212:
694:
779:, where anti-war trade unionists frequently organised pacifist strikes in order to improve working conditions and pressure the French government to end the war. These pacifist strikes culminated in May 1918, when the CDS led a general strike of hundreds of thousands of metal workers. The strike was suppressed, their leaders arrested and many striking workers were deployed to the front lines. Members of the CDS led the establishment of the first
1035:
elsewhere. For its own part, the CDS organised a 200,000-strong metalworkers' strike against the war, but this was quickly repressed by the state. The strike's leaders, including PĂ©ricat and
Andrieu, were arrested and more than 100 striking workers were transferred to the front. By the end of May 1918, the CDS had been effectively broken up. Loire saw no more strike actions until the end of the war, when the arrested workers were released.
680:
990:
was arrested and transferred to the front lines, between 100,000 and 200,000 workers carried out a general strike, forcing the government to negotiate a new agreement with the metalworkers and release
Andrieu. This marked the beginning of a shift in the lines of demarcation within French syndicalism:
1022:
made French workers wary of taking strike action or agitating against the war. But once the French government began mobilising large numbers of young workers and transferring them to the front, metalworkers in the Loire once again began demonstrating against the war. The CDS took the opportunity to
954:
By 1917, the Sacred Union was beginning to fracture, as working conditions deteriorated, the cost of living rose and the mass death caused in the war provoked widespread disillusionment. The CDS, as part of its campaign against the worsening living and working conditions in France, began openly
1034:
in the construction and metallurgic industries. In May 1918, tens of thousands of workers demonstrated in the streets and carried out strike actions demanding an end to the war. Despite a large turnout in Loire, where strikes were organised by the CI, the strike largely failed to gain traction
962:
In
January 1917, following a wave of strike actions throughout the country, the French government banned strikes in the military industry and established an arbitration procedure, while promising to raise wages and improve working conditions. The metalworkers' unions came out against the new
986:, launching a crackdown against the CDS and other pacifist unions. As pacifist workers were increasingly arrested, trade unions led by the CDS closed ranks and defended themselves against the political repression. When metalworkers' union secretary
1051:
Meanwhile, tensions within the CGT heightened, as the reformist majority and revolutionary minority became increasingly polarised against each other. In 1922, revolutionary syndicalists (including the Loire metalworkers' unions) established the
963:
measures, as wages failed to increase, while they concluded that the arbitration procedures served to undermine trade unionism. Another wave of strikes followed in the summer of 1917 and the metalworkers' unions ousted remaining
927:, where local metalworkers' unions had taken a firm anti-war stance. During the war, these unions recruited women, foreign and mobilised workers, growing from 4,000 to 20,000 members and carrying out frequent strikes.
1043:
The conclusion of the war momentarily demobilised the labour movement, which only began to take action and reorganise itself again in the spring of 1919. During this period, former members of the CDS moved towards
991:
from pro-war and anti-war factions to moderate and left-wing factions. The following month, in an attempt to reach a consensus between the two factions, a conference of the CGT voted to support both
975:; CI) to coordinate with the department's other major industrial unions, including PĂ©ricat's construction workers' union, and to keep contact with the Paris-based syndicalists of the CDS.
1685:
866:
of its members. During the first year of the war, the CGT's membership rapidly declined from 350,000 to 49,000, leaving the union a shell of its former self.
1053:
784:
52:
942:, advocating for an international workers' revolution to end the war. The CDS called for workers producing arms, ammunition and military vehicles to take
403:
211:
2012:
946:
against the war, with the intention of building towards "a general strike for peace, so as to force those in power to engage in peace negotiations."
987:
803:
became less confrontational and more open to negotiations. In response to this new development in the industrial economy, the leadership of the
446:
725:
453:
2037:
2022:
1602:
Bantman, Constance; Berry, David (2017). "The French
Anarchist Movement and the First World War". In Adams, Matthew; Kinna, Ruth (eds.).
920:
2032:
2007:
915:; CDS), which brought together revolutionary syndicalists and anarchists that opposed the war. The CDS was led by Pierre Monatte and
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183:
441:
429:
2002:
1982:
1674:
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827:
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397:
1065:
22:
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within the CGTU objected to the affiliation and split off to establish their own organisation, which also bore the name
2017:
2027:
1930:
1905:
1880:
1846:
1805:
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1623:
718:
1688:. In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
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The CDS organised a number of strike actions and held a series of regional meetings in Loire, with a conference in
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349:
459:
435:
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823:
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joined the anti-war syndicalist opposition; in
September 1915, Merrheim and Bourderon attended the anti-war
1872:
1008:
875:
863:
711:
415:
819:
accelerated the decline of revolutionary syndicalism in France and exacerbated the crisis within the CGT.
1607:
757:
342:
98:
1711:
Horne, John (1993). "The State and the
Challenge of Labour in France 1917–20". In Wrigley, Chris (ed.).
