Syrian Social Nationalist Party

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anti-intellectual, and highly emotional" and " military virtues and power self-sacrifice". Also according to Payne, all these movements received strong influence from European fascism and praised the Italian and German fascism but " fully developed fascist movements, and none reproduced the full characteristics of European fascism"; the influence in Arab nationalism remained long after 1945. Also, Saadeh's superior race was not a pure one, but a fusion of all races in Syrian history. The SSNP would be " elite group, with little structure for mobilization".

3602: 4491:, 1967: "Thus, the Syrian national anthem for the PPS sang "Syria, Syria uber alles" to the same familiar tune of "Deutschland, Deutschland uber alles" (176) The hand gestures in saluting and the "long live the leader" bore striking resemblances to the Nazi practice. The swastika was replaced with a hurricane as a PPS symbol, (177) while the storm or combat troops were present in both. Both Hitler and Saadeh, in addition to having the same title of 'the leader', held and exercised all legislative and executive authority." 1147: 1191: 2029: 823:. Coming back shortly to Lebanon in 1939, he was questioned by the French authorities who accused him of plotting with the Germans. The charge was dropped when no evidence of collaboration had been found and after that Saadeh declared that even the French rule to which he was vehemently opposed would be better than German or Italian rule. Having afterwards left for Argentina, Saadeh found out that the Argentinian branch of the SSNP newspaper had been voicing its outright support for 1108: 1481:, in 1955, Syrian authorities banned the party and organized a witch hunt against its members under pressure from the Ba'ath and Communist parties. Throughout the 1950s, SSNP members were captured and put on trial, imprisoned, or killed, ending the party's status as a political force in the country. The SSNP remained an outlawed group in Syria for decades, with the party's image being tarnished by the Malki affair as well as its alignment with Western interests and 1202: 874: 2139:). It was designed by the SSNP students at the American University of Beirut while the party was still clandestine and before the French authorities had uncovered it in 1936. Saadeh stated the whirlwind was found engraved on ancient Syrian artifacts, and it is known from for example Sumerian art. The SSNP emblem has been said to be a combination of the Islamic crescent and the Christian cross. The party flag features a red hurricane, called the 5220: 835: 4781: 1648:, with its allotted seats being reduced from seven to three. The elections showcased the absolute dominance of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath party in the political system by increasing the Ba'athist share to two-thirds of the total, or 167 seats. This was also part of the Assad regime's wider clampdown on SSNP activities to curb its influence in Syria that was gained during the civil war. The Ba'athist government also dissolved the 2253:

set a high value on secularism, and who felt that they had far more in common with their fellow Syrians of whatever religion or denomination than with fellow Sunnite or Muslim Arabs elsewhere. Here again, an idea of nationalism had emerged which had sufficient credit to make it valid. In the Lebanese context, however, it became ready cover for something more archaic, which was essentially Greek Orthodox particularism.

812:, whereas it began militating, in secret, for the overthrow of the Mandate. Nonetheless, the alliance between the SSNP and the National Bloc did not last long: The National Bloc refrained from engaging in actual militant activities against the French, deciding instead to cooperate with the High Commissioner. Many SSNP members also felt that the NB refused to cooperate with them because their founder was Christian. 683: 1872: 769: 1180: 1130: 1884:, what has driven throughout the course of human history movements seeking to unify it, what has allowed it to establish, through ethnic, religious and cultural assimilation and mixing, a high culture and civilization, and what has made it the prize coveted by all imperialist powers. Saadeh advocated for all ethnoreligious groups to consider themselves as descendants of the 1633:, the Ba'ath party has also cemented its monopoly over military forces, student activism, trade unions, youth organizations, and other social associations. The new campaign also purged those Ba'ath cadres deemed insufficiently loyal from all levels of party organizations and promoted the re-structuring of Syrian society along the lines of 985:, supported by some 200 civilian SSNP members. In the scholarly literature, the coup has been explained as stemming from the party's ideological preference for violence ("bullets over ballots"), its frustration at exclusion from the Lebanese state, and both political and military criticism of the rule of Fouad Chehab. 1836:

extended to the Suez Canal in the south, and that includes modern Syria, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait. The boundaries of the historic environment in which the Syrian nation evolved went much beyond the scope usually ascribed to Syria, extending from the Taurus range in the north-east and the

