473:
87:
5846:
1150:
efficiently defending his new kingdom against the
Phrygian armies who were able to rapidly march to his cities, he therefore found himself forced to make the difficult decision of remaining loyal to Sargon II and lose his kingdom and throne to Phrygia and Urartu, or allying with these latter rivals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and face a military response by Sargon II.
1111:
restored Ḫulliyas to Tabal's throne after returning him and his family back there. Thus, the Neo-Assyrian Empire had to navigate a situation where it sought to prevent local rulers from becoming too powerful while also preventing chaos which could allow other powers to become influential there or where Neo-Assyrian power would have no partners in the region.
5267:
910:
as a base for consolidating its power in northwestern
Cappadocia. Thus, Tuwattīs II, and possibly his son Wasusarmas after him, had interests in the region to the north of the Halys river, and the region to the north of the Halys river might itself have been ruled by either Tabal directly or by a vassal of Tuwattīs II named Muwatalis.
1458:
With Sargon II's death, Bīt-Burutaš suddenly disappeared from Neo-Assyrian sources. And, after this, the Neo-Assyrian Empire stopped intervening in
Anatolia while direct presence of Neo-Assyrian officials and military in Central Anatolia ceased being attested. And after Sargon II's son and successor,
1137:
Sargon II himself claimed to have "widened the land" which he had given to
Ambaris, and this new enlarged and reorganised kingdom of Tabal was given the new name of Bīt-Burutaš: this reorganisation was part of Sargon II's attempt to establish a centralised authority in the region of Tabal in the form
1049:
The deposition of
Wasusarmas and his replacement by Ḫulliyas did not solve the problems which Neo-Assyrian power was facing in Tabal, and Neo-Assyrian policy in the Tabalian region throughout the 8th century BCE would continue being characterised by an inability to find any compatible partners there.
1419:
who also held authority on
Hilakku and Bīt-Burutaš and had general oversight on Tuwana. Thus, Bīt-Burutaš and Ḫilakku were placed under the administration of a Neo-Assyrian governor and were settled by people deported from other regions newly conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, putting Tabal under
1133:
However, since Ḫilakku itself had remained mostly independent of Neo-Assyrian authority, it is unlikely that
Ambaris ever held any concrete power there. Sargon II's conferring of authority over Ḫilakku to him appears to have instead been due to the unavailabiliy of any other land that he could offer
909:
Several inscriptions by people referring to themselves as servants of Tuwattīs II found to the north-east of the region around Kululu and
Sultanhan, and a lead strip mentioning a "Lord Tuwattīs" to the north of the Halys river, suggest that Tabal was during this time using one of these two locations
1164:
Thus, both
Phrygia and Urartu were trying to expand their power in these regions and challenge the sole supremacy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire there. Facing increased pressure from both of these powers, Ambaris communicated with them seeking guarantees that they would protect him should he break his
1141:
Thus, by reorganising Tabal as Bīt-Burutaš and appointing
Ambaris as its king, Sargon II was trying to reinforce Neo-Assyrian authority in the Tabalian region against Phrygian expansionism and attempting to restore Neo-Assyrian control there. However, likely beginning in 714 BC, Ambaris came under
900:
In the middle of the 8th century BCE, Tabal was ruled by the king Tuwattīs II, who might have been a descendant of Kikki. Some time before 738 BC, Tuwattīs II, along with the kings Warpalawas of Tuwana and Ašḫiti of Atuna, offered tribute to Tiglath-pileser III; Tabal's tribute to the Neo-Assyrian
782:
During this campaign, Shalmaneser III crossed the Anti-Taurus Mountains, invaded the lands of the Tabalian king Tuwattīs I and destroyed the settlements in his kingdom, forcing the latter to flee to his capital of Artulu. Shalmaneser III then besieged Artulu, but Tuwattīs I immediately surrendered
1153:
With Sargon II occupied by his campaign in Urartu in 714 BC, Ambaris was left with no significant military support from the Neo-Assyrian Empire with which he could have defended Bīt-Burutaš, and therefore had little choice but to accept an alliance with Phrygia and renounce his allegiance to the
1145:
Since Ambaris had been educated at the Assyrian court along with Neo-Assyrian princes, it is possible that his experience had instilled in him a significant sense of Assyrian identity, and he might therefore have possibly not have continued the local monumental traditions of the Tabalian region.
1114:
This restoration of Ḫulliyas on the throne of Tabal might itself have been linked to the power struggle within the Neo-Assyrian Empire which led to Sargon II seizing power from Shalmaneser V. It is possible that the tradition of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions in the kingdom of Tabal might have
1110:
Sargon II's main preoccupation regarding the region of Tabal was to secure the whole of it from Phrygian attacks from the north-west, and, fearing that the void left in the leadership of Tabal would worsen the threat posed by Phrygia and Urartu to Neo-Assyrian interests in Anatolia, in 721 BC he
1064:
The situation of Tabal during the exile of Ḫulliyas is unknown, although the deportation of its king likely to have resulted in the leadership vacuum there. Alternatively, another Tuwattīs, possibly a son of Wasusarmas II, might have been installed on the throne of Tabal after the deportation of
1026:
Despite being a Neo-Assyrian tributary, Wasusarmas continued using the titles of "Great King" and "Hero"; since the Neo-Assyrian Empire sought to prevent local rulers from becoming too powerful, Tiglath-pileser III accused Wasusarmas of acting as his equal, in consequence of which he deposed him
1012:
Thanks to the renewed interest of powers like the Neo-Assyrian into the Tabalian region at this time, Wasusarmas was able to build his kingdom into a powerful and influential state: Wasusarmas's expansionist ventures brought him into conflict with a coalition of eight enemy rulers attempting to
1149:
Ambaris himself came under pressure from Midas, who attempted to persuade him to renounce Neo-Assyrian allegiance and join him, initially through diplomatic means and later through military threats. Because Phrygia directly bordered Bīt-Burutaš in the south-east, and Ambaris was not capable of
1473:
The subsequent fate of Tabal/Bīt-Burutaš is unclear, although, by the time that Sennacherib had been succeeded by his son Esarhaddon, the whole Tabalian region reappeared as a single kingdom under the reign of rulers such as Iškallû and Mugallu who were independent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire,
1045:
The identity of Ḫulliyas is still uncertain: although Neo-Assyrian sources referred to him as a commoner, he might have instead been the same individual as Ḫulis the nephew of Ruwas, the vassal of Tuwattīs II, who had erected a stele in his uncle's honour in the Tabalian capital of Artulu, or
1134:
Ambaris after he had given the northwestern part of Wasusarmas's kingdom, corresponding to the region of present-day Suvasa, Topada and Göstesin, to Kurdis of Atuna when he had handed over the territory of Šinuḫtu to him in 718 BC after he had repressed the rebellion of its king Kiyakiyas.
1129:
Sargon II soon appointed Ḫulliyas's son Ambaris as his successor to the kingship of Tabal: Ambaris had himself been re-educated in Assyria during his family's exile there, and his pledges of loyalty had convinced Sargon II that Ambaris could be trusted and be placed on the throne of Tabal.
797:
During the century following the campaign of Shalmaneser III, the kingdom of Tabal had absorbed several of the nearby small states in the Tabalian region, likely through aggressive expansionism, to grow into the largest, and northernmost, of its six main kingdoms, with the others being
1017:
or by king Ḫartapus in the Konya-Karaman Plains, and which Wasusarmas claimed to have defeated with the help of the kings Warpalawas II of Tuwana, Kiyakiyas of Šinuḫtu, and the otherwise unknown king Ruwandas. This victory allowed Wasusarmas to expand his borders to the west.
