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town's electorate. A former alderman, J. E. Burns, suggested passing sanitation laws to enable the city to evict
Chinese residents and burn down Chinese homes. Reverend J. A. Ward suggested that white property owners cease selling and leasing property to the Chinese community. Weisbach roused the crowd with a closing speech, stating: "If the people are in earnest, if they are Free Americans in fact they will not yield up their homes and business to the filthy horde." The crowd adopted a resolution to exclude Chinese people from Tacoma and discourage citizens from employing any Chinese people. The resolution stipulated that any citizen who did not boycott Chinese employment would have their name published.
313:. President Cleveland reacted to the growing anti-Chinese sentiments by strengthening the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 under the belief that cultural differences and anti-Chinese hostility made the U.S. unsafe for Chinese immigrants. In turn, the Qing government felt that the U.S. was unable or unwilling to protect Chinese citizens living in America. In August 1886, the Chinese foreign office proposed a new Sino-American treaty be drafted with the U.S. State department. On October 1, 1888, Congress passed the Scott Act which permanently banned the immigration or return of Chinese laborers to the United States. The Qing government did not recognize the legitimacy of this act.
111:, an Irish immigrant and one of California's most public anti-Chinese labor leaders, popularized the call of "The Chinese Must Go!" This rallying cry became increasingly common throughout the American West and was used in the buildup to the Chinese expulsion in Tacoma. As anti-Chinese sentiment became common in California, corresponding incidents of violence and anti-Chinese legislation occurred throughout the state. This included several riots as well as ordinances that set limits on housing and property ownership. Racial animus and new economic opportunities led Chinese immigrants to other territories, moving to other parts of the American West and Pacific Northwest.
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which would be located at the former national guard site on
Commencement Bay. The city council authorized $ 25,000 to begin the project, and the Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation was founded in spring of 1994 in order to continue the process of reconciliation in the Tacoma community. The centerpiece of the foundation has been the construction of Chinese Reconciliation Park, located on the Ruston Way shoreline. The park is very close to the former Chinese settlement of Little Canton, from which residents were expelled in 1885. The park consists of a waterfront trail, the String of Pearls Bridge, and a custom pavilion that was originally constructed in China.
293:, representing San Francisco's Chinese consulate, exchanged messages with Governor Watson Squire over the safety of the territory's Chinese residents. Bee noted that "Complaints are made to this consulate from your Territory that evil-disposed persons have attacked and wounded several Chinese residents, and that further violence is threatened; that, in fact, the Chinese are to be expelled from the Territory." Squire assured Bee that Washington officials would be vigilant about future actions.
226:, stopping at each Chinese residence and business to tell the people within to pack and be ready for a wagon to come at 1:30 PM that day to take them away. They visited the homes and businesses of white citizens who had refused to fire their Chinese employees, delivering their message to them as well. The mob acted methodically and militaristically in their action to expel the Chinese population of Tacoma, and many of the men were armed with either guns or clubs.
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communities assembled of the expulsion date. A meeting was held at the Alpha Opera House in Tacoma on
October 3 to elect the Tacoma "ouster committee," which would later become known as the Committee of Fifteen. Following the meeting, members of this committee alerted members of Tacoma's Chinese community that they had to leave the city by November 1. Other anti-Chinese community members put additional pressure on white Tacomans to fire their Chinese employees.
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277:, Washington Territory on the morning of November 9. Community members cheered on the 27 as they left, and immediately began raising money for a legal fund. Each member of the Tacoma Twenty-Seven stated that they would plead not guilty. By the 12th, the 27 had posted bail and returned to Tacoma, where they were greeted with much fanfare. The trial of the 27 had been set for the first Monday of April in 1886.
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her house. May reported that: "From the excitement, the fright, and the losses we sustained through the riot she lost her reason. She was hopelessly insane and attacked people with a hatchet or any other weapon if not watched...She was perfectly sane before the riot." There were only a few instances of resistance to the actions of the mob. A few
Chinese residents sent telegrams to Governor
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were forced to leave with the rest of the
Chinese community. Upon arriving at Lake View, the expelled Chinese people were forced to buy their own train tickets to Portland. Those who could not afford tickets rode in the boxcars of a freight train or walked the 140 miles along the rail grade. While waiting for transportation, two men died of exposure.