3998: 1416: 2143:, within a white disc on a black background. Each arm symbolizes one of the four virtues of the party's mission: freedom, duty, discipline and power. According to SSNP lore, the black color symbolizes the Dark Ages of Ottoman rule, colonialism, sectarian division, national division, and backwardness. The 2045:

who was instrumental in Saadeh's death penalty. To avoid being caught, the assailants committed suicide. When one of the assailants survived and woke up in the hospital, he completed his suicide attempt by tearing up his wounds and falling from the bed. The assassination of the general prosecutor who

2040:

In 1949, it declared the "First Renaissance Revolution" against the Lebanese government, an armed confrontation with the Lebanese and Syrian security forces that ended in a disaster and the execution of Antun Saadeh by the Lebanese authorities on 8 July. Not too long later, party members assassinated

1967:

in Palestine, with Saadeh deeming the Jews as the community unable and unwilling to assimilate, and having criticized the notion that Jewishness can be a cornerstone for a nation-state. For the SSNP, the Jews do not constitute a nation as they are a heterogeneous mixture of peoples in a similar sense

1931:

In Saadeh's vision of "harmony" among the country's ethnic and religious communities through a return to a so-called Syrian "racial unity" which was itself in fact a mixture of races, neither Islam nor pan-Arabism was important, and therefore religion wasn't either. Saadeh's concept of the nation was

865:

as well as outright social ultraconservatism, the SSNP rejected these national claim on the basis that the borders outlining the newly created states were fictitious, resulting from colonialism, and do not reflect any historical and social realities. The party claimed that Greater Syria as defined by

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Saadeh found a ready following among his co-religionists. His idea of secular pan-Syrianism also proved attractive to many Druzes and Shiites; to Christians other than the Greek Orthodox, including some Maronites who were disaffected by both Lebanism and Arabism; and also to many Sunnite Muslims who

1984:

While the Renaissance is underlined as a romanticized notion of spiritual, intellectual, and patriotic elevation, the SSNP elaborated a simple yet straightforward doctrine pertaining to how the Syrian People ought to organize itself once the Renaissance has begun, albeit the fact that Saadeh had not

988:

Advisors of Chehab who allegedly witnessed armed SSNP partisans gathering around the central areas of Beirut rushed to the presidential palace to inform Chehab of the insurrection. This resulted in a renewed proscription and the imprisonment and/or execution of many SSNP leaders. Most of the party's

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sees Saadeh's theory as a response to the religious diversity of Syria, and points to his later extension of his vision of the Syrian nation to include Iraq, a country also noted for its religious diversity, as further evidence for this. The party also accepted that due to "religious and political

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broke out, the government reciprocated, providing weaponry and training. In the meantime, SSNP officials had become a target for rebel militants and were kidnapped and assassinated. Bashar al-Yazigi, head of the political SSNP bureau in Syria, stated that the "opposition is seeking to create sharp

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These natural geographical factors hence create the societal framework in which man establishes his existence, beliefs, habits, and value systems. Saadeh's critique of ethnic nationalisms led him to hence develop a framework of geographical nationalism, the idea of the "natural homeland". When he

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reported in 2021 that the Syrian uprising/civil war "was an opportunity for the SSNP to take on a new dimension". According to Syrian analyst Samir Akil, SSNP cadres mostly came from the Christian, Alawite, and Shi'ite communities, posing a direct threat to the Assad regime, which was seeking to

1817:

According to researcher Wissam Samia, Saadeh defined the policy of the SSNP in a newspaper he founded in 1947 called 'Suriah al-jadida' (New Syria) in a letter to its board of directors. He defined the party's policy as "Syrian nationalist policy that is not mixed with any foreign policy", and

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movement. These three movements would share characteristics like being territorially expansionist, with the SSNP wanting the complete control of Syria, belief in the superiority of their own people (with Saadeh theorizing a "distinct and naturally superior" Syrian race), being "nonrationalist,

1835:

which he had started writing three months before the French authorities in Lebanon discovered the secret organization and arrested its leader and his assistants. In his book, Saadeh formulated his belief in the existence of a Syrian nation in a homeland defined as embracing all historic Syria

1659:, who headed the SSNP (Amana) faction and was widely reviled as a symbol of corruption in the regime. Bashar al-Assad had banned the SSNP (Amana) faction on 10 October 2019 and ordered the confiscation of his cousin's business assets. Makhlouf's private militias, which fought alongside the 1932:

shaped mainly by historical concrete interactions amongst people over the centuries in a given geography, rather than being based on ethnic origins, race, language or religion. This led him also to conclude that the Arabs could not form one nation, but many nations could be called Arab.

