882:
894:
1586:
1196:. He had spent 20 years in the trenches of Midwest railroading, where rebates, pooling, expansion and rate wars had brought ruinous competition. Having seen the effects of having multiple railroads attempt to serve the same destination, he was very much in tune with James J. Hill's philosophy of "community of interest," a loose affiliation or collusion among roads in an attempt to avoid duplicating routes, rate wars, weak finances and ultimately bankruptcies and reorganizations. Elliott would be left to make peace with the Hill-controlled Great Northern; the Harriman-controlled Union Pacific; and, between 1907 and 1909, the last of the northern transcontinentals, the
679:
1766:
27:
1754:
1041:
1209:
1280:
690:
48:
1594:
1947:(1827–1889), engineer-in-chief, February 18, 1880, to January 1888. In October 1886, he was also named second vice-president of the Northern Pacific. He completed the line between Saint Paul, Minnesota, and Wallula (where it connected with the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's line to Portland), witnessing the driving of the last spike on September 8, 1883. Thereafter, he evaluated possible routes for the Cascade Division, intended to connect the NP at some point near the mouth of the Snake River with
573:, the staggering costs of building a railroad into a vast wilderness had been drastically underestimated. Cooke had little success in marketing the bonds in Europe and overextended his house in meeting overdrafts of the mounting construction costs. Cooke overestimated his managerial skills and failed to appreciate the limits of a banker's ability to be also a promoter, and the danger of freezing his assets in the bonds of the Northern Pacific. Cooke and Company went bankrupt on September 18, 1873. Soon the
780:
369:
522:
3176:
550:
profits, and also to eliminate sizable annual tax bills. By 1905 the railroad company's land policies changed, after it was judged a costly mistake to have sold much of the land at wholesale prices. With better railroad service and improved methods of farming the
Northern Pacific easily sold what had been heretofore "worthless" land directly to farmers at good prices. By 1910 the railroad's holdings in North Dakota had been greatly reduced.
36:
542:
1085:
764:
1786:", they were offered to diners on the North Coast Limited beginning in early 1909. Word of the line's specialty offering traveled quickly, and before long it was using "the Great Big Baked Potato" as a slogan to promote the railroad's passenger service. Hollywood stars were hired to promote it. When an addition was built for the Northern Pacific's Seattle commissary in 1914, a
1127:, which was completed between the Twin Cities and Puget Sound in 1893, also lacked a direct connection to Chicago. Hill went looking for a road with an existing route between the Twin Cities and Chicago which could be rolled into his holdings and give him a stable path to that important interchange. At the same time,
1159:
In three days, the
Harriman-Hill imbroglio managed to wreak havoc on the stock market. Northern Pacific stock was quoted at $ 150 a share on May 6 and is reported to have traded as much as $ 1,000 a share behind the scenes. Harriman and Hill now worked to settle the issue for brokers to avoid panic.
1146:
Not to be outdone, Harriman now came up with a crafty plan: buy a controlling interest in the
Northern Pacific and use its power on the Burlington to place friendly directors upon its board. On May 3, 1901, Harriman began his stock raid which would become known as the Northern Pacific Corner. By the
909:
Villard's fall was swifter than his ascendancy. Like Jay Cooke, he was now consumed by the enormous costs of constructing the railroad. Wall Street bears attacked the stock shortly after the Golden Spike, after the realization that the
Northern Pacific was a very long road with very little business.
653:
This small amount of construction was one of the largest projects the company would undertake in the years between 1874 and 1880. That same year the company built a large shop complex at Edison, Washington (now part of south Tacoma). The Edison Shops became the largest on the system for building and
1048:
For the next three years, the
Villard-Oakes interests and the Ives interest feuded for control of the Northern Pacific. Oakes was eventually forced out as receiver, but not before three separate courts were claiming jurisdiction over the Northern Pacific's bankruptcy. Things came to a head in 1896,
1792:
reporter wrote, "A large trade mark, in the shape of a baked potato, 40 ft. long and 18 ft. in diameter, surmounts the roof. The potato is electric lighted and its eyes, through the electric mechanism, are made to wink constantly. A cube of butter thrust into its split top glows intermittently."
1138:
The road both
Harriman and Hill looked at was the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. To Harriman, the Burlington was a road which paralleled much of his own and offered tantalizing direct access to Chicago. For Hill as well, there was the possibility of a high-speed link directly with Chicago. Though
669:
became the president of the company. Billings' tenure would be short but ferocious. Reorganization, bond sales, and improvement in the U.S. economy allowed
Northern Pacific to strike out across the Missouri River by letting a contract to build 100 miles (160 km) of railroad west of the river.
1266:
By 1900, most of the remaining land-grant holdings were located west of
Montana, in the "western district". The railroad still hoped to sell this land, both to provide operating funds and to populate the region to provide new markets to sustain the railroad. Nearly all the good farmlands had been
1777:
farmers were unable to sell their potato crops because the potatoes they were growing were simply too large; they fed them to the hogs. Titus learned that a single potato could weigh from two to five pounds, but that smaller potatoes were preferred by the end buyers of the vegetable because many
1071:
Though James J. Hill had purchased an interest in the
Northern Pacific during the troubled days of 1896, Coster and Mellen would advocate, and follow, a staunchly independent line for the Northern Pacific for the next four years. Only the early death of Coster from overwork, and the promotion of
466:
The
Northern Pacific reached Fargo, Dakota Territory (now North Dakota), early in June 1872. The following year, in June 1873, the N.P. reached the shores of the Missouri River, at Edwinton (now Bismarck) D.T. In the west, the track extended 25 miles (40 km) north from Kalama. Surveys were
860:
Villard pushed hard for the completion of the Northern Pacific in 1883. His crews laid an average of a mile and half (2.4 km) of track each day. In early September, the line neared completion. To celebrate, and to gain national publicity for investment opportunities in his region, Villard
739:
Within a decade of his return, Villard was head of a transportation empire in the Pacific Northwest that had but one real competitor, the Northern Pacific. The Northern Pacific's completion threatened the holdings of Villard in the Northwest, and especially in Portland. Portland would become a
537:
The Northern Pacific reached Dakota Territory at Fargo in 1872 and began its career as one of the central factors in the economic growth of North Dakota. The climate, although very cold, was suitable for wheat, which was in high demand in the cities of the United States and Europe. Most of the
549:
The NP used its federal land grants as security to borrow money to build its system. The federal government kept every other section of land, and gave it away free to homesteaders. At first the railroad sold much of its holdings at low prices to land speculators in order to realize quick cash
1155:
Hill, on the other hand, reached the vacationing Morgan in Italy and managed to place an order for 150,000 shares of common stock. Though Harriman might be able to control the preferred stock, Hill knew the company bylaws allowed for the holders of the common stock to vote to retire the
2070:
began contract work with the railroad for publicity photographs. In 1881 he met Charles Fee and through his 20-year friendship with Fee, Haynes became known as the "Official Photographer of the N.P.R.R". His "Northern Pacific Views" photographically documented over the years, the routes,
1621:. It commenced service on April 29, 1900, served briefly as a Burlington Northern train after the merger on March 2, 1970, and ceased operation on April 30, 1971, the day before Amtrak began service. The Chicago Union Station to Saint Paul leg of the train's route was operated by the
1802:
814:, opened for service. The Missouri River was bridged with a million-dollar span on October 21, 1883. Until then, crossing of the Missouri had had to be managed with a ferry service for most of the year; in winter, when ice was thick enough, rails were laid across the river itself.
529:
In 1886, the Northern Pacific also opened colonization offices in Germany and Scandinavia, attracting farmers with cheap package transportation and purchase deals. The success of the NP was based on the abundant crops of wheat and other grains and the attraction to settlers of the
989:
Despite this success, the Northern Pacific, like many U.S. roads, was living on borrowed time. From 1887 until 1893, Henry Villard returned to the board of directors. Though offered the presidency, he refused. An associate of Villard dating back to his time on the Kansas Pacific,
376:
Congress chartered the Northern Pacific Railway Company on July 2, 1864, with the goals of connecting the Great Lakes with Puget Sound on the Pacific, opening vast new lands for farming, ranching, lumbering and mining, and linking Washington and Oregon to the rest of the country.
708:
had raised capital for western railroads in Europe from 1871 to 1873. After returning to New York in 1874, he invested on behalf of his clients in railroads in Oregon. Through Villard's work, most of these lines became properties of the European creditors' holding company, the
1143:. The price for control of the Burlington, as set by Perkins, was $ 200 a share, more than Harriman was willing to pay. Hill met the price, and control of the Burlington was divided equally at about 48.5 percent each between the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific.
1235:. Its physical plant was upgraded continuously, with double tracking in key areas and automatic block signaling along its entire main line. This in turn gave way to centralized traffic control, microwave communications, and radio communications as time progressed.
1222:
The Northern Pacific steadily improved after the turn of the century. Together with the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific also gained control of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, gaining important access to Chicago, the central Middle West and
759:
years before, Villard solicited and raised $ 8,000,000 from his associates. This was his famous "Blind Pool," Villard's associates were not told what the money would be used for. In this case, the funds were used to purchase control of the Northern Pacific.