35:, on November 3, 1885. City leaders had earlier proposed a November 1 deadline for the Chinese population to leave the city. On November 3, 1885, a mob that consisted of prominent businessmen, police, and political leaders descended on the Chinese community. The mob marched Chinese residents to a railroad station and forced them to board a train to
185:, was among the attendees. During this meeting, they discussed the actions taken by other localities to expel their Chinese citizens and considered how they might do the same in Tacoma. This was one of the earliest recorded instances of Tacoma citizens meeting to discuss taking direct action to expel Chinese residents.
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August 27, 1991. The statement suggested that "since the eviction was from the Old Town waterfront, it would be appropriate to set aside an area of reconciliation (small park with a
Chinese motif) and a monument acknowledging the incident, noting Tacoma's regret and desire to move ahead in unity and respect."
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on
November 4, the day after the expulsion, read: "Gone! Two Hundred Chinese Leave the City – How the People's Request was Enforced." On November 7, a ball was held by Tacoma Turnverein, the city's German society, to celebrate the actions of Mayor Weisbach and the Committee of Fifteen. That same day,
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President
Cleveland, concerned about trade relations with China following the Tacoma expulsion and other cases of anti-Chinese violence in the United States, asked Congress to pass legislation to indemnify the Chinese who suffered from riots in the Pacific states and territories. Congress authorized
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In the ensuing days, members of the Tacoma community burned down the city's
Chinatown. On November 4, three members of the Committee of Fifteen went to inspect Chinese property along the waterfront, and shortly after their departure the buildings were engulfed in flames. No attempts were made by the
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At 1:30 pm, 150 to 200 members of the
Chinese community were rounded up and forced to march 8 miles to the Lake View train station in a torrential downpour. A select number of Chinese merchants were granted a stay of 48 hours to pack up their business, however, for many this was not honored and they
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The expulsion was often violent. Lum May, a prominent merchant who had been in Tacoma since 1875, reported in a later deposition that the mob "broke forcibly into the houses, smashing in doors and breaking in windows." The wife of Lum May refused to leave and was dragged by members of the mob out of
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A series of events occurred in the days leading up to the expulsion. On October 31, the night prior to the deadline for the Chinese residents to leave, a final rally was held. Nearly 700 people came to show support for the expulsion. As the November 1st deadline approached, an additional 150 Chinese
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On September 28, 1885, an "Anti-Chinese Congress" met in Seattle. Tacoma's Mayor Weisbach presided over the congress, which proclaimed that all Chinese people must leave Western Washington by November 1 of that year. The congress planned for "ouster committees" to notify the Chinese residents in the
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announced plans to situate its western terminus in Tacoma. Given the experience of Chinese laborers on other major railroad projects, they were among the laborers that were hired to work on the new construction. The Northern Pacific Railway completed its Tacoma terminal on December 27, 1873. Because
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This impacted Chinese immigration to Tacoma for decades. In 1992, the Chinese Citizens Reconciliation Committee was created. In 1993, the Tacoma City Council issued a statement on the expulsion saying that it was "a most reprehensible occurrence". In 2005, Chinese Reconciliation Park broke ground on
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Dr. David Murdock moved to Tacoma in 1982 and noticed the lack of Chinese presence in the city. After learning about the 1885 expulsion of Tacoma's Chinese citizens and worried by the lack of recognition of the event, Murdoch submitted a Citizen Suggestion Award Application to the city of Tacoma on
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echoed the Oregonian's concern of the treatment of the Chinese in Tacoma, and noted that two Chinese residents who were driven out of Tacoma were British citizens who appealed to the British government for redress. The Chronicle also stated that Tacoma would not be so proud of their method once its
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in 1848. This gave poor Chinese families the hope and opportunity to raise their families. The rate of immigration was relatively small until 18,000 Chinese came to California in 1852. As they formed communities, they developed their own benevolent societies to support them in their new lives. This
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with 700 of them in Tacoma. There was a fluctuation of the numbers of Chinese residents during this time due to the lack of record keeping and the transient nature of the industries that many Chinese residents worked in. There were several Chinese owned businesses within Chinatown selling groceries
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and represented one of the deadliest anti-Chinese incidents in the United States during the nineteenth century. A group of coal miners drove out hundreds of Chinese miners and killed at least 28 of them. News of this event spread nationally and internationally and led to increased friction between
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and noted that "Several hundred Chinese driven from Tacoma...No effort made by the governor or authorities to protect them. Prompt action must be taken, or the same outrage will be enacted all over the Territory." The Chinese consulate continued to make the argument that the expulsion and related
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The trial stalled for a year before the original indictments were dropped on a technicality. The United States Attorney immediately presented evidence for a new trial but only 10 of the original 27 were re-indicted. These indictments were also dropped for procedural reasons. Finally, in 1887, the