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and developed the party's ideology. In 1936, the party's open hostility to colonialism led to the French authorities banning the party and the imprisoning Saadeh for six months for creating a clandestine party, although an accusation of having been in contact with the German and Italian

1511:

Over time, the SSNP and the Syrian Ba'athist regime experienced a dramatic turnaround in their historical relationship, from enemies to allies. The process started as the party reckoned that Hafez al-Assad's regional goals, such as consolidating Syria's control over Lebanon and the

1723:

write that Saadeh's "national vision was based on belonging to one's geographical milieu, rather than one's race. His supporters insist that their leader chose the party's emblem long before he learned of Nazism." Christopher Solomon states that SSNP's persistent backing of the

790:

family who had lived in South America from 1919 to 1930 who secretly established the first nucleus of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in November 1932, which operated underground for the first three years of its existence; in 1933, he started publishing the monthly journal

2061:. The party also undertook many operations against Israeli presence in Lebanon, including a military operation in broad daylight against Israeli officers stationed in Beirut, which triggered the beginning of the generalized armed struggle for Lebanese liberation. Party member 1583:

In 2016, estimates of the number of SSNP fighters in Syria ranged from 6,000 to 8,000. Lebanese fighters were included in their ranks, even though the party claims that "their proportion within the group's total fighting force has decreased steadily, as more Syrians sign up".

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gives a somewhat contrasting interpretation, pointing to the position of the Greek Orthodox community as a large minority in both Syria and Lebanon for whom "the concept of pan-Syrianism was more meaningful than the concept of Arabism" while at the same time they resented

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It survived and made itself useful during Syria's occupation of Lebanon by relying on its militia, unique ideology, and adopting a politically pragmatic approach that brought the SSNP from the right side of the political spectrum to its current place in the camp of the

2262:... ." In Lebanon as a whole the party was not popular. "Christians were generally opposed to their Syrian unionism, while Moslems were suspicious of their reservations with regard to pan-Arabism. The Lebanese authorities were able to suppress them without difficulty." 1957:

and movements calling for ethnically-separate homelands was one of outright hostility. Saadeh was also hostile to all religiously-motivated political movements, or movements that did not call for the separation between Church (or Mosque) and State. The incoming

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considerations", the separate existence of Lebanon was necessary for the time being. From 1945 onward, the party adopted a more nuanced stance regarding Arab nationalism, seeing Syrian unity as a potential first step towards an Arab union led by Syria.

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Prof. Salibi remarks on the beginnings of Saadeh's party in the 1930s: "mong its first members were students and young graduates of the American University of Beirut." This early party was "mainly Greek Orthodox and Protestants with some Shi'ites and

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Unlike other militant nationalist parties in the Arab World, Syrian Social Nationalist Party was unique in its espousal of an exclusive form of nationalism which glorified the pre-Christian era, advocating the union of all Syrian peoples under a

1756:

The system of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party is not a Hitlerite or a Fascist system, but that it is purely a Syrian system which does not stand on unprofitable imitation, but on basic originality which is one of the characteristics of our

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bound together as Muslims and Christians through freedom, duty, discipline and power as a hurricane to purge the Dark Ages and spark their nation's rejuvenation and renaissance. Critics and scholars claim that the symbol was modeled after the

897:(the Nakba), and a response to a series of aggressions perpetrated by the Kataeb-backed Lebanese government, the SSNP attempted its first revolution. Following a violent crackdown by government forces, Saadeh traveled to Damascus to meet with 2000:, which the Party deems responsible for the "desolate state of things to which the country had gotten to", including maintaining educational levels at an all-time low and being instrumental in the loss of Palestine. The second principle is " 2104:

The SSNP's ideology was an entirely secular form of nationalism; indeed, it posited the complete separation of religion and politics as one of the two fundamental conditions for real national unity, alongside economic and social reform.

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Saadeh represents the national ideal encompassing the historical people of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent, bound together by a clearly defined geography and a common historical, social and cultural development path away from all

1908:, all the way up until the present. The SSNP claimed that the Greater Syria is the natural home of the Syrian people with clearly defined geographic boundaries, yet that its people are suffering from what Saadeh described as a "woe" ( 1782:. Some scholars have made comparisons of SSNP's ideological and organizational resemblances with European fascism, and of its external symbols to those of German Nazism, although these criticisms are not accepted by the party itself. 2046:

judged Saadeh was also conducted by a Party cell, and Party members are believed to have been involved in the assassination of Husni al-Zaim, the Syrian dictator who captured Saadeh and handed him over to the Lebanese authorities.

