Tambov Rebellion - Knowledge

281: 270: 259: 248: 237: 226: 155: 1241:, in which food for the cities was obtained by compulsory requisition from the villages, without financial compensation. This was met with the resistance of the peasant population, especially as the requisitions were often violent in nature. Likewise, the amount of grain to be requisitioned were not measured according to production. Instead, commissions gave a rough estimate based on pre-war production, so that devastation, crop failures, and population decline were not included. Before the revolution, the peasants in Tambov produced around one million 216: 1316:, led the movement into a guerilla war against the Reds. Before the uprising, Antonov and a few comrades had fought an underground insurrection against the Bolsheviks and had been sentenced to death. Since he was able to escape capture by the Soviet authorities, he was a kind of folk hero to the peasants. He demanded that the free trade and movement of goods should be allowed, that the grain requisitions should be ended and the Soviet administration and the 1157: 1607:) and Vasili F. Selianski. Not everyone participated in the battle. They intended to take the town of Kirsanov, garrisoned by a Moscow infantry brigade led by cavalry commander V. I. Dmitrenko. A day later they launched two equally unsuccessful assaults, abandoning 22 machine guns, small arms and ammunition of the victors. Pursued by the enemy cavalry, the rebels had 2,000 dead in the following days according to estimates by the communist government. 1755:

of "bandits" with the poison gas. Antonov's army was encircled and destroyed, leaving the rebellion practically defeated by the end of June. By the month of September, the rebels had been reduced to a thousand due to the massive arrival of red troops. By the end of that year, there were no more than 4,000 rebels left on the warpath. With almost all their leaders dead, the last parties took refuge in swamps and forests under constant persecution.

39: 134: 1462:, engaged in a series of battles with the rebels. According to his letters, he killed 3,000, wounded 300, and captured 1,000 along with copious amounts of weapons, ammunition, and supplies (such as a telephone and a field kitchen). His casualties were 90 dead and less than 200 wounded. However, he was blamed for the rebellion and removed. Some sources say the rebels numbered just 8,000 horsemen in November. 1743:: Dmitrenko's cavalry brigade (2,000 men from the Sampur in the Tambov uyezd), Kotovski's cavalry brigade (1,000 soldiers from the Lomovis station in the Kirsanov uyezd) and the 14th cavalry brigade (1,000 cavalry up the Vorona River from Karai-Pushkino in Kirsanov's uyezd). Two weeks later rebel commander Aleksandr Boguslavski was killed in combat. The same fate befell Tokmakov, Karas and Selianski. 1338:, STK), which functioned as the political organization of the insurgents and with which Antonov worked. Having their own political program gave them a strength and coherence that other peasant uprisings lacked. However, this movement was still based on the weariness of the population but without having a clear idea of how to replace the government. Instead, Antonov dreamed of marching on 1728:. Although the rebels managed to repulse the armored vehicles with their rifles, they fled before Kovalyov's cavalry. On 6 June, the armored vehicles commanded by Fedko achieved another victory near Chernyshovo. Between 1 and 9 June, three Bolshevik forces led by Uborevich launched a coordinated attack with seven armored vehicles against the rebel stronghold, near the town of 1249:. On the basis of these figures, which did not include the dislocations of the civil war in the countryside, a high target for the procurement of grain was set. The peasants often responded by reducing their acreage, as they no longer had the economic incentive to produce surpluses, which made the confiscations ordered from above hit them even harder. 1520:

pacification of Tambov: as soon as their troops flooded the province the movement would soon be finished. In addition, it was increasingly difficult to help them because their main communication links, the armored trains, were continuously attacked in the area. During the winter of 1920–1921, food reserves in many towns were exhausted, as in

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control. But the north was at peace, not being a large food-producing region, it never lived through the requisitions that had sparked the revolt. The lack of heavy weapons prevented the rebels from taking over the cities, which became havens for communists and government officials. During that December, reinforcements from the

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also played into their hands. On the contrary, being too closed in on themselves prevented them from seeking allies in other peasant movements or marching against the big cities, the control of which was what the Bolsheviks worried about because their source of support was the industrial proletariat.

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For the most part, the peasants had been indifferent to Bolshevik ideology, but they came to hate the Bolsheviks for their forced requisitions, which had put them at the limit of survival, and for the forced levies that had created numerous fugitives. In the summer of 1919, Antonov fled to the forest

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against the remaining rebels. They ordered their troops to clear the forests with poison gas, stipulating that it "must be carefully calculated, so that the layer of gas penetrates the forests and kills everyone hiding there." Publications in local Communist newspapers openly glorified liquidations

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At the height of his power, thanks to their strong popular support, between October 1920 and January 1921, the rebels mobilized 50,000 partisans. By February 1921, they were between 20,000 and 40,000-strong, with half of them acting as full-time combatants and the other half part-time. Around 6,000

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deserters, Socialist-Revolutionaries and peasants who resisted the searches in the forests. Their first acts were assassinating unpopular state officials and raiding state farms. They killed more than 200 government grain collectors and over the next year their forces grew steadily, growing from an

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On 6 May, Tukhachevsky announced his pacification campaign. That month a large army of between 50,000 and 100,000 Red soldiers reached the southern part of the oblast. The plan was to "flood the rebellion area with troops". They included regular forces, Chinese and Hungarian internationalists and