1311:. The merger was allowed despite a challenge in the Supreme Court, essentially reversing the outcome of the 1904 Northern Securities ruling. A 900 mi (1,400 km) portion of the former Northern Pacific mainline in Montana was spun off to form the
1781:
Titus and his staff discovered the "inedible" potatoes were delicious after baking in a slow oven. He contracted to purchase as many potatoes as the farmers could produce that were more than two pounds in weight. Soon after the first delivery of
1192:, another veteran of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, became president of the Northern Pacific on October 23. Elliott was a relative of the Burlington's crusty chieftain Charles Elliott Perkins, and more distantly the Burlington's great backer,
411:. Surveyors and construction crews had to maneuver through swamps, bogs, and tamarack forests. The difficult terrain and insufficient funding delayed by six months the construction phase in Minnesota. The NP also began building its line north from
1397:
In 1949, the Northern Pacific's headquarters in Saint Paul presided over a system of 6,889 miles (11,087 km), which 2,831 miles (4,556 km) of main line, 4,057 miles (6,529 km) of branch line under seven operating divisions.
538:
settlers were German and Scandinavian immigrants who bought the land cheaply and raised large families. They shipped huge quantities of wheat to Minneapolis, while buying all sorts of equipment and home supplies to be shipped in by rail.
584:
of Portland, the Northern Pacific completed the line from Kalama to Tacoma, a distance of 110 miles (180 km), before the end of 1873. On December 16, the first steam train arrived in Tacoma. But in 1874 the company was moribund.
3244:
An ongoing digital collection of photographs depicting various modes of transportation in the Pacific Northwest region and Western United States during the first half of the 20th century. Includes images of the Northern Pacific
1941:(1810–1881), engineer-in-chief, 1869 to 1879. Proposed the general route of the Northern Pacific from Bismarck to Portland. Also, Vice President, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1873 to 1878, and then President, 1878.
654:
repairing freight cars due to the easy access of cheap lumber. The Brainerd Shops remained as the largest locomotive repair facility throughout the steam era. Another shop site was located at the center of the mainline in
1064:. Morganization of the Northern Pacific, a process which befell many U.S. roads in the wake of the Panic of 1893, was handed to Morgan lieutenant Charles Henry Coster. The new president, beginning September 1, 1897, was
799:, served briefly as interim caretaker of the railroad from June 19 to September 15, when Villard was elected president by the stockholders. For the next two years, Villard and the Northern Pacific rode the whirlwind.
1139:
the Burlington did not parallel the Great Northern or the Northern Pacific, it would give them a powerful railroad in the central West. Harriman was the first to approach the Burlington's aging leader, the irascible
1118:
The ultimate result was that the Northern Pacific was left without a direct connection to Chicago, the primary interchange point for most of the large U.S. railroads. Fortunately, the Northern Pacific was not alone.
1115:. Some backers of the Wisconsin Central had long associations with Villard, and an expensive lease was worked out between the two companies which was only undone by the Northern Pacific's second bankruptcy.
1267:
sold, leaving large tracts of grazing land or timber. The grazing acreage was poor quality and difficult to sell. However, the timber lands were of high quality; much of these were sold to Frederick
2063:
in 1893. The idea came to him that it was just the symbol for the long-sought-for trademark. With a slight modification, and rendered in red and black, the symbol became the railroad's trademark.
1577:
As the railroad expanded, immigrants, families, and single men moved to the Pacific Northwest. Tacoma's population grew rapidly: in 1880 there were 1,098 residents, and in 1889 there were 36,000.
1589:
The line encouraged people to make their homes in the Pacific Northwest by having an "immigration agent" and offering special excursion trains for prospective buyers during the winter months.
921:. For the next four years, until the return of the Villard group, Harris worked at improving the property and ending its tangled relationship with the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company.
3241:
380:
Congress granted the railroad a potential 60 million acres (94,000 sq mi; 240,000 km) of land in exchange for building rail transportation to an undeveloped territory.
1793:
Premiums such as postcards, letter openers, and spoons were also produced to promote "The Route of the Great Big Baked Potato"; the slogan served the Northern Pacific for about 50 years.
1012:
sounded the death knell for the Northern Pacific and Villard's interest in railroading. The company slipped into its second bankruptcy on October 20, 1893. Oakes was named receiver and
4922:
971:
2187:
Lubetkin, John M. (2006). "'No Fighting is to be Apprehended": Major Eugene Baker, Sitting Bull, and the Northern Pacific Railroad's 1872 Western Yellowstone Surveying Expedition".
3228:
Tri-annual presentations on NP history; the Albert E. Farrow photographic collection; the Robert E. Munn photographic collection; the Harold R. Burch locomotive manual collection.
966:. The contract specified a short amount of time for completion, and a large penalty if the deadline were missed. While crews worked on the tunnel, the railroad built a temporary
997:
In an effort to garner business, Oakes pursued an aggressive policy of branch line expansion. In addition, the Northern Pacific experienced the first competition in the form of
924:
Throughout the mid-1880s, the Northern Pacific pushed to reach Puget Sound directly, rather than by means of a roundabout route that followed the Columbia River. Surveys of the
332:, Canada. The main activities were shipping wheat and other farm products, cattle, timber, and minerals; bringing in consumer goods, transporting passengers; and selling land.
1100:
In the late 1880s, the Villard regime, in another one of its costly missteps, attempted to stretch the Northern Pacific from the Twin Cities to the all-important rail hub of
1522:. The division encompassed 892 route miles: 563 in main line and 330 in branches. It was home to the principal central district repair facility at Livingston, Montana.
865:
in western Montana. No expense was spared, and the list of dignitaries included Frederick Billings, Ulysses S. Grant, and Villard's in-laws, the family of abolitionist
3326:
1574:. The division encompassed 1,034 route miles: 373 in main line and 661 in branches. It was home to the principal west end repair facility at South Tacoma, Washington.
486:
In 1886, the company put down 164 miles (264 km) of main line across North Dakota, with an additional 45 miles (72 km) in Washington. On November 1, General
569:
For the previous three years the financial house of Jay Cooke and Company had been throwing money into the construction of the Northern Pacific. As with many western
4907:
910:
Villard himself suffered a nervous breakdown in the days after the driving of the Golden Spike, and he left the presidency of the Northern Pacific in January 1884.
580:
The Northern Pacific survived bankruptcy that year, due to austerity measures put in place by President Cass. In fact, working with last-minute loans from Director
4825:
2080:
2014:
2002:
396:
succeeded Perham as president on January 5, 1865, groundbreaking did not take place until February 15, 1870, at Carlton, Minnesota, 25 miles (40 km) west of
4350:
1965:(1853–1924), chief engineer, January 1888, to July 1893. From July 1893, to February 1, 1899, he was general manager of the reorganized Northern Pacific Railway.
3123:
4912:
4665:
4875:
meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.
475:, a town named for the President John Gregory Smith's wife Anna Elizabeth Brainerd. A severe stock market crash and financial collapse after 1873, led by the
1928:
821:, another veteran of the Civil War and the Pennsylvania Railroad, organized the Northern Pacific Beneficial Association in 1881. A forerunner of the modern
4335:
3372:
2506:
300:
on September 8, 1883. The railroad had about 6,800 miles (10,900 km) of track and served a large area, including extensive trackage in the states of
4159:
4987:
1005:. The Great Northern, like the Northern Pacific before it, was pushing west from the Twin Cities towards Puget Sound, and would be completed in 1893.
4977:
4917:
4902:
3959:
3724:
1986:
1197:
4860:
3764:
3729:
1985:(1856–1938), chief engineer, September 1, 1901, to September 1903, and January 1906, to 1916. Between 1905 and 1906, he was chief engineer for the
1254:
in 1944—albeit among the last to complete dieselization, not doing so until 1960 owing to low cost (albeit low quality) coal reserves in Wyoming.
4660:
3446:
1813:
870:
381:
117:
1147:
end of the day, he was short just 40,000 shares of common stock. Harriman placed an order to cover this, but was overridden by his broker,
4897:
806:
were completed, bringing totals to 1,347 miles (2,168 km) and 731 miles (1,176 km), respectively. On October 10, 1882, the line from
881:
4952:
4855:
4850:
4820:
4745:
4370:
4089:
1955:. Preliminary reconnaissance and surveys began in March 1880, and in autumn, 1883, Anderson concluded that the line should be built through
4982:
4810:
4595:
4360:
3994:
3974:
2590:
4635:
4630:
4500:
4480:
4435:
4385:
4290:
4149:
3859:
4967:
4800:
4740:
4540:
4305:
4229:
4104:
4009:
3999:
3789:
3305:
2283:
Controneo, Ross R. (1970). "Northern Pacific Officials and the Disposition of the Railroad's Land Grant in North Dakota after 1888".
1976:
1112:
1073:
463:
was the Northern Pacific's flagship train and the Northern Pacific itself was built along the trail first blazed by Lewis and Clark.