2004:". Despite its belief in the necessity of private property, the SSNP declared defending workers' rights and establishing a framework that guarantees these rights as an inalienable right. This is coupled with the need to establish 885:

as a purely rhetorical gimmick, condemned the incompetence and hypocrisy of the Arab leaders, and asserted that the creation of the State of Israel and the expulsion of the Palestinians was the direct result of this incompetence.

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greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular

1663:, were also disbanded by the government. SSNP leaders criticized their sidelining in the 2020 parliamentary elections as a betrayal, with many party cadres viewing the authoritarian measures of the government with dismay. 1880:

applied this model to the case of the Fertile Crescent, the conclusion he reached was straightforward: the natural geographical factors of the basin lying east of the Mediterranean is what has allowed it to become the

4423:

Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to

2069:, detonated herself in her car along with an Israeli convoy in south Lebanon. The party joined arms with the Communists, the PLO, the Arab nationalists, and other groups to fight against the Israeli invasion – see 7180: 1611:, among others. In 2016, party officials claimed that its membership had increased "by the thousands" since the start of the war as a result of its alleged "reputation as an effective fighting force in Syria". 5817: 1391:

in 2020, but with a growing split in the party between Hardan's followers, who are closer to the Syrian government and the March 8 Alliance, and Banat's followers, who are closer to the administration of

2230:"What shook me is how nearly it could have got fantastically nasty. We could have been hurt or taken away. These militias have their own private dungeons. I wouldn't fancy spending time in one of those." 1962:

to Southern Syria (Palestine) and the Jewish communities were criticized for their "foreign and racial loyalties", their unwillingness to assimilate, and their active willingness to create an ethnically

702:

to the Levant, that would shake off the Ottoman past and propel back what many started to see again as the cradle of civilization into the modern world's front stage. In that aspect, the works of

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The Syrian Social Nationalist Party is neither a Hitlerite nor a Fascist one, but a pure social nationalist one. It is not based on useless imitation, but is the result of an authentic invention.

1629:

programme in regime-held territories, which sought the stronger amalgamation of the Ba'athist-state nexus and the tightening of the grip of the state. As part of its attempts to strengthen the

3525: 3420: 1516:, were consistent with the SSNP's goal of establishing Greater Syria, while the SSNP reciprocated by acting as a Syrian proxy in Lebanon. The alliance has strengthened in the face of the 1294:. In the mid-1970s, there were tensions within the party between "a reformist branch close to the Palestinian factions and another more inclined toward Damascus"; it reunified in 1978. 3826: 1508:

coalition of legal parties as an observer. In spring 2005, the party was legalised in Syria, in what has been described as "an attempt to allow a limited form of political activity".

589: 925:. As a result, Al-Za'im handed Saadeh over to Lebanese authorities, who had him executed on 8 July 1949. It was the shortest and most secretive trial given to a political offender. 4428:, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation. 7175: 3900: 3863: 1531:, the party gained three out of 250 seats in the parliament. In 2015, journalist Terry Glavin wrote, "But for a brief and friendly interregnum during the Baathist regime's phoney 1924:

of the Syrian nation is inevitably linked to the purge of these "decadent" forces through the reinforcing of national solidarity, resistance against colonialism, and adoption of

6168: 453:, based on geographical boundaries and the common history people within the boundaries share. It has also been active in the Syrian and Lebanese diaspora, for example in 3975: 2803: 3299: 7319: 7160: 7119: 3551: 3471: 1985:

developed the idea completely. The social-nationalist model elaborated by Saadeh is reflected in the "Communiqué of the First Social Nationalist Revolution of 1949".

819:. On his way to Argentina, he visited Italy and Berlin, which increased the suspicions of the French that the SSNP might have been entertaining relations with the 3803: 531:. SSNP continued to engage in violent activities throughout the country; and was banned in 1955 after its assassination of a Syrian Ba'athist military officer 4514: 2881: 2226:", a project that sought the annexation or partial conquest of numerous nation-states in the region. Recounting the events of the assault, Hitchens stated: 7109: 5208: 4458:

had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.