650:
The kingdom of Tabal was one of the several states located in the larger region of Tabal, and was the northernmost and largest of them: the territory of Tabal proper was bounded to the north by the Halys river and it covered the areas surrounding what is presently the city of
1430:
The annexation of Bīt-Burutaš and the deportation of Ambaris was impactful enough that it was able to convince the king Kurdis of Atuna, who had abandoned his allegiance to the Neo-Assyrian Empire and become a vassal of Midas, to submit to Sargon II again. However, around
783:
when the Neo-Assyrian army surrounded his city, and his son Kikki paid tribute to Shalmaneser III, as did the rulers of the 23 other states of the region without fighting, after which Kikki might have been installed by Shalmaneser III as the new king of Tabal.
1138:
of a single united kingdom incorporating most of the region under a ruler whom he could trust so as to more efficiently impose Neo-Assyrian authority there and better contain the threat posed by the Phrygian king Midas to Neo-Assyrian power in Anatolia.
1454:
in Tabal but he died in battle against one Gurdî of Kulummu, ending Neo-Assyrian direct rule there, with the Tabalian region consequently becoming independent again while also becoming destabilised and vulnerable to the attacks of the Cimmerians.
1041:
and replaced him as king of Tabal with a man named Ḫulliyas. The deposition of Wasusarmas resulted in a power vacuum in the Tabalian region, and no subsequent ruler from the Tabalian region claimed the title of "Great King" again after him.
786:
The position of Tuwattīs I in the dynastic history of Tabal is uncertain: he might have founded a new dynasty in Tabal in the 8th century BCE; or he might have alternatively been a member of an older dynasty founded by an ancestor of his.
674:
The capital of Tabal has still not been discovered, although it might have been located at the site of present-day Kululu, and another city belonging to this state was discovered at Sultanhan, itself in the western whereabouts of Kululu.
1441:
The hostilities between the Neo-Assyrian and Phrygian empires soon came to and end by 710-709 BC, which in turn provided to Sargon II the opportunity to consolidate Neo-Assyrian rule over Anatolia, and especially the kingdoms of Tabal.
1102:), reacted by restoring Neo-Assyrian power in the Tabalian region, from where deported the rebellious rulers to Assyria and gave their cities to rulers who had remained loyal to him, and settled Assyrians and other foreigners in Tabal.
4890:
3684:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2023). "The Phantom Menace? The Chronology of Cimmerian Expeditions, Territories and Zones of Influence in Anatolia". In Draycott, Catherine M.; Branting, Scott; Lehner, Joseph W.; Özarslan, Yasemin (eds.).
1423:
Sargon II also handed over part of the territory of Bīt-Burutaš to Warpalawas II of Tuwana, who had remained a loyal subject of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and had now become a token ruler under the authority of Aššur-šarru-uṣur.
1115:
ended with the appointment of Ḫulliyas, whose deportation to Assyria before his restoration as well as the re-education of his son at the Neo-Assyrian court might have distanced him from the Syro-Hittite cultural traditions.
913:
One sub-kingdom within the territory of Tabal was ruled by a man named Ruwas who styled himself as the "servant of Tuwattīs" on several stelae erected in the Tabalian capital. This Ruwas described himself as the "lord-house"
633:
used the name of Tabal in a narrow sense to refer to the kingdom of Tabal and in a broader sense to designate both this larger region of which the kingdom was part of and to the other states within this region collectively.
1130:
Additionally, Sargon II desperately tried to ensure the loyalty of Ambaris and augment his position above those of the other Tabalian kings by marrying him to his own daughter, Aḫat-abiša, and gave them Ḫilakku as dowry.
1000:
Wasusarmas's use of these titles for himself and his father appears to have been significant enough that the various rulers of the Tabalian region either identified or rejected it, and some other Tabalian rulers, such as
996:
who ruled a state further to the west, this was the first time that a Luwian ruler had adopted these imperial Hittite titles after the end of their use by the rulers of Karkamiš in the 10th century BC.
897:), either after his conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal.
1459:
Sennacherib, had attacked Gurdî at Til-Garimmu but failed to capture him, the Neo-Assyrian Empire instead became limited to protecting its newly reduced borders running from Que to Melid to Ḫarran.
1427:
Some fortifications in Tabal, along the tops of the Kulmaç hills and over a hill to the north-west of what is presently Topada might have been built in connection to the annexation of Bīt-Burutaš.
1415:
Following the deportation of Ambaris, Bīt-Burutaš was annexed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire and made into a province, and Sargon II appointed the eunuch Aššur-šarru-uṣur as governor of Que based in
1068:
Meanwhile, the kingdom of Atuna appears to have benefited from the deportation of Ḫulliyas, with the power vacuum in Tabal proper having allowed it to become a local power in the Tabalian region.
687:, which was located immediately to the north of the entrance to the Taurus mountains. The southern border of Tabal was formed by the Erdaş and Hodul mountains, which separated it from Tuwana.
1161:
continued the attempts to expand Urartian influence on the Neo-Assyrian vassals, especially those to the west of the Euphrates, on the Anatolian plateau and the south-east coast of Anatolia.
4485:
4333:
4153:
3845:
3780:
666:
Some inscriptions referencing its king Tuwattīs II nevertheless suggest that the kingdom of Tabal might have had some control in the areas to the north of the Halys river as well.
3888:
Aro, Sanna (2023). "Vanishing kingdoms: Tabal and Tuwana during the seventh century BC". In Draycott, Catherine M.; Branting, Scott; Lehner, Joseph W.; Özarslan, Yasemin (eds.).
1408:
Neo-Assyrian intelligence however intercepted Ambaris's messages to Phrygia and Urartu, causing him to lose favour with Sargon II, who accused him of conspiring with Phrygia and
1091:
Midas tried to convince the still independent local rulers of Tabal to switch their allegiances to Phrygia, and several of them accepted his offer. Shalmaneser V's successor,
1142:
pressure from Midas, who attempted to persuade him to renounce Neo-Assyrian allegiance and join him, initially through diplomatic means and later through military threats.
4107:"Forgetting an Empire, Creating a New Order: Trajectories of Rock-cut Monuments from Hittite into Post-Hittite Anatolia, and the Afterlife of the "Throne" of Kızıldağ"
1376:
1351:
1088:, his kingdom became a major rival to Neo-Assyrian power in eastern Anatolia, and the region of Tabal became contested between the Neo-Assyrian and Phrygian empires.
5471:
4772:
1438:, Atuna and Ištuanda launched a joint attack on the cities of Bīt-Burutaš, although it is unknown whether Kurdis was still the king of Atuna by then.
790:
The kings of the region of Tabal offered tribute to Shalmaneser III again in 836 BCE, after he had conquered the fortress of Uetaš during campaign in
757:. The name Tuali/Tuwattīs appears to have belonged to an ancestral king of the kingdom, whose name was then reused by the later kings of this state.
3653:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2017). "Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East". In
834:
5881:
5084:
958:
Wasusarmas regarded himself as the local hegemon of the Tabalian region, and he styled himself using the prestigious titles of "Great King" (
4764:
L'hittitologie aujourd'hui : Études sur l’Anatolie hittite et néo-hittite à l’occasion du centenaire de la naissance d’Emmanuel Laroche
760:
Another possible but uncertain reference to Tabal might have been the prince Tuwattīs whose image was carved in the Lion Gate of Malatya.
5464:
741:. The name Tuali might have been an Akkadian form of a Luwian original name Tuwattīs which had experienced the Luwian sound shift from
5388:
3959:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
595:
term meaning "bank" or "shore" of a body of water, in reference to the kingdom and region of Tabal being on the southern bank of the
4721:"Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?"