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On 20 March, a general amnesty was also announced for anyone who surrendered. During the two weeks that the amnesty was in place, about 3,000 rebels capitulated, but very few with weapons in hand. By then, Bolshevik power had disappeared almost entirely from the region despite having 32,500 foot

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had appropriated everything they could and "beat up elderly men of seventy in full view of the public". In anticipation of an attack by the Red Army to enforce the procurement of grain, the farmers of the village armed themselves. Since only a few rifles were available, this was partly done with

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During this time garrison officers and local Bolshevik militants complained of their ever-increasing abandonment by Moscow, from where fewer and fewer supplies and reinforcements were sent to them. In fact the military circles of the Red command had decided to concentrate on a great campaign of

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By the end of the year the greens had achieved one of the main objectives, the reds had stopped sending units to their territories to requisition grain. The officials in the south of Tambov were incapable of such action, as their resources were destined only to garrison the villages under their

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But they never formed an "organized guerrilla army". Because of this, most of their actions were impulsive assaults orchestrated by each band against the Bolshevik detachments in charge of requisitioning grain or repressing the villagers. This lack of coordination was, in addition to their poor

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As a result of the military operations against the rebels, around 6,000 of their fighters surrendered and were either shot or deported. The deportees were transferred from the local camps to special camps in the northern regions of Russia after the suppression of the uprising. These camps were

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were assigned to the Tambov sector. During the first two weeks of May, 15,000 Red Army officers concentrated in Tambov to prepare for the campaign. On the dawn of 1 June, Fedko with three vehicles armed with machine guns, Kotovski's horsemen and the brigade of Siberian cavalry of M. D. Kovalev

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as their standard and thus claimed the central symbol of the revolution. They had 14,000 or 18,000 men, mostly consisting of deserters from the Red Army. Of these, five to seven thousand had firearms. By the end of the month, the rebels numbered six groups, each totaling 4,000 men with a dozen

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in two coordinated groups, capturing an artillery cannon, some machine guns, and numerous revolvers and rifles. However, they failed in their attempt to sabotage the railway lines and quickly withdrew. At the time, Bolshevik reports said that two thousand partisans were still in the woods of

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The rebels were able to control large parts of the region and managed to capture railway trains transporting requisitioned grain. The grain intended to supply Red Army units was instead re-distributed by Antonov's men to local farmers. The rebellion also spread to parts of other provinces:

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and fleeing immediately afterwards, thanks to their superior knowledge of the terrain and the mobility of their cavalry. Each village was in charge of equipping and maintaining a group of these combatants, which was easy since many were locals defending their own communities. That

1409:. This territory was populated by more than three million people, 90% farmers and artisans. The region was densely populated, with rich, forested land that offered many jobs, especially as the land had been appropriated in 1917 and the owners expelled. But the demands of the 1539:

in their hands, since these were their bastions in the middle of the fields controlled by the rebels. During that month, the Bolshevik authorities demobilized 4,000 locals who served in their garrisons because they were not trusted. They immediately joined the partisans.

1577:(an hour prior he launched a diversionary attack on Nizhne-Spasskoe with a small force). The garrison consisted of a company of infantrymen, a unit of Bolshevik militants, a machine gun platoon, the Volga Infantry Brigade (which had arrived in January from 1807:

epidemics. The death rate is estimated to be around 15–20% per month for the fall of 1921. Relatively few were released or executed, "barely" 15,000 were shot. However, mass executions of suspected villagers and prisoners were frequent in the villages.

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tactics are to be used against civilians who assist or even sympathize with the Union. Zhukov recalls how Tukhachevsky's tactics were adopted and succeeded in breaking the uprising. In the process, however, they virtually depopulated the surrounding

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The convocation of a Constituent Assembly on the basis of equal, universal, direct and secret suffrage, without predetermining its choice of political system, and preserving the voters’ right to recall deputies who do not carry out the people’s

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and the Soviet authorities. They were supported by the population and used the villages for cover and rest. Likewise, they often disguised themselves as Red Army soldiers to move about the countryside or to exaggerate the element of surprise.

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Some villages were burned to the ground. The properties confiscated from the arrested and exiled families were given to supporters or collaborators of the regime. The activities of the Cheka, the incorporation of thousands of locals into the

1581:), and the 2nd Cheka regiment, and it quickly collapsed. The rebels' goal was achieved: an artillery cannon with two or three hundred rounds, eleven machine guns, four hundred rifles, one hundred thousand ammunition, eighty telephones and 50 1701:, although the decisive contingents were the numerous cadets and horsemen who arrived. They were supported by 70 heavy artillery pieces, hundreds of machine guns, 3 armored units, a plane, armored trains and chemical weapons left over from 1770:, where they hid their few personal possessions. The Cheka wanted to arrest them and set fire to the house where they took refuge. When they tried to flee, they were shot down. By then, their movement was reduced to only a few groups. 1892:

Prior to the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the establishment of provisional authorities in the localities and the centre, on an elective basis, by those unions and parties which have taken part in the struggle against the

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Family members of the rebels were usually used as hostages, others were held at random and in some cases entire villages were interned. Between 50,000 and 100,000 villagers including some 1,000 children, were interned in dedicated

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By this time, only half of the desired grain had been collected by the Bolshevik requisition squads. Antonov-Ovseyenko noticed from his own experience that every other farmer in Tambov was starving. To win over the population,

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itself and a number of smaller urban settlements. After numerous deserters from the Red Army joined it, the peasant army numbered over 50,000 fighters. The rebel militia proved highly effective and even infiltrated the Tambov

1787:. In these camps there was a particularly high mortality of prisoners compared to the rest of the camp system. The devastation of the fighting and punitive measures, together with the Bolshevik agricultural policy, led to a 1457: 1723: 1283: 189: 1758:

It took until the middle of 1922 for the province to be pacified completely. The Antonov brothers and several of their last followers were killed in combat against a Red detachment on 24 June 1922 in the village of

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in the summer of 1921; smaller groups continued resistance until the following year. It is estimated that around 100,000 people were arrested and around 15,000 killed during the suppression of the uprising.