1539:, who has been one of the two non-Ba'ath party minister's in the Damascus government since 2012, as Minister of State for National Reconciliation Affairs. 1945:". The party admitted Christians, Muslims and Druzites into its ranks, but denied the Jews in Syria any membership, even if they were opposed to Zionism. 7140: 5839: 5403: 2311: 7354: 4766: 4480:

The flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party has a black background with a red hurricane (reversed swastika) in the middle, encircled by a white rim

1022: 4001:[Is it a revenge move from the Makhlouf family? All you need to know about the Syrian National Social Party and the regime's solution to it]. 7187: 7165: 7067: 4798: 2544: 1560: 1018: 466: 3908: 3871: 2481: 2387: 7072: 5515: 5509: 5186: 3922: 3885: 3848: 3653: 1258: 4311: 3529: 3057: 2012:, the nationalization of vital areas of the economy such as the production of raw materials, and a strong centralized state that is able to give 4537: 3351: 7856: 5766: 5533: 3017: 1492:—was consistent with that of Syria, which facilitated a rapprochement between the party and the Syrian government. During the latter years of 7530: 5521: 4948: 4744: 3834: 1608: 1388: 1151: 1146: 3507: 7411: 7026: 5385: 5287: 5059: 1014: 4142: 2548: 5539: 5170: 1805:

Arab nationalism was influenced by European fascism, with the creation of at least seven Arab nationalist shirt movements similar to the

981:

On the last day of 1961, two SSNP members, company commanders in the Lebanese army, led an unsuccessful attempted lightning coup against

7665: 7647: 5651: 4803: 1818:

emphasized that the party's policy is not fascist, Nazi, or "democratic", and that the party's politics is not communist or Bolshevik.

1286:. The SSNP saw the Lebanese Civil War as the inevitable result of the divisions of the Syrian nation into small states and away from a 934: 877:

Antun Saadeh faces his hasty and theatrical trial for "high treason and armed rebellion". He was summarily executed shortly afterwards.

1504:

in 2000, this process continued. In 2001, while still officially banned, the party was permitted to attend meetings of the Ba'ath-led

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known activists remained in prison or exile until a general amnesty in 1969. In 1969, the party re-aligned towards Arab nationalism.

3488: 543:, despite the ideological differences between them. The SSNP was legalized in Syria in 2005, and joined the Syrian Ba'ath Party-led 7841: 7374: 7155: 7084: 5201: 1134: 7515: 7494: 7344: 7040: 6174: 4876: 1042: 548: 157: 2613: 976: 493: 7851: 4759: 808:

to lay out the SSNP's ideology. At that time, the Party joined ranks with other nationalist and patriotic forces including the

501: 3983: 7094: 7089: 4112: 3945: 3777: 3676: 3637: 3325: 3283: 2993: 2787: 2742: 2701: 2562: 894: 5776: 2676: 7866: 7545: 7484: 5812: 5224: 5126: 3561: 3468: 2822: 1868:

in the east. According to Saadeh, this region is also called the Syrian Fertile Crescent, the island Cyprus being its star.

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and to the Axis powers, which led Saadeh to issue a lengthy letter to the editor-in-chef, restating that the SSNP is not a

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In the past, the party or elements of its ideology or membership have been referred to as belonging to both the political

7846: 7615: 7580: 7145: 5194: 5096: 5029: 4933: 4903: 4853: 4475: 4209: 3628:

M. Morone, Záhořík, Antonio, Jan; Akos Ferwagner, Peter (2022). "2: Antoun Saadeh and the Concept of the Syrian Nation".

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and aiding Western interests in the region. After the SSNP's assassination of a high-ranking Syrian military officer and

4087: 3707: 524: 496:, following which it was repressed in the country. SSNP was active in the fight against the Israeli military during the 7876: 7570: 7525: 7271: 7238: 5121: 4968: 4918: 4817: 4790: 4775: 4696: 4673: 2656: 2074: 2033: 1645: 1619: 1532: 1524: 1505: 1101: 1038: 544: 458: 351: 206: 3746: 3078: 815:

Saadeh emigrated again to Brazil in 1938 and afterwards to Argentina, only to return to Lebanon in 1947 following the

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and border clashes between Israel and Hezbollah, the PSNS-L took part in the conflict and lost one of its members.