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On February 21, 1885, Mayor Weisbach called a mass meeting at the Alpha Opera House to discuss methods of expelling the Chinese population of Tacoma. Roughly 900 of Tacoma's 6,936 total citizens came to the meeting. The crowd was mostly male and white, and the crowd represented nearly half of the
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On November 30, 1993, the Tacoma City Council approved resolution number 32415 in order to formally apologize for the Chinese expulsion of 1885. In doing so, the council recognized efforts of local citizens in promoting reconciliation and endorsed the construction of a Chinese commemorative park
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asking for help, but he did not take any action. Some who may have intervened against the action of the mob later reported a hesitance due to the presence of the mayor, judge, multiple members of the city council, and the fire chief in the mob. When Lum May appealed to Mayor Weisbach and noted
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This organized action became known as the "Tacoma method", and despite national and international outcry, it was used as an example of how to forcibly remove Chinese residents from cities and towns throughout the American West. The anti-Chinese sentiment in Tacoma and Washington Territory more
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The Tacoma City Council also tried to pursue expulsion through legal means, by making residence in Tacoma more difficult for the Chinese community. The council passed an ordinance at the recommendation of Mayor Weisbach stating that all sleeping rooms needed to have 500 cubic feet of air per
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As Chinese miners began to work in California's mines, tensions began to rise between European and Chinese workers. Similar animus took place once the Chinese began to branch out into other industries. Anti-Chinese sentiment was particularly strong with labor organizations in California.
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Herbert Hunt stated that during 1885, "the discussion of the question was constant and it figured in many business and social affairs." Many groups formed in 1885 in Tacoma with the express goal of expelling the Chinese community. On September 7 of 1885, a Tacoma chapter of the
122:, were federal laws that targeted Chinese immigrants by barring all new immigration from China. Local sentiment among anti-Chinese activists in the Washington Territory was that this legislation was not being enforced, and that Chinese migrants were entering primarily from
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California became the core site of early anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States beginning in the 1850s. While Chinese immigrants enjoyed a much older history in the United States, the true expansion of Chinese immigration to the United States was with the
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people left the city, leaving roughly 200 Chinese people in Tacoma. The following day, November 2, those accused in the Squak Valley massacre were acquitted, leading to a feeling that those involved in anti-Chinese actions could act with relative impunity.
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After this alert, much of the Chinese community left the city, with merchants and some laborers choosing to remain behind. Some members of the Tacoma community gave their assurances to Chinese residents that they would be protected and not forced to leave.
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Immediately following the expulsion, Chinese consulates in Washington, D.C., and San Francisco pursued legal avenues to ensuring a just resolution. On Yang Ming, the consul general in San Francisco, messaged Secretary of State
161:, Washington Territory, white miners drove the Chinese out and injured nine of them. These events spurred a flurry of organizing activity devoted to expelling the Chinese from other communities in the Washington Territory.
153:), a group of white and Native American laborers fired into the tents of Chinese hop pickers and killed three of them. On September 11, 1885, another instance of anti-Chinese violence occurred in the Coal Creek mines of
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case was brought before a new grand jury, but in the end, no one was indicted. The men involved in the Chinese expulsion had become local heroes and would go on to dominate city politics for years afterwards.
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Mayor Weisbach, the fire chief, and 25 others who were involved with the expulsion were indicted on felony conspiracy charges. This group would become known as the Tacoma Twenty-Seven. They were escorted to
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On the morning of November 3 at 9:30 am, 200 to 300 white citizens of Tacoma gathered on Pacific Avenue. The mob had shortly thereafter grown to nearly 500 people. The mob marched from Seventeenth Street to
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there was still work to be done building wharves and smaller rail lines, Chinese workers remained in the area. The Northern Pacific Railway leased the Chinese land near the train tracks which became the
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The Chinese consulates in San Francisco and Washington, D.C., were in contact with Washington Territory officials and representatives of the federal government throughout 1885. In September,
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the Chinese consulate and the United States government. This would become one of a string of violent incidents directed towards the Chinese population in the Pacific Northwest territories.
157:, Washington Territory. There, one Chinese miner was kidnapped and the barracks of several dozen Chinese workers was set on fire. On September 19, 1885, in the coal mining community of
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181:(a German immigrant) met with a small group of men to discuss the Chinese question. William Christie, who had witnessed the Chinese expulsion that had recently occurred in
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239:'s promise of protection for the Chinese community, Weisbach retorted that "General Sprague has nothing to say. If he says anything we will hang him or kick him."