384:
was elected its first president on December 7, 1864. It could not use all the land and in the end took just under 40 million acres.
4705:
4565:
4375:
4260:
4004:
3804:
3647:
3471:
2484:
970:
route across the pass. With numerous timber trestles and grades which approached six percent, the temporary line required two
623:
in Dakota Territory conducted expeditions to protect the railroad survey and construction crews in Dakota and Montana Territories.
4942:
4755:
4575:
4315:
4169:
3779:
3694:
1663:
1622:
1296:
1108:
1104:. A costly project was begun in creating a union station and terminal facilities for a Northern Pacific which had yet to arrive.
918:
4780:
4725:
4655:
4550:
4545:
4470:
4405:
4365:
4265:
4024:
3969:
3814:
3799:
3794:
448:
2202:
Murray, Stanley N. (Fall 1957). "Railroads and the Agricultural Development of the Red River Valley of the North, 1870-1890".
4972:
4830:
4625:
4420:
4415:
4325:
4174:
4129:
4049:
4014:
3699:
3652:
3632:
3105:
3082:
2970:
2752:
2570:
2112:
1990:
1304:
1263:, was among the safest and finest in the nation, suffering only one passenger fatality in nearly seventy years of operation.
1228:
1029:
717:
513:
warriors in North Dakota and Minnesota became so prevalent that the company received protection from units of the U.S. Army.
348:
944:, the head of the new Pacific Division, drove the Golden Spike to mark the beginning of the railroad from what would become
4962:
4957:
4932:
4815:
4710:
4585:
4450:
4079:
3934:
3874:
3849:
3819:
3809:
3642:
2033:
608:
459:
at Duluth in 1870. It was leased to the Northern Pacific in 1876 and was eventually absorbed by the Northern Pacific. The
4735:
4580:
4520:
4495:
4475:
4285:
4144:
4074:
4054:
3439:
1885:
1701:
There were several other passenger trains which were discontinued before the Burlington Northern merger. These included:
1189:
710:
3265:
3211:
856:
handling heavy repairs for the railroad. It would also mark the east–west dividing line on the Northern Pacific system.
4937:
4730:
4555:
4505:
4395:
4280:
4209:
3622:
2600:
2545:
2139:
1971:(1859 – August 21, 1931), chief engineer, July 1893, to September 1, 1901. Subsequently, he was chief engineer for the
1165:
1989:, returning to the NP in 1906 as chief engineer and also vice-president and engineer in charge of construction of the
662:
were the Como Shops, which maintained most of the passenger car fleet, and the Gladstone Shops, which closed in 1915.
4947:
4892:
4805:
4760:
4525:
4510:
4490:
4465:
4410:
4059:
3989:
3924:
3899:
3824:
3689:
3205:
2950:
2634:
2386:
2313:
1438:, the St. Paul Division's main routes were from Saint Paul to Staples, Saint Paul to White Bear Lake, and Staples to
4189:
3588:
791:
Despite a tough fight, Billings and his backers were forced to capitulate; he resigned the presidency June 9, 1881.
4927:
4765:
4715:
4615:
4425:
4310:
4099:
751:
for several years, now launched a daring raid. Using his European connections and a reputation for having "bested"
53:
962:
In January of that year, Nelson Bennett was given a contract to construct a 9,850-foot (1.9 mi; 3.0 km)
4795:
4775:
4750:
4345:
4300:
4295:
3929:
3909:
3739:
3664:
3637:
2060:
1238:
The Northern Pacific continuously maintained and upgraded its equipment and service. The road helped pioneer the
822:
3124:
Guidebook of the Western United States, Part A: The Northern Pacific Route, with a side trip to Yellowstone Park
977:—the two largest locomotives in the world (at that time)—to handle a tiny five-car train. On May 3, 1888, crews
893:
4700:
4695:
4560:
4485:
4440:
4199:
4179:
4134:
3954:
3944:
3919:
3904:
3864:
3854:
3719:
3432:
2498:
1706:
796:
290:
577:
engulfed the United States, beginning an economic depression that ruined or nearly paralyzed newer railroads.
4720:
4645:
4515:
4275:
4064:
4034:
3869:
3844:
3754:
3714:
3709:
3669:
3298:
1687:
1585:
1300:
1124:
1032:
of the U.S. Army was involved in protecting property of the Northern Pacific Railroad from striking workers.
1002:
631:
In 1877, construction resumed in a small way. Northern Pacific pushed a branch line southeast from Tacoma to
558:
In 1873, Northern Pacific made impressive strides before a terrible stumble. Rails from the east reached the
3277:
4785:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4355:
4340:
4124:
4109:
4044:
3879:
3774:
3679:
3627:
3583:
3551:
3506:
3501:
1667:
1308:
344:
188:
4390:
4154:
4029:
3964:
3784:
3734:
3684:
2155:
Lubetkin, John M. (2006). "'Twenty-Six Feet and no Bottom': Constructing the Northern Pacific Railroad".
1613:
was the premier passenger train operated by the Northern Pacific Railway between Chicago and Seattle via
1161:
955:
from Wallula in the east and the area of Wilkeson in the west. By the end of the year, rails had reached
693:
271:
2868:
2330:
Harnsberger, John L. (1969). "Jay Cooke and the Financing of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 1869-1873".
4770:
4680:
4650:
4430:
4219:
4114:
3894:
3839:
3704:
1435:
1419:
4570:
4400:
4204:
4184:
4039:
3984:
3889:
3884:
3674:
3546:
3491:
3068:
1982:
1909:
1177:
787:, 1903. Oil on canvas painting commemorating the “golden spike” driven at Gold Creek, Montana in 1883
682:
640:
570:
255:
1208:
4610:
4590:
4380:
4239:
4234:
4119:
3575:
3556:
3538:
3523:
3291:
2020:
1972:
1765:
644:
2229:
Drache, Hiram M. (1967). "The Economic Aspects of the Northern Pacific Railroad in North Dakota".
720:, which ran east from Portland along the left bank of the Columbia River to a connection with the
678:
4640:
4620:
4605:
4164:
3829:
3769:
3495:
1731:
1140:
1089:
1017:
811:
768:
612:
476:
2175:
The Vista Dome North Coast Limited: The Story of the Northern Pacific Railway's Famous Domeliner
1753:
1060:
Ultimately, the task of straightening out the muddle of the Northern Pacific was turned over to
26:
4685:
4530:
4270:
3939:
3658:
3528:
3283:
2044:
1968:
1938:
1933:
The Railroad To the Pacific, Northern Route, Its General Characteristics, Relative Merits, Etc.
1831:
1825:
1691:
1173:
1169:
1132:
866:
721:
593:
487:
480:
468:
2940:
2537:
2378:
2372:
2303:
2129:
490:
became the third president of the company. Cass had been a vice-president and director of the
407:
Over the course of 1871, the Northern Pacific pushed westward from Minnesota into present-day
4690:
4330:
4194:
4139:
4069:
3914:
2624:
1962:
1903:
1897:
1879:
1855:
1783:
1659:
1065:
991:
826:
666:
491:
452:
343:. It had a tumultuous financial history; the NP merged with other lines in 1970 to form the
340:
259:
146:
74:
3248:
2855:
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography, Railroads in the Nineteenth Century
2248:
Hedges, James B. (December 1926). "The Colonization Work of the Northern Pacific Railroad".
1773:
Hazen Titus was appointed as the line's dining car superintendent in 1908. He learned that
274:
in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres (62,000 sq mi; 160,000 km) of
4670:
4535:
3749:
3258:
2792:
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography, Railroads in the Twentieth Century
1891:
1471:
1455:
1107:
Rather than build directly down to Chicago, perhaps following the Mississippi River as the
1061:
1040:
862:
670:
The railroad's new-found strength, however, would be seen as a threat in certain quarters.
636:
632:
616:
3254:
8:
3949:
3355:
3146:
3058:
1737:
1683:
1651:
1609:
1599:
1559:
1531:
1479:
1451:
1439:
1431:
1259:
1160:
Hill, for his part, attempted to avoid future stock raids by placing his holdings in the
1152:
978:
845:
741:
733:
659:
655:
472:
336:
3047:
3026:
852:. Livingston, like Brainerd and South Tacoma before it, would grow to encompass a large
3518:
3072:
2457:
2402:
Macey, Barry A. (1971). "Charles Sanger Mellen: Architect of Transportation Monopoly".
2265:
2211:
1948:
1849:
1837:
1819:
1741:
1724:
1555:
1551:
1535:
1415:
1411:
1232:
1193:
956:
945:
914:
913:
Again, the presidency of the Northern Pacific was handed to a professional railroader,
838:
597:
563:
412:
393:
317:
160:
155:
141:
58:
2727:
4214:
3511:
3424:
3251:
Contains company materials predominantly from the late 1880s through the early 1940s.