3659:
Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco- Roman World, Inner Asia and China
4937:
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3604:
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3516:
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2399:
2395:
2373:
2369:
1887:
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1861:
1857:
1835:
1831:
1794:
1790:
1768:
1764:
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5020:
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4632:
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4366:
4298:
4186:
4130:
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4053:
4014:
3978:
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3909:
3878:
3813:
3706:
3674:
5480:
4234:"TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1: a new Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from Great King Hartapu, son of Mursili, conqueror of Phrygia"
637:
Modern scholarship therefore designates the kingdom as "Tabal proper" to distinguish it from the broader region of Tabal.
752:
4912:
5077:
4144:
4140:
711:
4381:
Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Part 2: Text: Amuq, Aleppo, Hama, Tabal, Assur Letters, Miscellaneous, Seals, Indices
1061:), deported Ḫulliyas along with his whole family to Assyria, possibly because Ḫulliyas had conspired with Phrygia.
4857:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
4796:
4725:
3722:
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710:
A possible but uncertain early reference to Tabal from the Late Bronze Age might have been the "Land of Tuali" (
5780:
4836:
1716:
1664:
1618:
1552:
1491:
546:
532:
510:
3890:
From Midas to Cyrus and Other Stories: Papers on Iron Age Anatolia in Honour of Geoffrey and Françoise Summers
3687:
From Midas to Cyrus and Other Stories: Papers on Iron Age Anatolia in Honour of Geoffrey and Françoise Summers
86:
4961:
4860:
4840:
602:
Due to an absence of relevant Luwian inscriptions, the native name of the kingdom of Tabal is still unknown.
4769:
Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche’s 100th Birthday
871:
This mention of Tabal in the Urartian records suggests that Tabal held some importance in Central Anatolia.
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3832:
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1656:
1601:
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4078:
3901:
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4624:
4872:
4245:
3666:
744:
4960:
Weeden, Mark (2017). "Tabal and the Limits of Assyrian Imperialism". In Heffron, Yağmur; Stone, Adam;
4065:"War in Anatolia in the post-Hittite period: the Anatolian Hieroglyphic inscription of TOPADA revised"
5494:
4554:
4282:
750:
742:
4612:
1468:
1369:
1157:
Despite Sargon II having successfully attacked and defeated Urartu in 714 BC, the new Urartian king
4290:
3992:
5012:
4659:
4589:
4006:
3936:
4899:
1875:
1474:
suggesting that Tabal had been reconstituted after the end of Neo-Assyrian rule over Anatolia.
1412:, and consequently deported Ambaris, his family and his chief courtiers to Assyria in 713 BCE.
886:, the Tabalian region, including Tabal proper, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian king
730:
5795:
4460:
4418:
4376:
4308:
623:
4320:
4969:
4679:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"
4468:
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8:
5825:
5716:
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630:
560:
313:
300:
2599:
1849:
4894:
4832:
4700:
1118:
By this time, Tabal's western borders had expanded so as to reach the region of modern
779:) campaign of 837 BCE in the region of Tabal, which was then constituted of 24 states.
768:
The first certain mention of Tabal proper is from the records of the Neo-Assyrian king
4995:
Weeden, Mark (2023). "The Iron Age States of Central Anatolia and Northern Syria". In
4111:
Afterlives of Ancient Rock-cut Monuments in the Near East: Carvings in and out of Time
4034:
Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65ᵗʰ Birthday
948:) which were titles used by caretaker rulers who were in the service of great rulers.
837:
and paid tribute to him. Argišti I's annals recording this event referred to Tabal as
5876:
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5016:
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4312:
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19:
This article is about the kingdom. For the larger region of which it was a part, see
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MAARAV, A Journal for the Study of the Northwest Semitic Languages and Literatures
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At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate
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1823:
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The most important neighbour of Tabal in the 8th century BCE was the kingdom of
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20:
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4354:
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4232:; Osborne, James; Massa, Michele; Bachhuber, Christoph; Şahin, Fatma (2020).
3932:
3928:
3866:
3862:
3801:
3797:
3718:"The Survival of the God Name Šarruma in Cilician Names in the Greek Sources"
1878:. The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II from Calah/Nimrud.
1051:
1002:
799:
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5383:
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4817:
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4573:
4572:
Novotny, Jamie (2023). "The Assyrian Empire in Contact with the World". In
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and its southern borders extended to the northern border of the country of
993:
4794:[Sapaziti, Sapalulme and the Suppiluliumas of W/Pal(a)stin(a/i)].
4609:"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"
4550:
1911:
992:). Along with the revival of this title by the possibly contemporary king
5820:
5732:
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5524:
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4118:
4028:. In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Bonacossi, Daniele Morandi; Pappi, Cinzia;
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611:
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3919:
Baker, Heather D. (2023). "The Assyrian Empire: A View from Within". In
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3994:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
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until as far south as the region corresponding to present-day Kayseri.
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5032:"Two Epigraphic Notes on the New Katumuwa Inscription from Zincirli"
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955:, who was also a tribute-paying vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
586:
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324:
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4792:"Sapaziti, Sapalulme und die Suppiluliumas von W/Pal(a)stin(a/i)"
4498:
4430:
4388:
4346:
4196:
Giusfredi, Federico; Pisaniello, Valerio; Rizza, Alfredo (2021).
4174:
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3858:
3793:
1612:
1546:
1540:
1014:
987:
970:
943:
926:
652:
5744:
5191:
2706:
2694:
2241:
2139:
931:) of his overlords and styled himself as "the sun-blessed one" (
5759:
5740:
5728:
5711:
5691:
5661:
5636:
5504:
5499:
5403:
5393:
5365:
5303:
5234:
5226:
5181:
5173:
5125:
5102:
4494:
4426:
4384:
4342:
4162:
4114:
4113:. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 123.
3998:
3962:
3893:
3854:
3789:
3690:
3426:
3424:
3299:
3297:
2426:
2424:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
1409:
1394:
803:
684:
498:
4486:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
4334:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
4154:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
4026:"Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE"
3846:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
3781:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
2578:
2576:
2388:"Tuatehi [(A POPULATION GROUP, PEOPLE OF TUATE)] (EN)"
2362:"Tuatehi [(A POPULATION GROUP, PEOPLE OF TUATE)] (EN)"
1709:
1679:
1633:
1529:
1506:
626:, and which was occupied by a cluster of Syro-Hittite states.
591:
given to the kingdom by the Neo-Assyrian Empire was likely an
5720:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5666:
5626:
5592:
5587:
5538:
5204:
5163:
4238:
Anatolian Studies: Journal of the British Institute at Ankara
1197:
1119:
1085:
791:
738:
729:) whose king was member of a coalition of 23 rulers whom the
5003:. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4.
4650:. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4.
4580:. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4.
3927:. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4.
3539:
3421:
3345:
3294:
2819:
2421:
2192:
2151:
1046:
alternatively he could have been of northern Syrian origin.
1013:
encroach on the Tabalian region that was led by the king of
610:
The kingdom of Tabal was located in a region bounded by the
5640:
5434:
5426:
4425:. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1.
4383:. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1.
3441:
3439:
2943:
2941:
2573:
2476:
2474:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1801:
1211:
520:
138:
57:
38:
30:
4926:"Tuwati and Wasusarma: Imitating the Behaviour of Assyria"
2742:
2563:
2561:
2411:
2409:
1050:
Thus, in 726 BCE Tiglath-pileser III's son and successor,
4198:"On the origin and meaning of the Assyrian toponym Tabal"
3657:; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (eds.).
3171:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
901:
Empire at this time consisted of horses, oxen and sheep.
4195:
3551:
3436:
3333:
3135:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2999:
2997:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2938:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2836:
2834:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2471:
2436:
2330:
2261:
2259:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1917:
1168:
874:
4104:
3527:
3272:
3270:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3079:
3066:
3064:
3051:
3049:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2659:
2558:
2503:
2501:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2406:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2231:
2229:
2216:
2214:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1901:
1899:
1897:
763:
3463:
3231:
2982:
2800:
2095:
859:
850:
849:"land of the sons (descendants) of Tuate (Tuwattīs)" (
4761:
Simon, Zsolt (2017). "The Northern Border of Tabal".
