Sydney - Knowledge

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gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities. The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services. The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891. The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the

7240: 6715: 1650: 5081:(ABS) projects the population will grow to between 8 and 8.9 million by 2061, but that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2030. The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile). Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate. 4163: 25445: 26037: 25894: 25585: 25303: 25146: 23874: 4756:

technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers. The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%). The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.

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Council met in 1826, and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected. In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established. The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage. Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of

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increasing cost of land and scarcity. 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage. 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $ 1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $ 1,000 or more. 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $ 350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $ 350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $ 450.

26790: 26001: 25551: 25391: 21175: 25823: 25409: 26807: 26773: 26618: 26522: 26234: 3784:. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. 26858: 26756: 25164: 26061: 25601: 26097: 25635: 4590: 1358:

in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors. The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia. The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the

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in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university. Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney. The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).

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is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry. The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and

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and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.

792:' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'. The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from 4915:

1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs. Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s, with a manufacturing output of $ 21.7 billion in 2013. Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high

12207: 4401:. These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city. Surviving large mansions from the Victorian era are mostly found in the oldest suburbs, such as 1227:, and the more affluent residents living to its east. Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840. 7381:

There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion. 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more. With a rate of 26.3% in 2014, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to

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In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power. Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs. It

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Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high

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There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations. Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America

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have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy. The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world. The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement. There is a significant concentration

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Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world. The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the mean house price at $ 1,142,212 as of December 2019 (over 25% higher the national mean house price). It is only second

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After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission,

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had been sending convicts to its American colonies for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its

608:, the first European settlement in Australia. After World War II, Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines. 553:

in the south and south-west. Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders". The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496, which is about 66% of the state's population. The city's nicknames include

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sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s. The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.

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in the British Empire after London. It served routes covering 291 km (181 mi). The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961. From 1930 there were 612

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system separate from the suburban commuter network, commenced operation in May 2019 and was extended through the city to Sydenham on 19 August 2024. This line will be extended to Bankstown in 2025 and a new line through the inner west to Parramatta is planned to be built by 2030. It currently serves

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The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since World War II. The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has

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Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory. By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school. 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution

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have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project. There are 33 local government areas

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The city also received 8.3 million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $ 6 billion. 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011. There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012. On average, the tourism

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Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world. It has hosted over 2.8 million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59 million nights in

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Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney. Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011. Between 1970 and

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allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s. These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%. From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained

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to 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) on 22 June 1932. An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above 30 °C (86 °F) in the central business district (CBD). In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb. The hottest day in the metropolitan

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in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war

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The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent. The first Legislative

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There were 1.76 million dwellings in Sydney in 2016 including 925,000 (57%) detached houses, 227,000 (14%) semi-detached terrace houses and 456,000 (28%) units and apartments. Whilst terrace houses are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs.

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The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage

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A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants—mostly from Britain and continental Europe—and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth

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The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from

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on 26 January 1788. The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect

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The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone

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service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 175 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 359 million passenger journeys in 2017–18. Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight

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Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%. Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each

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Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia. Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world. Working residents of Sydney work an

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Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country. The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of 15,400 ha (59 sq mi). It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock

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were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are

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Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney. By the 1840s Sydney exhibited a geographic divide

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The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict

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In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong, with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$ 1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$ 795,000. As of early 2024, Sydney is

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Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic. Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn, and lower in late winter to early spring. In late autumn and

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of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne. New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty

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Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales. The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue

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The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve. Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia. The Gardens host

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As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at 50 m (160 ft) making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of

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clan. Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded. Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without

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but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service. The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for

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The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%. It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals. The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers,

7009:. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters. Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original 4710:

Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU$ 400.9 billion and AU$ 80,000 per capita in 2015. Its gross domestic product was AU$ 337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia. The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional

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on 4 January 2020, where a high of 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) was recorded. The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in September to 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in February. Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day and 109.5 clear days

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Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed. Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970. The median house price in March 2014 was $ 630,000. The primary cause of rising prices is the

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and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.

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The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichardt, Five Dock and Haberfield, "Little Portugal" in Petersham, "Little Korea" in Strathfield or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.

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Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II. Prominent theatres in the city today include

729:). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans. 5498:

ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019. However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common. One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of

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and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city. The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city". From the 1980s,

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Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the

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The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000. With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953. For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000. The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150. The

1203:(1810–1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. 5084:

The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older. 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married. 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.

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is a 1,170 km (727 mi) event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day. Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world. Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.

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work of any Australian capital. In contrast, in 2014 only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk. Several significant infrastructure projects have been completed since. The CBD features a

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became suburbs of the metropolis. Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.

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now highly valued residential suburbs. As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs). The

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and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities. There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.

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Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September

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First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907. Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The

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In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $ 1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $ 1,750 or more. The median weekly income for the same period was $ 719 for individuals, $ 1,988 for families, and $ 1,750 for households.

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As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling

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The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by

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effect. This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs. In late spring and summer, temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are not uncommon, though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a

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is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated.

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on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation. The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect

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similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972. This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.

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in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of mass-transit services, with a historically low-density layout and significant

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Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed

18508: 7626:. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations. As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9 million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011. It has been announced that a new facility named 5823:(1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney. Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably 13331:

Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2),

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Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s. Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals.

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The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney. Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as

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scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories. The two parks have a total area of 64 ha (0.2 sq mi) with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5 million annual visits.

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There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers 12,369 km (4,776 sq mi) and includes the local government areas of

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attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s. Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the

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trade. Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of

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in February 2014, in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.

19654: 12119: 10622: 6757:. With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments. 3465:

fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country. As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.

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such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.

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becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.

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the city and a total of $ 5.9 billion. The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.

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is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.

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Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006. Public housing in Sydney is managed by the

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Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were boxing, wrestling, and horse racing from 1810 in

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is an annual 14 km (8.7 mi) running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.

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At the 2021 census, 40.5% of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are Mainland China, India, England, Vietnam, Philippines and New Zealand.