3157:
3133:
3101:
3094:
3078:
2966:
2946:
2897:
2748:
2630:
2596:
2566:
2541:
2530:
2382:
2368:
2309:
2135:
2108:
2043:
In search of a trademark, the Northern Pacific considered and rejected many designs.
1996:
1867:
1717:
1713:
1563:
1539:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1475:
1467:
1407:
1320:
1312:
1101:
1050:
998:
967:
925:
834:
830:
807:
725:
601:
581:
397:
267:
2440:
Cotroneo, Ross R. (1968). "Western Land Marketing by the Northern Pacific Railway".
1554:, the Tacoma Division's main routes were from Yakima to Stuck Junction, near future
1542:. The division encompassed 1,123 route miles: 466 in main line and 657 in branches.
1458:. The division encompassed 1,167 route miles: 216 in main line and 951 in branches.
1279:
951:
In 1884, after the departure of Villard, the Northern Pacific began building toward
689:
16:
Defunct transcontinental railroad company in the northwest United States (1864-1970)
4675:
4600:
4094:
3455:
3242:
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Transportation Photographs
2592:
Dining Car To The Pacific: The "Famously Good" Food of the Northern Pacific Railway
2480:
2449:
2257:
2067:
1679:
1571:
1567:
1338:
Revenue freight traffic, in millions of net ton-miles (including M&I, G&P)
1295:
became president of the Northern Pacific, and then he brought it together with the
792:
531:
525:
Preferred Shares of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, issued 28. November 1881
420:
293:
166:
87:
47:
3280:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
3249:
Guide to the Northern Pacific Railway Company Records at the University of Montana
2928:
2899:
Across the Columbia Plain; Railroad Expansion in the Interior Northwest, 1885–1893
1716:(which at one time was also a pool operation, with Great Northern Railway and the
1482:. The division encompassed 875 route miles: 546 in main line and 328 in branches.
1442:. The division encompassed 909 route miles: 310 in main line and 599 in branches.
1422:. The division encompassed 631 route miles: 356 in main line and 274 in branches.
981:
the tunnel, and on May 27 the first train passed through directly to Puget Sound.
825:, the NPBA ultimately established a series of four hospitals across the system in
4224:
4084:
3189:
3181:
2105:
Jay Cooke's Gamble-The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux and the Panic of 1873
1758:
1643:
1593:
1499:
963:
941:
716:
Of the lines held by the Oregon and Transcontinental, the most important was the
301:
297:
3231:
1172:. Harriman was not immune either; he was forced to break up his holdings in the
1076:
in 1903, would bring the Northern Pacific closer to the orbit of James J. Hill.
392:
For the next six years, backers of the road struggled to find financing. Though
4320:
4255:
3979:
3759:
2910:
To the Columbia Gateway; The Oregon Railway and the Northern Pacific, 1879–1884
1618:
1614:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1284:
1128:
933:
756:
559:
416:
248:
234:
128:
3274:
illustrated account of the Northern Pacific and other North American Railroads
2783:
Union Pacific Northwest; The Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navigation Company
779:
747:
Villard, who had been building a monopoly of river and rail transportation in
494:
and would lead the Northern Pacific through some of its most difficult times.
4886:
3834:
2713:
Who's Who in Railroading – United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba – 1930 Edition
1956:
1944:
1915:
1843:
1292:
1247:
1120:
1093:
1009:
952:
937:
902:
886:
802:
In 1882, 360 miles (580 km) of main line and 368 miles (592 km) of
772:
705:
697:
647:
574:
456:
286:
101:
95:
2963:
Northern Pacific views: The railroad photography of F. Jay Haynes, 1876–1905
2745:
Northern Pacific views: The railroad photography of F. Jay Haynes, 1876–1905
2699:
The Biographical Directory of the Railway Officials of America, 1906 edition
2684:
The Biographical Directory of the Railway Officials of America, 1901 edition
2349:
Taylor, Jan (2010). "The Northern Pacific Railroad's Last Spike Excursion".
4790:
3486:
3348:
3235:
2499:"Northern Pacific runs first train from Tacoma to Seattle on June 17, 1884"
2008:
1873:
1861:
1774:
1769:
A comic postcard circa 1910 to 1920 promoting "The Great Big Baked Potato".
1634:
1324:
1316:
1268:
1215:
1148:
1054:
1013:
936:, was sent to explore the Cascades again. On March 19, 1881, he discovered
929:
849:
818:
521:
408:
368:
352:
309:
193:
2875:
Hedges, James B. "The Colonization Work of the Northern Pacific Railroad"
2801:
Great Northern and Northern Pacific Review of Operations from 1916 to 1923
1778:
people considered large potatoes inedible due to their thick, rough skin.
1628:
The Northern Pacific's secondary transcontinental passenger train was the
1135:, was also looking for a road which could connect his company to Chicago.
451:
completed construction of its 155-mile (249 km) line stretching from
2052:
1952:
1788:
1647:
1503:
803:
729:
424:
282:
281:
Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the
206:
1761:
and other Hollywood stars were hired to promote the railroad's potatoes.
1319:
terminated its lease of the former Northern Pacific right-of-way to the
2880:
2669:
The Biographical Directory of the Railway Officials of America for 1885
2461:
2421:
Cotroneo, Ross R. (1970). "The Northern Pacific: Years of Difficulty".
2269:
2215:
592:
on June 30, 1875. Cass resigned to become receiver of the company, and
589:
275:
3222:, is a Web-based discussion about the history of the Northern Pacific.
1748:
658:, which became the primary diesel maintenance facility after 1955. In
404:
in the summer of 1870 brought the first real momentum to the company.
1246:
Yellowstone. It was also among the first railroads in the country to
752:
620:
444:
401:
321:
263:
3138:. St. Paul : General Passenger Department, Northern Pacific Railway.
2563:
Northern Pacific Pictorial Volume 5 — Domes, RDCs and Slumbercoaches
2453:
2261:
1494:, the Rocky Mountain Division's main routes were from Livingston to
3595:
3564:
2942:
Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention
2305:
Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention
853:
502:
329:
325:
35:
3255:
Guide to the Nolan Northern Pacific Railroad Collection, 1872–1947
3074:
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America
3039:
The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 3: Southeast and Western Regions
467:
carried out in North Dakota protected by 600 troops under General
3744:
3155:
3144:
2048:
1534:, the Idaho Division's main routes were from Paradise, Mont., to
1243:
1079:
541:
506:
305:
151:
3313:
2747:. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 14–20.
566:, was selected as the road's western terminus on July 14, 1873.
3480:
3159:
Lewiston-Clarkston and the Clearwater Country, Idaho—Washington
2374:
Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898
1801:
1655:
1410:, the Lake Superior Division's main routes were from Duluth to
1251:
974:
748:
534:
along the Minnesota-North Dakota border between 1881 and 1890.
313:
170:
1999:(1863–1928), chief engineer, September 1903, to December 1905.
626:
604:, formulated a reorganization plan which was put into effect.
335:
The Northern Pacific was headquartered in Minnesota, first in
3063:. St. Paul: Northern Pacific Railway – via Archive.org.
2536:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp.
2056:
1239:
1224:
1084:
898:
639:. Much of the coal was destined for export through Tacoma to
510:
498:
3225:
2107:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 32–33.
2071:
destinations, infrastructure and equipment of the railroad.
2047:, the Chief Engineer, was struck with a geometric design, a
1188:
In 1903, Hill finally got his way with the House of Morgan.
767:
A Northern Pacific derailment on the S-curve trestle of the
959:
in the east. A 77-mile (124 km) gap remained in 1886.
763:
483:
fraud, stopped further railroad building for twelve years.
278:, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction.
1053:
was appointed president, then less than two months later,
928:, carried out intermittently since the 1870s, began anew.
443:, the first of which was shipped to Kalama by ship around
4923:
Former components in the Dow Jones Transportation Average
3232:
Northern Pacific Railway: First Northern Transcontinental
3162:. General Passenger Department, Northern Pacific Railway.
2810:
Reorganization of the American Railroad System, 1893–1900
1454:, the Fargo Division's main routes were from Dilworth to
740:
second-class city if the Puget Sound ports at Tacoma and
3208:
Articles, research and rosters for the Northern Pacific.
3195:
2081:
List of preserved Northern Pacific Railway rolling stock
1625:
along its Mississippi River mainline through Wisconsin.
673:
3196:
Northern Pacific Railway Historical Association (NPRHA)
3115:
2837:
Railroad Shutterbug; Jim Fredrickson's Northern Pacific
2817:
de Borchgrave, Alexandra Villard; Cullen, John (2001).
1323:
which is set to return to the direct management of the
861:
chartered four trains to carry guests from the East to
841:, to care for employees, retirees, and their families.
3454:
2565:. La Mirada, California: Four Ways West Publications.
427:. Four small construction engines were purchased, the
2774:
Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853–1911
2017:(1896–1963), chief engineer, March 1953, to May 1962.
948:. He resigned a months later due to impaired health.
553:
324:. In addition, the NP had an international branch to
3171:
3128:
Washington (D.C.): Government Printing Office, 1915.