4282: 4241:"Antun Saadeh's Social-Nationalist Doctrine. Presenting and Reconstructing an Original Economic and Social Theory" 1702:

had his security services sent into action to eradicate the SSNP from Jordan. The party had been active among the

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before being rescued by a crowd. The attack left Hitchens with body injuries and a limp in his leg. Reporting to

1959: 1576:

sectarian rifts and fragment Syrian society", with the party regarding both the ongoing Syrian Civil War and the

1370: 1306: 596:

adopted "Love of the Homeland is an article of Faith" as a slogan when he founded the periodical Al-Jinan in 1870

7464: 5834: 5669: 5562: 5415: 5101: 5054: 4953: 2844: 1736:

side of political spectrum. Other sources are less definitive. Political rivals of SSNP have commonly labelled

1679: 1397: 1374: 1366: 881:

When the Arabs lost the war in 1948, Saadeh propelled the Party into a fully confrontational stance: He deemed

710:"I believe in you, and I believe in your destiny. I believe that you are contributors to this new civilization. 4774: 1301:, the SSNP joined a number of the organizations who regrouped to resist the Israeli occupation, including the 7675: 7585: 7540: 6461: 5704: 5612: 1775: 1615: 1488:

The SSNP's stance during the Lebanese civil war and in Lebanese politics—where it has become a close ally of

939: 796: 462: 255: 5786: 5761: 5741: 4357: 7469: 6426: 6376: 5009: 4612: 4128: 3961: 3692: 2762: 1729: 1568: 1528: 1429:, who was killed by SSNP agents on 22 April 1955. The SSNP was banned in Syria after Malki's assassination. 1355: 1345: 1240: 694:

This was also accompanied with the rise of a profoundly idealistic patriotism, largely resembling European

505: 269: 134: 3440: 7861: 7610: 7575: 7535: 7416: 7114: 6794: 5829: 5556: 5319: 5080: 5044: 4958: 4859: 4847: 2906: 1667: 1162: 617: 4245: 2629: 1809:

movement by 1939, with the most influenced ones being the SSNP, the Iraqi Futawa youth movement and the

1752:. Saadeh was aware of accusations of fascism, and he responded to them during his speech of 1 June 1935: 804:

movements was dropped after the Germans denied any relationship. During his time in prison Saadeh wrote

7788: 7781: 7600: 7520: 6769: 6750: 5844: 5147: 4938: 4733: 4319: 2286: 2070: 1625:

However, starting from 2018, these gains began to be reversed, as Bashar al-Assad initiated an intense

1275: 1139: 1033: 2717: 7670: 7479: 7292: 5269: 5152: 5111: 5004: 4545: 4441: 3179: 1535:, the SSNP has been a member of Bashar al-Assad's ruling coalition since 2005." Its Syrian leader is 959:

After Saadeh was executed and its high-ranking leaders were arrested, the party remained underground

854: 816: 641: 3124: 2985:

The Rise and Fall of Greater Syria : a Political History of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party

7871: 7590: 7441: 6556: 6491: 6341: 6041: 5605: 5503: 5106: 5039: 4488: 3999:"هل هي خطوة انتقامية من آل مخلوف؟ كل ما تريد معرفته عن الحزب القومي السوري الاجتماعي وحل النظام له" 2487: 2296: 1810: 1709:

In 2013 followers of the party established the "Movement of Syrian Social Nationalists in Jordan".

1660: 1378: 1123: 948: 540: 706:

who began expressing his belief in Syrian nationalism and patriotism are central. As Gibran said,

535:. Despite its ban, the party remained organized, and by the late 1990s had allied itself with the 7595: 7399: 7099: 6976: 6666: 6351: 6321: 5699: 5694: 5568: 5474: 5367: 5263: 5024: 4908: 4841: 4724: 2444: 1649: 1548: 1536: 1400:, the party did not win any seat and currently has no representation in the Lebanese Parliament. 1228: 787: 629: 560: 116: 1313:, Lebanon's newly elected president supported by the Israelis besieging Beirut. An SSNP member, 7625: 7431: 6961: 6941: 6931: 6881: 6686: 6661: 6596: 6501: 6436: 6381: 6336: 6036: 5941: 5527: 5034: 4999: 4994: 4884: 4146: 3747:"The SSNP 'Hurricane' in the Syrian conflict: Syria and South Lebanon Are The Same Battlefield" 2291: 2198: 1881: 1703: 1596: 1580:

as attempts to partition those countries—and, eventually, Lebanon—along ethno-sectarian lines.

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The Rise and Fall of Greater Syria: A Political History of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party

2823:"Assad's Hurricane: A Profile of the Paramilitary Wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party" 317: 43: 7217: 7104: 6956: 6906: 6681: 6476: 6456: 6279: 6229: 6090: 6021: 5859: 5725: 5488: 5421: 5348: 4989: 4973: 4607: 2306: 2066: 1717:

Scholars and analysts have debated how the SSNP's ideology should be described. For example,

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to reverse the Ottoman state's creeping economic marginalisation and which would lead to the

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considered that Saadeh "misrepresented" Arab nationalism, incorrectly associating it with a

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