884:
170:
1922:
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108:
1483:
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In
November 1915, the anti-militarist minority of the CGT formed the Syndicalist Defense Committee (
799:
began to experience a marked decline in France; as living conditions improved and wages increased,
1748:
1019:
1012:
939:
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684:
621:
938:"against any form of exploitation and oppression". The anarchists of the CDS took a position of
1791:
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317:
1330:
901:
751:
656:
646:
421:
132:
1868:
Syndicalist Legacy: Trade Unions and
Politics in Two French Cities in the Era of World War I
1686:"Labour Movements and Strikes, Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (France)"
775:. The CDS was largely associated with construction workers' and metalworkers' unions in the
559:
1690:
290:
195:
1940:
Sorrie, Charles (2021). "Industrial unrest in France 1917–1918, the Loire and the Isère".
892:, resigned from the CGT's executive committee. Soon after, the metalworkers' union led by
8:
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893:
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544:
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285:
270:
243:
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Parry, D.L.L. (1994). "Clemenceau, Caillaux and the political use of intelligence".
1463:
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opposition quickly emerged within the CGT, grouped around the syndicalist newspaper
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1949:
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1830:
1778:
1720:
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Syndicalism and the
Transition to Communism: An International Comparative Analysis
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1974:
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539:
1823:
Tosstorff, Reiner (2004). "From the First to the Second
Congress of the RILU".
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1048:, with PĂ©ricat proclaiming the establishment of a Communist Party in May 1919.
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and instead chose to collaborate with the French state. Secretary-general
1953:
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Metalworkers' strikes dissipated during the early months of 1918, as the
888:. In December 1914, the newspaper's editor, the young syndicalist leader
816:
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declared that pacifist and anti-militarist actions would be treated as
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1744:"Rank and file Metalworker Militancy in France and Britain, 1890-1918"
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union leaders. They also established an Intercorporate Committee (
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983:
771:, the CDS aimed to end French participation in the war through a
636:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1815:
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launch a new campaign to force the government to end the war.
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in France, while the metalworkers' unions went on to form the
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1604:
Anarchism, 1914–18: Internationalism, anti-militarism and war
1418:
1374:
1200:
1217:
1215:
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787:(CGTU), a revolutionary splinter of the reformist-led CGT.
1826:
The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937
1507:
1212:
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in Russia. The CDS expressed a staunch support for the
842:
himself argued for the revolutionary defense of French
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1893:
A History of the French Anarchist Movement, 1917—1945
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1961:Tooley, Hunt (2016). "1917: New Strains, New War".
1519:
1362:
1283:
1165:
1141:
404:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
1295:
904:, where they declared: "This war is not our war".
1691:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1994:
1918:The Invention of Terrorism in France, 1904-1939
930:In opposing the war, the CDS referred to the
830:. The CGT's federal bureau refused to call a
719:
1601:
1356:
1336:
1115:
923:. The CDS soon gained a strong influence in
921:National Federation of Construction Workers
1914:
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454:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
21:For the libertarian wing of the CGTU, see
1822:
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2013:General Confederation of Labour (France)
1090:Committee for the Defense of Syndicalism
764:(CGT). Established in 1915 to provide a
1635:Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century
854:. On 4 August 1914, the CGT joined the
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386:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
374:International Workingmen's Association
53:United General Confederation of Labour
1889:
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1396:
1068:, and affiliated themselves with the
1007:, including their dissolution of the
1637:. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm.
978:In November 1917, the government of
23:Syndicalist Defense Committee (1922)
2038:Trade unions disestablished in 1918
2023:Peace organizations based in France
949:
826:, the leadership of the CGT took a
13:
1857:
1771:Intelligence and National Security
1070:International Workers' Association
1058:Red International of Labour Unions
1056:(CGTU), which affiliated with the
398:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
16:French anti-war trade union centre
14:
2049:
862:during the war and to accept the
2033:Trade unions established in 1915
2008:1918 disestablishments in France
1094:Committee of Syndicalist Defense
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807:(CGT) moved the union away from
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678:
210:
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805:General Confederation of Labour
762:General Confederation of Labour
460:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
436:Industrial Workers of the World
430:General Confederation of Labour
392:Brazilian Workers Confederation
184:General Confederation of Labour
1659:(2008). "Internal Divisions".
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913:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste
748:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste
35:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste
1:
2003:1915 establishments in France
1103:
1066:Syndicalist Defense Committee
824:French entry into World War I
790:
740:Syndicalist Defense Committee
29:Syndicalist Defense Committee
1873:University of Illinois Press
1038:
1009:Russian Constituent Assembly
416:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
82:; 106 years ago
64:; 108 years ago
7:
1975:10.1007/978-1-137-47127-7_6
1616:10.7765/9781526115768.00015
1608:Manchester University Press
1339:, pp. 165, 173n43-44;
858:, pledging not to call any
685:Organized Labour portal
10:
2054:
1915:Millington, Chris (2023).