3451:
3383:
3219:
3106:
2994:
2953:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2863:
2846:
2831:
2718:
2677:
2641:
2513:
2342:
2256:
2124:
2105:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2019:
2017:
4278:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
3403:"Kikki [SON OF TUATTI, RULER OF TABAL] (RN)"
3321:
3282:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3207:
3195:
3159:
3147:
3123:
3091:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3021:
3009:
2970:
2902:
2875:
2777:
2754:
2730:
2665:
2629:
2617:
2546:
2498:
2486:
2448:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2226:
2211:
2175:
2163:
2060:
2029:
1991:
1935:
1894:
4642:Payne, Annick (2023). "The Kingdom of Phrygia". In
3183:
2597:
2271:
845:, which has been variously interpreted as meaning:
5092:
4553:, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland);
3309:
2919:
2072:
2048:
2014:
4202:Aramazd. Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1854:The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period
5863:
5479:
4831:
4105:D'Alfonso, Lorenzo; Pedrinazzi, Matteo (2021).
4109:. In Ben-Dov, Jonathan; Rojas, Felipe (eds.).
2593:
2591:
1818:
1816:
1071:
838:
5465:
5078:
4491:Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
4339:Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
4159:Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
4062:
4023:
3851:Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
3786:Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
3303:
2825:
2712:
2700:
2430:
2250:
2205:
2157:
2145:
1807:
1450:In 705 BCE, Sargon II campaigned against the
441:• Annexation by the Neo-Assyrian Empire
356:• Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire
4999:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.).
4646:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.).
4576:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.).
4423:Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Part 3: Plates
3923:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.).
346:• Tabalian campaign of Shalmaneser III
2588:
1813:
1356:
1021:
833:, Tabal had submitted to the Urartian king
5472:
5458:
5085:
5071:
4889:
4527:
3627:Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities
3575:Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities
3487:Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities
2598:Yakubovich, Ilya; Arkhangelskiy, Timofey.
2366:Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities
1787:Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities
1469:Tabal (region) § Renewed independence
85:
4606:
1105:
858:or "land belonging to Tuate (Tuwattīs)" (
4676:
4417:
4375:
4271:
3557:
3545:
3509:"Uassurme [RULER OF TABAL] (RN)"
3483:"Uassurme [RULER OF TABAL] (RN)"
3445:
3430:
3351:
3339:
2582:
2567:
1009:, might possibly have been his vassals.
5029:
4938:British Institute for the Study of Iraq
4773:Institut français d'études anatoliennes
4617:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
4571:
4459:
4307:
4139:
3533:
2988:
2964:
2813:
2748:
821:
426:• Reorganisation into Bīt-Burutaš
5864:
5042:(2). Western Academic Press: 159–179.
4994:
4959:
4923:
3715:
3635:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3631:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3623:"Ambaris [KING OF TABAL] (RN)"
3609:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3605:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3601:Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire
3583:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3579:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3521:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3517:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3513:Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire
3495:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3491:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3469:
3415:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3411:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3407:Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire
3377:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3373:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
3369:Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire
3365:"Tuatti [RULER OF TABAL] (RN)"
3237:
3225:
3201:
3177:
3117:
3003:
2869:
2857:
2840:
2771:
2736:
2724:
2688:
2647:
2623:
2528:
2507:
2492:
2415:
2400:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
2396:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
2374:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
2370:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
2348:
2265:
2220:
2133:
2118:
2066:
2042:
1918:Giusfredi, Pisaniello & Rizza 2021
1905:
1888:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1884:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
1862:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1858:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
1836:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1832:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
1828:Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire
1795:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1791:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
1769:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1765:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
1761:Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire
951:Tuwattīs II was succeeded by his son,
737:defeated during his first campaign in
5453:
5066:
4789:
4760:
4718:
4641:
4083:American Schools of Oriental Research
3987:
3953:
3918:
3683:
3652:
3457:
3389:
3327:
3288:
3276:
3261:
3249:
3213:
3189:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3100:
3085:
3070:
3055:
3040:
3015:
2976:
2947:
2913:
2896:
2794:
2671:
2635:
2552:
2540:
2480:
2465:
2442:
2336:
2324:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2235:
2186:
2169:
2008:
1985:
1968:
1169:Annexation by the Neo-Assyrian Empire
875:Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire
700:
5882:Ancient history of Georgia (country)
904:
764:Tabalian campaign of Shalmaneser III
563:state which existed in southeastern
3887:
3822:
3757:
3315:
2932:
2392:Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts
2099:
2054:
2023:
1165:ties with the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
705:
655:in the modern Turkish provinces of
13:
91:Tabal among the Neo-Hittite states
14:
5898:
4493:] (in German). Vol. 14.
3853:] (in German). Vol. 14.
3788:] (in German). Vol. 13.
1477:
1298:• Annexation of Bīt-Burutaš
5844:
5265:
4281:. Translated by Walford, Naomi.
4161:] (in German). Vol. 1.
3615:
3589:
3563:
3501:
3475:
3395:
3357:
2604:Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts
1880:State Archives of Assyria Online
1374:
1349:
867:or "the one of Tuate, the land."
471:
381:• Deposition of Wasusarmas
5030:Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (2009).
4913:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
4539:The Cimmerians in the Near East
4534:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient
3823:Aro, S. (2014). "Uassurme". In
2660:D'Alfonso & Pedrinazzi 2021
2380:
2354:
1727:
1721:
1687:
1669:
1641:
1623:
1587:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1514:
1496:
1228:
1097:
1056:
892:
840:
774:
551:
537:
522:
515:
411:• Restoration of Ḫulliyas
275:
246:
223:
201:
178:
156:
59:
40:
32:
3716:Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (2019).
1876:"Bit-Purutaš [1] (GN)"
1868:
1850:"Bit-Purutaš [1] (GN)"
1842:
1824:"Bit-Purutaš [1] (GN)"
1775:
1749:
1059: 727 – 722 BCE
895: 745 – 727 BCE
777: 859 – 824 BCE
669:
396:• Deposition of Ḫulliyas
371:• War against Prizuwanda
80:Early 1st millennium BC–713 BC
1:
4861:The Cambridge Ancient History
4802:Ancient Near Eastern Research
4731:Ancient Near Eastern Research
4697:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527
4607:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a).
3728:Ancient Near Eastern Research
1783:"Tabalu [TABAL] (GN)"
1757:"Tabalu [TABAL] (GN)"
1742:
1731:
1698:
1691:
1645:
1591:
1567:
1518:
1432:
1263:
1231: 713 – 705 BC
1100: 722 – 705 BC
1035:
1028:
880:
827:
678:
430:
415:
400:
385:
360:
304:
279:
257:
250:
227:
205:
182:
160:
5481:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
4839:(1991). "The Scythians". In
4797:Altorientalische Forschungen
4726:Altorientalische Forschungen
4070:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3758:Aro, S. (2013). "Tabal". In
3723:Altorientalische Forschungen
1708:
1678:
1632:
1613:
1528:
1505:
1462:
988:
971:
944:
927:
860:
851:
725:
640:
587:
66:
47:
7:
4855:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
4467:; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella;
4250:British Institute at Ankara
4214:10.32028/ajnes.v15i1-2.1301
4079:University of Chicago Press
4063:D'Alfonso, Lorenzo (2019).
4024:D'Alfonso, Lorenzo (2012).
