422:Allan and Williams (2000)
3935:10.1515/9781501505133-003
3584:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3558:, Infobase, p. 262,
2972:, London: Trübner, 1868,
2844:Challenges in translation
2761:Versions and translations
2598:the corresponding article
2575:Laozi § Tao Te Ching
2568:
2544:
2486:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2202:; chapters 1–37) and the
2154:of Daoism. But while the
2049:
2035:
1908:and foundational work of
1764:Sacred Mountains of China
1146:Three Treasures (virtues)
937:
933:
912:
905:
888:
874:
868:Tao4> Tê2 Chên1 Ching1
860:
832:
818:
811:
806:
802:
798:of the Way and Its Power"
790:
776:
762:
757:
736:
729:
715:
698:
691:
674:
660:
646:
639:
625:
618:
601:
587:
573:
559:
545:
538:
533:
529:
521:
507:
502:
481:
464:
457:
443:
436:
422:
405:
398:
381:
367:
353:
346:
332:
325:
311:
304:
278:
264:
248:
234:
220:
213:
208:
204:
188:
174:
160:
155:
151:
147:
134:
121:
114:
106:Published in English
104:
96:
86:
78:
68:
57:
37:
7762:Queen Mother of the West
7152:Luther's Large Catechism
6994:(Judaism, Christianity)
5305:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5236:Tao: The Watercourse Way
5166:Harvard University Press
5118:Komjathy, Louis (2008),
4826:Philosophy East and West
4750:Philosophy East and West
4465:Watts & Huang (1975)
4222:
4078:Austin, Michael (2010),
4054:Austin, Michael (2010),
3361:
3253:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
3021:Suzuki, Daisetsu Teitaro
2793:Sacred Books of the East
2451:(226–249 AD) was a
2227:of the pronunciation of
2032:of the Way and Its Power
1952:
1399:Queen Mother of the West
764:Traditional Chinese
503:Alternative Chinese name
162:Traditional Chinese
7767:King Father of the East
5546:Nine Schools of Thought
5280:Oxford University Press
5254:Welch, Holmes (1965) ,
5107:and Its Tradition". In
4934:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
4656:10.1093/jaarel/66.3.686
4590:University of Tennessee
4553:The Journal of Religion
4376:Loewe, Michael (1993),
4145:(4/5): 166–199 at 167.
3653:Suzuki & al. (1913)
3080:, New York: Grove Press
2827:together with his wife
2681:For more guidance, see
2289:, by Chinese historian
2061:
1404:King Father of the East
1372:Four heavenly ministers
778:Simplified Chinese
176:Simplified Chinese
48: – from
7072:(Eastern Christianity)
6849:State consequentialism
5311:(Summer 2024 ed.)
5240:, New York: Pantheon,
5207:Van Norden, Bryan W.;
5103:Chan, Alan K. L. "The
5047:Klaus, Hilmar (2009),
5038:Klaus, Hilmar (2008),
4980:Christ the Eternal Tao
4551:by Stephen Mitchell",
4489:Welch, Holmes (1966),
3977:(Winter 2018 ed.)
3830:Bryce & al. (1991)
3786:Giles & al. (1905)
3638:Legge & al. (1891)
3029:, La Salle: Open Court
3013:The Sayings of Lao Tzu
2347: 384–362 BC
2280:
2225:partial reconstruction
2044:) and the descriptive
8193:Chinese classic texts
7171:Book of Common Prayer
5866:Northern and Southern
5297:Hansen, Chad (2024).
5272:Hansen, Chad (1992).
5087:10.1163/9789004391840
4891:, Stanford University
4721:10.3366/tal.2022.0494
3755:Kohn & al. (1998)
3723:The Way and its Power
3245:Hansen, Chad (2020).
3096:Houang, François and
3078:The Way and Its Power
2916:grammatical particles
2683:Knowledge:Translation
2654:copyright attribution
2389:Chinese creation myth
2320:, Laozi composed the
2275:
2221:grammatical particles
2152:Stanford Encyclopedia
52:(2nd century BC)
7164:Heidelberg Catechism
5343:Chinese Text Project
5129:"On Translating the
4899:History of Religions
3259:(Fall 2020 ed.)
2942:Notable translations
2872:improve this article
2809:John Ching Hsiung Wu
2510:Mawangdui Silk Texts
2145:Mawangdui silk texts
2102:Benjamin I. Schwartz
1965:romanisation, or as
1906:Chinese classic text
1668:Way of the Li Family
914:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
738:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
483:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
27:Chinese classic text
7526:(self-cultivation)
7267:(Roman Catholicism)
7223:Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya
7186:(Roman Catholicism)
7180:(Roman Catholicism)
7158:Augsburg Confession
7129:(Roman Catholicism)
7117:(Roman Catholicism)
7040:Nag Hammadi library
6950:(Egyptian religion)
5496:School of Diplomacy
4883:Chan, Alan (2013),
3727:, New York: Grove,
3391:; in English often
2745:practices, such as
2528:section before the
2100:; following Creel,
2025:Emperor Jing of Han
1945:, and particularly
1884:traditional Chinese
92:4th century BC
34:
7518:(external alchemy)
7510:(internal alchemy)
7230:Liber AL vel Legis
7054:(Greek polytheism)
7036:(Roman polytheism)
5430:Chinese philosophy
5258:, Boston: Beacon,
5209:Ivanhoe, Philip J.
5156:Schwartz, Benjamin
5009:Lao Tzu and Taoism
4838:10.1353/PEW.0.0108
4172:Palgrave Macmillan
3228:Le Guin, Ursula K.