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and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even

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increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city from 2010 to 2015, at which point about 2,000 bikes were passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday. Transport developments in the

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to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than 1 km (0.4 sq mi) in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.

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The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.

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is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.

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has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago. Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.

13381: 4678:, as it was throughout most of Western Europe. The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created 1700:

of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours. Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such

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services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.

4532:

is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities. There are 15 separate parks under the City administration. Parks within the city centre include

773:

who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia. Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago, while

20166: 12237: 11729: 11705: 7835:. The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses. 3122:. The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts, adding 330,000 people. 1416:

in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by

1325:

Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales,

12886: 12856: 11806: 20327: 16426: 16255: 14573: 13682: 20112: 16383: 16349: 16052: 5659:. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney. Sydney's other significant art institution is the 20267: 5582:, although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians. 5030:

Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its

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homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in a large number of suburbs that developed thanks to the arrival of railways in the late 19th century, such as

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was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication. Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the

19837: 16712: 10036: 8801: 8219: 642:. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited, with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks. The city has over 1,000,000 ha (2,500,000 acres) of 18208: 16943:

Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

4621:

To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures 16.2 ha (0.1 sq mi). Its location was used for both relaxation and

4264:

came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design.

15312: 12986: 8392: 4790:. New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed. 9097: 7595:

was the largest in the world. Patronage declined from 37 million passengers in 1945 to 11 million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years. From its hub at

6654:

was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.

2038: 16209: 12141: 12115: 10618: 18836: 17079: 12662: 12638: 4797:. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the 25727: 15769: 12952: 1405:

seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours." A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A

19862: 15424: 15368: 10108: 9675:

Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony."

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of animals from the earliest days of the colony. Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of

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opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony. It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the

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which is undergoing urban renewal worth $ 8 billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of

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In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the

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and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining

25059: 18698: 9709: 8623: 3329:. These span up to about 11 km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge, the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as 3130: 20541: 17747: 11784: 11111: 11048: 10147: 7028:

The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square. The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate

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operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programs in Sydney through third-party providers:

3825:

The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,

16596: 15660: 14408: 14247: 14218: 13986: 13960: 13892: 13711: 13474: 12007:

Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said.

8718: 8572: 8170: 26181: 19761: 13083: 10592: 8930: 8862: 7748:. Water is collected from five catchment areas covering 16,000 km (6,178 sq mi) and total storage amounts to 2.6 TL (0.6 cu mi). The 1681:

was formed in the early Triassic period. The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has

20246: 19470: 19419: 15740: 15173: 13656: 7873:

program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%. Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $ 30 million a year.

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design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day. Greenway went on to design the

20925:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being Mandarin (5%), Arabic (4.2%), Cantonese (2.8%), Vietnamese (2.2%) and

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The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism

12267: 10733: 702:, but this name was never officially used. By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township Sydney. Sydney was declared a city in 1842. 20036: 17923: 16621: 16451: 14725: 13136: 7374:. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing. The 24283: 18423: 14012: 11443: 5775:. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100 million visitors since opening in 1973. Two other important performance venues in Sydney are 5034:

and English language schools. International education contributes $ 1.6 billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.

20863: 14188: 23105: 16690: 15625: 13350: 11758: 10795: 4586:

in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with 13,200 ha (51 sq mi) is the second oldest national park in the world.

3453:. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, 446: 433: 15461: 13373: 12612: 12391: 20433: 16912: 16838: 16577: 12825: 12795: 12185: 10560: 10512: 6749:

In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected

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was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting. Competing stations include the more popular

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to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay. Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.

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to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures. Sydney has also become a leader in the development of

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Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the

1429: 1107:

arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts. The fleet soon moved to the more suitable

17802: 15568: 15069: 20726: 20593: 16930: 15276: 15111: 15035: 14603: 13678: 11385: 11297: 10459: 5960: 5473:

was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820. Macquarie also ordered the construction of

3594: 18122: 15250: 12245: 10294: 3110:

divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises

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led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.

670:

is the hub of Sydney's suburban train, metro and light rail networks and longer-distance services. The main passenger airport serving the city is

17097: 14953: 14772: 14699: 14502: 11726: 11697: 8828: 7930:

cities in the world, especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%. Sydney also has the

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amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of

620: 19069: 15593: 14430: 13497: 13224: 12878: 8659: 7869:

in 2008. The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%. The

25052: 19212: 16418: 16259: 15198: 14565: 13630: 11406: 11243: 8428: 5764:

in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.

3461:, had a top price of $ 20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world. More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the 20833: 16488: 16339: 14269: 13766: 12848: 4000:), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists. The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building. 1597:

is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the

26913: 24470: 22917: 20405: 20144: 20122: 19160: 18668: 18331: 16375: 16059: 15682: 12739: 6575:

in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first

6533: 3728:

which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to

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rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs. Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935. In 1977 the

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was completed in April 2020. The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.

14305: 14068: 12422: 11986: 11580:

Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

9936: 9413: 9262: 8777: 17049: 16152: 15094: 14121: 11513: 10028: 8793: 8252: 5632:, formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in 4049: 3837:. Covering 5,800 km (2,200 sq mi) and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most 2170: 421: 19572: 16551: 14466: 11873: 11209: 5918:

saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as

4690:

in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the

1322:

and hotels were erected. Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.

26340: 26322: 26304: 26280: 21534: 16734: 15937: 15228: 13858: 13736: 13254: 12707: 12683: 12556: 11166: 4655:. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total 2070:

a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.

1278:. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug. 255: 15308: 12983: 10005: 9177: 8384: 4805:

began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $ 1.6 trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.

1073: 26888: 25045: 24276: 23796: 23738: 21330: 18747: 18071: 16122: 12500: 11197:"Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019" 9081: 6786: 6778: 6704: 522: 408: 291: 17240: 16533: 16201: 9975: 9319: 26908: 21224: 18843: 17266: 17083: 14824: 14543: 13806: 12659: 12635: 8330: 8063: 5914:

Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance. The

5644:

building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.