3902:British Institute at Ankara
3827:; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella;
3762:; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella;
3699:British Institute at Ankara
1517: unknown –
1076:Following the union of the
1072:Between Phrygia and Assyria
1005:of Tuwana and Kiyakiyas of
695:
645:
159: unknown –
10:
5903:
4873:Cambridge University Press
4555:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
4246:Cambridge University Press
3667:Cambridge University Press
3645:
1720:
1690: 730 BC –
1668:
1660:
1622:
1605:
1582:
1556:
1495:
1488:
1466:
1308:• Death of Sargon II
980:
963:
936:
919:
852:Tuate=hi=i=ni=ø ebani=ni=ø
839:
715:
690:
581:Tabal (region) § Name
578:
550:
536:
527:), later reorganised into
521:
514:
249: 730 BC –
58:
39:
31:
18:
5839:
5768:
5654:
5487:
5425:
5402:
5374:
5356:
5338:
5320:
5302:
5284:
5274:
5263:
5243:
5225:
5213:
5190:
5172:
5154:
5111:
5101:
4946:10.1017/S0021088900000589
4471:; Bonacossi, D. Morandi;
4258:10.1017/S0066154620000022
3892:. BIAA Monograph Series.
3831:; Bonacossi, D. Morandi;
3766:; Bonacossi, D. Morandi;
3689:. BIAA Monograph Series.
1595: mid 8th century BC
1390:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1175:
494:
453:
449:
439:
424:
409:
394:
379:
369:
354:
344:
334:
330:
320:
298:
294:
271:
242:
219:
209: mid 8th century BC
197:
174:
152:
148:
132:
124:
114:
104:
96:
84:
79:
28:
4677:Phillips, E. D. (1972).
4291:Rutgers University Press
3597:"Hulli [1] (PN)"
3571:"Hulli [1] (PN)"
1930:Goedegebuure et al. 2020
1084:under the Phrygian king
1022:Deposition of Wasusarmas
712:Middle Assyrian Akkadian
605:
5013:Oxford University Press
4660:Oxford University Press
4615:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
4590:Oxford University Press
4007:Oxford University Press
3937:Oxford University Press
861:Tuate=hini=i ebani=ni=ø
574:
340:Early 1st millennium BC
4818:10.1515/aofo-2018-0011
4747:10.1524/aofo.2012.0011
4463:(2014). "Urballa". In
4143:(1932). "Ambaris". In
3744:10.1515/aofo-2019-0010
1445:
1420:direct Assyrian rule.
1106:Kingdom of Bīt-Burutaš
5015:. pp. 912–1026.
4924:Weeden, Mark (2010).
4891:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
4790:Simon, Zsolt (2018).
4719:Simon, Zsolt (2013).
4625:Księgarnia Akademicka
4228:Goedegebuure, Petra;
1717:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
1665:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
1619:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
1553:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
1492:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
1154:Neo-Assyrian Empire.
624:Anti-Taurus Mountains
547:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
533:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
511:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
105:Common languages
5048:10.1086/MAR200916202
4900:Encyclopædia Iranica
4875:. pp. 547–590.
4775:. pp. 201–211.
4662:. pp. 865–911.
4613:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
4592:. pp. 352–423.
4341:]. Vol. 4.
4311:(1975). "Ḫulli". In
4125:. pp. 114–160.
4048:. pp. 173–194.
3939:. pp. 257–351.
3904:. pp. 113–135.
3701:. pp. 209–228.
1573: – unknown
822:Submission to Urartu
188: – unknown
5887:Syro-Hittite states
4980:. p. 721-736.
4962:Worthington, Martin
4833:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
4627:. pp. 71–100.
4419:Hawkins, John David
4377:Hawkins, John David
4361:. p. 490-491.
4046:Harrassowitz Verlag
1737: – 713 BC
1657:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1651: – 730 BC
1602:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1579:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1537:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1485:Hieroglyphic Luwian
1183:Neo-Assyrian Empire
977:Hieroglyphic Luwian
960:Hieroglyphic Luwian
933:Hieroglyphic Luwian
916:Hieroglyphic Luwian
888:Tiglath-pileser III
631:Neo-Assyrian Empire
336:• Established
314:Neo-Assyrian Empire
301:Neo-Assyrian Empire
285: – 713 BC
233: – 730 BC
5001:The Age of Assyria
4648:The Age of Assyria
4578:The Age of Assyria
4469:Krebernik, Manfred
4465:Streck, Michael P.
4313:Edzard, Dietz-Otto
4230:van den Hout, Theo
4030:Ponchia, Simonetta
3925:The Age of Assyria
3829:Krebernik, Manfred
3825:Streck, Michael P.
3764:Krebernik, Manfred
3760:Streck, Michael P.
3669:. pp. 60–82.
3548:, p. 506-507.
3433:, p. 452-454.
3354:, p. 448-449.
3180:, p. 729-730.
3144:, p. 158-159.
2950:, p. 144-145.
2751:, p. 490-491.
2715:, p. 148-149.
2703:, p. 143-144.
2585:, p. 445-447.
2543:, p. 203-204.
2483:, p. 143-144.
2445:, p. 205-206.
2339:, p. 683-684.
2253:, p. 176-177.
2148:, p. 177-178.
1988:, p. 141-142.
1920:, p. 136-138.
701:Neo-Hittite period
375:mid-8th century BC
5859:
5858:
5851:Turkey portal
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5261:
5260:
5096:states and cities
5022:978-0-190-68763-2
4987:978-1-57506-471-0
4882:978-1-139-05429-4
4849:Hammond, N. G. L.
4845:Edwards, I. E. S.
4810:Walter de Gruyter
4782:978-2-362-45083-9
4739:Walter de Gruyter
4684:World Archaeology
4669:978-0-190-68763-2
4634:978-8-371-88337-8
4599:978-0-190-68763-2
4564:978-3-727-80876-0
4529:Ivantchik, Askold
4520:978-3-110-41761-6
4511:Walter de Gruyter
4452:978-3-110-10864-4
4443:Walter de Gruyter
4410:978-3-110-10864-4
4401:Walter de Gruyter
4368:978-3-110-06772-9
4359:Walter de Gruyter
4300:978-0-813-51304-1
4248:on behalf of the
4188:978-3-112-35785-9
4181:. p. 93-94.
4179:Walter de Gruyter
4132:978-9-004-46208-3
4055:978-3-447-06659-4
4016:978-0-199-21872-1
3980:978-0-415-39485-7
3946:978-0-190-68763-2
3911:978-1-912-09011-2
3880:978-3-110-41761-6
3871:Walter de Gruyter
3815:978-3-110-30715-3
3806:Walter de Gruyter
3736:Walter de Gruyter
3708:978-1-912-09011-2
3676:978-1-107-19041-2
1676:
1630:
1611:
1503:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1362:
1361:
986:
969:
905:Regional hegemony
735:Tiglath-pileser I
723:
504:
503:
490:
489:
484:
483:
73:
54:
16:Neo-Hittite state
5894:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5282:
5281:
5269:
5109:
5108:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5026:
4991:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4920:
4917:Brill Publishers
4886:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4786:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4673:
4638:
4603:
4568:
4544:
4524:
4456:
4414:
4372:
4321:Röllig, Wolfgang
4315:; Calmeyer, P.;
4304:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4208:(1–2): 128–140.
4192:
4136:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4059:
4020:
3984:
3950:
3915:
3884:
3819:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3712:
3680:
3639:
3638:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2792:
2775:
2769:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2419:
2418:, p. 40-41.