1798:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1359:, pp. 165, 173n43-44.
20:
2018:Opposition to World War I
1923:Stanford University Press
1839:10.1163/9789004325579_007
1783:10.1080/02684529408432262
1696:Free University of Berlin
1030:resolving to carry out a
797:revolutionary syndicalism
769:opposition to World War I
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109:Opposition to World War I
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2028:Syndicalist trade unions
1725:10.4324/9780203202081-16
1357:Bantman & Berry 2017
1337:Bantman & Berry 2017
1116:Bantman & Berry 2017
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1011:and ratification of the
343:Workers' self-management
34:
1865:Amdur, Kathryn (1986).
1633:Damier, Vadim (2009) .
1088:Also translated as the
1020:German spring offensive
1013:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
940:revolutionary defeatism
919:, the secretary of the
622:Criticism of capitalism
466:National Workers' Union
1793:The Workers Themselves
1790:Thorpe, Wayne (1989).
1684:Haddad, Galit (2014).
1268:, pp. 43, 80–81;
973:Comité Intercorporatif
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912:
809:revolutionary politics
747:
627:Criticism of copyright
318:Co-operative economics
1890:Berry, David (2002).
1742:Hudson, Mark (2003).
1704:10.15463/ie1418.10328
902:Zimmerwald Conference
647:Libertarian socialism
422:Solidarity Federation
1969:. pp. 179–216.
1833:. pp. 422–608.
1719:. pp. 251–273.
1713:Challenges of Labour
1669:. pp. 127–144.
1610:. pp. 155–174.
1540:, pp. 114–115;
1496:, pp. 246–247;
1492:, pp. 137–138;
1472:, pp. 137–138;
1399:, pp. 245–246;
1001:Bolshevik Revolution
1641:: Black Cat Press.
1516:, pp. 246–247.
1403:, pp. 481–489.
1383:, pp. 137–138.
1209:, pp. 136–137.
1197:, pp. 136–137.
959:by French workers.
934:, which called for
699:Politics portal
410:Free Workers' Union
338:Labour unionisation
239:Revolutions of 1848
179:Parent organisation
30:
1954:10.1093/fh/crab045
1667:Ashgate Publishing
1572:, pp. 77–78;
1193:, pp. 42–43;
980:Georges Clemenceau
828:defensist position
815:. The outbreak of
758:trade union centre
99:Trade union centre
62:November 1915
28:
1984:978-1-137-47126-0
1698:. pp. 1–11.
1676:978-0-7546-3617-5
1657:Darlington, Ralph
1648:978-0-9737827-6-9
1588:, pp. 80–81.
1544:, pp. 95–96.
1327:, pp. 29–30.
1162:, pp. 42–43.
932:Charter of Amiens
894:Alphonse Merrheim
852:German militarism
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424:(SF–IWA, Britain)
418:(NSF–IAA, Norway)
271:Council communism
244:Utopian socialism
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880:anti-militarist
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781:communist party
755:anti-militarist
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1948:(4): 467–487.
1942:French History
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936:class struggle
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187:
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160:
159:
154:
152:Pierre Monatte
148:
146:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2050:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:The Great War
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1932:9781503636767
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1907:0-313-32026-8
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1882:0-252-01238-0
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1848:9789004325579
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:0-7923-0276-1
1803:
1799:
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1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
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1755:
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1734:9780203202081
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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1672:
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1664:
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1658:
1654:
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1636:
1631:
1627:
1625:9781526115768
1621:
1617:
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1534:
1527:
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1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1432:, p. 6;
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1395:, p. 6;
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1343:, p. 6;
1342:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1276:, p. 3;
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1181:, p. 43.
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1150:, p. 42.
1149:
1144:
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1133:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:Saint-Étienne
1024:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
947:
945:
944:direct action
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
870:Establishment
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:republicanism
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:; CDS) was a
749:
745:
741:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
700:
695:
689:
687:
686:
681:
675:
674:
673:
672:
663:
660:
658:
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650:
648:
645:
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638:
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623:
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518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
484:
483:
474:(SAC, Sweden)
473:
470:
467:
464:
462:(FS, Denmark)
461:
458:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
434:
431:
428:
423:
420:
417:
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408:
405:
402:
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396:
393:
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387:
384:
383:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
365:Organisations
361:
360:
351:
348:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Labour rights
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
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307:
306:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
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264:
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255:
254:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
218:
217:
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209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
197:
193:
192:
185:
182:
176:
173:
172:
168:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
141:
134:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
119:Saint-Étienne
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
80:May 1918
79:
75:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
24:
19:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1917:
1892:
1867:
1825:
1792:
1774:
1770:
1753:
1749:New Politics
1747:
1712:
1689:
1661:
1634:
1603:
1595:Bibliography
1581:
1565:
1549:
1533:
1528:, p. 7.