1603:
was the Northern Pacific's flagship passenger train.
1257:
The Northern Pacific's premier passenger train, the
497:
Attacks on survey parties and construction crews by
2816:
2686:. Chicago: Railway Age and Northwestern Railroader.
2127:
1470:, the Yellowstone Division's main routes were from
3278:Northern Pacific Railway Company Maps and Drawings
3093:
2927:
2896:
2732:. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Northern Pacific Railway.
2529:
1662:to Seattle train after the last run of the former
1231:, an important route through eastern and southern
3009:Northern Pacific Railway Supersteam Era 1925–1945
1987:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad
1198:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad
643:, where it would be thrown into the fireboxes of
4908:Predecessors of the Burlington Northern Railroad
4884:
2965:. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press.
2819:Villard: The Life and Times of an American Titan
2725:
1805:Henry Villard, 6th president of Northern Pacific
1274:
1035:
994:, assumed the presidency on September 20, 1888.
984:
728:at the confluence of the Columbia River and the
400:. The backing and promotions of famed financier
2864:Henry Villard and the Railways of the Northwest
98:, President & primary financier (1881–1884)
3202:, calendar, annual convention, research pages.
3036:
2930:James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest
2921:. New York: Newcomen Society in North America.
2848:. Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society.
2839:. Pullman : Washington State University Press.
2595:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 176.
2554:
2131:The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History
1674:The Northern Pacific also participated in the
1183:
1080:Hill, Harriman and the Northern Pacific Corner
258:that operated across the northern tier of the
4913:Former Class I railroads in the United States
3440:
3299:
3018:Northern Pacific Railway Diesel Era 1945–1970
2912:. Pullman: Washington State University Press.
2903:. Pullman: Washington State University Press.
2776:. Pullman: Washington State University Press.
2666:
2654:The National Cyclopedia of American Biography
2648:
2646:
2023:, chief engineer, May 1962, to March 2, 1970.
1809:Presidents of Northern Pacific Railway were:
1203:
1200:, more commonly known as the Milwaukee Road.
844:On January 15, 1883, the first train reached
471:. Headquarters and shops were established in
3016:Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (1988).
3007:Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (1985).
2998:Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (1997).
2989:Schrenk, Lorenz P.; Frey, Robert L. (2010).
1931:(1803–1872), engineer-in-chief, 1867. Wrote
1658:Day (May 1, 1971). It had been reduced to a
3148:The Official Northern Pacific Railway guide
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2843:
2834:
2828:Facts About the Northern Pacific Land Grant
2798:
2329:
2191:. Vol. 56, no. 2. pp. 28–41.
1044:Map of Northern Pacific's route circa 1900.
627:Frederick Billings and first reorganization
3447:
3433:
3384:Brainerd & International Falls Express
3306:
3292:
3263:
3190:Northern Pacific Railway Corporate Records
3156:Northern Pacific Railway Company. (1911).
3145:Northern Pacific Railway Company. (1899).
3135:Land of Geysers, Yellowstone National Park
2916:
2771:
2667:Talbott, E.H.; Hobart, H.R., eds. (1885).
2643:
387:
4988:American companies disestablished in 1970
3220:finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/NPTellTale
2719:
2584:
2582:
2527:
2282:
1977:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
1749:The Route of "the Great Big Baked Potato"
1074:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
1023:
607:Throughout 1874 to 1876, elements of the
562:on June 4. After several years of study,
4978:1896 establishments in the United States
4918:Companies based in Saint Paul, Minnesota
4903:Railway companies disestablished in 1970
3028:History of the Northern Pacific Railroad
2890:. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
2825:
2807:
2803:. New York: Wood, Struthers and Company.
2622:
2588:
2485:United States Department of the Interior
2439:
2420:
2367:
2351:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
2189:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
2186:
2154:
2102:
2098:
2096:
1800:
1764:
1752:
1592:
1584:
1278:
1207:
1083:
1039:
892:
880:
876:
778:
762:
688:
677:
611:under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
588:Northern Pacific slipped into its first
540:
520:
367:
3131:
3056:
3045:
3024:
2830:. Saint Paul: Northern Pacific Railway.
2560:
1623:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
1297:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
1008:Mismanagement, sparse traffic, and the
919:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
40:The Northern Pacific Railway system map
4885:
3031:. Putnam – via Internet Archive.
2938:
2925:
2919:Henry Villard and the Northern Pacific
2861:
2812:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2789:
2696:
2681:
2579:
2348:
2301:
2247:
2228:
2201:
1975:and then fourth vice-president of the
1164:, a move which would be undone by the
1088:A Northern Pacific rotary plow on the
885:Early Northern Pacific switchbacks on
797:President of Wells Fargo & Company
744:, were connected to the East by rail.
449:Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad
4898:Railway companies established in 1896
3428:
3287:
3100:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3091:
3067:
2960:
2907:
2894:
2888:The Great Northern Railway, A History
2799:Budd, Ralph; Elliott, Howard (1927).
2742:
2401:
2093:
2011:, chief engineer, 1928 to March 1953.
1991:Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
1305:Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
1229:Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
1111:had done, Villard chose to lease the
1072:Mellen to head the Morgan-controlled
718:Oregon Railway and Navigation Company
674:Henry Villard, Gold Creek, Gold Spike
296:drove in the final "golden spike" in
4953:Defunct Washington (state) railroads
3116:Primary sources and official sources
3033:, full text online of early history.
2934:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2886:Hidy, Ralph W.; et al. (1988).
2885:
2877:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
2852:
2780:
2477:Establishing Trails on Rights-of-Way
2250:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
2134:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 173.
2034:Northern Pacific Railway locomotives
1580:
4983:1970 disestablishments in Minnesota
2917:Macfarlane, Robert Stetson (1954).
2866:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2715:. New York: Simmons-Boardman. 1930.
2377:. Scholarly Resources Inc. p.
1650:, continued in service through the
1315:. However, as of January 10, 2022,
1242:Northern type steam engine and the
711:Oregon and Transcontinental Company
13:
3264:Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936),
3000:Northern Pacific Classic Steam Era
2991:Northern Pacific Pioneer Steam Era
2844:Fredrickson, James Merlin (1995).
2835:Fredrickson, James Merlin (2000).
2790:Bryant, Keith L. Jr., ed. (1990).
2765:
2629:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 53.
2589:Mckenzie, William A., ed. (2004).
2509:from the original on June 22, 2016
2474:
1922:
1734:(the last remnant of the Alaskan);
1168:in 1904 under the auspices of the
554:Panic of 1873 and first bankruptcy
14:
4999:
3167:
2945:. Beard Books. pp. 198–200.
2656:. New York: James T. White. 1940.
2308:. Beard Books. pp. 198–200.
1485:
869:. On September 8, the Gold Spike
635:and on to the coal fields around
4968:Rail lines receiving land grants
3226:White River Valley Museum (WRVM)
3206:Teriffic! It's Northern Pacific!
3174:
3020:. San Marino: Golden West Books.
3011:. San Marino: Golden West Books.
3002:. Mukilteo : Hundman Publishing.
2993:. St. Paul : Monad Publications.
2697:Busbey, T. Addison, ed. (1906).
2682:Busbey, T. Addison, ed. (1901).
1401:
1212:A Northern Pacific train travels
347:, which in turn merged with the
54:Northern Pacific Office Building
46:
34:
25:
3192:, Minnesota Historical Society.
3025:Smalley, Eugene Virgil (1883).
2984:. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
2736:
2705:
2690:
2675:
2660:
2616:
2521:
2491:
2468:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2361:
2342:
2323:
2295:
2005:, chief engineer, 1916 to 1928.
823:health maintenance organization
755:in a battle for control of the
363:
4943:Defunct North Dakota railroads
3151:. St. Paul, Minn.: W.C. Riley.
3132:Cleland, Alexander M. (1913).
3077:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2980:Oberholtzer, Ellis P. (1968).
2957:, for statistics on land sales
2846:Washington State History Train
2276:
2241:
2222:
2195:
2180:
2167:
2148:
2121:
2027:
1707:International Falls, Minnesota
1570:, Canada, and from Seattle to
1461:
1307:on March 2, 1970, to form the
1109:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
1:
3052:. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
2862:Hedges, James Blaine (1930).
2853:Frey, Robert L., ed. (1988).
2785:. Edmonds: Pacific Fast Mail.
2561:Strauss, John F. Jr. (2001).
2086:
1796:
1632:until it was replaced by the
1275:Unification of the Hill Lines
1036:From Villard to Morganization
985:Villard and the Panic of 1893
596:became its fourth president.
516:
4973:History of Missoula, Montana
3404:Twin City-Twin Ports Express
3270:Railway Wonders of the World
3234:brief history maintained by
2808:Campbell, Edward G. (1938).
2772:Armbruster, Kurt E. (1999).
2128:Carlos A. Schwantes (1996).
2038:
1330:
1309:Burlington Northern Railroad
372:Map of NPR Land Grant, c1890
345:Burlington Northern Railroad
7:
4963:Crow Wing County, Minnesota
4958:Defunct Wisconsin railroads
4933:Defunct Minnesota railroads
3121:Campbell, Marius Robinson.