2413:
2404:
2403:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2103:
2097:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1675:romanized:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1629:romanized:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1610:romanized:
1609:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1502:romanized:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1437:
1434:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1329:
1272:Aššur-šarru-uṣur
1268:
1265:
1232:
1230:
1181:Province of the
1173:
1172:
1101:
1099:
1060:
1058:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
991:
985:romanized:
984:
982:
974:
972:uras ḫantawattis
968:romanized:
967:
965:
947:
941:
939:
938:𔐓𔗦𔓷𔓚𔗬𔖱𔖻𔖭
930:
924:
922:
921:𔐓𔗦𔓷𔓚𔗬𔖱𔖻𔖭
896:
894:
885:
882:
863:
854:
844:
843:
842:
832:
829:
778:
776:
756:
748:
728:
722:romanized:
721:
719:
718:
706:Kingdom of Tabal
616:Taurus Mountains
590:
554:
553:
540:
539:
526:
525:
524:
518:
517:
475:
474:
468:
467:
455:
454:
435:
432:
420:
417:
405:
402:
390:
387:
365:
362:
312:Province of the
309:
306:
286:
284:
281:
277:
263:
262:
259:
255:
252:
248:
234:
232:
229:
225:
211:
210:
207:
203:
189:
187:
184:
180:
166:
165:
162:
158:
89:
71:
69:
63:
62:
61:
52:
50:
44:
43:
42:
36:
35:
34:
26:
25:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5843:
5835:
5764:
5650:
5483:
5478:
5448:
5439:
5421:
5398:
5370:
5352:
5334:
5316:
5298:
5270:
5257:
5239:
5221:
5209:
5186:
5168:
5150:
5097:
5091:
5061:
5052:
5050:
5023:
4988:
4968:. Vol. 2.
4950:
4948:
4883:
4863:. Vol. 3.
4822:
4820:
4783:
4751:
4749:
4709:
4707:
4670:
4635:
4600:
4565:
4549:, Switzerland;
4542:
4521:
4481:Wilhelm, Gernot
4473:Postgate, J. N.
4453:
4411:
4369:
4301:
4262:
4260:
4218:
4216:
4189:
4149:Meissner, Bruno
4133:
4095:
4093:
4056:
4017:
3981:
3947:
3912:
3881:
3873:. p. 257.
3841:Wilhelm, Gernot
3833:Postgate, J. N.
3816:
3776:Wilhelm, Gernot
3768:Postgate, J. N.
3748:
3746:
3709:
3677:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:, p. 1000.
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3107:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2895:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2801:
2793:
2778:
2770:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2407:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2106:
2098:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1734:
1726:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1648:
1640:
1594:
1586:
1570:
1562:
1521:
1513:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1448:
1435:
1375:
1350:
1309:
1299:
1269:
1266:
1233:
1227:
1171:
1108:
1096:
1074:
1055:
1038:
1031:
1024:
937:
920:
907:
891:
883:
877:
830:
824:
773:
770:Shalmaneser III
766:
731:Middle Assyrian
716:
708:
703:
698:
693:
681:
672:
648:
643:
608:
583:
577:
472:
442:
433:
427:
418:
412:
403:
397:
388:
382:
372:
363:
357:
347:
337:
311:
307:
287:
282:
274:
264:
260:
253:
245:
235:
230:
222:
212:
208:
200:
190:
185:
177:
167:
163:
155:
137:
119:Luwian religion
92:
75:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5900:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5535:Hurrian States
5532:
5530:Hittite Empire
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5099:
5098:
5090:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5027:
5021:
4992:
4986:
4957:
4921:
4887:
4881:
4869:United Kingdom
4853:Sollberger, E.
4841:Boardman, John
4829:
4787:
4781:
4758:
4716:
4691:(2): 129–138.
4674:
4668:
4639:
4633:
4604:
4598:
4569:
4563:
4525:
4519:
4461:Hawkins, J. D.
4457:
4451:
4415:
4409:
4373:
4367:
4329:Wiseman, D. J.
4309:Hawkins, J. D.
4305:
4299:
4273:Grousset, René
4269:
4225:
4193:
4187:
4145:Ebeling, Erich
4137:
4131:
4102:
4091:10.1086/703857
4060:
4054:
4021:
4015:
4003:United Kingdom
3985:
3979:
3967:United Kingdom
3951:
3945:
3916:
3910:
3898:United Kingdom
3885:
3879:
3820:
3814:
3755:
3713:
3707:
3695:United Kingdom
3681:
3675:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3614:
3588:
3562:
3560:, p. 503.
3550:
3538:
3536:, p. 162.
3526:
3500:
3474:
3472:, p. 155.
3462:
3460:, p. 129.
3450:
3448:, p. 461.
3435:
3420:
3394:
3392:, p. 283.
3382:
3356:
3344:
3342:, p. 449.
3332:
3330:, p. 293.
3320:
3318:, p. 390.
3308:
3306:, p. 183.
3304:D'Alfonso 2012
3293:
3291:, p. 160.
3281:
3279:, p. 212.
3266:
3264:, p. 335.
3254:
3252:, p. 559.
3242:
3230:
3228:, p. 730.
3218:
3216:, p. 147.
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3168:, p. 284.
3158:
3156:, p. 726.
3146:
3134:
3132:, p. 152.
3122:
3120:, p. 729.
3105:
3103:, p. 145.
3090:
3088:, p. 877.
3075:
3073:, p. 304.
3060:
3058:, p. 282.
3045:
3043:, p. 283.
3020:
3018:, p. 644.
3008:
3006:, p. 999.
2993:
2991:, p. 376.
2981:
2979:, p. 298.
2969:
2952:
2937:
2935:, p. 117.
2918:
2916:, p. 280.
2901:
2899:, p. 685.
2874:
2872:, p. 736.
2862:
2860:, p. 726.
2845:
2843:, p. 731.
2830:
2828:, p. 182.
2826:D'Alfonso 2012
2818:
2816:, p. 491.
2799:
2797:, p. 279.
2776:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2727:, p. 996.
2717:
2713:D'Alfonso 2019
2705:
2701:D'Alfonso 2019
2693:
2691:, p. 732.
2676:
2674:, p. 285.
2664:
2662:, p. 150.
2652:
2650:, p. 727.
2640:
2638:, p. 260.
2628:
2616:
2587:
2572:
2570:, p. 445.
2557:
2555:, p. 395.
2545:
2533:
2531:, p. 724.
2512:
2497:
2485:
2470:
2468:, p. 144.
2447:
2435:
2433:, p. 176.
2431:D'Alfonso 2012
2420:
2405:
2379:
2353:
2351:, p. 995.
2341:
2329:
2327:, p. 271.
2306:
2304:, p. 272.
2294:
2292:, p. 143.
2282:
2270:
2268:, p. 973.
2255:
2251:D'Alfonso 2012
2240:
2238:, p. 240.
2225:
2210:
2208:, p. 179.
2206:D'Alfonso 2012
2191:
2189:, p. 683.
2174:
2172:, p. 205.
2162:
2160:, p. 177.
2158:D'Alfonso 2012
2150:
2146:D'Alfonso 2012
2138:
2136:, p. 921.
2123:
2121:, p. 998.
2104:
2102:, p. 389.
2071:
2059:
2057:, p. 114.
2047:
2028:
2026:, p. 257.
2013:
2011:, p. 142.
1990:
1973:
1971:, p. 684.
1934:
1922:
1910:
1908:, p. 725.
1893:
1867:
1841:
1812:
1810:, p. 180.