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typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures). Westerly winds are intense when the

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Santamouris, Mat; Haddad, Shamila; Fiorito, Francesco; Osmond, Paul; Ding, Lan; Prasad, Deo; Zhai, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Ruzhu (2017).

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and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the 503 m (1,650 ft) between Milsons Point and

26903: 26167: 23341: 23208: 20515: 19873: 15431: 13531: 13526: 13276: 11951: 11557: 11028:

Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa

10825: 10100: 7022: 6835: 3720:, one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The region also features 3256:. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s. 3248:, tourist accommodation, and gambling. Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic 1610: 1128:

in 1791. Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around

451: 22813: 17518: 16886: 16231: 14802: 13404: 1460:

between 1947 and 1971. The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at

23052: 21998: 21615: 20365: 19043: 15851: 14382: 13574: 12761: 12362: 11005: 9235:

British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.

9120: 7839: 7228: 6825: 6451: 5446:

at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were

5024: 4667:

of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of

438: 20698: 19186: 17777: 17406: 16085: 13053: 13031: 12452: 11606: 10762: 8875:

In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city.

7842:

significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The

4272:

in 2003 for his work on the Opera House. Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect

4019:

that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register. The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the

4011:, a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney. The southwest also features 23676: 23291: 23070: 17692: 16026: 16001: 13836: 13161:

Enclave, Place, or Nation? Defining Little Saigon in the Midst of Incorporation, Transnationalism, and Long Distance Activism

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Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.

11919: 10243: 9627: 9091: 8566: 7828: 7308: 6459: 5787:

is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual

721:, are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory 691: 19524: 18960: 14094: 13172: 12531: 9701: 9470: 6041:

is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top

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sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the

4155:

of 1845. Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral, are rare examples of

1353:

When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of

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commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.

6175: 5732:

maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as

5648: 5427: 4981: 1056:

The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at

20493: 19238: 14143: 13604: 8689: 26710: 24094: 23497: 23218: 22369: 22354: 22216: 21988: 21423: 21133: 19984: 18100: 15652: 15538: 14404: 14243: 14214: 13982: 13956: 13888: 13707: 13466: 8711: 7436:

in the southern part of the CBD. In the 1850s and 1860s, the railway reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.

7173: 6890: 6754: 6547: 6217: 6138: 5788: 5614: 4885: 4381:

A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as

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by Christian Collet and Hiroko Furuya from Amerasia Journal 36:3 (2010): 1–27. January 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

13087: 8934: 2018: 26893: 23512: 23123: 22374: 20646: 19477: 18991: 17720: 17123: 15744: 15169: 13652: 12358: 7586: 7157: 5983: 1893: 426: 20777: 20567: 19444: 15391: 13924: 13193: 10895: 8993: 26898: 25071: 24463: 24292: 23821: 22910: 22384: 22379: 22073: 20347: 19017: 18921: 18521: 17595: 17165: 16178: 15963: 15342: 14859: 13010: 12321: 11903: 10989: 10889: 10543: 9902: 9651: 9518: 9453: 9384: 9359: 9293: 9220: 9055: 8121:

The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the

7792: 7312: 7300: 7220: 7029: 6397: 4079: 3989: 3506: 3474: 1877: 1383: 1274:, burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the 122: 17: 20976:– includes a low-level joyflight around Sydney showing various aspects of the city on 13 July 2020 (starts at 05:20) 20385: 18777: 11343:

Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.

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Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at

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Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:

6870: 6820: 6505: 5866: 5629: 5621: 5590: 4736: 4652: 4563: 4488: 4053: 3977: 3698: 3339: 1559: 1208: 534: 357: 338: 192: 20916: 14008: 13110: 12787: 10482: 8162: 4331:

have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.

3925:, attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia. The greater west also includes 2006: 26376: 26358: 23985: 23922: 23846: 23690: 23422: 23299: 22583: 22558: 22138: 22098: 21600: 21274: 21096: 20992: 20956: 20867: 20703: 20464: 19395: 17892: 16771: 14192: 9444:

Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).

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Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).

8215: 8166: 7958:, the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia. Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and 7855: 7631: 7532: 7433: 7416: 7408: 7193: 7126: 6188:

Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney.

6155:

is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831. Its competitor is

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day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.

4602: 4575: 4518: 3942: 3769: 3745: 3410: 3386: 3194: 3099: 2163: 1992: 1897: 1846: 1634: 1037:

Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal.

667: 612: 538: 21017: 19390: 13342: 11750: 4707:

recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.

2134:, may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms. Snowfall was last reported in 1836, though a fall of 42: 24796: 24776: 24651: 23995: 23851: 23536: 22349: 22266: 22206: 22093: 22023: 21752: 21720: 21527: 18890: 16863: 12387: 11475:"Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements" 10578: 10572: 10187: 9030: 8968: 8489: 7768: 7582: 7165: 7153: 7033: 6785:

In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area.

6658: 6651: 6553: 5784: 5660: 5528: 5419: 4985: 4814: 4802: 3486: 3430: 3371: 3343: 3290: 176: 18553: 16581: 12817: 12177: 10508: 9806: 7219:

in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the

6790:

which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard.

6064:

to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980. Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.

222: 24060: 24030: 23801: 23786: 23731: 23439: 22980: 22957: 22737: 22543: 22538: 22188: 21945: 21894: 18672: 17131: 15496: 14524: 14488: 14452: 14363: 14327: 14291: 14034: 12045: 12019: 11011:. Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA). 20 May 2014. Archived from 10426: 8352: 7802: 7536: 7492: 7383: 7161: 7137: 6998: 6982: 6722: 6431: 6361: 6241: 6193: 5875: 4529: 4359: 4213: 4140: 4004: 3709: 3682: 3598: 3563: 3521: 3514: 3510: 3382: 3259: 2103: 1885: 1461: 1248: 1235: 1035:

Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal,

632: 19334: 17618: 15791: 15143: 14987: 12474: 8750: 7756:, a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services. 7366:

increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971. The most important roads in Sydney were the nine