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gave them a connection to their homeland but it also provided them job opportunities, education, recreation, medical help, and assistance in settling disputes.
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Tacoma Fire Department to save the buildings. Within four days of the expulsion, all physical memory of Tacoma's Chinese community had been erased by fire.
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published a piece condemning the actions of Tacoma and comparing the treatment of Chinese in Tacoma to the expulsion of the Jews and Moors from Spain. The
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a payment of $ 276,619.75 on October 19, 1888, to China as compensation for the Tacoma expulsion and other cases of anti-Chinese violence.
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and household goods, but the majority of the Chinese were employed in laundries, small stores, hotels, restaurants, and domestic work.
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Some members of the Chinese community were situated along Pacific Avenue, near the Hatch Mill. Some of their shacks are pictured here.
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The Tacoma 27 were indicted on felony conspiracy charges related to the Chinese expulsion. None of them were ultimately convicted.
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1294:"Lesson Fifteen: Industrialization, Class, and Race; Chinese and the Anti-Chinese Movement in the Late 19th-Century Northwest".
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was coined in the aftermath of the Tacoma expulsion in a piece written by Tacoma resident George Dudley Lawson in California's
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situation became an international incident. Tacoma received criticism from several newspapers on the East Coast, including The
39:. In the following days, the structures that remained in the Chinese community were razed. The event was the result of growing
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Jacob Weisbach, the mayor of Tacoma during the Chinese expulsion, was a central figure in the anti-Chinese movement in Tacoma.
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1257:. Ethnic History Series 2. Tacoma: Washington State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1977, pp. 33–59.
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Chinese officials experienced several challenges in working with the administration of United States President
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This custom pavilion is one of the centerpieces of Chinese Reconciliation Park in Tacoma, Washington.
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broadly made it so that those involved did not face repercussions for their actions.
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81:. This was located on the Tacoma waterfront near present-day Downtown Tacoma.
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This violence soon spread to Washington Territory. On September 7, 1885, in
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was formed, which helped to increase hostility against Chinese residents.
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By the 1880s, there were approximately 1,000 Chinese residents living in
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Karlin, Jules Alexander. "The Anti-Chinese Outbreak in Tacoma, 1885".
1260:"Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation". accessed April 16, 2017.
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List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations
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Puget's Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound
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Golden Tassels: A History of the Chinese in Washington, 1857-1992
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Tacoma: Its History and Its Builders; a Half Century of Activity
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Straw Hats, Sandals, and Steel: The Chinese in Washington State
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Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
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U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China
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acts of anti-Chinese violence were a direct violation of the
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After the Tacoma expulsion, the Portland, Oregon, newspaper
1324:. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 2007, pp. 215–229. (
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1309:, 212–52. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979. (
1270:. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1916, pp. 355–383
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1339:, by Roger Daniels, 204–12. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
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Driven Out: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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History of Chinese Americans in the Pacific Northwest
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One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America
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Wilcox, W.P. "Anti-Chinese Riots in Washington". In
1305:Morgan, Murray Cromwell. "The Chinese Must Go". In
3313:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
595:Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation 2013, "
577:Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation 2013, "
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51:the Tacoma waterfront to commemorate the event.
3461:Riots and civil disorder in Washington (state)
3456:Chinese-American culture in Washington (state)
1814:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
1745:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
1280:Kennedy, Robert C. "Justice for the Chinese".
1277:23, no. 3 (1954): 271–83. doi:10.2307/3635568.
217:Expulsion and destruction of Chinese community
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2725:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
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1755:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
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457:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
93:Regional and national anti-Chinese sentiment
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285:US government and Chinese consulate
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1776:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
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1250:. Art Chin, 1992, pp. 38–83.
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2768:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
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1969:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
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1953:Internment of Chinese-Indians
1866:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
725:Yung, et al. 2012, pp. 48-54.
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2053:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
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1959:1964 race riots in Singapore
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7:
2120:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
2110:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
2007:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
1298:. Accessed April 16, 2017.
1005:Hildebrand 1977, pp. 50-51.
852:Hildebrand 1977, pp. 39-40.
608:Hildebrand 1977, pp. 20-21.
565:Pfaelzer 2007, pp. 224-228.
542:Pfaelzer 2007, pp. 222-223.
533:Pfaelzer 2007, pp. 221-222.
521:Pfaelzer 2007, pp. 219-220.