2662:interlanguage link
2430:Emperor Wen of Han
2395:Principal versions
2281:
2231:spoken during the
2184:Chinese characters
2174:Internal structure
2074:Theoretical dating
1929:religious practice
1925:Chinese philosophy
1892:simplified Chinese
1801:Cebu Taoist Temple
1791:White Cloud Temple
1653:Way of the Taiping
32:
8134:
8133:
7745:Tianhuang Emperor
7485:
7484:
7407:
7406:
7274:
7273:
7252:The Satanic Bible
7146:Guru Granth Sahib
6893:
6892:
6741:Mandate of Heaven
6613:
6612:
5371:Legge translation
5289:978-0-19-535076-0
5265:978-0-8070-5973-9
5247:978-0-394-73311-1
5222:978-0-87220-780-6
5199:978-0-684-83634-8
5175:978-0-674-96191-3
5148:978-0-7914-3600-4
5069:978-0-7914-3600-4
5031:978-0-8126-9942-5
5007:Kaltenmark, Max.
5001:978-0-226-20403-1
4955:978-0-226-12041-6
4623:978-0-203-64671-7
4599:on 2 January 2007
4506:978-0-8070-5973-9
4467:, pp. 78–86.
4389:978-1-55729-043-4
4318:Boltz, William G.
4303:978-0-7914-4395-8
4273:978-0-14-044131-4
4181:978-1-137-55094-1
4120:978-0-670-02498-8
4113:, pp. ix–x,
4089:978-0-393-93349-9
4080:Reading the World
4065:978-0-393-93349-9
4056:Reading the World
4012:978-0-674-04331-2
3945:978-1-5015-0513-3
3565:978-1-4381-1038-7
3552:"Lao-tzu (Laozi)"
3325:Huangdi Yinfujing
3237:978-1-61180-724-0
3207:978-1-60925-441-4
3187:978-0-307-43463-0
3124:978-0-06-180739-8
3115:Mitchell, Stephen
3062:Duyvendak, J.J.L.
3044:, Hien Hien, 1913
3001:Project Gutenberg
2979:978-0-524-07788-7
2956:Julien, Stanislas
2912:Classical Chinese
2904:
2903:
2896:
2718:. The concept of
2694:
2693:
2610:
2606:
2553:Guodian Chu Slips
2504:and Guodian texts
2411:scholar Yan Zun (
2366:, yet before the
2363:Classic of Poetry
1947:Chinese Buddhists
1939:Legalist thinkers
1874:
1873:
1831:Celestial Masters
1387:Tianhuang Emperor
995:Taoist philosophy
941:
940:
929:
928:
876:Yale Romanization
813:Standard Mandarin
753:
752:
648:Yale Romanization
589:Yale Romanization
540:Standard Mandarin
498:
497:
355:Yale Romanization
266:Yale Romanization
215:Standard Mandarin
97:Publication place
73:Classical Chinese
16:(Redirected from
8225:
8203:Philosophy books
8175:
8174:
8173:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8142:
8082:Wudang Mountains
7493:
7415:
7414:
7392:(transformation)
7369:(eight trigrams)
7321:
7320:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7278:
7277:
7127:Summa Theologica
7115:Ambrosian Hymnal
6920:
6913:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6770:Self-cultivation
6675:Neo-Confucianism
6410:Chung-ying Cheng
5568:
5567:
5469:New Confucianism
5464:Neo-Confucianism
5423:
5416:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5383:
5382:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5303:Zalta, Edward N.
5293:
5268:
5250:
5239:
5225:
5203:
5179:
5151:
5123:
5112:
5111:, pp. 1–29.
5099:
5072:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5004:
4983:
4974:
4929:
4892:
4878:
4856:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4700:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4592:, archived from
4587:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4544:
4538:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4344:Monumenta Serica
4339:
4333:
4332:
4324:, vol. 45,
4314:
4308:
4307:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4262:, translated by
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3937:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3889:
3883:
3882:, p. 51,93.
3877:
3871:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3827:
3821:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3726:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3547:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3457:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3375:Standard Chinese
3372:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3251:Zalta, Edward N.
3240:
3226:, translated by
3210:
3190:
3176:, translated by
3167:
3153:, translated by
3146:
3127:
3113:, translated by
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3050:Wilhelm, Richard
3045:
3030:
3016:
3003:
2992:The Tao Teh King
2982:
2968:, translated by
2959:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2856:
2848:
2701:of the Tao. The
2673:
2667:
2641:
2640:|topic=
2638:, and specifying
2623:Google Translate
2608:
2604:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2546:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2490:
2488:
2473:Marc Aurel Stein
2446:
2443:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2348:
2346:
2340:Duke Xian of Qin
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2298: 145–86 BC
2296:
2237:
2211:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2138:
2135:
2090:Herrlee G. Creel
2056:
2051:
2042:
2037:
1979:The Book of the
1961:, following the
1897:
1889:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1769:Wudang Mountains
1678:Chongxuan School
1663:Shangqing School
1211:Sexual practices
966:
943:
942:
925:
924:
923:
901:
900:
899:
884:
883:
870:
869:
856:
855:
854:
852:
848:
844:
828:
827:
804:
803:
786:
785:
772:
771:
749:
748:
747:
725:
724:
711:
710:
687:
686:
685:
670:
669:
656:
655:
635:
634:
614:
613:
612:
597:
596:
583:
582:
569:
568:
555:
554:
531:
530:
525:"The Old Master"
517:
516:
494:
493:
492:
477:
476:
475:
453:
452:
432:
431:
418:
417:
394:
393:
392:
377:
376:
363:
362:
342:
341:
321:
320:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
289:
274:
273:
260:
259:
258:
244:
243:
230:
229:
206:
205:
184:
183:
170:
169:
126:
125:
88:Publication date
42:
35:
31:
21:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8171:
8169:
8159:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8137:
8135:
8130:
8060:
7968:
7805:
7772:Eight Immortals
7730:Four Sovereigns
7718:Lingbao Tianzun
7713:Yuanshi Tianzun
7708:Three Pure Ones
7689:
7601:
7545:Three Treasures
7494:
7481:
7413:
7403:
7310:
7305:
7275:
7270:
7247:(Scientologist)
7237:Book of Shadows
7189:
7184:Roman Catechism
7166:(Protestantism)
7160:(Protestantism)
7132:
7075:
7004:Samaritan Torah
6934:
6927:Religious texts
6924:
6894:
6889:
6807:
6708:Three teachings
6609:
6560:Tsang Lap Chuen
6373:
6235:
6144:
6126:
6042:
6038:
6030:
5979:
5961:
5870:
5864:
5848:
5757:
5739:
5557:
5555:
5501:School of Names
5444:Agriculturalism
5432:
5427:
5380:
5375:Standard Ebooks
5358:
5348:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5314:
5312:
5290:
5266:
5248:
5223:
5200:
5176:
5149:
5097:
5079:Daoism Handbook
5070:
5032:
5002:
4956:
4946:10.2307/1397689
4938:What is Taoism?