1484:

land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her

101: 24487: 24456: 24314: 23806: 23776: 23464: 23318: 23113: 22903: 22231: 22183: 22163: 22153: 22028: 22008: 21993: 21889: 21675: 21363: 21217: 18126: 13176: 10334: 9619: 8458: 7686: 7316: 7074: 6800: 6739: 6735: 6487: 6405: 6301: 6225: 6100: 6088: 5978: 5585: 5439: 4468: 4237: 3490: 3355: 3330: 3206: 3151: 686:, the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established 248: 20727:"Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions" 20014: 19676: 18621: 15009: 13937: 13310: 9775: 9736: 3589:, near Botany Bay, is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. 3229:. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades. 24479: 24439: 24005: 23932: 23811: 23635: 23581: 22602: 22573: 22520: 22324: 22133: 22078: 21965: 21925: 21818: 21710: 21640: 21463: 17842: 15065: 9919: 9568: 7824: 7798: 7643: 7565:

operate on bus routes. In total, nearly 225 million boardings were recorded across the bus network.

7324: 6986: 6975: 6930: 6604: 6600: 6415: 6385: 6337: 6116: 6072: 5908: 5856: 5668: 5633: 4780: 4583: 4567: 4476: 4432: 4382: 4343: 4269: 4181: 4166: 4156: 4144: 4124: 3590: 3551: 3398: 3322: 3271: 3267: 1892:

scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered. The city also includes the

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A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population. In November 1790

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and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.

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have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.

7854:'s; it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the 26672: 26484: 24999: 24736: 24645: 24589: 24349: 24192: 24000: 23882: 23863: 23841: 23826: 23791: 23781: 23761: 23700: 23653: 23489: 23449: 23444: 23164: 23003: 22944: 22884: 22563: 22299: 22048: 21909: 21879: 21700: 21660: 21625: 21284: 20973: 20307: 19621:"Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project'" 19502: 19264: 18130: 16956: 15254: 10284: 8778:

http://www.smh.com.au/national/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story-20120217-1te9q.html?skin=text-only

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to Hong Kong with the average property costing 14 times the annual Sydney salary as of December 2016.

4277: 4261: 4251: 4197: 4116: 3834: 3777: 3678: 3651: 3635: 3571: 3446: 3394: 3187: 3147: 2156: 2143: 1473: 1449: 1224: 927: 581: 550: 26728: 14957: 14764: 14691: 8717:(Report). Tokyo, Japan: Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation. October 2010. 4543: 3090: 26262: 26244: 26226: 26208: 24994: 24616: 24584: 24564: 24534: 24524: 24217: 24187: 24162: 24132: 24117: 23856: 23608: 23395: 23191: 22839: 22645: 22497: 22442: 22389: 22246: 22226: 22053: 21955: 21787: 21520: 21488: 20782: 19647:"New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024" 19073: 15600: 13521: 13504: 13216: 11946: 11552: 8655: 8053: 7772: 7749: 7647: 7596: 7469:

21 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the

7267:. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the 7197: 7181: 7149: 7079: 6960: 6955: 6885: 6692: 6639: 6631: 6435: 5749: 4821: 4798: 4744: 4456: 4448: 4410: 4371: 4363: 4300: 4233: 4028: 3953: 3898: 3818: 3757: 3609: 3555: 3494: 3438: 3279: 3263: 3107: 2119: 2045:

by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs.

2010: 1865: 1638: 1485: 38: 26830: 19216: 17867: 15202: 13626: 12163: 12093: 11402: 11265: 11239: 10929:

Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.

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Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney

8424: 7767:. Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and 83,000 km (52,000 mi) of cables. 6661:. Sydney Football Stadium and Stadium Australia were selected as venues, with the later hosting the 6571:

Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at

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in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain

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Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world, Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten

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Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the

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has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at

7287: 7272: 7268: 7216: 7212: 7177: 7169: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6971: 6905: 6743: 6718: 6325: 6213: 6201: 6169: 6157: 6092: 6018: 6014: 5837: 5606: 5443: 4993: 4857: 4579: 4452: 4440: 4394: 4288: 4209: 4152: 3997: 3830: 3602: 3547: 3528: 3502: 3482: 3375: 3351: 3294: 3175: 2058: 1845:. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the 1692:

bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as

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Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.

1382:. The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier 26642: 26629: 26610: 26592: 26568: 26550: 26532: 26514: 26496: 26472: 26454: 26436: 26418: 26400: 26129: 26109: 26089: 26071: 26053: 26029: 26011: 25993: 25975: 25951: 25922: 25904: 25875: 25857: 25833: 25815: 25797: 25779: 25761: 25741: 24721: 24594: 24197: 24050: 23771: 23685: 23672: 23309: 23043: 22879: 22854: 22844: 22822: 22818: 22742: 22651: 22427: 22394: 22143: 22108: 22083: 22043: 21742: 21560: 21373: 21353: 21210: 19576: 17806: 15825: 10698:

Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney

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is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.

4007:, a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. 3922: 3318: 3179: 1453: 1137: 1125: 763: 128: 71: 21202: 14064: 10335:"2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c)" 7299:

Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney. The

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generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of

26686: 26604: 24696: 24569: 24251: 24172: 24122: 23917: 23469: 23403: 23385: 23226: 22874: 22869: 22859: 22729: 22671: 22641: 22477: 22409: 22359: 22329: 22148: 21973: 21650: 21552: 21503: 21378: 21348: 21269: 21128: 21103: 19312: 16148: 14117: 12414: 11698:"BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home" 9254: 8045: 7967: 7627: 7608: 7592: 7470: 7371: 6895: 6810: 6635: 6627: 6539: 6491: 6401: 6381: 6349: 5880: 5809:

at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the

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was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General. The

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in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.