467:Hells Canyon massacre, 1887
452:Rock Springs massacre, 1885
390:
60:Chinese community of Tacoma
10:
3497:
3250:Chinese American Museum DC
2712:San Francisco riot of 1877
2115:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
1979:13 May incident (Malaysia)
1947:Chinese Confession Program
1837:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
1781:Chinese head tax in Canada
1728:San Francisco riot of 1877
489:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
442:San Francisco riot of 1877
118:, and the subsequent 1892
116:1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
3436:1885 in the United States
3405:List of Chinese Americans
3397:
3374:United International Bank
3361:
3278:
3231:
3162:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2702:1867 Chinese Labor Strike
2694:
2638:
2627:
2486:
2435:
2374:
2316:
2221:
2185:
2149:
2142:
2083:2015 Aksu colliery attack
2033:2008 Kunming bus bombings
2015:
1823:
1680:
1659:
1632:
1625:
1589:
1477:
1431:
1404:The Unparalleled Invasion
1381:
1288:Accessed April 16, 2017.
1275:Pacific Historical Review
1032:Morgan 1979, pp. 242-243.
996:Morgan 1979, pp. 239-241.
948:Morgan 1979, pp. 237-238.
891:Morgan 1979, pp. 230-231.
882:Morgan 1979, pp. 229-230.
831:Morgan 1979, pp. 225-226.
813:Morgan 1979, pp. 223-224.
755:Wilcox 1978, pp. 205-206.
698:Hildebrand 1977, pp. 8-9.
3303:Chinese Community Centre
3173:American Chinese cuisine
3049:Providence, Rhode Island
2707:Chinese massacre of 1871
2646:Anti-Chinese legislation
2496:Chinese American history
2068:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
1877:Second Sino-Japanese War
1706:Chinese massacre of 1871
1602:Asiatic Exclusion League
1210:– via NYTimes.com.
509:
437:Chinese massacre of 1871
402:Chinese American history
74:Northern Pacific Railway
3298:Chinese American church
3244:Chinese American Museum
3081:San Francisco Chinatown
2779:Killing of Vincent Chin
2666:Immigration Act of 1924
2429:Chinese American topics
2198:Ita Martadinata Haryono
2078:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
2028:Abacus Bank prosecution
1651:Sangley Massacre (1662)
1195:Justice for the Chinese
1151:Hildebrand 1977, p. 59.
1121:Hildebrand 1977, p. 58.
1100:Hildebrand 1977, p. 57.
1023:Hildebrand 1977, p. 51.
975:Hildebrand 1977, p. 50.
689:Hildebrand 1977, p. 43.
617:Hildebrand 1977, p. 21.
3181:American Chinese films
2959:Montville, Connecticut
2785:Killing of Akai Gurley
2073:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
2038:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
1831:White Australia policy
1374:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1253:Hildebrand, Lorraine.
1220:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 229.
1208:"The Learning Network"
1160:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 225.
1091:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 223.
1068:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 222.
966:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 221.
737:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 215.
707:Hildebrand 1977, p. 9.
677:Hildebrand 1977, p. 8.
668:Hildebrand 1977, p. 7.
556:Pfaelzer 2007, p. 219.
483:Torreón massacre, 1911
379:
265:
174:
69:
41:anti-Chinese sentiment
3476:Asian-American issues
2754:Hells Canyon Massacre
2730:Rock Springs massacre
2656:Chinese Exclusion Act
2448:American-born Chinese
2387:Hong Kong nationalism
2023:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
2002:1997 Banjarmasin riot
1797:Hells Canyon Massacre
1770:Rock Springs massacre
1760:Issaquah riot of 1885
1739:Chinese Exclusion Act
1667:1740 Batavia massacre
1469:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1444:Andrew Jackson Bryant
1130:Pfelzer 2007, p. 225.
746:Chin 1992, pp. 66-67.
659:Hildebrand 1977, p. 7
647:Chin 1992, pp. 58-59.
417:Chinese Exclusion Act
377:
263:
172:
131:Rock Springs Massacre
67:
3379:Global Commerce Bank
3353:Hip Sing Association
2741:Seattle riot of 1886
2043:2011 Kashgar attacks
1787:Seattle riot of 1886
1733:New Zealand head tax
1672:1782 Saigon massacre
1411:Japanese nationalism
1290:The Learning Network
1234:Morgan 2003, p. 250.
1169:Morgan 1979, p. 251.
1139:Morgan 1979, p. 248.
1109:Morgan 1979, p. 244.
1077:Morgan 1979, p. 245.