3060:The History of a Trade-Mark
2729:The history of a trade-mark
2074:
1425:
1184:From Hill to Howard Elliott
1162:Northern Securities Company
1016:, a former chairman of the
694:Oregon and Transcontinental
10:
5004:
3409:Twin City-Twin Ports Local
3266:"North American Railroads"
3096:Frederick Billings: A Life
2857:. New York: Facts on File.
2826:Donnelly, Charles (1924).
2794:. New York: Facts on File.
2623:Hathaway, William (2009).
2528:Schwantes, Carlos (1989).
2103:Lubetkin, M. John (2006).
2055:he saw while visiting the
2031:
1638:on November 16, 1952. The
1436:Railroad and Bank Building
1420:White Bear Lake, Minnesota
1392:Source: ICC annual reports
1204:Into the twentieth century
964:tunnel under Stampede Pass
871:was driven near Gold Creek
358:
106:Chief Engineer (1880–1888)
4938:Defunct Montana railroads
4869:
4843:
4248:
3615:
3608:
3574:
3537:
3470:
3463:
3370:
3324:
3057:Wheeler, Olin D. (1901).
2961:Nolan, Edward W. (1983).
2955:– via Google Books.
2939:Mercer, Lloyd J. (1982).
2743:Nolan, Edward W. (1983).
2726:Wheeler, Olin D. (1901).
2639:– via Google Books.
2626:Idaho Falls Post Register
2612:– via Google Books.
2442:Pacific Historical Review
2318:– via Google Books.
2302:Mercer, Lloyd J. (1982).
1983:William Lafayette Darling
1910:Robert Stetson Macfarlane
1545:
1178:Southern Pacific Railroad
848:, at the eastern foot of
641:San Francisco, California
256:transcontinental railroad
205:
200:
184:
176:
137:
127:
123:
113:
80:
70:
65:
45:
33:
24:
4948:Defunct Oregon railroads
4893:Northern Pacific Railway
3328:Transcontinental Service
3317:Northern Pacific Railway
3092:Winks, Robin W. (1991).
3049:Memoirs of Henry Villard
2908:Lewty, Peter J. (1987).
2895:Lewty, Peter J. (1995).
2879:(1926) 13#3 pp. 311-342
2404:Historical New Hampshire
2021:Douglas Harlow Shoemaker
1973:Canadian Pacific Railway
1525:
1445:
785:Driving the Golden Spike
645:Central Pacific Railroad
245:Northern Pacific Railway
20:Northern Pacific Railway
4928:Defunct Idaho railroads
3046:Villard, Henry (1904).
3037:Starr, Timothy (2024).
2701:. Chicago: Railway Age.
2671:. Chicago: Railway Age.
1732:Jamestown, North Dakota
1478:, and from Billings to
1141:Charles Elliott Perkins
1018:New York Stock Exchange
812:Fergus Falls, Minnesota
704:German-born journalist
685:Park Line Brochure 1904
613:George Armstrong Custer
477:Credit Mobilier Scandal
388:Jay Cooke takes control
3414:Yellowstone Park Comet
2926:Martin, Albro (1976).
2332:North Dakota Quarterly
2066:In 1876, photographer
2045:Edwin Harrison McHenry
2015:Harold Robert Peterson
2003:Howard Eveleth Stevens
1969:Edwin Harrison McHenry
1939:William Milnor Roberts
1832:Charles Barstow Wright
1826:George Washington Cass
1806:
1770:
1762:
1692:Union Pacific Railroad
1688:Great Northern Railway
1671:on April 12–13, 1970.
1604:
1590:
1301:Great Northern Railway
1288:
1219:
1174:Union Pacific Railroad
1170:Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1133:Union Pacific Railroad
1125:Great Northern Railway
1097:
1045:
1024:Railroad labor dispute
1003:Great Northern Railway
906:
890:
867:William Lloyd Garrison
788:
776:
722:Union Pacific Railroad
701:
686:
594:Charles Barstow Wright
546:
526:
488:George Washington Cass
481:Union Pacific Railroad
469:Winfield Scott Hancock
373:
3394:Lake Superior Limited
2532:The Pacific Northwest
1963:John William Kendrick
1904:Charles Eugene Denney
1880:Charles Sanger Mellen
1856:Thomas Fletcher Oakes
1804:
1768:
1756:
1698:lasted until Amtrak.
1642:, which operated via
1596:
1588:
1566:, on the border with
1282:
1211:
1087:
1066:Charles Sanger Mellen
1043:
1030:10th Cavalry Regiment
992:Thomas Fletcher Oakes
917:, former head of the
896:
884:
877:Direct to Puget Sound
827:Saint Paul, Minnesota
782:
766:
692:
681:
667:Frederick H. Billings
617:Forts Abraham Lincoln
544:
524:
492:Pennsylvania Railroad
371:
270:. It was approved by
260:western United States
147:Saint Paul, Minnesota
92:President (1865–1872)
75:Saint Paul, Minnesota
3314:Named trains of the
3272:, pp. 1533–1542
3259:The Bancroft Library
3041:. Privately printed.
2320:for sales statistics
2285:North Dakota History
2231:North Dakota History
2204:Agricultural History
2173:William R. Kuebler,
2061:Chicago World's Fair
1892:Jule Murat Hannaford
1472:Mandan, North Dakota
1456:Mandan, North Dakota
1153:Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
1123:, controller of the
1020:, became president.
637:Wilkeson, Washington
633:Puyallup, Washington
609:7th Cavalry Regiment
447:. In Minnesota, the
3356:North Coast Limited
3198:Quarterly magazine
2781:Asay, Jeff (1991).
1929:Edwin Ferry Johnson
1738:Fargo, North Dakota
1652:Burlington Northern
1610:North Coast Limited
1600:North Coast Limited
1560:Seattle, Washington
1532:Spokane, Washington
1480:Livingston, Montana
1452:Fargo, North Dakota
1440:Dilworth, Minnesota
1432:St. Paul, Minnesota
1339:
1260:North Coast Limited
1252:General Motors’ FTs
1180:a few years later.
897:A Northern Pacific
846:Livingston, Montana
742:Seattle, Washington
734:Wallula, Washington
660:St. Paul, Minnesota
656:Livingston, Montana
473:Brainerd, Minnesota
461:North Coast Limited
189:Burlington Northern
21:
3374:Other Named Trains
3071:, Richard (2011).
2369:Schubert, Frank N.
1949:Tacoma, Washington
1838:Frederick Billings
1820:John Gregory Smith
1807:
1771:
1763:
1742:Winnipeg, Manitoba
1725:Staples, Minnesota
1605:
1591:
1556:Auburn, Washington
1552:Tacoma, Washington
1536:Yakima, Washington
1416:Staples, Minnesota
1412:Ashland, Wisconsin
1337:
1289:
1220:
1194:John Murray Forbes
1098:
1046:
957:Yakima, Washington
946:Kalama, Washington
907:
891:
839:Tacoma, Washington
789:
777:
702:
687:
598:Frederick Billings
564:Tacoma, Washington
547:
527:
415:Territory, on the
413:Kalama, Washington
394:John Gregory Smith
374:
177:Dates of operation
142:Ashland, Wisconsin
59:Tacoma, Washington
19:
4880:
4879:
4839:
4838:
3604:
3603:
3456:Class I railroads
3422:
3421:
3107:978-0-19-506814-6
3084:978-0-393-06126-0
2972:978-0-917298-11-0
2754:978-0-917298-11-0
2572:978-1-885614-45-2
2157:Minnesota History
2114:978-0-8061-3740-7
1997:Edward J. Pearson
1868:Edward Dean Adams
1784:Netted Gem Bakers
1714:Duluth, Minnesota
1696:Coast Pool Trains
1581:Passenger service
1564:Sumas, Washington
1550:Headquartered in
1540:Pasco, Washington
1530:Headquartered in
1512:Garrison, Montana
1496:Paradise, Montana
1492:Missoula, Montana
1490:Headquartered in
1476:Billings, Montana
1468:Glendive, Montana
1466:Headquartered in
1450:Headquartered in
1434:in the company's
1430:Headquartered in
1408:Duluth, Minnesota
1406:Headquartered in
1390:
1389:
1313:Montana Rail Link
1227:, as well as the
1113:Wisconsin Central
1102:Chicago, Illinois
1051:Edward Dean Adams
999:James Jerome Hill
926:Cascade Mountains
835:Missoula, Montana
831:Glendive, Montana
808:Wadena, Minnesota
726:Oregon Short Line
665:On May 24, 1879,
615:operating out of
602:Billings, Montana
582:John C. Ainsworth
571:transcontinentals
398:Duluth, Minnesota
268:Pacific Northwest
241:
240:
4995:
4160:SOO/MStP&SSM
4005:NKP/ NYC&StL
3960:MILW/CMStP&P
3613:
3612:
3468:
3467:
3458:of North America
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3399:Manitoba Limited
3375:
3343:Atlantic Express
3329:
3318:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3200:The Mainstreeter
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3163:
3152:
3139:
3111:
3099:
3088:
3064:
3053:
3042:
3032:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2956:
2935:
2933:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2759:
2758:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2481:Washington, D.C.