24879: 24691: 23517: 23507: 23431: 23372: 23177: 22994: 22864: 22775: 22714: 22686: 22661: 22487: 22467: 22457: 22344: 22221: 22068: 22058: 21838: 21383: 20623: 20386:"Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red" 18181: 17477: 16555: 16344: 15224: 13005:, Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia 12298: 11895: 11737: 11273: 11204: 11196: 11077: 7816: 7639: 7540: 7508: 7010: 6850: 6525: 6357: 6297: 6292: 6151: 6084: 6080: 6061: 5966: 5948: 5931: 5847: 5745: 5713: 5700: 5543: 4193: 4120: 4061: 3981: 3874: 3744:

district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours, the North Shore and the

3567: 3532: 3462: 3226: 3218: 3065: 3057: 2131: 2099: 2026: 1952: 1756: 1723:, a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large 1193: 659: 597: 112: 21002: 18152: 13810: 13740: 13548:

Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under

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The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as

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vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.

5550:– the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include 4284:–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site. 25705: 25662: 25644: 25627: 25611: 25593: 25577: 25559: 25543: 25525: 25507: 25489: 25471: 25455: 25437: 25419: 25401: 25383: 25365: 25347: 25329: 25311: 25295: 25284: 25273: 25255: 25237: 25219: 25203: 25185: 25174: 25156: 25138: 25120: 25102: 25084: 25068: 24836: 24207: 23957: 23947: 23897: 23363: 23276: 23172: 23092: 22798: 22752: 22462: 22123: 22113: 22063: 22033: 22018: 21935: 21767: 21680: 21590: 21433: 21309: 21299: 21249: 21042: 18868: 17585: 16957:"2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 16793: 16369: 16367: 11849: 9997: 9811: 9169: 7897: 7780: 7482: 7292: 7145: 7133: 7111: 7041: 7018: 6900: 6669: 6067:

Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD (

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commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include

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will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the

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wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching

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is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's

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since 1827. Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the

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often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.

8: 24951: 24824: 24711: 24075: 24045: 23766: 23589: 23258: 22770: 22765: 22530: 22364: 22339: 22319: 22309: 22304: 22158: 22038: 21950: 21829: 21630: 21620: 21575: 21413: 21145: 21086: 20734: 19956: 19814: 17244: 17195: 14539: 10565:

Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge

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12 km (7.5 mi) line serving the CBD and Eastern Suburbs opened in 2019–2020. A

7344: 7189: 7101: 7084: 6880: 6615: 6560: 6007: 5915: 5893: 5806: 5547: 5500: 5371: 5317: 5293: 5281: 5069: 5009: 4817:, Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world. 4444: 4304: 4257: 4136: 4128: 4096: 4016: 4012: 3993: 3926: 3690: 3498: 2123: 2022: 1637:

in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and

1528: 655: 546: 18725: 18185: 18096: 17270: 17218: 16364: 14828: 12818:"State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes" 11853: 9309: 8546: 8326: 7858:. Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest, bushfires can ring the region in a 7354: 6746:. As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration. 3945:, a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient 186: 26190: 24966: 24926: 24894: 24716: 24636: 24344: 24212: 24167: 23990: 23962: 23705: 23522: 22681: 22314: 22173: 21983: 21823: 21730: 21705: 21690: 21580: 21565: 21483: 21443: 21408: 21388: 21368: 21079: 20889: 20062: 19290: 18424:"Football Australia celebrates hosting the most successful FIFA Women's World Cup ever" 17697: 17075: 16911:

Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (January 1995).

11865: 10705: 10397: 8265: 7954:, initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new 7912: 7745: 7535:

and facilitated 9.1 million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year. A second, the

7420: 6950: 6875: 6855: 6830: 6588: 5799: 5641: 5532: 5353: 5347: 5311: 5273: 5265: 4853: 4691: 4594: 4537: 4510: 4057: 3965: 3870: 3702: 3666: 3326: 3314: 2180: 2049: 1932: 1908: 1614: 1593:. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The 1398: 1359: 1211:

was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the

1161: 774: 744: 663: 172: 108: 20087: 19138: 14876:"A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $ 2.2 million above reserve" 14798: 13284: 7411:

is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.

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was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.

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was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were

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was mistaken by many for snow, in July 2008. In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe

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Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds),

17161: 16924: 16728: 16238: 14855: 14518: 14482: 14446: 14378: 14357: 14321: 14285: 13919: 13006: 12921:"Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035" 11899: 11869: 11107: 10985: 10885: 10568: 10539: 10437: 10183: 10140:"Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution" 10081: 9898: 9865:

Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".

9647: 9623: 9580: 9572: 9514: 9449: 9380: 9355: 9289: 9216: 9087: 9051: 9026: 8964: 8562: 8073: 7916: 7859: 7776: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7694: 7635: 7604: 7558: 7332: 7252: 6845: 6805: 6647: 6511: 6455: 6288: 6057: 6050: 5927: 5780: 5761: 5721: 5610: 5598: 5513: 5474: 5470: 5335: 5299: 5065: 4977: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4642: 4626: 4598: 4533: 4514: 4177: 3946: 3902: 3838: 3647: 3406: 3363: 3249: 3202: 3085: 3010: 2963: 2841: 2127: 2074: 1988: 1972: 1916: 1772: 1626: 1579: 1311: 1266:

people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by

1200: 738: 647: 624: 333: 19420:"Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness" 17971: 17292: 16815: 15847: 13436:"World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance" 12765: 12448: 11838:"The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited" 11012: 7896:

and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The

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Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a

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Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches.

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on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite

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towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at

26698: 25898: 25037: 24854: 24846: 24404: 23942: 23937: 23695: 23459: 23281: 23101: 22808: 22760: 22656: 22482: 22472: 22447: 22241: 21904: 21858: 21848: 21772: 21670: 21570: 21478: 21468: 21453: 21289: 19190: 17781: 16749: 14913: 14880: 14630: 14151: 13832: 13801: 13799: 13467:"National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta" 11857: 11486: 10071: 9596: 8554: 7951: 7764: 7681:

came into operation in 1886. It transports water 100 km (62 mi) from the

7450: 7204:. 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney. 7064: 6994: 6945: 6935: 6920: 6770: 6373: 6305: 6253: 6104: 5972: 5903: 5870: 5861: 5776: 5733: 5602: 5269: 5061: 5005: 4464: 4460: 4367: 4328: 4323:, a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet). 4201: 4104: 4008: 3914: 3882: 3789: 3674: 3655: 3575: 3442: 3230: 3214: 2079: 1912: 1873: 1854: 1732: 1720: 1654: 1622: 1594: 1570: 1563: 1413: 1387: 1374: 1259: 1141: 1085: 542: 17496: 14566:"'It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres" 13023: 12527: 11915: 8624:"World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin" 6240:

and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area. Sydney's first

4192:. Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse. 2017:) with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild", to "cool" winters. The 1538: 62:

This article is about the Australian city. For the greater metropolitan area, see

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Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998.