4876:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4796:Harvard Gazette
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4762:10.2307/1399212
4742:
4738:
4725:
4723:
4701:
4694:
4688:Henricks (1989)
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4545:
4541:
4531:Chalmers (1868)
4529:
4525:
4519:Chalmers (1868)
4517:
4513:
4507:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4419:Henricks (2000)
4410:Henricks (1989)
4400:
4396:
4390:
4374:
4370:
4340:
4336:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4224:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4162:
4158:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4024:
4020:
4013:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3967:
3963:
3946:
3922:
3918:
3914:, pp. 1–2.
3910:
3906:
3894:, p. 217;
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3860:
3856:
3846:Chalmers (1868)
3844:
3840:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3735:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3627:
3621:Chalmers (1868)
3619:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3504:
3500:
3480:
3472:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3421:
3413:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3300:
3295:
3262:
3260:
3238:
3208:
3188:
3178:Mair, Victor H.
3165:
3144:
3125:
3086:Chan, Wing-tsit
2980:
2944:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2869:
2857:
2846:
2763:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2671:
2665:
2639:
2611:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2506:
2484:
2444:
2421:
2397:
2381:Three Pure Ones
2343:
2297:
2276:Laozi riding a
2265:is ascribed to
2259:
2247:clerical script
2235:
2176:
2164:school of names
2136:
2082:
2076:
2064:
1955:
1870:
1841:
1840:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1700:
1683:Quanzhen School
1643:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1604:
1571:
1523:
1475:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1414:Eight Immortals
1360:Lingbao Tianzun
1355:Yuanshi Tianzun
1350:Three Pure Ones
1340:
1330:
1329:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1096:Three Treasures
990:
922:ˤuʔtˤəktik-lˤeŋ
850:
846:
842:
791:Literal meaning
522:Literal meaning
375:Dou6 Dak1 Ging1
292:
291:
256:
189:Literal meaning
117:
107:
89:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8231:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8180:
8179:
8167:
8155:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8119:Tong Jee Teung
8116:
8111:
8106:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8074:
8072:Grotto-heavens
8068:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8038:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7947:Zhang Guoxiang
7944:
7939:
7937:Wang Chongyang
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7917:Cheng Xuanying
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7787:Yellow Emperor
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7584:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7561:
7555:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7534:(calisthenics)
7519:
7511:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7452:(spontenaity)
7443:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7385:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7362:
7356:
7355:(non-polarity)
7338:
7329:
7327:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7304:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7281:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7248:
7240:
7234:
7226:
7220:
7212:
7206:
7203:Book of Mormon
7199:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7142:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7085:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7070:Divine Liturgy
7067:
7066:(Neoplatonism)
7061:
7055:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:(Christianity)
7015:
7014:
7013:
7007:
7006:(Samaritanism)
6989:
6983:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6878:Metaphilosophy
6875:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6755:
6750:
6743:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6686:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6490:Lee Shui-chuen
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6359:Zhang Xuecheng
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6097:Wang Chongyang
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6036:Five Dynasties
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5859:
5857:Three Kingdoms
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5327:
5326:External links
5324:
5322:
5321:
5294:
5288:
5269:
5264:
5251:
5246:
5226:
5221:
5204:
5198:
5192:. Free Press.
5180:
5174:
5152:
5147:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5096:978-9004112087
5095:
5074:
5068:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5030:
5024:, Open Court,
5012:
5005:
5000:
4988:Eliade, Mircea
4984:
4975:
4954:
4930:
4919:10.1086/507927
4911:10.1086/507927
4894:
4880:
4874:
4862:Loewe, Michael
4857:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4782:
4756:(4): 745–750.
4736:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4602:
4573:
4561:10.1086/488454
4539:
4523:
4511:
4505:
4481:
4479:, p. 277.
4469:
4457:
4442:
4440:, p. 162.
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:Roberts (2004)
4423:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4388:
4368:
4350:(2): 367–388,
4334:
4309:
4302:
4282:
4272:
4249:
4237:
4198:
4186:
4180:
4156:
4125:
4119:
4094:
4088:
4070:
4064:
4046:
4034:
4028:, p. 93;
4018:
4011:
3988:
3961:
3944:
3916:
3904:
3902:, p. 186.
3884:
3872:
3854:
3838:
3822:
3806:
3794:
3778:
3763:
3747:
3733:
3719:, ed. (1958),
3708:
3706:, p. 345.