1808:D'Alfonso 2012
1800:
1774:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1705:
1653:
1614:Wassu-Sarrumas
1598:
1575:
1525:
1479:
1478:List of rulers
1476:
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1447:
1444:
1436: 710 BCE
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1107:
1104:
1073:
1070:
1023:
1020:
975:) and "Hero" (
945:asha tiwaramis
906:
903:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
856:
841:𒁹𒌓𒀀𒋼𒄭𒉌𒄿
823:
820:
765:
762:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
680:
677:
671:
668:
647:
644:
642:
639:
607:
604:
579:Main article:
576:
573:
538:𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾
502:
501:
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
485:
482:
481:
479:Hittite empire
476:
464:
463:
461:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
428:
425:
422:
421:
413:
410:
407:
406:
398:
395:
392:
391:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
321:Historical era
318:
317:
316:(713 - 705 BC)
299:Vassal of the
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
272:
269:
268:
265:
243:
240:
239:
236:
220:
217:
216:
213:
198:
195:
194:
191:
175:
172:
171:
168:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
77:
76:
60:𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾
29:
21:Tabal (region)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5899:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5852:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Armenia Minor
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:Classical Age
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Assuwa League
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5009:United States
5006:
5005:New York City
5002:
4998:
4997:Radner, Karen
4993:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:United States
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4909:United States
4906:
4905:New York City
4902:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4837:Taylor, T. F.
4834:
4830:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4759:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4656:United States
4653:
4652:New York City
4649:
4645:
4644:Radner, Karen
4640:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4586:United States
4583:
4582:New York City
4579:
4575:
4574:Radner, Karen
4570:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:(in French).
4540:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:United States
4504:
4503:New York City
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4477:Seidl, Ursula
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4439:United States
4436:
4435:New York City
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4397:United States
4394:
4393:New York City
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:United States
4352:
4351:New York City
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4319:; Otten, H.;
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:United States
4284:
4283:New Brunswick
4280:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:Bryce, Trevor
3986:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:Bryce, Trevor
3952:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:United States
3930:
3929:New York City
3926:
3922:
3921:Radner, Karen
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:United States
3864:
3863:New York City
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3837:Seidl, Ursula
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:United States
3799:
3798:New York City
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3772:Seidl, Ursula
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:Kim, Hyun Jin
3651:
3650:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3559:
3558:Hawkins 2000c
3554:
3547:
3546:Hawkins 2000b
3542:
3535:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3446:Hawkins 2000c
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:Hawkins 2000b
3427:
3425:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3352:Hawkins 2000c
3348:
3341:
3340:Hawkins 2000b
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3204:, p. 59.
3203:
3198:
3192:, p. 93.
3191:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2967:, p. 93.
2966:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2774:, p. 42.
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2739:, p. 50.
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2626:, p. 45.
2625:
2620:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2583:Hawkins 2000c
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:Hawkins 2000b
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2510:, p. 46.
2509:
2504:
2502:
2495:, p. 41.
2494:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2280:, p. 72.
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2223:, p. 39.
2222:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2069:, p. 44.
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2045:, p. 43.
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1932:, p. 35.
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:. Sargon II.
1851:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1735: 721 BC
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1702: 721 BC
1695: 726 BC
1683:
1681:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649: 740 BC
1637:
1635:
1620:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1580:
1577:Tuwattīs II (
1576:
1571: 837 BC
1554:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1522: 837 BC
1510:
1508:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1391:Today part of
1389:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267: 713 BC
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:713 BC–705 BC
1187:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1052:Shalmaneser V
1047:
1043:
1039: 730 BC
1019:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:Warpalawas II
998:
995:
990:
978:
973:
961:
956:
954:
949:
946:
934:
929:
917:
911:
902:
898:
889:
884: 738 BC
872:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
847:
846:
836:
831: 780 BC
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
771:
761:
758:
754:
746:
740:
736:
732:
727:
713:
688:
686:
676:
667:
664:
662:
658:
654:
638:
635:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
600:
598:
594:
589:
582:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
544:
534:
530:
512:
508:
500:
497:
495:Today part of
493:
486:
480:
477:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
434: 718 BC
429:
423:
419: 721 BC
414:
408:
404: 726 BC
399:
393:
389: 730 BC
384:
378:
374:
368:
364: 740 BC
359:
353:
349:
343:
339:
333:
329:
326:
323:
319:
315:
302:
297:
293:
289:
283: 721 BC
270:
266:
261: 721 BC
254: 726 BC
241:
237:
231: 740 BC
218:
214:
196:
192:
186: 837 BC
173:
169:
164: 837 BC
151:
147:
143:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
83:
78:
68:
49:
27:
22:
5748:
5717:Neo-Hittites
5304:Unqi-Pattina
5120:
5094:Syro-Hittite
5051:. Retrieved
5039:
5035:
5000:
4965:
4949:. Retrieved
4933:
4929:
4898:
4895:"Cimmerians"
4856:
4821:. Retrieved
4805:
4801:
4795:
4768:
4763:
4750:. Retrieved
4734:
4730:
4724:
4708:. Retrieved
4688:
4682:
4647:
4616:
4577:
4538:
4533:
4490:
4484:
4479:; Stol, M.;
4422:
4380:
4338:
4332:
4325:v. Soden, W.
4317:Moortgat, A.
4277:
4261:. Retrieved
4241:
4237:
4217:. Retrieved
4205:
4201:
4158:
4152:
4110:
4094:. Retrieved
4074:
4068:
4033:
3993:
3958:
3924:
3889:
3850:
3844:
3839:; Stol, M.;
3785:
3779:
3774:; Stol, M.;
3747:. Retrieved
3731:
3727:
3721:
3686:
3658:
3626:
3617:
3600:
3591:
3574:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3534:Younger 2009
3529:
3512:
3503:
3486:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3406:
3397:
3385:
3368:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3284:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3011:
2989:Novotny 2023
2984:
2972:
2965:Ebeling 1932
2865:
2821:
2814:Hawkins 1975
2749:Hawkins 1975
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2548:
2536:
2488:
2438:
2391:
2382:
2365:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2062:
2050:
1925:
1913:
1879:
1870:
1853:
1844:
1827:
1803:
1786:
1777:
1760:
1751:
1600:Wasusarmas (
1483:Tuwattīs I (
1472:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1339:Succeeded by
1338:
1333:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1090:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1025:
1011:
999:
957:
950:
928:parni=nannis
912:
908:
899:
878:
870:
825:
796:
789:
785:
781:
767:
759:
709:
682:
673:
665:
649:
636:
628:
609:
601:
584:
561:Syro-Hittite
542:
528:
506:
505:
458:
5821:Paphlagonia
5525:Hayasa-Azzi
5358:Bit Bahiani
5322:Bit Gabbari
4978:Eisenbrauns
4812:: 122–132.
4741:: 167–180.
4557:(Germany).
4141:Ebeling, E.
4119:Netherlands
4085:: 133–152.
3738:: 147–160.