1521:
1509:
1485:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1408:
1388:
1376:
1371:, p. 6.
1364:
1352:
1332:
1320:
1292:, p. 3.
1285:
1261:
1256:, p. 3.
1245:
1229:
1202:
1186:
1155:
1143:
1127:
1111:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1062:Libertarians
1050:
1042:
1025:
1017:
977:
961:
953:
929:
906:
883:
873:
864:conscription
856:Sacred Union
840:LĂ©on Jouhaux
821:
811:and towards
794:
739:
737:
690:
676:
642:Labour power
432:(CGT, Spain)
169:
115:Headquarters
41:Abbreviation
18:
1586:Damier 2009
1574:Hudson 2003
1570:Damier 2009
1558:Hudson 2003
1538:Thorpe 1989
1526:Haddad 2014
1502:Thorpe 1989
1498:Hudson 2003
1478:Thorpe 1989
1474:Hudson 2003
1446:Thorpe 1989
1434:Hudson 2003
1430:Haddad 2014
1393:Haddad 2014
1369:Haddad 2014
1345:Thorpe 1989
1341:Haddad 2014
1325:Damier 2009
1313:Hudson 2003
1290:Haddad 2014
1278:Thorpe 1989
1274:Haddad 2014
1266:Damier 2009
1254:Haddad 2014
1234:Damier 2009
1191:Damier 2009
1179:Damier 2009
1160:Damier 2009
1148:Damier 2009
1136:Tooley 2016
1132:Damier 2009
1120:Hudson 2003
955:supporting
817:World War I
766:syndicalist
657:Revisionism
617:Corporatism
525:Griffuelhes
376:(1864–1876)
296:Sorelianism
291:Nationalist
204:Syndicalism
166:Publication
59:Established
1997:Categories
1756:(3): 138.
1514:Horne 1993
1494:Horne 1993
1458:Parry 1994
1413:Parry 1994
1401:Parry 1994
1397:Horne 1993
1104:References
1005:Bolsheviks
791:Background
570:Pelloutier
545:Lagardelle
520:Fitzgerald
350:Mutual aid
276:De Leonism
221:Precursors
1762:0028-6494
1717:Routledge
1046:communism
1039:Aftermath
848:democracy
813:reformism
662:Socialism
607:Communism
515:Delesalle
505:De Ambris
442:IWW-Chile
310:Economics
266:Anarchist
77:Dissolved
49:Successor
1967:Palgrave
1639:Edmonton
1060:(RILU).
999:and the
965:moderate
850:against
834:against
612:Copyleft
565:Panunzio
258:Variants
196:a series
194:Part of
125:Location
1816:89-8205
1072:(IWA).
984:treason
760:of the
637:Fascism
555:Monatte
540:Jouhaux
535:Janvion
530:Haywood
510:De Leon
456:(ITGWU)
380:IWA–AIT
281:Fascist
144:Leaders
105:Purpose
87:1918-05
85: (
69:1915-11
67: (
1981:
1929:
1904:
1879:
1845:
1814:
1804:
1760:
1731:
1673:
1645:
1622:
969:French
909:French
752:French
744:French
585:Valois
575:Rocker
560:GarcĂa
550:Larkin
487:People
438:(IWW)
388:(FORA)
133:France
1831:Brill
1092:, or
1076:Notes
925:Loire
580:Sorel
500:Berth
394:(COB)
286:Green
1979:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1812:LCCN
1802:ISBN
1758:ISSN
1729:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1620:ISBN
896:and
878:and
846:and
738:The
495:Bain
95:Type
1971:doi
1950:doi
1835:doi
1779:doi
1721:doi
1700:doi
1612:doi
995:'s
874:An
44:CDS
1999::
1977:.
1965:.
1946:35
1944:.
1925:.
1921:.
1900:.
1896:.
1875:.
1871:.
1841:.
1829:.
1810:.
1800:.
1796:.
1773:.
1752:.
1746:.
1727:.
1715:.
1694:.
1665:.
1618:.
1606:.
1500:;
1476:;
1420:^
1297:^
1214:^
1167:^
1134:;
1118:;
1015:.
971::
911::
746::
198:on
1987:.
1973::
1956:.
1952::
1935:.
1910:.
1885:.
1851:.
1837::
1818:.
1785:.
1781::
1775:9
1764:.
1754:9
1737:.
1723::
1706:.
1702::
1679:.
1651:.
1628:.
1614::
1576:.
1560:.
1436:.
1315:.
1138:.
1122:.
1096:.
742:(
727:e
720:t
713:v
89:)
71:)
25:.
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