2472:
2466:
2465:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2423:Kansas Quarterly
2418:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2068:Frank Jay Haynes
1898:Charles Donnelly
1678:service between
1676:Coast Pool Train
1664:Burlington Route
1572:Portland, Oregon
1568:British Columbia
1418:, and Duluth to
1340:
1336:
1291:In later years,
1250:—beginning with
793:Ashbel H. Barney
783:Amédée Joullin,
532:Red River Valley
421:Portland, Oregon
349:Santa Fe Railway
294:Ulysses S. Grant
237:
231:
227:
225:
224:
220:
217:
88:J. Gregory Smith
50:
38:
29:
22:
18:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4865:
4835:
4244:
3600:
3570:
3533:
3459:
3453:
3423:
3418:
3389:Eastern Express
3373:
3366:
3362:Pacific Express
3327:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3182:Railways portal
3180:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3118:
3108:
3085:
2973:
2953:
2768:
2766:Further reading
2763:
2762:
2755:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2503:historylink.org
2497:
2496:
2492:
2473:
2469:
2454:10.2307/3636865
2438:
2434:
2419:
2415:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2366:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2262:10.2307/1893110
2246:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2077:
2059:exhibit at the
2041:
2036:
2030:
1925:
1923:Chief engineers
1799:
1759:Lillian Russell
1751:
1644:Helena, Montana
1583:
1548:
1528:
1500:Helena, Montana
1488:
1464:
1448:
1428:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1333:
1277:
1213:
1206:
1186:
1082:
1038:
1026:
987:
942:John W. Sprague
879:
859:
696:stock owned by
676:
629:
556:
545:The Minnetonka.
519:
390:
366:
361:
298:western Montana
233:
229:
222:
218:
215:
213:
212:4 ft
211:
191:
180:1864–1970
164:
159:
150:
145:
109:
105:
91:
61:
56:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3209:
3203:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3169:
3168:External links
3166:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3089:
3083:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3034:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2958:
2951:
2936:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2892:
2883:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2735:
2718:
2704:
2689:
2674:
2659:
2642:
2635:
2615:
2602:978-0816645626
2601:
2578:
2571:
2553:
2547:978-0803292284
2546:
2520:
2490:
2467:
2448:(3): 299–320.
2432:
2413:
2394:
2387:
2360:
2341:
2322:
2314:
2294:
2275:
2256:(3): 311–342.
2240:
2221:
2194:
2179:
2166:
2147:
2141:978-0803292284
2140:
2120:
2113:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2040:
2037:
2032:Main article:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1886:Howard Elliott
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1798:
1795:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1730:Saint Paul to
1728:
1721:
1712:Saint Paul to
1710:
1705:Saint Paul to
1619:Homestake Pass
1615:Butte, Montana
1582:
1579:
1547:
1544:
1527:
1524:
1520:Homestake Pass
1516:Butte, Montana
1508:Logan, Montana
1487:
1486:Rocky Mountain
1484:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1444:
1427:
1424:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1285:Wallace, Idaho
1276:
1273:
1205:
1202:
1190:Howard Elliott
1185:
1182:
1131:, head of the
1129:E. H. Harriman
1081:
1078:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1022:
986:
983:
934:civil engineer
878:
875:
757:Kansas Pacific
675:
672:
628:
625:
600:, namesake of
560:Missouri River
555:
552:
518:
515:
417:Columbia River
389:
386:
365:
362:
360:
357:
351:to become the
249:reporting mark
239:
238:
235:standard gauge
209:
203:
202:
198:
197:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
139:
135:
134:
131:
129:Reporting mark
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
99:
93:
84:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
51:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5000:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4874:
4871:Railroads in
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3472:United States
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:9781587981548
2948:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2636:9780738559681
2632:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2608:September 15,
2604:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2487:. p. 50.
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2388:9780842025867
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2315:9781587981548
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:(4): 320–372.
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:Stampede Pass
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:Adna Anderson
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1916:Louis W. Menk
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:Robert Harris
1848:
1845:
1844:Henry Villard
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:Josiah Perham
1812:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:Yakima Valley
1767:
1760:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:merger until
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:Lake Superior
1399:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Louis W. Menk
1286:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Supreme Court
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:James J. Hill
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1090:Coeur d'Alene
1086:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1028:In 1894, the
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Panic of 1893
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
982:
980:
979:holed through
976:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
953:Stampede Pass
949:
947:
943:
939:
938:Stampede Pass
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
915:Robert Harris
911:
904:
903:Stampede Pass
900:
895:
888:
887:Stampede Pass
883:
874:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
786:
781:
774:
770:
769:Coeur d'Alene
765:
761:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
707:
706:Henry Villard
699:
698:Henry Villard
695:
691:
684:
680:
671:
668:
663:
661:
657:
651:
649:
648:steam engines
646:
642:
638:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:
578:
576:
575:Panic of 1873
572:
567:
565:
561:
551:
543:
539:
535:
533:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
462:
458:
457:Lake Superior
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
382:Josiah Perham
378:
370:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:, Minnesota,
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
236:
230:1,435 mm
210:
208:
204:
199:
195:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
163:, Washington,
162:
157:
153:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:Josiah Perham
116:
112:
103:
102:Adna Anderson
100:
97:
96:Henry Villard
94:
89:
86:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
49:
44:
37:
32:
28:
23:
4872:
4861:1977–present
4019:
3657:
3616:1956–present
3563:
3479:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3371:
3361:
3354:
3349:Mainstreeter
3347:
3342:
3337:
3325:
3315:
3269:
3236:BNSF Railway
3219:
3215:
3199:
3158:
3147:
3134:
3122:
3095:
3073:
3059:
3048:
3038:
3027:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2962:
2941:
2929:
2918:
2909:
2898:
2887:
2876:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2653:
2625:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2591:
2562:
2556:
2531:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2476:
2470:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2304:
2297:
2291:(2): 77–103.
2288:
2284:
2278:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2210:(4): 57–66.
2207:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2130:
2123:
2104:
2065:
2042:
2009:Bernard Blum
1932:
1918:, 1966–1970.
1912:, 1951–1966.
1906:, 1939–1950.
1900:, 1920–1939.
1894:, 1913–1920.
1888:, 1903–1913.
1882:, 1897–1903.
1874:Edwin Winter
1864:, 1893–1896.
1862:Brayton Ives
1858:, 1888–1893.
1852:, 1884–1888.
1846:, 1881–1884.
1840:, 1879–1881.
1834:, 1875–1879.
1828:, 1872–1875.
1822:, 1866–1872.
1816:, 1864–1866.
1808:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1700:
1695:
1694:. NP and GN
1675:
1673:
1666:
1640:Mainstreeter
1639:
1635:Mainstreeter
1633:
1629:
1627:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1576:
1549:
1529:
1489:
1465:
1449:
1429:
1414:, Duluth to
1405:
1396:
1290:
1283:NP depot at
1269:Weyerhaeuser
1265:
1258:
1256:
1237:
1221:
1218:in June 1939
1216:Bozeman Pass
1187:
1158:
1149:Jacob Schiff
1145:
1137:
1117:
1106:
1099:
1092:Cutoff near
1070:
1062:J. P. Morgan
1059:
1055:Edwin Winter
1047:
1027:
1014:Brayton Ives
1007:
996:
988:
961:
950:
932:, a veteran
930:Virgil Bogue
923:
912:
908:
858:
850:Bozeman Pass
843:
819:Herman Haupt
816:
801:
790:
784:
771:cutoff near
746:
738:
715:
703:
664:
652:
630:
606:
587:
579:
568:
557:
548:
536:
528:
496:
485:
465:
460:
440:
436:
432:
428:
409:North Dakota
406:
391:
379:
375:
364:Organization
353:BNSF Railway
334:
310:North Dakota
280:
251:
244:
242:
71:Headquarters
4666:PCC&STL
4551:KCM&OTX
4336:CCC&STL
2475:Lennon, J.
2429:(3): 69–77.
2357:(4): 16–35.
2053:Korean flag
2028:Locomotives
1953:Puget Sound
1789:Railway Age
1648:Mullan Pass
1506:, and from
1504:Mullan Pass
1462:Yellowstone
1156:preferred.
1049:when first
940:. In 1883,
804:branch line
730:Snake River
683:Yellowstone
425:Puget Sound
419:outside of
283:Great Lakes
276:land grants
207:Track gauge
52:The former
4887:Categories
4781:TSTL&W
4746:SLIM&S
4406:CP&STL
3995:NC&STL
3765:CSPM&O
3725:CNO&TP
3690:CAR&NW
3216:NPTellTale
3212:NPTellTale
2410:(4): 2–29.
2338:(4): 5–13.
2163:(1): 4–17.