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Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records

9048:

Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records

7552: 7528: 7500: 7404: 7328: 7283: 7244: 6915: 6860: 6795: 6685: 6673: 6619: 6576: 6483: 6463: 6389: 6377: 6353: 6317: 6281: 6261: 6128: 6108: 6068: 6042: 6022: 5919: 5852: 5832: 5772: 5768: 5664: 5571: 5494: 5487: 4973: 4949: 4845: 4825: 4504: 3773: 3643: 3626: 3613: 3450: 3155: 2095: 1940: 1901: 1881: 1752: 1728: 1574: 1346: 1204: 914: 718: 643: 518: 87: 20542:"Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line" 20328:"Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney" 20308:"Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney" 16995: 16913:"Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)" 16285: 13796: 11595:. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns. 10744: 7658: 6672:

tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for

6232:. Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. 5859:, were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel 4964:

Popular destinations include the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge,

3401:

is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and

26065: 26036: 25893: 25605: 25584: 25302: 25145: 24931: 24599: 23967: 23645: 23380: 23271: 23154: 23021: 22967: 22895: 22666: 22510: 22399: 21843: 21782: 21777: 21757: 21473: 21428: 20810: 19242: 18309: 17561: 17432: 16511: 16419:"These Are The World's Most Visited Cities Among International Travelers, 2019" 15534: 14626:"Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York" 13596: 13549: 9558: 9446:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia

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The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia

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for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The

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is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising 189 ha (470 acres).

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may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD. In the warm season

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Qantas Farewell Flight B747-400 Queen of the Skies – Sydney Final Flight QF747

20967: 19988: 19551:"Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council" 18584: 18209:"Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010" 16313: 15364: 14909:"This $ 13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia" 14765:"2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 11607:"BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through" 7231:. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course. 4551:

is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising 189 ha (470 acres).

4162: 3374:. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on King Street in 1777: 1255:. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions. 26877: 26116: 25958: 25887: 25882: 25651: 25514: 25462: 25244: 25127: 24916: 24771: 24539: 24137: 24080: 24010: 23349: 23149: 23078: 22803: 22709: 22691: 21930: 21605: 21398: 20983: 20928:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. 19908: 19703: 18245: 17383: 15877: 13114: 12953:"Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities" 12293: 11941: 11898:. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson 11547: 10868:(Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales. 10085: 7989: 7985: 7959: 7955: 7943: 7920: 7832: 7465: 7428: 7424: 7399: 7060: 6865: 6765: 6731: 6572: 6345: 6309: 6205: 5954: 5888: 5757: 5741: 5676: 5656: 5609:. It recounts the story of the city's development. Other museums include the 4865: 4849: 4841: 4740: 4699: 4406: 4312: 4296: 4243: 4024: 3938: 3878: 3846: 3781: 3686: 3579: 3454: 3297:, one of the inner-most parts of the Inner West, is one of the most complete 3210: 3198: 3183: 3159: 3135: 1944: 1713: 1649: 1598: 1441: 1319: 1189: 1185: 859: 530: 270: 257: 21189: 20650: 18995: 17724: 17670: 17454: 16764: 9354:(5th ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. 8787: 8785: 5624:

holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the

4647: 4459:. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as 4265: 3252:, manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of 1498: 26508: 26388: 25822: 25692: 25444: 25408: 24786: 24781: 23625: 23617: 23479: 23326: 23060: 22975: 22952: 22719: 22676: 22553: 22452: 22432: 21978: 21813: 21792: 21762: 21635: 21458: 19754:"CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date" 19598: 17157: 14663: 13914: 13189: 11167:"Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of" 10879: 10538:(1 ed.). Maitland: Geological Survey of New South Wales. p. 582. 9924:(7th ed.). Sydney: E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney. pp. 311–15. 9592: 9584: 8628: 7947: 7936: 7881: 7874: 7753: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7682: 7520: 7461: 7455: 7445: 7286:, completed in 1816. Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as 6925: 6681: 6611: 6596: 6565: 6479: 6447: 6427: 6419: 6393: 6189: 6112: 6038: 6003: 5995: 5824: 5737: 5575: 5466:(0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions. 5435: 5016: 4810: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4472: 4375: 4316: 4292: 4221: 4189: 4148: 3985: 3866: 3785: 3753: 3737: 3721: 3694: 3367: 3253: 3234: 3171: 2053: 2052:, extreme temperatures have ranged from 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18 1948: 1841:. The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low 1689: 1678: 1586: 1481: 1480:

An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched

1465: 1207:, linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811, and a road across the 1108: 1046:

The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used

910: 714: 710: 651: 605: 510: 20979: 16174: 15334: 4786:

Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the

4319:, designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981. Due to the proximity of 3806: 1582:

can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.

26745: 26461: 26383: 26269: 26122: 25911: 25864: 25688: 25478: 25395: 25249: 25226: 24971: 24731: 24621: 24529: 24227: 24127: 23594: 23545: 22568: 22515: 22505: 22276: 22168: 22013: 21853: 21797: 21735: 21685: 20370: 12926:. NSW Department of Planning and Environment. August 2015. Archived from 11810: 11638:"Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia" 8782: 7998: 7978: 7931: 7843: 7670: 6580: 6344:

rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the

6333: 6329: 6026: 6025:

is Australia's largest arts festival. The travelling rock music festival

5555: 5287: 5157: 5001: 4997: 4965: 4893: 4837: 4732: 4728: 4606: 4571: 4522: 4484: 4480: 4436: 4414: 4390: 4273: 4247: 4224:; completed in 1898, it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys. 3862: 3741: 3670: 3470: 3458: 3167: 3163: 3143: 1976: 1936: 1924: 1826: 1798: 1724: 1602: 1511: 1488:. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil. 1326: 1220: 1155: 1112: 1100: 687: 593: 158: 20952: 18286: 18072:"In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh" 18045:"7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place" 17180:

Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A."