1059:Morgan 1979, p. 243.
1050:Morgan 1979, p. 242.
1014:Morgan 1979, p. 238.
984:Morgan 1979, p. 241.
957:Morgan 1979, p. 239.
930:Morgan 1979, p. 237.
921:Morgan 1979, p. 236.
900:Morgan 1979, p. 230.
873:Wilcox 1978, p. 206.
804:Morgan 1979, p. 223.
778:Morgan 1979, p. 222.
462:Seattle riot of 1886
268:The headline of the
151:Issaquah, Washington
100:California Gold Rush
33:Washington Territory
23:, also known as the
3323:Ying On Association
3223:Chinatown bus lines
3215:Confucius Institute
3139:Rockville, Maryland
3127:Spokane, Washington
2736:Tacoma riot of 1885
2478:Hyphenated American
2473:Hong Kong Americans
2382:Chinese imperialism
2063:2014 Kunming attack
1919:Home Office 213/926
1907:Sook Ching massacre
1895:Japanese war crimes
1871:Wanpaoshan Incident
1765:Tacoma riot of 1885
1722:Trout Creek Outrage
939:Pfaelzer 2007, 219.
638:Wilcox 1978, p. 204
597:Tacoma Chinese Park
270:Tacoma Daily Ledger
21:Tacoma riot of 1885
3146:Winnemucca, Nevada
2938:San Gabriel Valley
2857:West Argyle Street
2747:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2612:Washington State (
1996:Cambodian genocide
1933:Mergosono massacre
1913:Changkiao massacre
1889:Nanshitou Massacre
1694:Lambing Flat riots
1597:Anti-Chinese Union
1527:Racism in Malaysia
1439:Adriaan Valckenier
1399:Chinese emigration
1181:Hunt 1916, p. 383.
1041:Hunt 1916, p. 375.
909:Hunt 1916, p. 371.
861:Hunt 1916, p. 363.
822:Hunt 1916, p. 361.
790:Hunt 1916, p. 359.
494:Tacoma, Washington
380:
266:
183:Eureka, California
175:
70:
3418:
3417:
3189:Chinaman's chance
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3091:Richmond District
3075:San Francisco Bay
2952:North Miami Beach
2926:Locke, California
2879:Dallas-Fort Worth
2794:
2793:
2623:
2622:
2601:Dallas-Fort Worth
2571:Mississippi Delta
2443:Chinese Americans
2395:
2394:
2329:Chinaman's chance
2312:
2311:
2279:Mi Gao Huang Chen
2249:Franklin Feng Tao
2138:
2137:
1900:Three Alls Policy
1711:Pigtail Ordinance
1640:Sangley Rebellion
1330:978-1-4000-6134-1
1315:978-0-295-95680-0
840:Chin 1992, p. 66.
764:Chin 1992, p. 67.
716:Chin 1992, p. 64.
629:Chin 1992, p. 59.
397:Chinatown, Tacoma
333:Seattle Chronicle
321:National response
304:Burlingame Treaty
139:Wyoming Territory
3488:
3338:Committee of 100
3265:Wing Luke Museum
3133:Washington, D.C.
3044:Portland, Oregon
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2773:Bellingham riots
2686:China Initiative
2636:
2635:
2514:
2513:
2458:Fuzhou Americans
2422:
2415:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2366:Sick man of Asia
2356:Locust/Wongchung
2274:Leung Chi-cheung
2147:
2146:
2105:China Initiative
1883:Nanking Massacre
1849:Torreón massacre
1803:Scott Act (1888)
1717:Page Act of 1875
1630:
1629:
1574:China Initiative
1367:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1320:Pfaelzer, Jean.
1235:
1232:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
874:
871:
862:
859:
853:
850:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
814:
811:
805:
802:
791:
788:
779:
776:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
678:
675:
669:
666:
660:
657:
648:
645:
639:
636:
630:
627:
618:
615:
609:
606:
600:
593:
582:
575:
566:
563:
557:
554:
543:
540:
534:
531:
522:
519:
499:Watson C. Squire
477:Bellingham riots
363:Overland Monthly
353:New York Tribune
311:Grover Cleveland
299:Thomas F. Bayard
195:Knights of Labor
124:British Columbia
79:Tacoma Chinatown
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3393:
3357:
3274:
3227:
3150:
3096:Sunset District
3039:Portland, Maine
2790:
2690:
2651:Anti-Coolie Act
2630:
2619:
2555:Massachusetts (
2512:
2482:
2468:Hoklo Americans
2463:Hakka Americans
2431:
2426:
2396:
2391:
2370:
2308:
2217:
2181:
2134:
2011:
1990:Malari incident
1855:1918 Kudus riot
1819:
1700:Anti-Coolie Act
1676:
1655:
1621:
1585:
1532:Ketuanan Melayu
1505:Racism in Japan
1473:
1427:
1423:De-Sinicization
1377:
1371:
1266:Hunt, Herbert.