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was commissioned to draw up "non-coercive measures", in which he recommended that the required grain quotas be lowered. In response, on 2 February 1921, the Soviet leadership announced the end of the "

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The volunteer partisan units currently organised and operating must not be disbanded until the Constituent Assembly has been convened and it has resolved the question of a standing army.

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of "civilians". The rebels responded with assassination attempts on Tukhachevsky and Ovseyenko, and the kidnapping and shooting of family members of members of the Party and Red Army.

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was impressed by the guerillas' resistance to regular forces. He therefore began studying guerrilla tactics as a commander in the Red Army. This is regarded as a precondition of the

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The uprising made the Soviet leadership aware of its failure to manage relations with the peasants and is seen as one of the factors that prompted Lenin to initiate the

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surprised 3,000 rebels in the village of Dve Sestritsy and dispersed them with heavy casualties. Two infantry brigades and one veteran cavalry brigade under General

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were killed by the insurgents. By October 1920, the Bolsheviks had completely lost control of the rural territory of the governorate, dominating only the city of

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In December 1920, the Union of Working Peasants released a manifesto, stating their intention to overthrow the Bolshevik government and their aims in doing so:

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had problems in maintaining control of the governorate. Unlike in the cities, the Bolsheviks had hardly any supporters in the rural regions, where in the

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and 100,000 soldiers, mostly special units of the Cheka, with additional Red Army units. As many members as possible of the communist youth organization

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on actual production instead of on compulsory collection of agricultural products. In the military field it is mentioned that the Soviet Army Commander

1713: 4433: 3724: 1760: 1528:, towns located on the edge of the rebel zone and whose communist garrison saw most of its inhabitants leave or turn to the black market to survive. 1308:, the capital of the governorate. There, however, they were scattered by Red machine guns barely ten kilometers from their target. It was here that 1278: 1267: 184: 1452: 882: 4296:

Hartgrove, J. Dane (1981). "Book Review: The Unknown Civil War in Soviet Russia: A Study of the Green Movement in the Tambov Region 1920–1921".

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pitchforks and clubs. Other villages soon joined in the uprising against the Soviet authorities, and succeeded in repelling the Red Army.

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and formed a gang that murdered several Bolshevik activists. This is how the first anti-Bolshevik guerrilla movements arose, made up of

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of the Bolsheviks, when the measure was officially adopted. The announcement began circulating in the Tambov area on 9 February 1921.

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By this time, the rebels were able to mobilize large field armies. On 11 April, Antonov gathered 5,000 partisans and launched a

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The full implementation of the law on the socialisation of the land, adopted and confirmed by the former Constituent Assembly.

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The supply of basic necessities, particularly food, to the inhabitants of the towns and countryside through the cooperatives.

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which would rule until the holding of a democratically elected constituent assembly. The Republic used the pre-revolutionary

1124:. It began in August 1920 with resistance to the forced confiscation of grain and developed into a guerrilla war against the 4171: 4110: 3987: 3879: 1967:'s futile attempts at writing his memoirs, the retired Marshal reminisces about being a young officer fighting against the 4644: 1813: 1421: 4439: 4071: 4050: 1791:

in the areas of the insurgents. In addition to Tambov, large parts of Russia were affected in the following two years.

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On 19 August 1920, a revolt broke out in the small town of Khitrovo, where a military requisitioning detachment of the

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Kowalski, Ronald I. The Russian Revolution: 1917–1921. Routledge sources in history. London: Routledge, 1997. p. 232.

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Partial denationalisation of factories; heavy industry, coal mining and metallurgy should remain in state hands.

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for there to be a real mass uprising. The other leaders of this force were Alexander Antonov's younger brother,

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helped the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1921 to defuse the situation, especially the end of grain requisitions.

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had won large majorities. In March 1918, the Bolshevik delegates in Tambov were even thrown out of the local

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In the areas controlled by the rebels, all Soviet institutions were abolished. Around 1,000 members of the

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On 23 January 1921, 250 mounted cadets of the 6th Volche-Karachan regiment managed to defend the town of

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History for the IB Diploma: Imperial Russia, Revolutions and the Emergence of the Soviet State 1853–1924

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even concluded that the insurgents had forced the NEP by their actions. The new policy relied more on a

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were mounted, hindering the government troops, whose lack of mobility undermined their effectiveness.

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Behind the front lines of the civil war: political parties and social movements in Russia, 1918–1922

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initial 150 to 6,000 by early summer 1920, but that would have to wait until after the defeat of

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was sentenced to twenty years in prison for blowing up a train, but received an amnesty from the

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Landis, Erik-C. (2004b). "Waiting for Makhno: Legitimacy and context in a Russian peasant war".