15957: 15955: 12879:"Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage" 9600: 8773: 8771: 8594:"Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey" 8353:"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features" 7156:. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the 2102:) shift towards southeastern Australia, where they may damage homes and 698:

by the Aboriginal inhabitants. Phillip considered naming the settlement

560:

have inhabited the Greater Sydney region for at least 30,000 years, and

26847: 26622: 26526: 25827: 25014: 24961: 24941: 24859: 24791: 24746: 24706: 24661: 24626: 24604: 24359: 24232: 24202: 23927: 23236: 22701: 22271: 21899: 21279: 21022: 20988: 20942: 20290:"Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'" 18401: 18023: 17405:

NSW Department of Customer Service, Transport for NSW (28 April 2023).

15795: 13140: 12302:. No. 16, 858. New South Wales, Australia. 2 April 1892. p. 5 11444:"Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures" 11044: 10561:"A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales" 10486: 8021: 7994: 7889: 7885: 7721: 7524: 6475: 6257: 6237: 6197: 6161:, in print since 1879. Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called 6133: 6096: 5991: 5987: 5936: 5923: 5821:

A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales

5551: 4687: 4428: 4402: 4347: 4308: 4132: 3973: 3969: 3934: 3910: 3886: 3842: 3810: 3736:. The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most 3733: 3310: 3095: 2111: 2086:

winds and a rapid fall in temperature. Since Sydney is downwind of the

2042: 1858: 1838: 1802: 1790: 1751:, with less common sandstone units. The Wianamatta Group is made up of 1590: 1555: 1129: 1057: 980: 956: 895: 823: 800:

Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers

793: 589: 585: 24448: 20764: 19838:"Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport" 16597:"Sydney named top destination in the world for international students" 11837: 11491: 11474: 7900:

development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.

7888:

in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and

4961:

industry contributes $ 36 million to the city's economy per day.

4172:

From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture.

4092: 1997: 1573:

lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The

709:(Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of 26599: 26544: 26539: 26448: 26425: 26370: 26329: 26292: 26251: 26136: 25982: 25934: 25669: 25532: 25501: 25341: 25336: 25231: 25168: 25132: 25009: 25004: 24956: 24905: 24741: 24726: 24686: 24676: 24409: 24308: 24015: 23630: 23244: 22003: 20923: 17900: 16644: 16407:

by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015

15952: 11861: 9495:

Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In

8768: 8105: 7908: 7851: 7562: 7516: 7487: 7256: 6471: 6411: 6265: 5842: 5567: 5423: 5107: 4889: 4829: 4339: 4324: 4020: 3961: 3826: 3725: 2889: 1830: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1782: 1744: 1740: 1493: 1469: 1421: 1402: 1391: 1148: 755: 381: 22594: 15561:"GDP report: Economic Performance of Australia's Cities and Regions" 11593:

Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia

11140:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 24 September 2007. Archived from 10076: 10059: 9473:. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Archived from 9215:(2nd ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 19–25. 7106: 5383:

At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being

4089:

listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.

4003:

Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of

26575: 26503: 26466: 26443: 26430: 26412: 26365: 26274: 26142: 25809: 25674: 25431: 25323: 25019: 24864: 24811: 24765: 24670: 24554: 24519: 24494: 24389: 24379: 24364: 24319: 24152: 24112: 24055: 23262: 21512: 20390: 18986: 18984: 18982: 18019: 17644: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16111: 12984:

Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford

10828:

Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland

8516:"Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index" 8097: 8003: 7725: 7701: 7504:

buses across Sydney carrying 90 million passengers per annum.

7208: 7052: 6981:

Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the

6229: 6034: 5652: 5455: 5451: 5031: 4897: 4869: 3957: 1814: 1748: 1736: 1670: 1662: 1267: 573: 393: 387: 375: 26864: 25737: 23716: 19289:. South Eastern Sydney Local Health District. 2014. Archived from 19215:. South Eastern Sydney Local Health District. 2014. Archived from 19163:. South Eastern Sydney Local Health District. 2014. Archived from 18799: 17404: 16284:. Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. 2014. Archived from 15709:"Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney" 15492: 11354:"Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW" 8829:"UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings" 7557:

Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to

7251:

The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at

5869:

apartment. Well known contemporary novels set in the city include

3578:(colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the 3209:

are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. The

2126:

are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of

638:

Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the

26617: 26580: 26521: 26347: 26316: 26233: 26023: 25963: 25845: 25571: 25519: 25318: 25262: 25197: 25192: 24976: 24911: 24889: 24874: 24869: 24801: 24549: 24147: 23563: 21232: 21007: 20866:(Press release). City of Sydney. 15 February 2013. Archived from 20434:"Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body" 20410: 20312: 20117: 16691:"The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis" 15193: 15191: 14979: 8093: 7963: 7760: 7591:

At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's

7367: 7264: 7059:

Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister

6642:

opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.

6269: 5667:

for portraiture. Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery

5463: 5459: 5147: 5137: 4794: 4622: 4589: 3854: 3792:

are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.

3485:

and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035, as well as a

3347: 2135: 2030: 2029:

play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns:

1834: 1794: 1666: 1342: 1286:(April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed. 1271: 1061: 706: 361: 342: 20492:(Press release). City of Sydney. 9 November 2011. Archived from 18979: 16108: 14308:. Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 12164:"Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO" 11403:"Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO" 9576: 9112: 8998:. Vol. 1 part 2. pp. 285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim. 7569:

is a nightly bus service that operate between midnight and 5am.