1243:
1241:Further reading
1238:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
913:
908:
904:
899:
895:
890:
886:
881:
877:
872:
865:
860:
856:
851:
844:
839:
835:
830:
826:
821:
817:
812:
808:
803:
794:
789:
782:
777:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
693:
688:
681:
676:
672:
667:
663:
658:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
621:
616:
612:
607:
603:
594:
585:
576:
569:
564:
560:
555:
546:
541:
537:
532:
525:
520:
516:
512:
393:
372:
343:New York Herald
323:
287:
258:
256:Local aftermath
253:
237:John W. Sprague
219:
167:
95:
62:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:East West Bank
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3348:Bing Kong Tong
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3270:Wo Hing Museum
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:Transportation
3217:
3212:
3210:Chinese school
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3109:Seattle-Tacoma
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3071:
3066:
3064:Salt Lake City
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2718:Tape v. Hurley
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2631:discrimination
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Asian American
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2436:Related groups
2433:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Teoh Beng Hock
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Jiansheng Chen
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:Velma Demerson
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Chae Chan Ping
2153:
2151:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Wolf Amendment
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1843:Beipu uprising
1840:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1590:By institution
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1292:
1282:New York Times
1278:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1213:
1199:
1183:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
863:
854:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
792:
780:
766:
757:
748:
739:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
679:
670:
661:
649:
640:
631:
619:
610:
601:
583:
567:
558:
544:
535:
523:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
389:
371:
370:Reconciliation
368:
339:New York Times
322:
319:
286:
283:
257:
254:
252:
249:
218:
215:
179:Jacob Weisbach
166:
163:
94:
91:
61:
58:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3493:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
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3280:Organizations
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3246:(Los Angeles)
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3054:Salem, Oregon
3052:
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3032:Squirrel Hill
3030:
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3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Oklahoma City
3010:
3006:
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2989:New York City
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2585:New York City
2582:
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2569:Mississippi (
2568:
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2532:San Francisco
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2162:Fong Yue Ting
2160:
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2092:Trump tariffs
2089:
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2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
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1980:
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1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
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1948:
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1911:
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1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
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1862:(1920s–1930s)
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1688:Buckland Riot
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1569:United States
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1452:
1450:
1449:Denis Kearney
1447:
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1437:
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1432:By persecutor
1430:
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367:
365:
364:
359:
358:Tacoma method
356:. The phrase
355:
354:
349:
348:
344:
340:
334:
330:
329:
328:The Oregonian
318:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
294:
292:
291:Frederick Bee
282:
278:
276:
271:
262:
248:
244:
240:
238:
233:
232:Watson Squire
227:
225:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
190:
186:
184:
180:
171:
162:
160:
159:Black Diamond
156:
152:
149:(present-day
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
109:Denis Kearney
104:
101:
90:
87:
86:Pierce County
82:
80:
75:
72:In 1873, the
66:
52:
48:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3131:
3107:
3073:
3017:Philadelphia
2987:
2963:
2944:
2930:
2906:
2877:
2863:
2849:
2835:
2759:
2745:
2735:
2716:
2676:Magnuson Act
2629:Anti-Chinese
2222:21st century
2193:Vincent Chin
2186:20th century
2172:Wong Kim Ark
2150:19th century
2016:21st century
1929:(1945–1947)
1924:
1879:(1937-1945)
1824:20th century
1764:
1681:19th century
1660:18th century
1633:17th century
1617:Uyoku dantai
1612:Tsagaan Khas
1544:Nazi Germany
1394:Yellow Peril
1376:(Sinophobia)
1336:
1321:
1306:
1295:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1254:
1247:
1216:
1202:
1165:
1156:
1135:
1126:
1105:
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1073:
1064:
1055:
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980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
905:
896:
887:
878:
857:
836:
827:
818:
809:
760:
751:
742:
721:
712:
703:
694:
673:
664:
643:
634:
613:
604:
561:
538:
517:
385:
381:
361:
357:
351:
347:New York Sun
337:
332:
326:
324:
315:
308:
295:
288:
279:
269:
267:
245:
241:
228:
220:
211:
207:
203:
201:individual.