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On 5 November, two to six thousand rebels, mostly on horseback, attacked the railway station at

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Wilson's War: How Woodrow Wilson's Great Blunder Led to Hitler, Lenin, Stalin, and World War II

1975:'s arrival to take command of the campaign and his first address to his men. He announced that 1960: 1950: 959: 872: 4448:

Antonovshchina: historical documents of the rebellion, including documents from the rebel side

4329:"Between village and Kremlin: Confronting state food procurement in civil war Tambov, 1919–20" 4249: 1871:. The goal of the organization was the 'overthrow of the government of Communist-Bolsheviks'. 1132:

units and the Soviet Russian authorities. The bulk of the peasant army was destroyed by large

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The opportunity for both Russian and foreign capital to restore the country’s economic life.

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machine guns and several artillery pieces. As the Bolshevik authorities were busy with the

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The immediate restoration of political, trade and economic relations with foreign powers.

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launched a surprise attack against Antonov and the 3,000 partisans with whom he occupied

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The movement was later portrayed by the Soviets as anarchical banditry, similar to other

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were assigned to him because they were considered politically loyal. The Red Army used

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from a large rebel contingent. For the Bolsheviks, it was key to keep Borisoglebsk and

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began to arrive, numbering 3,500 combatants in the area. Two months later its leader,

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They were organized in two armies divided into a total of 21 regiments. Their use of

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The Russian revolution, 1918–1921: from the civil war to the consolidation of power

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Free self-determination for the nationalities inhabiting the former Russian empire.

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The insurgent peasants organized themselves through the Union of Working Peasants (

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The initiation of wide-ranging state credit for restoring small-scale agriculture.

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Regulation of the prices of labour and the output of factories run by the state.

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five to ten thousand fighters under the command of "Vaska Karas" (identified as

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Unfettered teaching in schools and compulsory universal literacy education.

1844: 1643:, the Red Army could divert its regular troops into the area. In May 1921, 1532: 1242: 730: 125: 1885:

Every effort to be made to ensure a lasting peace with all foreign states.

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prevented them from profiting, which only encouraged the insurrection.

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dissolved. His troops carried out surprise raids on railway junctions,

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The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within

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soldiers and 8,000 cavalry plus machine guns and cannons in the area.

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The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions

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The peasants rebels, after their first success, attempted to capture

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Bandits and Partisans: The Antonov Movement in the Russian Civil War

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Antonov organized the farmers on the model of the Red Army in 18–20

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Singleton, Seth (September 1966). "The Tambov Revolt (1920–1921)".

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Lenin an der Macht – Das russische Volk in der Revolution 1918–1922

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Political equality for all citizens, without division into classes.

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Lenin in power – the Russian people in the revolution of 1918–1922

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and ending Bolshevik rule. In May 1921, the Union proclaimed the

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The Third Revolution: Popular Movements in the Revolutionary Era

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Freedom of speech, the press, conscience, unions and assembly.

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Provisional Democratic Republic of the Tambov Partisan Region

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weapons and training, ultimately decisive in their defeat.

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legalized the expropriation of property. Nevertheless, the

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When Russia Did Democracy: From St Vladimir to Tsar Putin

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to suppress the uprising in Tambov. Assigned to him were

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Some scenes of the rebellion are depicted in 2011 movie

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On 12 June 1921, Tukhachevsky received permission from

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On 31 May, seven armored vehicles commanded by General

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of cable. On 24 April, they gathered in the village of

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of 1920–1922 was one of the largest and best-organized

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Tambov rebellion and liquidation of peasants in Russia

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An end to the civil war and a return to civilian life.

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Workers’ control and state supervision of production.

3705: 3633: 3458: 3388: 3369: 2949: 2679: 2600: 2511: 2463: 2390: 2343: 2312: 2282: 2176: 376: 3446: 2478: 2203: 2188: 2161: 1827:. The Russian sociologist and contemporary witness 3002: 16:1920–1921 peasant revolt in the Russian Civil War 4571: 3772:"The Programme of the Union of Toiling Peasants" 2037:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 15 January 2023. 1799:in July 1921. There they suffered severely from 4498:European Peasant Wars (19th and 20th centuries) 1615:By January 1921, peasant revolts had spread to 4590:Military operations involving chemical weapons 4482: 4259:. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–268. 1194:The peasants of Tambov largely supported the 658: 362: 298:Probably 20,000 regular and 20,000 militiamen 3608:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBookchin2008 ( 3560:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBookchin2008 ( 3520:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBookchin2008 ( 2867:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFConquest1987 ( 1850: 1436:Towards the end of October, the head of the 588:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army 1946:Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman 4595:Soviet war crimes in the Russian Civil War 4489: 4475: 3893: 3683: 3216: 2943: 2786: 2657: 2539: 2380: 2361: 2272: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2000:Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks 1465: 1183:, where he served in the local militia in 665: 651: 369: 355: 4382: 4346: 4295: 4185: 3699: 3620:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFFiges2010 ( 3572:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFFiges2010 ( 3540:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 3500:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPipes1993 ( 3437:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPipes1993 ( 3177:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 3013:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLandis2004 ( 2883:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 2815:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 2771:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 2579:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 2306: 1516:, would arrive to direct its operations. 1494:was based on the old tactic of launching 4001: 3910: 3854: 3603: 3555: 3515: 3402:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 3195: 3148: 3144: 2916: 2862: 2858: 2834: 2806: 2558: 2525:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWerth1998 ( 2501: 2413: 2384: 2256: 2062: 1155: 4355: 4326: 4282: 4059: 3969: 3827: 3587: 2854: 2830: 2425: 2116: 2051: 1779:otherwise reserved for officers of the 1106:, the rebellion was referred to as the 583:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army 4572: 4430:Programme of Union of Toiling Peasants 4220: 4145: 4036: 3800: 3687: 3667: 3452: 3416: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3168: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3054: 3027: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2931: 2838: 2802: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2641: 2609: 2594: 2570: 2489: 2224: 2182: 2151: 2132: 1148:that opposed them during this period. 139:Republic of the Tambov Partisan Region 4470: 4454:Tukhachvsky role in the Tambov revolt 4247: 4124: 4088: 4041:. Russian and East European studies. 3942: 3711: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3591: 3567: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3495: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3432: 3428: 3397: 3382: 3363: 3359: 3347: 3343: 3232: 3228: 3172: 3164: 3152: 3132: 3039: 2960: 2901: 2878: 2874: 2842: 2810: 2790: 2766: 2690: 2673: 2661: 2645: 2637: 2625: 2621: 2574: 2520: 2505: 2472: 2457: 2445: 2441: 2429: 2401: 2365: 2349: 2337: 2291: 2276: 2260: 2244: 2240: 2228: 2212: 2197: 2170: 2155: 2136: 2120: 2027: 2025: 1937: 1112:("Antonov's mutiny"), so named after 646: 350: 4131:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 3916:"Revolution, Peasant War and Famine" 1847:campaign against the Nazi invasion. 1222:, following the ratification of the 1120:, who opposed the government of the 4063:The Cheka: Lenin's political police 13: 4615:Uprisings of the Russian Civil War 4600:Massacres of the Russian Civil War 4275: 3894:Chamberlin, William Henry (1965). 2022: 1926:Freedom for handicraft production. 1245:of grain. Of these, one-third was 1146:left-wing anti-Bolshevik movements 339:50,000 civilians interned in camps 14: 4666: 4423: 4128:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 1963:. In a short story about Marshal 1647:was ordered by Lenin as military 4348:10.1111/j.1467-9434.2004.00304.x 4198:: Akad.-Verl. pp. 389–393. 3764: 3755: 3717: 279: 268: 257: 246: 235: 224: 214: 153: 132: 37: 4442:Peasant Wars in Tambov Province 4174:from the original on 2023-05-13 4113:from the original on 2023-02-04 3990:from the original on 2023-04-11 3882:from the original on 2023-05-07 3793: 3778:from the original on 2017-08-19 3739:. December 1920. Archived from 2099:from the original on 2019-03-30 1773: 888:Southern Front counteroffensive 4610:Political repression in Russia 4534:1907 Romanian Peasants' revolt 4043:University of Pittsburgh Press 1610: 1229:Following the outbreak of the 1189:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1173:Russian Provisional Government 1: 4283:Brovkin, Vladimir N. (2015). 4006:. Vol. 2: White Armies. 3970:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (1993). 2015: 2010:Peasant rebellion of Sorokino 1957:Apricot Jam and Other Stories 1783:and captured insurgents from 1216:Socialist Revolutionary Party 1151: 1118:Socialist Revolutionary Party 1047:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict 558:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt 4257:: Crimes, Terror, Repression 3976:. Harvard University Press. 1314:Left Socialist-Revolutionary 7: 4255:The Black Book of Communism 3729:History of the Soviet Union 2063:Sennikov, Boris V. (2004). 