3470:Adiego 2019
3238:Weeden 2023
3226:Weeden 2017
3202:Weeden 2010
3178:Weeden 2017
3118:Weeden 2017
3004:Weeden 2023
2870:Weeden 2017
2858:Weeden 2017
2841:Weeden 2017
2772:Weeden 2010
2737:Weeden 2010
2725:Weeden 2023
2689:Weeden 2017
2648:Weeden 2017
2624:Weeden 2010
2529:Weeden 2017
2508:Weeden 2010
2493:Weeden 2010
2416:Weeden 2010
2349:Weeden 2023
2266:Weeden 2023
2221:Weeden 2010
2134:Weeden 2023
2119:Weeden 2023
2067:Weeden 2010
2043:Weeden 2010
1906:Weeden 2017
1606:𔓬𔖢𔑙𔒅𔗔
1489:𔕬𔗬𔑣𔓯𔗔
1357:Bīt-Burutaš
1334:Preceded by
670:Settlements
620:Konya Plain
612:Halys river
597:Halys river
529:Bīt-Burutaš
459:Preceded by
308: 740s
215:Tuwattīs II
67:Bīt-Burutaš
5866:Categories
5796:Cappadocia
5776:Antigonids
5725:Carchemish
5672:Cimmerians
5612:Purushanda
5607:Sagalassos
5543:Kizzuwatna
5510:Carchemish
5488:Bronze Age
5348:Til Barsip
5253:Carchemish
5245:Carchemish
4710:5 November
3458:Simon 2018
3390:Simon 2013
3328:Bryce 2012
3289:Bryce 2012
3277:Adalı 2023
3262:Bryce 2012
3250:Bryce 2009
3214:Bryce 2012
3190:Bryce 2009
3166:Bryce 2012
3154:Bryce 2009
3142:Bryce 2012
3130:Bryce 2012
3101:Bryce 2012
3086:Payne 2023
3071:Baker 2023
3056:Bryce 2012
3041:Bryce 2012
3016:Bryce 2009
2977:Baker 2023
2948:Bryce 2012
2914:Bryce 2012
2897:Bryce 2009
2795:Bryce 2012
2672:Simon 2013
2636:Bryce 2012
2600:"KULULU 4"
2553:Bryce 2009
2541:Simon 2017
2481:Bryce 2012
2466:Bryce 2012
2443:Simon 2017
2337:Bryce 2009
2325:Bryce 2012
2302:Baker 2023
2290:Bryce 2012
2278:Bryce 2012
2236:Bryce 2012
2187:Bryce 2009
2170:Simon 2017
2009:Bryce 2012
1986:Bryce 2012
1969:Bryce 2009
1743:References
1722:𒁹𒄠𒁀𒊑𒄑
1670:𒁹𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄿
1661:𔕙𔔹𔓱𔗦𔗷
1655:Ḫulliyas (
1624:𒁹𒌑𒊍𒋩𒈨
1452:Cimmerians
1204:Government
1159:Argišti II
1065:Ḫulliyas.
1032: 732
953:Wasusarmas
679:Neighbours
559:-speaking
552:𒂍𒁹𒉺𒊒𒋫
543:Bīt-Paruta
238:Wasusarmas
170:Tuwattīs I
134:Great King
125:Government
5806:Commagene
5412:Hatarikka
5376:Bit Agusi
5340:Bit Adini
4940:: 39–61.
4865:Cambridge
4551:Göttingen
4531:(1993a).
4421:(2000c).
4379:(2000b).
4252:: 29–43.
4038:Wiesbaden
3971:Routledge
3749:15 August
3663:Cambridge
1583:𔕬𔓬𔑣𔕣
1542:Kiyakiyas
1463:Aftermath
1237:Sargon II
1093:Sargon II
1078:Phrygians
989:ḫastallis
835:Argišti I
726:māt Tuali
641:Geography
585:The name
555:), was a
310:- 713 BC)
136:(earlier)
115:Religion
5877:Anatolia
5826:Pergamon
5791:Bithynia
5655:Iron Age
5495:Ahhiyawa
5286:Palistin
5276:Aramaean
5200:Karatepe
5146:Ištuanda
5053:21 March
4964:(eds.).
4893:(1991).
4547:Fribourg
4483:(eds.).
4331:(eds.).
4275:(1970).
4263:11 April
4151:(eds.).
4096:22 March
4081:for the
4032:(eds.).
3991:(2012).
3957:(2009).
3843:(eds.).
3778:(eds.).
3316:Aro 2013
2933:Aro 2023
2609:25 March
2100:Aro 2013
2055:Aro 2023
2024:Aro 2014
1636:Wassurme
1558:𒁹𒆠𒅅𒆠
1497:𒁹𒌅𒀜𒋾
1248:Governor
1080:and the
994:Ḫartapus
808:Ištuanda
717:𒆳𒌅𒀀𒇷
696:Iron Age
646:Location
622:and the
593:Akkadian
569:Iron Age
565:Anatolia
325:Iron Age
267:Ḫulliyas
128:Monarchy
5816:Osroene
5811:Galatia
5801:Cilicia
5781:Armenia
5755:Phrygia
5737:Kammanu
5733:Ḫilakku
5682:Diauehi
5677:Colchis
5646:Zalpuwa
5622:Shupria
5603:Pisidia
5578:Miletus
5563:Kussara
5553:Kalašma
5547:Mitanni
5515:Hapalla
5389:Nampigi
5312:Kinalua
5294:Kinalua
5215:Hilakku
5156:Kammanu
5141:Šinuḫtu
5136:Ḫubišna
4951:7 April
4823:19 July
4804:].
4771:].
4752:6 March
4733:].
4499:Germany
4431:Germany
4389:Germany
4347:Germany
4219:6 March
4175:Germany
4171:Leipzig
4167:Germany
4042:Germany
3859:Germany
3794:Germany
3730:].
3646:Sources
1730:
1712:Ambaris
1697:,
1644:
1590:
1566:
1548:Kiyakis
1285:History
1262:•
1226:•
1198:Adanawa
1194:Capital
1124:Ḫilakku
1027:around
1015:Phrygia
1007:Šinuḫtu
940:
923:
826:Around
816:Šinuḫtu
812:Ḫubišna
691:History
657:Kayseri
653:Kayseri
567:in the
290:Ambaris
278:
273:•
256:,
244:•
226:
221:•
204:
199:•
181:
176:•
154:•
141:(later)
97:Capital
53:earlier
5831:Pontus
5760:Urartu
5741:Kummuh
5729:Gurgum
5712:Mushki
5692:Etiuni
5662:Aeolia
5637:Wilusa
5558:Kaskia
5500:Arzawa
5435:Hamath
5427:Hamath
5417:Shuksi
5404:Luhuti
5366:Guzana
5330:Sam'al
5278:states
5235:Marqas
5227:Gurgum
5220:
5182:Samsat
5174:Kummuh
5126:Tuwana
5105:states
5103:Luwian
5019:
4984:
4970:Winona
4879:
4779:
4705:123971
4703:
4666:
4631:
4621:Kraków
4596:
4561:
4541:]
4517:
4495:Berlin
4449:
4427:Berlin
4407:
4385:Berlin
4365:
4343:Berlin
4297:
4185:
4163:Berlin
4129:
4115:Leiden
4052:
4013:
3999:Oxford
3977:
3963:London
3943:
3908:
3894:London
3877:
3855:Berlin
3812:
3790:Berlin
3705:
3691:London
3673:
1509:Tuatti
1417:Ḫiyawa
1410:Urartu
1395:Turkey
1312:705 BC
1302:713 BC
1288:
1252:
1216:
814:, and
804:Tuwana
685:Tuwana
618:, the
614:, the
557:Luwian
523:𒌷𒋫𒁄
516:𒆳𒋫𒁄
499:Turkey
445:713 BC
350:837 BC
144:
109:Luwian
100:Artulu
41:𒌷𒋫𒁄
33:𒆳𒋫𒁄
5872:Tabal
5749:Tabal
5721:Atuna
5707:Lydia
5702:Lycia
5697:Ionia
5687:Doris
5667:Caria
5632:Urumu
5627:Urshu
5593:Nairi
5588:Mysia
5573:Luwia
5568:Lukka
5539:Isuwa
5520:Hatti
5394:Halab
5384:Arpad
5205:Adana
5164:Melid
5131:Atuna
5121:Tabal
5113:Tabal
4808:(1).
4800:[
4767:[
4737:(1).
4729:[
4701:JSTOR
4611:. In
4543:(PDF)
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1370:Tabal
1176:Tabal
1120:Konya
1086:Midas
1082:Muški
800:Atuna
792:Melid
739:Nairi
733:king
661:Niğde
606:Usage
588:Tabal
541:) or
507:Tabal
193:Kikki
72:later
48:Tabal
5745:Quwê
5641:Troy
5617:Seha
5598:Pala
5583:Mira
5192:Quwê
5055:2024
5017:ISBN
4982:ISBN
4953:2024
4930:Iraq
4877:ISBN
4825:2024
4777:ISBN
4754:2024
4712:2021
4664:ISBN
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4221:2024
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1512:;),
1212:King
772:'s (
659:and
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575:Name
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5044:doi
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