199:
191:
187:
176:
147:Squak Valley
144:
135:Rock Springs
133:occurred in
128:
113:
105:
96:
83:
71:
49:
45:
24:
20:
18:
3369:Cathay Bank
3185:Terminology
2983:New Orleans
2932:Los Angeles
2639:Legislation
2591:Puerto Rico
2527:Los Angeles
2523:California
2517:by location
2361:Shina/Zhina
2341:Ching chong
2304:Michelle Go
2294:Xiaoxing Xi
2284:Sherry Chen
2269:Jiayang Fan
2203:Qian Xuesen
1998:(1975–1979)
1949:(1956–1965)
1921:(1945–1946)
1891:(1942-1945)
1885:(1937–1938)
1833:(1901–1973)
1810:(1892–1943)
1783:(1885–1923)
1741:(1882–1943)
1735:(1881–1944)
1696:(1860–1861)
1626:By incident
1549:Philippines
1454:Hideki Tojo
1246:Chin, Art.
3431:1885 riots
3425:Categories
3027:Pittsburgh
2965:New Jersey
2885:Richardson
2800:Chinatowns
2583:New York (
2576:Missouri (
2562:Michigan (
2548:Illinois (
2299:Yao Pan Ma
2259:Haoyang Yu
2234:Danny Chen
2213:Wen Ho Lee
1478:By country
1382:Background
1193:Kennedy, "
224:Old Tacoma
55:Background
3206:Education
3202:Love boat
3194:Jook-sing
3069:San Diego
3059:St. Louis
2995:Manhattan
2921:Las Vegas
2865:Cleveland
2826:Baltimore
2671:Cable Act
2661:Geary Act
2578:St. Louis
2254:Gang Chen
2244:Eileen Gu
2229:Anming Hu
2167:Mary Tape
2143:By victim
1808:Geary Act
1554:Singapore
1495:Indonesia
1485:Hong Kong
1286:Harpweek.
1262:Park Home
485:in Mexico
275:Vancouver
251:Aftermath
155:Newcastle
120:Geary Act
3101:San Jose
3000:Brooklyn
2902:Honolulu
2871:Asiatown
2539:Colorado
2324:Chinaman
1943:(1950s-)
1564:Thailand
1522:Malaysia
391:See also
235:General
37:Portland
3232:Museums
3163:Culture
3115:Seattle
3086:Oakland
3022:Phoenix
2946:Florida
2908:Houston
2897:Detroit
2851:Chicago
2816:Atlanta
2614:Seattle
2606:Houston
2564:Detroit
2550:Chicago
2488:History
2375:Related
2177:Yick Wo
1926:Bersiap
1581:Vietnam
1539:Myanmar
1464:Pol Pot
1459:Suharto
1416:Minzoku
479:of 1907
3389:Others
3198:Events
3120:Tacoma
3005:Queens
2976:Newark
2971:Edison
2892:Denver
2843:Quincy
2837:Boston
2821:Austin
2787:(2016)
2781:(1982)
2775:(1907)
2764:(1898)
2756:(1887)
2750:(1886)
2732:(1885)
2721:(1884)
2695:Events
2557:Boston
2544:Hawaii
2351:Chinky
2239:Ee Lee
1992:(1974)
1981:(1969)
1955:(1962)
1935:(1947)
1915:(1943)
1909:(1942)
1873:(1931)
1851:(1911)
1845:(1907)
1839:(1907)
1816:(1899)
1799:(1887)
1772:(1885)
1724:(1876)
1713:(1873)
1702:(1862)
1690:(1857)
1642:(1603)
1559:Taiwan
1389:Coolie
1328:
1313:
29:Tacoma
3398:Lists
3362:Banks
2831:Boise
2596:Texas
2346:Chink
2317:Slurs
1512:Korea
1500:Japan
1490:India
510:Notes
3177:Film
3169:Food
1517:Laos
1326:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1284:and
350:and
19:The
3427::
2094:)
1225:^
1197:."
1186:^
1174:^
1144:^
1114:^
1082:^
989:^
914:^
866:^
845:^
795:^
783:^
769:^
730:^
682:^
652:^
622:^
599:."
586:^
581:."
570:^
547:^
526:^
345:,
341:,
306:.
137:,
126:.
31:,
2616:)
2587:)
2580:)
2573:)
2566:)
2559:)
2552:)
2421:e
2414:t
2407:v
2090:(
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1332:)
1317:)
1302:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