1988: 1861:Союз трудового крестьянства 1291: 1179:and returned to his native 1116:, a former official of the 410:Central Powers intervention 10: 4671: 4645:History of Voronezh Oblast 4529:Peasant unrest in Bulgaria 4289:Princeton University Press 4231:Cambridge University Press 4097:Princeton University Press 4002:Khvostov, Mikhail (1997). 3830:The Past And Future Of Law 3811:Princeton University Press 1681:Units for Special Purposes 1635:. But with the end of the 4544:Peasant Revolt in Albania 4514:1809 Gottscheer rebellion 4504: 4327:Landis, Erik-C. (2004a). 4186:Scheibert, Peter (1984). 3737:University of East Anglia 1969:Union of Working Peasants 1860: 1857:Union of Working Peasants 1851:Union of Working Peasants 1748:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko 1641:defeat of General Wrangel 1335: 684: 390: 338: 333: 292: 165: 118: 53:19 August 1920 – mid 1922 45: 36: 28: 23: 4650:20th-century revolutions 4640:History of Tambov Oblast 4585:Anti-Bolshevik uprisings 4060:Leggett, George (1981). 4037:Landis, Erik C. (2008). 3898:. Grosset & Dunlap. 1233:, the newly established 677:of the Russian Civil War 593:Great Siberian Ice March 4580:20th-century rebellions 4248:Werth, Nicolas (1999). 4125:Pipes, Richard (2011). 4089:Mayer, Arno J. (2002). 3943:Figes, Orlando (1997). 3926:Oxford University Press 2005:West Siberian rebellion 1598:Vasili Nikitin-Koroliov 1466:Climax of the rebellion 1422:Russian Communist Party 1235:Russian Soviet Republic 1224:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4368:10.1093/past/183.1.199 4221:Waller, Sally (2012). 3828:Blunsom, E.O. (2013). 1961:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1935: 1336:Союз Трудовых Крестьян 1237:adopted the policy of 1164: 1163:(centre) and his staff 1087:government during the 928:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav 527:Armenia and Azerbaijan 166:Commanders and leaders 4146:Powell, Jim (2007) . 4004:The Russian Civil War 3921:The Harvest of Sorrow 3801:Avrich, Paul (2014). 1876: 1159: 1136:reinforcements using 1104:Soviet historiography 858:Vyoshenskaya Uprising 334:Casualties and losses 3955:. pp. 753–769. 3482:, pp. 124, 137. 3298:, pp. 227, 348. 2660:, pp. 437–438; 2444:, pp. 391–392; 2231:, pp. 132, 138. 2073:] (in Russian). 1973:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1865:Social-Revolutionary 1843:' strategy in their 1750:to begin the use of 1645:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1411:Bolshevik government 1370:political commissars 955:Rostov–Novocherkassk 490:Ukrainian-Soviet War 253:Alexander Schlichter 242:V. Antonov-Ovseyenko 231:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 4655:Mass murder in 1921 4194:] (in German). 4066:. Clarendon Press. 3366:, pp. 387–401. 3135:, pp. 378–387. 3042:, pp. 393–394. 2904:, pp. 391–392. 2705:, pp. 104–105. 2676:, pp. 389–390. 2309:, pp. 389–393. 1995:Kronstadt rebellion 1825:New Economic Policy 1818:New Economic Policy 1797:concentration camps 1675:detachments of the 1667:and engaged in the 1177:February Revolution 918:Voronezh–Kastornoye 796:Allied intervention 405:Allied intervention 400:Left-wing uprisings 84: / 4519:Galician slaughter 4509:Tyrolean Rebellion 4459:2011-07-19 at the 3945:A People's Tragedy 3435:, pp. 387–411 3175:, pp. 132–138 2542:, p. 438-439. 2504:, pp. 51–53; 2460:, p. 391-392. 2259:, pp. 51–53; 1938:In popular culture 1649:commander-in-chief 1449:Tambov Governorate 1196:October Revolution 1165: 1081:peasant rebellions 863:Alexandrovsky Fort 813:Katerynoslav March 395:October Revolution 63:Tambov Governorate 4635:Conflicts in 1921 4630:Conflicts in 1920 4567: 4566: 4266:978-0-674-07608-2 4240:978-1-107-68489-8 4167:978-0-307-42271-2 4138:978-0-307-78861-0 4106:978-0-691-09015-3 4021:978-1-85532-656-9 4012:Osprey Publishing 3983:978-0-674-30443-7 3935:978-0-19-505180-3 3875:978-0-82645-054-8 3868:: A&C Black. 3864:. Vol. III. 3847:978-1-4628-7514-6 3820:978-1-4008-5908-5 2044:978-1-3981-0545-4 1869:Aleksandr Antonov 1692:Militarised Guard 1669:summary execution 1637:Polish–Soviet War 1514:Felix Dzerzhinski 1492:guerrilla warfare 1415:Russian Civil War 1379:Polish-Soviet War 1310:Alexander Antonov 1231:Russian Civil War 1212:elections of 1917 1169:Alexander Antonov 1161:Alexander Antonov 1114:Alexander Antonov 1089:Russian Civil War 1072: 1071: 1027:Dagestan uprising 903:Advance on Moscow 843:Hryhoriv Uprising 818:Northern Caucasus 808:Voronezh–Povorino 640: 639: 382:Russian Civil War 345: 344: 329: 326:50,000 – 100,000 324: 318: 313: 308: 303: 264:Ieronim Uborevich 173:Alexander Antonov 114: 113: 31:Russian Civil War 4662: 4549:Tambov Rebellion 4539:Kileler uprising 4491: 4484: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4418: 4379: 4362:(183): 199–236. 4359:Past and Present 4352: 4350: 4323: 4292: 4270: 4244: 4217: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4142: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4085: 4056: 4033: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3966: 3939: 3912:Conquest, Robert 3907: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3856:Bookchin, Murray 3851: 3824: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3665: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3595: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3525: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3367: 3357: 3351: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3236: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3162: 3156: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2872: 2852: 2846: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2800: 2794: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2635: 2629: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2518: 2509: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2388: 2378: 2369: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2270: 2264: 2254: 2248: 2238: 2232: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2149: 2140: 2130: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2060: 2049: 2048: 2029: 1862: 1841:Soviet partisans 1769: 1752:chemical