6029:

originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are

1120:

rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the

26479: 26407: 26287: 26238: 26215: 26096: 26060: 26041: 26005: 26000: 25945: 25869: 25840: 25804: 25634: 25600: 25550: 25449: 25426: 25413: 25390: 25267: 25210: 25163: 25150: 25109: 25096: 25091: 24830: 24819: 24701: 24681: 24514: 24394: 24107: 21018:

Understanding Society Through its Records – John Curtin Library

20222:"Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures" 19072:. Department of Education and Communities. 2014. Archived from 19046:. Department of Education and Communities. 2014. Archived from 18156: 16677:"'Homelessness tsunami': Housing shortage crisis facing Sydney" 11807:"Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather" 11591:

Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009)

8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8092:

In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source,

8012: 7847: 7786: 7260: 6677: 6233: 6013:

Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's

5563: 4630: 4064:. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation. 1822: 1515: 1386:

attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by

1096:

potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.

699: 569: 568:

of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the

18912:

Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (1998).

18510:

A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992

16645:

Demographia International Housing Affordability - 2024 Edition

16405:

Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone

15588: 15586: 15188: 15101:", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998. 14505:. Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 14469:. Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 14433:. Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 14344:. Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 14272:. Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 12613:

Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes

11578:

Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010)

11556:. National Library of Australia. 17 December 1953. p. 1. 11472: 7708:, one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world, 7207:

Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by

5855:, set several novels in Sydney. Contemporary writers, such as 4674:

The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was

4362:. Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include 1365: 1297: 1262:, north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the 1030:

South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill

769:

The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were

525:. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds 26704: 26562: 26557: 26334: 26311: 26102: 26083: 26078: 26018: 25940: 25929: 25916: 25791: 25786: 25768: 25618: 25566: 25496: 25483: 25377: 25372: 25354: 25114: 25025: 24544: 24424: 24222: 24142: 20917:"Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks" 14850:

Irving, Terry; Irving, Terrence H.; Cahill, Rowan J. (2010).

14759: 14757: 14755: 14753: 14751: 14749: 14747: 14745: 14743: 13544: 13503:(Report). Herron Todd White Property Advisors. Archived from 11950:. National Library of Australia. 30 October 1911. p. 7. 11507:"Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013" 11315:"Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over" 9025:(2nd ed.). Sydney: Hale and Iremonger. pp. 105–06. 8109: 8016: 8007: 7752:

came into operation in 2010. WaterNSW supplies bulk water to

7622:, officially "Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport", is located in 7387: 7378:

in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.

5447: 5404: 5127: 2063: 1956: 1682: 1345:

on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest

1263: 1049:

by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.

399: 25735: 15419: 15417: 14058: 14056: 13374:"Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award" 13111:"This part of Australia is set to be renamed 'Little India'" 11427:

MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967.

10368:"Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3" 8407: 7291:

nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of

7255:. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from 3562:

The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the

3397:, which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. 1219:

between poor and working-class residents living west of the

674:, one of the world's oldest continually operating airports. 25773: 25359: 20332: 19189:. The Children's Hospital at Westmead. 2014. Archived from 18691: 18643: 17293:"History of the Library | State Library of New South Wales" 17269:. Australian National Maritime Museum. 2014. Archived from 17098:"Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted" 17019:"Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time" 16839:"Booming Melbourne to become nation's largest city by 2026" 16125:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1998. Archived from 15583: 13465:

Energy, Department of the Environment and (17 April 2018).

13433: 10483:"Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city" 9972:

The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library oif New South Wales

7884:

growth strategy", in which it aims to regular increase the

6650:

used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The

5559: 4861: 4747:

in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.

3282:, and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets. 3201:

are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges.

2083: 1709: 1705: 1507: 789: 588:

charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at

577: 20806:"CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows" 20247:"Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi" 18589:

The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales

17723:. National Institute of Dramatic Art. 2014. Archived from 16258:. Department of Trade and Investment. 2014. Archived from 16027:"Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities" 15253:. Office of Environment and Heritage. 2014. Archived from 15201:. Office of Environment and Heritage. 2014. Archived from 14740: 14659:"How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities" 13731: 13729: 11727:

Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate

10942:. North Queensland Register. 2 August 2012. Archived from 10695: 10240:"Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile" 9646:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–19. 9448:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–114. 8925: 8923: 8921: 7047:

In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a

6622:

and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.

6060:

has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from

1258:

As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the

152: 26647: 26634: 21027: 21012: 20947: 20568:"City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks" 20459: 20457: 20455: 16578:"BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015" 16376:"Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne" 16340:"Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne" 15414: 14053: 10567:. Barton, ACT: Australian Geomechanics Society: 641–647. 6249: 6245: 5986:

is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as

4833: 4601:

is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the

3929:, a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and 3142:

The CBD extends about 3 km (1.9 mi) south from

1719:

Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the

1701: 1693: 1547: 20758: 20199:"Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level" 18776:. Supreme Court of New South Wales. 2014. Archived from 17546:, South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35. 17050:"Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries" 16887:"The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed" 13702: 13700: 10759:

Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities

6494:

are competitors in the national women's netball league.

5276:. At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were: 4752:

average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.

4212:

was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and

3996:

in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the

1731:. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained 1562:

to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the

20490:"It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council" 19979: 19977: 17479:

Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history

15786: 15784: 15782: 15456: 15454: 15452: 15392:"The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world" 13739:. Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. 2001. Archived from 13726: 12958:. Greater Sydney Commission. March 2018. Archived from 10877: 10511:. Office of Environment and Heritage. 7 November 2019. 10098: 9879:

Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".

9683:, www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021. 9471:"The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789" 8918: 8855:""Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list" 7132:

There are six public universities based in Sydney: The

6356:. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the 5068:. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of 3972:, opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in 3240:

Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of

1078:

The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain

20699:"Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living" 20516:"Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan" 20452: 18916:. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–465, 662–663. 15714:. Australian Business Foundation. 2009. Archived from 15685:. Regional Development Australia. 2010. Archived from 15042:. Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust. Archived from 14238: 14236: 14181: 13371: 13086:. Parramatta Chamber of Commerce. 2014. Archived from 10105: