368:
386:, France, published a grammar and other material of what he claimed to be the hitherto undocumented language of the Taensa people of Louisiana. He claimed the material was based on an undated and anonymous manuscript in Spanish that he had found in the library of his maternal grandfather (surnamed Haumonté). Parisot published a short notice on the language in
153:. It was also the subject of controversy beginning in 1880–1882, when a French student published a grammar and sample texts of a language that he claimed to be Taensa, though it bore no resemblance to Natchez — these publications are generally considered to be a hoax and the language it described to be invented.
453:
The fraud could have been the work of the unknown individual who created the manuscript
Parisot claimed to find, or it could have been the work of Parisot, although Adam and Parisot jointly stated that the documents had not been Parisot's work when the scandal broke in 1885. Parisot later spent time
270:. Over time small differences in pronunciation emerged, but the two languages appear, based on the available data, and from this historical vantage point, to have been largely the same. Beginning in the early nineteenth century, the Taensa people became intermixed with other groups, particularly the
429:
in style." Later
Brinton reversed his position and declared that the material was fake, publishing his reasons in 1885. Vinson also came to believe it was a hoax. Adam continued to defend the work for a while, but in 1885 he and Brinton co-authored
167:
A clerical student named Jean
Parisot published purported "material of the Taensa language, including papers, songs, a grammar and vocabulary" in Paris in 1880-1882, reports which led to considerable interest on the part of
421:
defended the work at first. Gatschet stated that the language was unrelated to any other. In 1885 he started studies in
Indiana, and thereafter became silent on the subject. The ethnologist
2064:
401:
The material included an outline of the grammar, vocabulary and fragments of text in the Taensa language. When the material was published, two eminent French
Americanists,
274:. Their language survived into the second half of the nineteenth century, and people identifying as Taensa have been documented from the 1930s through to the present day.
394:, an older linguist who had worked on North American languages, encouraged Parisot to publish the full material and contributed commentaries to the resulting book. The
450:
concluded there were enough "internal evidences of the fraudulent character" of the material that "it will be far safer to reject both the vocabulary and grammar".
1090:
425:
also had an initially positive reaction, quoting a complete song from the grammar in an 1883 work on native
American literature and praising the songs as "
1081:
438:
concluded it was a hoax, based on primarily historical rather than linguistic grounds, presenting evidence that the Taensa people spoke either the
2074:
160:
in order to speak to the Taensa people; Mooney's summary of the people and missionary efforts describes the Taensa language as a variant of the
1970:
379:
294:
2069:
209:
180:
had begun arguing that the work was fraudulent. After much debate, the consensus of the field came to be that the work was a hoax.
1074:
1094:
978:
930:
903:
876:
849:
251:, a language that both missionaries were learning, others, such as Mooney describe the Taensa language as a variant of the
247:
While French missionary priests François de
Montigny and Jean-François Buisson de Saint-Cosme stated that the Taensa spoke
1943:
1037:]. Histoire des idées linguistiques (in French). Vol. 3. Bruxelles: Editions Mardaga. pp. 21, 385f, 395.
465:
challenged
Brinton and Swanton's conclusion, arguing that the available evidence does not conclusively point to a hoax.
2023:
1067:
196:
nation, following a series of conflicts with them and others—e.g., the Taensa had been subject to slave raids by the
396:
Grammaire et vocabulaire de la langue Taensa, avec textes traduits et commentés par J.-D. Haumonté, Parisot, L. Adam
2079:
599:
228:
1740, under French protection to lands along the current Tensas river near Mobile, Alabama, only to return to the
1473:
1442:
1042:
1059:
156:
The earliest
European reports of the language were from French missionary priests who said that they learned
2110:
220:
people), the people so named were village-dwelling native
Americans originally from lands near present day
1791:
2105:
2028:
1409:
2115:
454:
in Turkey and in 1898 and 1902 published further works on linguistics based on his experience there.
224:. Relocating several times in response to inter-tribal hostilities, the Taensa ultimately migrated,
172:
and linguists of the time. Several eminent scholars accepted the materials as genuine, but by 1885,
2038:
1889:
1871:
1534:
1117:
221:
422:
371:
173:
383:
1865:
1823:
1632:
1598:
1316:
418:
241:
229:
866:
839:
573:
551:
212:, the Taensa had moved from Louisiana to Alabama. Also referred to as the Tensas, Tensaw, and
2033:
1979:
1898:
1876:
1517:
1399:
966:
920:
893:
1931:
1924:
538:
1858:
1706:
1272:
1238:
192:
known as the Taensa were related to, but had separated themselves from the peoples of the
8:
2043:
1882:
1840:
1780:
1759:
1553:
1489:
1432:
1380:
1365:
1338:
1306:
1122:
267:
1954:
1910:
1834:
1734:
1720:
1650:
1540:
1356:
1300:
1293:
1204:
1188:
1177:
353:
2018:
1960:
1713:
1696:
1671:
1657:
1512:
1375:
1370:
1332:
1215:
1048:
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974:
926:
899:
872:
845:
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1993:
1986:
1904:
1845:
1773:
1766:
1685:
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1608:
1566:
1547:
1522:
1483:
1462:
1456:
1419:
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1224:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1135:
1015:
547:
479:
439:
263:
259:
252:
248:
236:
after land cessions by the French to the English in 1763, then moving southward to
161:
157:
150:
84:
58:
1020:
1003:
1851:
1808:
1801:
1678:
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803:
784:
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70:
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1749:
1727:
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1345:
1265:
1258:
1197:
1142:
484:
205:
193:
78:
1089:
754:
598:
Provost, Honorius (1982) . "Buisson de Saint-Cosme, Jean-François (d. 1712)".
2094:
1621:
1587:
1573:
1231:
1128:
1052:
947:
756:
Claire Bowern - the Mysterious Taensa Grammar - 13th Annual Whatmough Lecture
489:
462:
406:
177:
30:
434:, which discussed whether the entire work was a forgery. In 1908 and 1910,
367:
402:
391:
237:
201:
443:
271:
344:
325:
233:
216:(in French), and by many other near variants (see the article on the
197:
189:
169:
142:
119:
107:
41:
604:. Vol. 2. Toronto, CAN: University of Toronto/Université Laval
578:. Vol. 3. Toronto, CAN: University of Toronto/Université Laval
398:
was published in 1882 in Paris and caused a stir among linguists.
922:
The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present
146:
636:
474:
426:
217:
138:
51:
967:"History of Research on the Native Languages of the Southeast"
946:
Mooney, James (1912). "Taensa Indians". In Knight, K. (ed.).
149:. Though poorly documented, it was probably a dialect of the
841:
In Search of Authenticity: The Formation of Folklore Studies
805:
Dom Parisot ne produira pas le manuscrit Taensa. Lettre, etc
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
617:
183:
374:, initially positive, later argued the grammar was a hoax.
448:
Introduction to the Handbook of American Indian Languages
919:
Kniffen, Fred Bowerman; Gregory, Hiram F. (1994-09-01).
684:
682:
654:
735:
723:
822:
The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary: A Deception Exposed
868:
Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages
711:
701:
699:
697:
679:
591:
565:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
350:(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)
258:
The Taensa spoken by these people was a form of the
572:Baillargeon, Noël (1974). "Montigny, François de".
535:
971:Native Languages Of The Southeastern United States
694:
546:. Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association.
537:
597:
571:
502:
2092:
952:. Vol. 14. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Co
188:The native Americans originally of northeastern
1028:
783:Adam, Lucien; Brinton, Daniel Garrison (1885).
388:La Revue de linguistique et philologie comparée
382:, a nineteen-year-old student at a seminary in
1790:
918:
623:
1075:
1969:
834:Limited view, no internal content provided.
801:
798:Limited view, no internal content provided.
786:Le Taensa a-t-il été forgé de toutes pièces
782:
741:
729:
432:Le Taensa a-t-il été forgé de toutes pièces
277:
244:before their disappearance as a community.
1082:
1068:
964:
673:
529:
145:, and later with historical importance in
1091:Indigenous language families and isolates
1019:
16:Fake indigenous language of North America
1695:
891:
688:
366:
208:under the governor of French Louisiana,
184:Background of actual people and language
1001:
818:
552:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199233762.003.0005
2093:
945:
837:
717:
523:
1063:
825:. Grand Rapids, MI: Fleming H. Revell
864:
802:Adam, Lucien; Parisot, Jean (1885).
705:
536:Campbell, Thomas N. (15 June 2010).
775:
13:
995:
204:, and Natchez. By the time of the
141:people originally of northeastern
14:
2127:
819:Brinton, Daniel Garrison (1885).
601:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
575:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
965:Sturtevant, William C. (2005).
747:
629:
412:
1:
1021:10.1525/aa.1908.10.1.02a00040
838:Bendix, Regina (2009-07-30).
1004:"The Language of the Taensa"
495:
7:
1035:The hegemony of comparatism
1031:L'hégémonie du comparatisme
1002:Swanton, John Reed (1908).
898:. Oxford University Press.
844:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
561:– via tshaonline.org.
468:
362:
266:that may be related to the
10:
2132:
624:Kniffen & Gregory 1994
442:or a close variant of it.
2057:
2011:
1942:
1822:
1748:
1631:
1597:
1502:
1472:
1441:
1408:
1355:
1315:
1282:
1248:
1214:
1187:
1101:
949:The Catholic Encyclopedia
895:American Indian Languages
342:
323:
318:
308:
300:
290:
284:
117:
105:
100:
67:
57:
47:
36:
26:
21:
1029:Auroux, Sylvain (2000).
544:Handbook of Texas Online
278:The fraudulent invention
222:Tensas Parish, Louisiana
1008:American Anthropologist
973:. U of Nebraska Press.
892:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
871:. U of Nebraska Press.
742:Adam & Parisot 1885
730:Adam & Brinton 1885
423:Daniel Garrison Brinton
372:Daniel Garrison Brinton
174:Daniel Garrison Brinton
2075:Unclassified languages
461:linguistics professor
419:Albert Samuel Gatschet
409:, supported the work.
375:
370:
865:Boas, Franz (1911).
767:– via YouTube.
637:"Avoyel-Taensa Home"
2111:19th-century hoaxes
2024:Algonquian–Wakashan
268:Muskogean languages
2012:Proposed groupings
1102:Language families
961:Via NewAdvent.org.
376:
137:was spoken by the
2106:Linguistic hoaxes
2088:
2087:
2070:Extinct languages
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1818:
1817:
1744:
1743:
1498:
1497:
1474:Takelma–Kalapuyan
980:978-0-8032-4235-7
932:978-0-8071-1963-1
905:978-0-19-534983-2
878:978-0-8032-5017-8
851:978-0-299-15543-8
641:avoyel-taensa.org
614:Via Biographi.ca.
588:Via Biographi.ca.
360:
359:
131:
130:
63:late 19th century
2123:
2116:Hoaxes in France
2080:Linguistic areas
1967:
1966:
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776:References cited
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539:"Taensa Indians"
533:
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480:Natchez language
440:Natchez language
356:
337:
328:
282:
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264:language isolate
206:Natchez Massacre
151:Natchez language
110:
73:
19:
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1947:linguistic area
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674:Sturtevant 2005
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291:Created by
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135:Taensa language
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71:Language family
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2065:Classification
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759:. May 18, 2018
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214:grands Taensas
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101:Language codes
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27:Native to
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40:northeastern
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31:United States
29:
25:
20:
2029:Aztec–Tanoan
1992:
1985:
1980:Guanahatabey
1978:
1971:Pre-Arawakan
1953:
1930:
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1866:Oto-Manguean
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1824:Mesoamerican
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1633:Coahuiltecan
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1527:
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1443:Coast Oregon
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1317:Macro-Siouan
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1104:and isolates
1034:
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1007:
984:. Retrieved
970:
954:. Retrieved
948:
936:. Retrieved
921:
909:. Retrieved
894:
882:. Retrieved
867:
855:. Retrieved
840:
827:. Retrieved
821:
809:. Retrieved
804:
791:. Retrieved
785:
761:. Retrieved
755:
749:
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713:
644:. Retrieved
640:
631:
619:
606:. Retrieved
600:
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580:. Retrieved
574:
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555:. Retrieved
543:
531:
456:
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447:
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387:
380:Jean Parisot
377:
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331:
295:Jean Parisot
257:
246:
225:
213:
187:
170:philologists
166:
155:
134:
132:
125:
118:
89:
2034:Macro-Mayan
1899:Uto-Aztecan
1877:Totozoquean
1707:Coahuilteco
1518:Palaihnihan
1400:Tsimshianic
718:Bendix 2009
524:Mooney 1912
413:Controversy
403:Lucien Adam
392:Lucien Adam
238:Bayou Boeuf
2095:Categories
1890:Mixe–Zoque
1859:Misumalpan
1781:Chitimacha
1273:Algonquian
1239:Athabaskan
1118:Yuki–Wappo
1044:2870097255
986:2013-04-24
956:2017-03-07
938:2013-04-24
911:2013-04-24
884:2013-04-24
857:2013-04-24
829:2017-03-07
811:2013-04-24
793:2017-03-07
444:Franz Boas
384:Plombières
272:Chitimacha
242:Grand Lake
2044:Tolatecan
1944:Caribbean
1932:AlagĂĽilac
1925:Purépecha
1911:Cuitlatec
1883:Totonacan
1841:Jicaquean
1760:Muskogean
1735:Mamulique
1721:Comecrudo
1651:Karankawa
1554:Jicaquean
1541:Chimariko
1490:Kalapuyan
1433:Sahaptian
1381:Yok-Utian
1366:Chinookan
1339:Iroquoian
1307:Chimakuan
1123:Chumashan
1053:1377-4565
1014:: 24–32.
706:Boas 1911
496:Citations
457:In 2018,
390:in 1880.
345:Glottolog
326:ISO 639-3
234:Louisiana
230:Red River
210:Bienville
198:Chickasaw
190:Louisiana
143:Louisiana
120:Glottolog
108:ISO 639-3
48:Ethnicity
42:Louisiana
1955:Arawakan
1835:Chibchan
1714:Cotoname
1672:Quinigua
1658:Maratino
1357:Penutian
1301:Wakashan
1294:Salishan
1205:Eskimoan
1189:Eskaleut
608:March 7,
582:March 7,
557:March 7,
469:See also
427:Ossianic
363:Document
354:taen1234
2101:Natchez
2019:Amerind
1994:Ciguayo
1987:Macorix
1961:Cariban
1935: ?
1794: ?
1774:Atakapa
1767:Natchez
1752: ?
1699: ?
1697:Pakawan
1686:Tonkawa
1644:Aranama
1599:Pueblo
1567:Salinan
1548:Esselen
1513:Shastan
1506: ?
1484:Takelma
1476: ?
1463:Siuslaw
1445: ?
1420:Klamath
1412: ?
1410:Plateau
1376:Maiduan
1371:Wintuan
1359: ?
1333:Caddoan
1319: ?
1286: ?
1225:Tlingit
1216:Na-Dene
1171:Waikuri
1164:Timucua
1157:Kutenai
1136:Beothuk
763:May 23,
646:7 March
309:Purpose
260:Natchez
253:Natchez
249:Natchez
194:Natchez
162:Natchez
158:Natchez
147:Alabama
85:Natchez
59:Extinct
2049:Waroid
1905:Xincan
1846:Lencan
1809:Calusa
1802:Tunica
1679:Solano
1665:Naolan
1609:Tanoan
1523:Pomoan
1457:Coosan
1452:Alsean
1427:Molala
1387:Yokuts
1327:Siouan
1178:PericĂş
1150:Cayuse
1051:
1041:
977:
929:
902:
875:
848:
475:Taensa
285:Taensa
218:Taensa
139:Taensa
90:Taensa
52:Taensa
37:Region
22:Taensa
2058:Lists
1918:Huave
1852:Mayan
1728:Garza
1615:Keres
1581:Washo
1560:Karuk
1529:Yuman
1504:Hokan
1393:Utian
1346:Yuchi
1284:Mosan
1266:Yurok
1259:Wiyot
1250:Algic
1198:Aleut
1143:Bidai
1112:Haida
1033:[
313:fraud
202:Yazoo
1750:Gulf
1622:Zuni
1588:Yana
1574:Seri
1232:Eyak
1129:Adai
1049:ISSN
1039:ISBN
975:ISBN
927:ISBN
900:ISBN
873:ISBN
846:ISBN
765:2021
648:2017
610:2017
584:2017
559:2017
459:Yale
405:and
332:None
304:1882
301:Date
262:, a
240:and
176:and
133:The
126:None
79:Gulf
1093:of
1016:doi
548:doi
446:'s
336:mis
232:in
226:ca.
2097::
1047:.
1012:10
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550::
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338:)
334:(
113:–
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