3696:
3669:
3657:
3642:
3625:
3610:
3598:
3579:"Tao Te Ching"
3570:
3564:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3276:
3269:
3242:
3236:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3168:
3163:
3147:
3142:
3129:
3123:
3105:
3098:Leyris, Pierre
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3032:
3017:
3005:
2989:, ed. (1891),
2983:
2978:
2970:Chalmers, John
2960:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2910:is written in
2902:
2901:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2817:Wing-tsit Chan
2762:
2759:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2668:
2646:
2643:
2631:adding a topic
2626:
2615:
2612:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2570:
2567:
2518:) and Text B (
2505:
2499:
2453:Three Kingdoms
2396:
2393:
2258:
2255:
2251:regular script
2175:
2172:
2137: 250 BCE
2092:proposed that
2075:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2041:Dàodé zhēnjing
1983:and Its Virtue
1954:
1951:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:Taoist priests
1833:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1759:Grotto-heavens
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1675:
1673:Lingbao School
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Zhang Guoxiang
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:Wang Chongyang
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Cheng Xuanying
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:Yellow Emperor
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1009:
1002:
997:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
976:
968:
967:
959:
958:
952:
951:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
916:
910:
909:
903:
902:
892:
886:
885:
878:
872:
871:
864:
858:
857:
836:
830:
829:
826:Dàodé Zhēnjīng
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
807:Transcriptions
800:
799:
792:
788:
787:
780:
774:
773:
766:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
750:
740:
734:
733:
727:
726:
719:
713:
712:
705:
696:
695:
689:
688:
678:
672:
671:
664:
658:
657:
650:
644:
643:
641:Yue: Cantonese
637:
636:
629:
623:
622:
616:
615:
605:
599:
598:
591:
585:
584:
577:
571:
570:
563:
557:
556:
549:
543:
542:
536:
535:
534:Transcriptions
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
511:
505:
504:
500:
499:
496:
495:
485:
479:
478:
468:
462:
461:
455:
454:
447:
445:Middle Chinese
441:
440:
438:Middle Chinese
434:
433:
426:
420:
419:
412:
403:
402:
396:
395:
385:
379:
378:
371:
365:
364:
357:
351:
350:
348:Yue: Cantonese
344:
343:
340:Tau4 Dêd5 Gin1
336:
330:
329:
323:
322:
315:
309:
308:
302:
301:
282:
276:
275:
268:
262:
261:
252:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:Transcriptions
202:
201:
190:
186:
185:
178:
172:
171:
164:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
136:
132:
131:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
59:
55:
54:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8230:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8178:
8168:
8166:
8156:
8154:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8089:Mount Penglai
8087:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:Sacred places
8063:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7952:Zhang Sanfeng
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7842:Zhang Daoling
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7800:Other deities
7797:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7740:Ziwei Emperor
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7723:Daode Tianzun
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7703:Hongjun Laozu
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7670:Qingjing Jing
7667:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7583:(immortality)
7582:
7581:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7492:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:Five Precepts
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7384:(five phases)
7383:
7382:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7297:
7295:
7290:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7176:
7174:(Anglicanism)
7173:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7154:(Lutheranism)
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7033:Metamorphoses
7030:
7027:
7026:Bhagavad Gita
7024:
7019:
7018:New Testament
7016:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:(Zoroastrian)
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6948:Pyramid Texts
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:Zhang Dongsun
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6510:Liang Shuming
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:Wang Yangming
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:Dongfang Shuo
5772:
5770:
5769:Dong Zhongshu
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
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4875:1-55729-043-1
4871:
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4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4697:
4690:, p. xvi
4689:
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4672:
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4661:
4657:
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4543:
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4532:
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4515:
4508:
4502:
4499:, p. 7,
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4454:
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4208:
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4195:
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4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4103:Minford, John
4098:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4044:, p. 93.
4043:
4038:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3955:j.ctvbkk21j.5
3951:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3908:
3901:
3900:Schwartz 1985
3897:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:Wieger (1913)
3810:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3774:Julien (1842)
3770:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3734:0-8021-5085-3
3730:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3717:Waley, Arthur
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3665:Eliade (1984)
3661:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3608:, p. ii.
3607:
3606:Julien (1842)
3602:
3587:(Online). n.d
3586:
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3330:Qingjing Jing
3328:
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3308:
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3302:
3291:
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3284:9781556592904
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:Chad Hansen,
3270:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3248:
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3239:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3215:Tao Te Ching,
3212:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3175:
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3169:
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3164:9789622014671
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3143:0-345-34790-0
3139:
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3112:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:Waley, Arthur
3071:
3068:, John Murray
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:Giles, Lionel
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
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2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
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2953:
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2947:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2936:bamboo strips
2932:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2898:
2895:
2887:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2861:This section
2859:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:Din Cheuk Lau
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:John Chalmers
2773:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2636:main category
2633:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2594:You can help
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:Tao Te Ching.
2554:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2482:
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2402:
2392:
2390:
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2382:
2378:
2377:Daode Tianzun
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2303:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:water buffalo
2274:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:proposed the
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:Jixia Academy
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:Guanzi dating
2071:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:Confucianists
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1885:
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1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:Taoist temple
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Mount Penglai
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:Sacred places
1750:
1749:
1740:
1737:
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1725:
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1616:
1614:
1613:Zhang Sanfeng
1611:
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1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Zhang Daoling
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1459:
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1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Ziwei Emperor
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:Daode Tianzun
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Hongjun Laozu
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:Qingjing Jing
1307:
1305:
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1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Five Precepts
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
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1103:
1099:
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1092:
1089:
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1079:
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1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:(five phases)
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
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1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
986:
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972:
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965:
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953:
949:
945:
944:
936:
932:
917:
915:
911:
908:
904:
898:
893:
891:
887:
882:Dàudé Jēnjīng
879:
877:
873:
865:
863:
859:
837:
835:
831:
823:
821:
817:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
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775:
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679:
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562:
558:
550:
548:
544:
541:
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532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
506:
501:
491:ˤuʔtˤəkk-lˤeŋ
486:
484:
480:
469:
467:
466:Baxter (1992)
463:
460:
456:
448:
446:
442:
439:
435:
427:
425:
421:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
391:
386:
384:
380:
372:
370:
366:
361:Douh Dāk Gīng
358:
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349:
345:
337:
335:
331:
328:
324:
316:
314:
310:
307:
303:
295:
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269:
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253:
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199:
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187:
179:
177:
173:
165:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
143:at Wikisource
142:
141:
137:
133:
130:
124:
119:
116:Original text
113:
109:
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:Tao Te Ching
30:
19:
8208:Taoist texts
8094:Mount Kunlun
7962:
7927:Zhang Boduan
7912:Tao Hongjing
7832:Heshang Gong
7799:
7794:Guan Shengdi
7735:Jade Emperor
7682:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7656:Sanhuangjing
7654:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7614:Tao Te Ching
7613:
7612:
7596:(talismancy)
7591:
7578:
7563:
7549:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7478:Ten Precepts
7465:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7436:
7435:
7426:
7425:
7395:
7387:
7379:
7364:
7359:Yin and yang
7350:
7341:
7340:
7332:
7250:
7242:
7228:
7214:
7178:Roman Missal
7169:
7138:Early modern
7097:(Sanamahism)
7042:(Gnosticism)
7031:
7010:Deuterocanon
6977:
6973:Tao Te Ching
6972:
6971:
6873:Epistemology
6860:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6782:Yin and yang
6774:
6765:Human nature
6757:
6753:Filial piety
6745:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6700:
6693:
6681:
6670:Confucianism
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6600:Zhou Guoping
6595:Zhang Shenfu
6580:Yin Haiguang
6575:Yang Changji
6520:Liu Xiaofeng
6505:Liang Qichao
6390:Carsun Chang
6378:20th century
6364:Zhuang Cunyu
6294:Hong Liangji
6254:Chen Menglei
6249:Chen Hongmou
6231:Zhan Ruoshui
6191:Liu Zongzhou
6161:Hong Zicheng
6156:Huang Zongxi
6062:Fan Zhongyan
6040:Ten Kingdoms
6026:Linji Yixuan
6021:Liu Zongyuan
5610:Gongsun Long
5572:Eastern Zhou
5563:Philosophers
5541:
5537:Mixed School
5522:
5515:
5459:Han learning
5454:Confucianism
5385:Tao Te Ching
5360:
5350:
5339:Legge, James
5333:
5313:. Retrieved
5306:
5274:
5255:
5235:
5212:
5188:
5184:Youlan, Feng
5160:
5137:
5131:Tao-te-ching
5130:
5119:
5104:
5078:
5058:
5048:
5039:
5020:
5016:Graham, A.C.
5008:
4991:
4979:
4937:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4865:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4799:. Retrieved
4795:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4753:
4749:
4739:
4731:
4724:. Retrieved
4715:(1): 52–65.
4712:
4708:
4683:
4676:Welch (1965)
4671:
4647:
4641:
4631:
4612:
4605:
4594:the original
4589:
4576:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4526:
4514:
4497:Beacon Press
4491:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4455:, p. 22
4433:
4397:
4378:
4371:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4321:
4312:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4259:Tao Te Ching
4258:
4252:
4240:
4227:
4219:
4201:
4189:
4166:
4159:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4111:Viking Press
4109:, New York:
4106:
4097:
4079:
4073:
4055:
4049:
4037:
4021:
4001:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3974:
3969:Chan, Alan.
3964:
3925:
3919:
3912:Creel (1970)
3907:
3887:
3875:
3866:
3863:Seidel, Anna
3857:
3841:
3825:
3809:
3797:
3790:Introduction
3781:
3750:
3722:
3711:
3699:
3667:, p. 26
3660:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3555:
3545:
3522:Tao Teh King
3516:Tau Tĕh King
3510:
3370:
3345:Taiping Jing
3335:Sanhuangjing
3310:Ecclesiastes
3289:
3272:
3261:. Retrieved
3254:
3222:
3214:
3197:Tao-Te-Ching
3196:
3172:
3151:Tao Te Ching
3150:
3133:
3109:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3042:Wieger, Léon
3035:
3025:
3012:
2997:Legge, James
2991:
2964:
2950:
2928:
2924:Tao Te Ching
2923:
2908:Tao Te Ching
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:January 2018
2881:
2870:Please help
2865:verification
2862:
2833:
2829:Jane English
2801:Tao Te Ching
2800:
2798:
2791:
2779:
2772:Tao Te Ching
2771:
2767:Tao Te Ching
2766:
2764:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2734:Tao Te Ching
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2716:Tao Te Ching
2715:
2709:
2708:
2703:Tao Te Ching
2702:
2698:Tao Te Ching
2697:
2695:
2658:edit summary
2649:
2629:
2603:
2595:
2563:Tao Te Ching
2562:
2560:
2556:
2541:bamboo slips
2538:
2534:naming taboo
2529:
2525:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2469:Tao Te Ching
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:Tao Te Ching
2456:
2426:Heshang Gong
2404:
2401:Tao Te Ching
2400:
2398:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2354:Tao Te Ching
2353:
2351:
2322:Tao Te Ching
2321:
2284:
2282:
2263:Tao Te Ching
2262:
2260:
2240:
2233:Tao Te Ching
2232:
2218:
2214:Te Tao Ching
2213:
2203:
2193:
2180:Tao Te Ching
2179:
2177:
2167:
2156:Tao Te Ching
2155:
2149:
2122:
2118:Tao Te Ching
2117:
2113:
2098:Tao Te Ching
2097:
2083:
2068:Tao Te Ching
2067:
2065:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2021:Tao Te Ching
2020:
2018:
2013:
2010:Tao Te Ching
2009:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1969:, following
1966:
1959:Tao Te Ching
1958:
1956:
1932:
1921:Tao Te Ching
1920:
1918:
1900:
1899:
1879:Tao Te Ching
1878:
1877:
1875:
1781:Mount Kunlun
1625:
1585:Zhang Boduan
1567:Tao Hongjing
1479:Heshang Gong
1377:Jade Emperor
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1296:Sanhuangjing
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1254:Tao Te Ching
1253:
1252:
1245:
1220:
1202:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1156:Ten Precepts
1126:
1122:
1112:
1100:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1065:(non-action)
1060:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1026:Yin and yang
1018:
1011:
1004:
820:Hanyu Pinyin
693:Southern Min
547:Hanyu Pinyin
451:Dɑu Tək̚ Keŋ
400:Southern Min
334:Romanization
313:Romanization
257:Tao Tê Ching
222:Hanyu Pinyin
192:"Classic of
156:Chinese name
140:Tao Te Ching
138:
123:Tao Te Ching
46:Tao Te Ching
45:
29:
18:Tao-te Ching
8124:White Cloud
8045:Dragon Gate
7902:Kou Qianzhi
7897:Bao Jingyan
7822:Zhuang Zhou
7642:Taipingjing
7460:(plainness)
7442:(nonaction)
7432:(integrity)
7400:(reversion)
7347:(ultimate)
7325:Metaphysics
7233:(Thelemite)
7225:(Ahmadiyya)
7205:(Mormonism)
7091:(Hinduism)
6844:Role ethics
6829:Metaphysics
6605:Zhou Zuoren
6565:Xiong Shili
6550:Tang Chun-i
6545:Sun Yat-sen
6540:Qiu Renzong
6535:Mou Zongsan
6485:Kang Youwei
6430:Feng Youlan
6395:P. C. Chang
6385:Cai Yuanpei
6369:Zeng Guofan
6354:Yu Zhengxie
6284:Gong Zizhen
6279:Feng Guifen
6269:Fang Lanfen
6201:Qian Dehong
6001:Zhang Zhihe
5937:Xiahou Xuan
5877:Bao Jingyan
5720:Zhuang Zhou
5315:19 February
5230:Watts, Alan
5164:. Harvard:
5109:Kohn (2000)
4678:, p. 9
4453:Chan (2000)
4415:Mair (1990)
4042:Youlan 1948
4030:Hansen 2024
4026:Hansen 2020
3896:Hansen 1992
3892:Graham 1989
3802:Mair (1990)
3704:Hansen 1992
3692:Chan (2013)
3623:, p. v
3511:Tao-te-king
3350:Xishengjing
3290:Dao De Jing
3263:19 February
2987:Müller, Max
2931:punctuation
2837:Orientalist
2825:Gia-Fu Feng
2788:James Legge
2778:, entitled
2605:(June 2022)
2477:Mogao Caves
2409:Han dynasty
2243:seal script
2229:Old Chinese
2160:Feng Youlan
2141:A.C. Graham
2125:Feng Youlan
1724:Zhengyi Dao
1688:Dragon Gate
1557:Kou Qianzhi
1552:Bao Jingyan
1466:Zhuang Zhou
1275:Taipingjing
907:Old Chinese
731:Old Chinese
459:Old Chinese
430:Tō Tik King
416:Tō Tek Keng
319:Dau Teh Cin
272:Dàu Dé Jīng
228:Dào Dé Jīng
135:Translation
127:at Chinese
8187:Categories
8177:Philosophy
8153:Literature
8114:Louguantai
7907:Lu Xiujing
7887:Wei Huacun
7837:Wei Boyang
7540:Meditation
7316:Philosophy
7259:Geniocracy
7255:(Satanist)
7211:(Tenrikyo)
7060:(Hinduism)
7058:Upanishads
7028:(Hinduism)
7000:(Judaism)
6988:(Buddhist)
6956:(Hinduism)
6883:Legitimacy
6585:Yu Dunkang
6555:Tang Yijie
6530:Mao Zedong
6515:Lin Yutang
6480:Jin Yuelin
6475:Jiang Qing
6450:He Guanghu
6420:Chu Anping
6405:Chen Duxiu
6334:Wang Fuzhi
6324:Tan Sitong
6319:Pan Pingge
6314:Liu Yiming
6196:Luo Rufang
6117:Zhou Dunyi
6102:Wang Chuyi
6092:Wang Anshi
6072:Lu Jiuyuan
5952:Yan Zhitui
5942:Xie Daoyun
5844:Yang Xiong
5829:Wang Chong
5804:Kong Anguo
5665:Shen Buhai
5660:Shang Yang
5615:Guan Zhong
5585:Chunyu Kun
5506:Naturalism
5299:"Zhuangzi"
5278:. Oxford:
5105:Daode Jing
4972:1256745090
4533:, p.
4405:Lau (1989)
4264:Lau, D. C.
4247:, vol. 63.
4213:(1739) . "
4139:T’oung Pao
3981:3 February
3880:Creel 1970
3848:, p.
3832:, p.
3816:, p.
3757:, p.
3743:1151668016
3533:References
3155:Lau, D. C.
2805:Lin Yutang
2573:See also:
2312:) or Dan (
2257:Authorship
2094:Shen Buhai
2078:See also:
2055:Wǔqiān wén
2019:The title
1963:Wade–Giles
1796:Louguantai
1739:Yao Taoism
1562:Lu Xiujing
1542:Wei Huacun
1537:Sun Hanhua
1484:Wei Boyang
1228:Priesthood
1161:Meditation
1080:(immortal)
1057:(reversal)
862:Wade–Giles
746:C.rˤuʔtsəʔ
627:Suzhounese
575:Wade–Giles
474:luʔtɨkkeng
250:Wade–Giles
129:Wikisource
82:Philosophy
8036:Chongxuan
8019:Shangqing
7982:Huang–Lao
7942:Qiu Chuji
7932:Sun Bu'er
7922:Chen Tuan
7882:Guo Xiang
7852:Zhang Jue
7827:Lie Yukou
7663:Huahujing
7635:Huainanzi
7554:(essence)
7523:Yangsheng
7375:Feng shui
7361:(duality)
7265:Catechism
7261:(Raelian)
7244:Dianetics
7209:Ofudesaki
7048:(Judaism)
6986:Tripiṭaka
6962:(Jainism)
6940:Antiquity
6862:Shan shui
6795:Zhengming
6570:Xu Fuguan
6495:Li Shicen
6470:Ray Huang
6455:Hu Qiaomu
6425:Fang Keli
6415:Ch'ien Mu
6400:Chen Daqi
6329:Tang Zhen
6274:Fang Quan
6186:Liu Bowen
6176:Lai Zhide
6166:Jiao Hong
6151:Chen Jiru
6112:Zhang Zai
6077:Shao Yong
6052:Cheng Hao
5996:Wang Tong
5897:Guo Xiang
5819:Liu Xiang
5799:Jing Fang
5710:Yuan Xian
5690:Ximen Bao
5645:Lie Yukou
5600:Duanmu Ci
5590:Confucius
5476:Huang–Lao
5334:Daodejing
4927:170162034
4854:170969512
4822:Daodejing
4364:254151927
4207:Sima Qian
3538:Citations
3340:Straw dog
3320:Huainanzi
3315:Huahujing
3076:(1958) ,
2920:Mawangdui
2676:talk page
2628:Consider
2600:in German
2530:Tao Ching
2502:Mawangdui
2302:Confucius
2291:Sima Qian
2194:Tao Ching
1967:Daodejing
1648:Huang–Lao
1600:Qiu Chuji
1590:Sun Bu'er
1580:Chen Tuan
1532:Guo Xiang
1499:Zhang Jue
1471:Lie Yukou
1303:Huahujing
1268:Huainanzi
1140:Practices
1091:True form
581:Lao3 Tzŭ3
50:Mawangdui
8041:Quanzhen
8029:Jingming
7957:Zhu Quan
7857:Zhang Lu
7649:Xiang'er
7621:Zhuangzi
7568:(spirit)
7560:(breath)
7499:Practice
7239:(Wiccan)
7219:(Baha'i)
7111:(Shinto)
7081:Medieval
7052:Theogony
6982:(Taoist)
6979:Zhuangzi
6856:Ink wash
6834:Politics
6824:Theology
6683:Ming yun
6659:Jing zuo
6618:Concepts
6500:Li Zehou
6465:Hua Gang
6435:Gan Yang
6344:Yan Yuan
6339:Wei Yuan
6309:Lin Zexu
6289:Gu Yanwu
6264:Fang Bao
6259:Dai Zhen
6221:Wu Cheng
6211:Wang Gen
6082:Shen Kuo
6057:Cheng Yi
6016:Liu Yuxi
5922:Sengzhao
5882:Fan Zhen
5784:Huan Tan
5764:Ban Zhao
5715:Zhang Yi
5705:Yang Zhu
5670:Shen Dao
5580:Bu Shang
5481:Legalism
5449:Buddhism
5389:LibriVox
5211:(2006),
5186:(1948).
5158:(1985).
5018:(1989),
4990:(1984),
4936:(1970),
4846:40666591
4211:Sima Tan
4105:(2018),
3999:(2009).
3865:(1969),
3298:See also
3247:"Daoism"
3100:(1979),
3088:(1963),
3064:(1954),
3052:(1923),
2823:teacher
2754:Zhuangzi
2743:esoteric
2652:provide
2526:Te Ching
2494:Xiang'er
2481:Dunhuang
2405:Te Ching
2369:Zhuangzi
2253:styles.
2204:Te Ching
2168:Zhuangzi
2114:Zhuangzi
2106:Shen Dao
2086:Zhuangzi
1934:Zhuangzi
1696:Wuliupai
1618:Zhu Quan
1504:Zhang Lu
1338:Theology
1282:Xiang'er
1261:Zhuangzi
1165:Alchemy
989:Concepts
948:a series
946:Part of
834:Bopomofo
662:Jyutping
561:Bopomofo
369:Jyutping
236:Bopomofo
69:Language
8139:Portals
8109:Hanford
8099:Temples
8024:Lingbao
8014:Xuanxue
8007:Zhengyi
7987:Taiping
7974:Schools
7963:Fangshi
7892:Ge Hong
7872:Wang Bi
7862:Ge Xuan
7777:Chang'e
7695:Deities
7684:Daozang
7677:Baopuzi
7467:Zhenren
7389:Bianhua
7123:(Islam)
7105:(Islam)
7089:Puranas
7064:Enneads
6868:Society
6645:Jian'ai
6460:Hu Shih
6445:Gu Zhun
6304:Ma Qixi
6206:Wang Ji
6171:Jiao Yu
6087:Su Song
6067:Hu Hong
5957:Zhi Dun
5947:Xun Can
5932:Wang Bi
5927:Wang Su
5917:Ji Kang
5912:Huiyuan
5902:Fu Xuan
5892:Ge Hong
5839:Xun Yue
5834:Wang Fu
5824:Ma Rong
5794:Jia Kui
5735:Zou Yan
5695:Xu Xing
5680:Sun Tzu
5650:Mencius
5625:Hui Shi
5620:Han Fei
5595:Deng Xi
5532:Yangism
5524:Xuanxue
5491:Marxism
5437:Schools
4964:1397689
4885:"Laozi"
4864:(ed.),
4813:Sources
4801:9 April
4775:9 April
4770:1399212
4726:9 April
4664:1466152
4569:1205252
4151:4528176
4135:Lao-Tzu
3971:"Laozi"
3591:23 June
2748:zuowang
2674:to the
2656:in the
2602:.