weapons 1738: 1727: 1714:Grigori Kotovski 1700: 1689: 1606: 1595: 1546:Nikolai Bukharin 1496:surprise attacks 1461: 1446: 1352: 1337: 1287: 1276: 1138:chemical weapons 1095:and part of the 1083:challenging the 1077:Tambov Rebellion 1032:Tambov Rebellion 1022:Northern Taurida 1007:Ulagay's Landing 853:Chapan rebellion 679: 667: 660: 653: 644: 643: 385: 383: 371: 364: 357: 348: 347: 327: 322: 317:(September 1921) 316: 311: 310:40,000 – 70,000 306: 301: 288: 284: 283: 275:Grigory Kotovsky 273: 272: 262: 261: 251: 250: 240: 239: 229: 228: 219: 218: 212: 200: 193: 181: 158: 157: 147: 137: 136: 99: 98: 96: 95: 94: 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 47: 46: 41: 24:Tambov Rebellion 21: 20: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4605:Peasant revolts 4570: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4559:Cazin rebellion 4500: 4495: 4461:Wayback Machine 4440:Delano Dugarm, 4426: 4421: 4399:10.2307/2492859 4299:Russian History 4278: 4276:Further reading 4273: 4267: 4241: 4206: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4139: 4116: 4114: 4107: 4074: 4053: 4022: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3963: 3936: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3848: 3821: 3803:Kronstadt, 1921 3796: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3743:on 10 June 2011 3723: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686:, p. 439; 3684:Chamberlin 1965 3682: 3678: 3670:, p. 215; 3666: 3662: 3654:, p. 768; 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3619: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3590:, p. 252; 3586: 3582: 3571: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3539: 3534:, p. 398; 3530:, p. 768; 3519: 3514: 3510: 3499: 3494:, p. 396; 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3431:, p. 769; 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3381: 3370: 3362:, p. 768; 3358: 3354: 3346:, p. 395; 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3231:, p. 768; 3227: 3223: 3217:Chamberlin 1965 3215: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3176: 3171:, p. 195; 3167:, p. 768; 3163: 3159: 3147:, p. 329; 3143: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2950: 2944:Chamberlin 1965 2942: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2882: 2877:, p. 392; 2866: 2861:, p. 329; 2857:, p. 252; 2853: 2849: 2829: 2825: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2789:, p. 438; 2787:Chamberlin 1965 2785: 2781: 2770: 2765:, p. 219; 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2658:Chamberlin 1965 2656: 2652: 2640:, p. 754; 2636: 2632: 2624:, p. 391; 2620: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2578: 2573:, p. 118; 2569: 2565: 2557: 2546: 2540:Chamberlin 1965 2538: 2534: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2479: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2440: 2436: 2428:, p. 330; 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2391: 2383:, p. 437; 2381:Chamberlin 1965 2379: 2372: 2368:, pp. 388. 2364:, p. 437; 2362:Chamberlin 1965 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2283: 2275:, p. 437; 2273:Chamberlin 1965 2271: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2243:, p. 768; 2239: 2235: 2227:, p. 115; 2223: 2219: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2162: 2154:, p. 219; 2150: 2143: 2135:, p. 219; 2131: 2127: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2085: 2061: 2052: 2045: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2018: 1991: 1940: 1853: 1829:Pitirim Sorokin 1814:Communist Party 1776: 1763: 1761:Nizhni Shibriai 1732: 1721: 1694: 1683: 1665:armoured trains 1613: 1600: 1589: 1550:prodrazvyorstka 1468: 1455: 1440: 1391:northern Tavria 1368:with their own 1346: 1294: 1281: 1270: 1154: 1097:Voronezh Oblast 1073: 1068: 1037:Perekop–Chonhar 1012:Obytichnyi Spit 868:Bender Uprising 833:Khotyn Uprising 680: 676: 673: 671: 641: 636: 495:Western Ukraine 437:Eastern Karelia 386: 381: 379: 378:Theaters of the 377: 375: 340: 325: 323:(November 1920) 314: 312:(February 1921) 309: 304: 299: 278: 277: 267: 266: 256: 255: 245: 244: 234: 233: 223: 222: 206: 202: 196: 187: 183: 177: 171: 152: 141: 131: 92: 90: 86: 83: 78: 75: 73: 71: 70: 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4668: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4625:1921 in Russia 4622: 4620:1920 in Russia 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4554:Lesko uprising 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4434:another source 4425: 4424:External links 4422: 4420: 4419: 4393:(3): 497–512. 4380: 4353: 4334:Russian Review 4324: 4306:(3): 432–433. 4293: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4245: 4239: 4218: 4204: 4183: 4166: 4143: 4137: 4122: 4105: 4086: 4073:978-0198225522 4072: 4057: 4052:978-0822971177 4051: 4034: 4020: 3999: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3940: 3934: 3908: 3891: 3874: 3852: 3846: 3825: 3819: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3763: 3754: 3716: 3714:, p. 388. 3704: 3702:, p. 393. 3700:Scheibert 1984 3692: 3690:, p. 215. 3676: 3674:, p. 395. 3660: 3658:, p. 396. 3644: 3642:, p. 396. 3632: 3630:, p. 404. 3596: 3594:, p. 398. 3580: 3548: 3508: 3484: 3472: 3470:, p. 404. 3457: 3445: 3421: 3419:, p. 323. 3409: 3400:, p. 139. 3387: 3385:, p. 134. 3368: 3352: 3350:, p. 117. 3336: 3334:, p. 274. 3324: 3322:, p. 228. 3312: 3310:, p. 348. 3300: 3288: 3286:, p. 224. 3276: 3274:, p. 215. 3264: 3262:, p. 211. 3252: 3250:, p. 223. 3237: 3235:, p. 395. 3221: 3219:, p. 439. 3200: 3185: 3157: 3155:, p. 392. 3151:, p. 40; 3137: 3122: 3120:, p. 346. 3110: 3108:, p. 201. 3098: 3096:, p. 200. 3086: 3084:, p. 199. 3074: 3072:, p. 196. 3059: 3057:, p. 195. 3044: 3032: 3030:, p. 208. 3020: 3001: 2999:, p. 216. 2989: 2987:, p. 156. 2977: 2975:, p. 154. 2965: 2963:, p. 393. 2948: 2946:, p. 437. 2936: 2934:, p. 155. 2921: 2919:, p. 329. 2906: 2891: 2847: 2845:, p. 392. 2837:, p. 39; 2833:, p. 78; 2823: 2809:, p. 39; 2805:, p. 15; 2795: 2793:, p. 392. 2779: 2755: 2753:, p. 136. 2743: 2741:, p. 104. 2731: 2729:, p. 105. 