2087:References
1797:Presidents
1723:Duluth to
1668:Black Hawk
1660:Saint Paul
1303:, and the
1233:Washington
1094:Mullan, ID
968:switchback
863:Gold Creek
590:bankruptcy
517:Settlement
453:Saint Paul
429:Minnetonka
423:, towards
341:Saint Paul
339:, then in
318:Washington
156:Washington
81:Key people
4856:1930–1976
4851:1910–1929
4741:SLB&M
4736:SJ&GI
4726:SFP&P
4716:SB&NY
4711:SA&AP
4631:NYP&N
4626:NOT&M
4616:NJ&NY
4566:LS&MS
4556:LA&SL
4546:KCM&O
4521:HE&WT
4501:GH&SA
4496:GC&SF
4491:FW&RG
4466:EP&SW
4456:DNW&P
4436:DGH&M
4421:CR&NW
4416:CRI&G
4386:CM&PS
4316:BSL&W
4281:A&STL
4130:SD&AE
4050:NYO&W
4015:NO&NE
4010:NYS&W
3990:M&STL
3815:D&TSL
3805:DSS&A
3800:D&RGW
3795:DM&IR
3653:AT&SF
2982:Jay Cooke
2039:Trademark
1686:with the
1331:Divisions
1248:dieselize
905:. (1888)
795:, former
753:Jay Gould
445:Cape Horn
441:St. Cloud
437:Ottertail
402:Jay Cooke
355:in 1996.
322:Wisconsin
291:President
264:Minnesota
201:Technical
185:Successor
4844:Timeline
4831:Y&MV
4811:W&LE
4806:WJ&S
4801:VS&P
4776:T&OC
4766:T&FS
4761:T&BV
4731:S&IE
4721:SD&A
4706:PS&N
4701:P&SF
4661:PB&W
4646:OR&L
4586:M&NA
4576:MD&V
4561:LE&W
4526:H&TC
4516:G&SI
4511:GR&I
4506:GM&N
4486:FS&W
4481:FJ&G
4476:F&CC
4471:E&TH
4461:D&SL
4451:DM&N
4441:D&IR
4376:CL&N
4371:CI&W
4366:CI&S
4351:CH&D
4326:CA&C
4306:BR&P
4291:BC&A
4286:BA&P
4266:AB&C
4261:AB&A
4249:pre-1956
4210:TP&W
4200:T&NO
4175:SP&S
4100:QA&P
4090:RF&P
4080:P&WV
4060:P&LE
3975:MN&S
3935:LS&I
3930:L&NE
3910:L&HR
3900:KO&G
3875:GS&F
3865:GM&O
3855:GB&W
3845:FW&D
3825:EJ&E
3820:DW&P
3810:DT&I
3790:DL&W
3780:C&WC
3730:C&NW
3715:C&IM
3700:C&EI
3695:CB&Q
3670:B&AR
3665:A&WP
3648:AT&N
3633:AC&Y
3245:Railway.
2507:Archived
2371:(1997).
2075:See also
1935:in 1854.
1757:Actress
1718:Soo Line
1690:and the
1680:Portland
1630:Alaskan,
1426:St. Paul
1346:Traffic
1176:and the
1096:. (1903)
1001:and his
889:. (1887)
854:backshop
817:General
775:. (1903)
503:Cheyenne
479:and the
337:Brainerd
330:Manitoba
326:Winnipeg
272:Congress
254:) was a
226: in
167:Portland
66:Overview
4873:italics
4786:U&D
4771:T&N
4696:P&S
4681:P&E
4591:M&O
4581:M&I
4446:D&M
4356:C&I
4346:C&G
4341:C&E
4331:C&C
4321:C&A
4311:B&S
4296:B&G
4276:A&D
4205:T&P
4110:S&A
4105:RI/CRIP
4065:P&N
4030:N&W
3925:L&N
3920:L&M
3905:L&A
3860:G&F
3775:C&W
3755:C&S
3735:C&O
3685:B&O
3675:B&M
3464:Current
3338:Alaskan
2538:225–251
2462:3636865
2270:1893110
2216:3740486
2177:(2004).
2051:in the
2049:Taijitu
1876:, 1896.
1870:, 1896.
1684:Seattle
1244:2-8-8-4
975:2-10-0s
972:M class
507:Arapaho
359:History
306:Montana
287:Pacific
285:to the
266:to the
262:, from
221:⁄
192:(later
152:Seattle
114:Founder
4150:SLSFTX
3609:Former
3576:Mexico
3539:Canada
3104:
3081:
2969:
2949:
2881:online
2869:online
2751:
2633:
2599:
2569:
2544:
2460:
2385:
2312:
2268:
2214:
2138:
2111:
2057:Korean
1656:Amtrak
1546:Tacoma
1538:, via
1518:, and
1514:, via
1386:13629
1378:11360
1370:14679
1299:, the
1287:, 2007
837:; and
773:Mullan
749:Oregon
509:, and
433:Itaska
320:, and
314:Oregon
171:Oregon
161:Tacoma
138:Locale
4756:SSWTX
4751:SOUMS
3069:White
2513:3 May
2458:JSTOR
2266:JSTOR
2212:JSTOR
1526:Idaho
1510:, to
1474:, to
1446:Fargo
1383:1967
1375:1960
1367:1944
1362:3600
1359:1933
1354:6852
1351:1925
1240:4-8-4
1225:Texas
1214:over
1151:, of
899:4-4-0
810:, to
732:near
511:Kiowa
499:Sioux
302:Idaho
289:when
4796:VAND
4791:UTAH
4691:PRDG
4656:OWRN
4636:OCAA
4611:NCRY
4536:ICRY
4431:CVRR
4411:CPVT
4401:CNOR
4396:CNNE
4361:CINN
4145:SLSF
4140:SIRT
4075:PRSL
4045:NYCN
3835:ERIE
3740:CPME
3643:ASAB
3589:KCSM
3584:CPKC
3552:CPKC
3502:CPKC
3487:BNSF
3481:AMTK
3214:The
3102:ISBN
3079:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2610:2012
2597:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2515:2018
2383:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2109:ISBN
1682:and
1646:and
1617:and
1607:The
1597:The
1502:and
1498:via
1343:Year
1325:BNSF
1317:BNSF
621:Rice
619:and
439:and
243:The
194:BNSF
165:and
4821:WSN
4816:WPT
4671:PCO
4651:OSL
4601:MTR
4596:MSC
4541:IGN
4426:CRP
4391:CNE
4301:BRI
4225:WAB
4215:VGN
4190:TFM
4180:SSW
4165:SOU
4125:SCL
4120:SBD
4115:SAL
4095:RUT
4085:RDG
4070:PRR
4040:NYC
4035:NWP
3980:MON
3970:MKT
3965:MIS
3950:MGA
3945:MEC
3895:ITC
3890:ICG
3880:GTW
3840:FEC
3750:CRR
3720:CNJ
3710:CGW
3659:AUT
3638:AGS
3628:ACL
3596:FXE
3565:VIA
3519:CSX
3512:SOO
3507:KCS
3496:GTC
3257:at
3218:at
2450:doi
2379:107
2258:doi
1951:on
1740:to
1562:to
1321:MRL
901:on
724:'s
455:to
144:and
57:in
4889::
4826:WV
4686:PM
4676:PE
4641:OE
4621:NN
4606:MV
4571:MC
4531:HV
4381:CM
4271:AC
4240:WP
4235:WM
4230:WC
4220:WA
4195:TM
4185:TC
4170:SP
4155:SN
4135:SI
4055:PC
4025:NS
4020:NP
4000:NH
3985:MP
3955:MI
3940:LV
3915:LI
3885:IC
3870:GN
3850:GA
3830:EL
3785:DH
3770:CV
3760:CS
3745:CR
3705:CG
3680:BN
3623:AA
3557:CP
3547:CN
3529:UP
3524:NS
3492:CN
3268:,
2645:^
2581:^
2540:.
2505:.
2501:.
2483::
2479:.
2456:.
2446:37
2444:.
2425:.
2408:26
2406:.
2381:.
2355:60
2353:.
2336:37
2334:.
2289:37
2287:.
2264:.
2254:13
2252:.
2235:34
2233:.
2208:31
2206:.
2161:60
2159:.
2095:^
1720:);
1558:,
1327:.
1271:.
1068:.
1057:.
873:.
833:;
829:;
736:.
713:.
650:.
505:,
501:,
435:,
431:,
328:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
252:NP
232:)
169:,
154:,
149:to
133:NP
4256:A
3498:)
3494:(
3448:e
3441:t
3434:v
3307:e
3300:t
3293:v
3238:.
3126:.
3110:.
3087:.
2975:.
2821:.
2757:.
2575:.
2550:.
2517:.
2464:.
2452::
2427:2
2391:.
2272:.
2260::
2218:.
2144:.
2117:.
1993:.
1979:.
1959:.
1782:"
1744:;
1727:;
1709:;
700:.
247:(
228:(
223:2
219:1
216:+
214:8
196:)
158:,
104:,
90:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