2549:Jingmen
2462:I Ching
2449:Wang Bi
2438:Ge Hong
2434:Ge Xuan
2387:in the
2379:in the
1658:Xuanxue
1641:Schools
1627:Fangshi
1547:Ge Hong
1519:Wang Bi
1509:Ge Xuan
1441:Li Hong
1436:Guan Yu
1419:Chang'e
1324:Daozang
1317:Baopuzi
1247:I Ching
1085:Zhenren
1047:Bianhua
979:History
974:Outline
700:Hokkien
668:Lou5zi2
509:Chinese
407:Hokkien
194:the Way
79:Subject
64:(trad.)
7867:He Yan
7847:Gan Ji
7810:People
7531:Daoyin
7515:Waidan
7507:Neidan
7438:Wu wei
7419:Ethics
7381:Wuxing
7308:Taoism
7195:Modern
7148:(Sikh)
7121:Hadith
7109:Kojiki
7046:Talmud
6998:Tanakh
6966:Avesta
6960:Agamas
6839:Ethics
6812:Topics
6747:Wu wei
6525:Lu Xun
6349:Yu Yue
6299:Ji Yun
6181:Li Zhi
6122:Zhu Xi
6107:Ye Shi
6006:Han Yu
5991:Jizang
5907:He Yan
5887:Fan Ye
5814:Lu Jia
5809:Liu An
5789:Jia Yi
5779:Dou Wu
5725:Zichan
5675:Su Qin
5635:Li Kui
5517:Daoxue
5511:Taoism
5486:Mohism
5286:
5262:
5244:
5219:
5196:
5172:
5145:
5093:
5066:
5028:
4998:
4970:
4962:
4952:
4925:
4917:
4872:
4852:
4844:
4768:
4662:
4620:
4567:
4503:
4386:
4362:
4330:615191
4328:
4300:
4270:
4178:
4149:
4117:
4086:
4062:
4009:
3952:
3942:
3741:
3731:
3562:
3282:
3234:
3204:
3184:
3161:
3140:
3121:
2976:
2821:Taoist
2784:Julien
2739:wu wei
2720:wu wei
2711:Wu wei
2569:Themes
2170:does.
1971:pinyin
1910:Taoism
1894::
1886::
1514:He Yan
1494:Gan Ji
1454:People
1186:Bugang
1177:Waidan
1170:Neidan
1062:Wu wei
1039:Wuxing
956:Taoism
851:
847:
843:
723:Ló-tsú
717:Tâi-lô
709:Ló-chú
654:Lóuhjí
633:Lâ-tsỳ
424:Tâi-lô
198:Virtue
58:Author
8218:Laozi
8165:China
8051:Wuliu
7817:Laozi
7750:Houtu
7628:Liezi
7606:Texts
7448:Ziran
7366:Bagua
7343:Taiji
7337:(way)
7103:Quran
6992:Bible
6954:Vedas
6819:Logic
6802:Ziran
6440:Gu Su
6226:Xu Ai
6011:Li Ao
5986:Fu Yi
5700:Xunzi
5685:Wu Qi
5640:Li Si
5630:Laozi
5605:Gaozi
5361:Laozi
5351:Laozi
5301:. In
4960:JSTOR
4923:S2CID
4915:JSTOR
4850:S2CID
4842:JSTOR
4766:JSTOR
4660:JSTOR
4597:(PDF)
4586:(PDF)
4565:JSTOR
4360:S2CID
4326:JSTOR
4226:[
4220:Shiji
4147:JSTOR
3950:JSTOR
3446:CHING
3382:
3362:Notes
3305:Bogar
3249:. In
2729:ziran
2619:DeepL
2547:) in
2479:near
2385:Taiji
2358:rhyme
2318:Yinxi
2267:Laozi
2236:'
2129:Creel
2030:Sutra
2014:Laozi
2001:, or
1953:Title
1914:Laozi
1904:is a
1901:Laozi
1898:) or
1461:Laozi
1392:Houtu
1289:Liezi
1240:Texts
1070:Ziran
1033:Bagua
1020:Taiji
920:*
796:Sutra
744:*
595:Lǎudž
567:ㄌㄠˇㄗˇ
553:Lǎozǐ
489:*
472:*
327:Hakka
290:
100:China
62:Laozi
8104:Cebu
7593:Fulu
7580:Xian
7574:Diet
7565:Shen
7551:Jing
7352:Wuji
7095:Puya
6976:and
6931:List
6788:Yong
6735:Tian
6714:Shen
6695:Qing
6652:Jing
6241:Qing
6140:Ming
6135:Yuan
6044:Song
5975:Tang
5730:Zisi
5655:Mozi
5317:2024
5284:ISBN
5260:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5217:ISBN
5194:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5143:ISBN
5091:ISBN
5064:ISBN
5026:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4968:OCLC
4950:ISBN
4870:ISBN
4803:2024
4777:2024
4728:2024
4618:ISBN
4501:ISBN
4384:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4268:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4115:ISBN
4084:ISBN
4060:ISBN
4007:ISBN
3983:2020
3940:ISBN
3739:OCLC
3729:ISBN
3593:2020
3560:ISBN
3519:and
3505:JING
3503:deh
3444:tee
3280:ISBN
3265:2024
3232:ISBN
3202:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3119:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2906:The
2765:The
2741:and
2696:The
2650:must
2648:You
2459:and
2261:The
2249:and
2178:The
2127:and
2066:The
2062:Text
2036:道德真經
1927:and
1919:The
1876:The
1222:Fulu
1204:Bigu
1199:Diet
1125:and
1114:Shen
1102:Jing
1077:Xian
1013:Wuji
784:道德真经
770:道德真經
196:and
110:1868
8056:Yao
7587:Art
7397:Fan
7334:Tao
6759:Xin
6702:Ren
6625:Tao
5970:Sui
5862:Jin
5753:Han
5748:Qin
5373:at
5083:doi
4942:doi
4907:doi
4834:doi
4824:",
4758:doi
4717:doi
4652:doi
4557:doi
4535:xix
4352:doi
4217:".
3930:doi
3501:DOW
3442:TOW
2874:by
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