2719: 2717:, p. 115. 2707: 2695: 2693:, p. 111. 2678: 2666: 2664:, p. 374. 2650: 2648:, p. 374. 2644:, p. 93; 2630: 2628:, p. 374. 2614: 2599: 2597:, p. 113. 2587: 2563: 2544: 2532: 2523:, p. 131. 2510: 2508:, p. 126. 2494: 2477: 2475:, p. 126. 2462: 2450: 2434: 2432:, p. 109. 2418: 2416:, p. 327. 2406: 2404:, p. 391. 2389: 2387:, p. 327. 2370: 2354: 2352:, p. 124. 2342: 2340:, p. 374. 2311: 2307:Scheibert 1984 2296: 2294:, p. 390. 2281: 2279:, p. 390. 2265: 2263:, p. 108. 2249: 2247:, p. 139. 2233: 2217: 2215:, p. 768. 2202: 2200:, p. 392. 2187: 2185:, p. 194. 2175: 2173:, p. 139. 2160: 2158:, p. 132. 2141: 2139:, p. 131. 2125: 2123:, p. 392. 2119:, p. 78; 2109: 2083: 2050: 2043: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1981:scorched earth 1954: 1951:Andrei Smirnov 1939: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1852: 1849: 1837:Mikhail Frunze 1781:White movement 1775: 1772: 1612: 1609: 1467: 1464: 1438:Internal Guard 1359:White movement 1355:flag of Russia 1293: 1290: 1279:Peter Tokmakov 1268:Dmitri Antonov 1264:White movement 1204:Decree on Land 1200:Vladimir Lenin 1175:following the 1153: 1150: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 988: 987: 982: 972: 967: 965:North Caucasus 962: 957: 951: 950: 946: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 908:Nizhyn–Poltava 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 804: 803: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 702: 701: 697: 696: 690: 689: 685: 682: 681: 675:Southern Front 670: 669: 662: 655: 647: 638: 637: 635: 634: 629: 624: 618: 617: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 553: 547: 546: 541: 540: 539: 534: 524: 519: 514: 512:South Caucasus 509: 504: 499: 498: 497: 492: 481: 480: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 447: 446: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 418: 417: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 388: 387: 374: 373: 366: 359: 351: 343: 342: 336: 335: 331: 330: 319: 307:(October 1920) 295: 294: 290: 289: 286:Sergey Kamenev 220: 185:Peter Tokmakov 168: 167: 163: 162: 150: 149: 148: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 105: 101: 100: 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4667: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4386:Slavic Review 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3618:, p. 836 3617: 3611: 3606:, p. 329 3605: 3604:Bookchin 2008 3600: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3575: 3570:, p. 836 3569: 3563: 3558:, p. 329 3557: 3556:Bookchin 2008 3552: 3543: 3538:, p. 139 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3518:, p. 329 3517: 3516:Bookchin 2008 3512: 3503: 3498:, p. 404 3497: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3198:, p. 40. 3197: 3196:Khvostov 1997 3192: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3149:Khvostov 1997 3146: 3145:Bookchin 2004 3141: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2917:Bookchin 2004 2913: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2881:, p. 139 2880: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2863:Conquest 1987 2860: 2859:Bookchin 2004 2856: 2851: 2844: 2841:, p. 2; 2840: 2836: 2835:Khvostov 1997 2832: 2827: 2818: 2813:, p. 132 2812: 2808: 2807:Khvostov 1997 2804: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2769:, p. 132 2768: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2612:, p. 93. 2611: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2577:, p. 131 2576: 2572: 2567: 2561:, p. 39. 2560: 2559:Khvostov 1997 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2528: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2502:Conquest 1986 2498: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2414:Bookchin 2004 2410: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2385:Bookchin 2004 2382: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2257:Conquest 1986 2253: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084:5-85824-152-2 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971:. He recalls 1970: 1966: 1965:Georgy Zhukov 1962: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:pincer attack 1567: 1563: 1561: 1560:10th Congress 1557: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1477:Novokhopyorsk 1473: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1453:Vasili Kornev 1450: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:Pyotr Wrangel 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277:, and the SR 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Anton Denikin 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:war communism 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1109:Antonovschina 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093:Tambov Oblast 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 948: 947: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883:Mamontov Raid 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 801: 800: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 751:Transcaucasia 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 691: 687: 686: 683: 678: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 648: 645: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615:Central Asian 613: 612: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 549: 548: 545: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 445: 442: 441: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 414: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 389: 384: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 352: 349: 337: 332: 320: 302:(August 1920) 297: 296: 291: 287: 282: 276: 271: 265: 260: 254: 249: 243: 238: 232: 227: 221: 217: 210: 205: 201: 199: 191: 186: 182: 180: 174: 170: 169: 164: 161: 160:Soviet Russia 156: 151: 145: 140: 135: 130: 129: 128: 127: 123: 122: 117: 109: 106: 103: 102: 97: 88:52.5°N 41.8°E 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4548: 4450:(in Russian) 4441: 4390: 4384: 4357: 4341:(1): 70–88. 4338: 4332: 4303: 4297: 4284: 4253: 4222: 4191: 4187: 4176:. 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