44:
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1079:(KNIP) acting as Parliament rather than to the President. This watershed event ushered in the so-called 'liberal' or parliamentary form of government, which prevailed against the Sukarnoist-proposed constitution for twelve years. Leadership was thus handed to a 'modernizing' Western-minded intellectual, who at the time were thought to be the coming leaders of Asia and more palatable to Western ideas of government. When considered against previous forms of government — indigenous Indonesian, Dutch, Japanese, and even the first brief Republican government — this was the most revolutionary political change at a national level during the National Revolution. Amir left the position of Information Minister on 4 January 1946 and was replaced by
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on unit commanders, particularly as
Sudirman and other PETA-trained resented the 'fascist' slur cast on them. The Marxist overtones of Amir's new military academies conflicted with the popular army view of being above politics and the need to play a unifying role in the national struggle; the army leadership consequently rejected attempts to introduce partisan ideology and alignments. This antagonism between the government and PETA-trained officers forced Amir to find an armed support base elsewhere. He aligned himself with sympathetic Dutch-educated officers in certain divisions, such as the
1454:" government. Caught by surprise by the premature coup attempt, Communist leaders, including Amir, rushed to Madiun to take charge of the government. The following day, about 200 pro-PKI and other leftist leaders who remained in Yogyakarta were arrested by the Republican government, with Sukarno denouncing the Madiun rebels over the radio, and calling upon Indonesians to rally against Musso and his plans for a Soviet-style government. Musso replied on radio that he would fight to the finish, while, the People's Democratic Front branches in
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is thought perhaps 8,000 people were killed in the affair. As part of a second major military offensive against the
Republic, on 19 December Dutch troops occupied Yogyakarta city and the Republican government was captured, including Sukarno, Hatta, Agus Salim, and Sjahrir. Republican forces withdraw to the countryside beginning a full-scale guerrilla war on either side of the
927:, the Japanese enforced total suppression of any opposition to their rule. Most Indonesian leaders obliged either by becoming 'neutral observers' or by actively cooperating. Amir was one of a few prominent Indonesian politicians who actively fought against the Japanese, together with fellow future prime minister
1481:
lines. On 30 September, the rebels abandoned Madiun and were pursued by pro-government troops through the countryside. Musso was killed on 31 October while trying to escape custody. Amir and 300 rebel soldiers were captured by
Siliwangi troops on 1 December. Some 35,000 people were later arrested. It
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politician-dominated 'education staff' for the army. The body appointed fifty-five 'political officers' at the end of May without consulting the army command. These new officers were to educate each TRI unit on the goals of the revolution. He was not, however, able to effectively impose such ideals
1403:
However, Amir's efforts to overthrow the Hatta
Cabinet were in vain, as the Hatta Cabinet continued along with its four main programs. Over the following months, the political situation remained tense, while the economic situation increasingly deteriorated, and relations with the Dutch, after the
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prevented its leader, Soekiman, as well as many pro-Sjahrir 'religious socialists' from previous cabinets from joining the new cabinet. Other influential
Masyumi factions, such as that of Wondoamiseno, provided support. Although Amir's communist allies controlled about 10% of the 34th with Amir's
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to assume more control in both the
Socialist Party and the Left-wing as a whole. By June 1946, Sjahrir's increasing isolation from the coalition encouraged the opposing factions to depose him. This group put their support behind Amir, the alternative Socialist leader. On 26 June 1947, Amir, along
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Most
Indonesian nationalist leaders saw the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia as an opportunity to take advantage of in their pursuit of independence. Their consequent cooperation with the Japanese saw the returning Dutch brand them 'collaborators', and thus illegitimate leaders, in an attempt to
812:
1305:, backed by a majority of the left, withdrew their support for Sjahrir. They argued that Sjahrir had compromised the Republic in his pursuit of diplomacy – the same charge that deposed every revolutionary government – and that in the face of Dutch belligerence, such conciliation seemed futile.
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two days later, the
Republic announced its first ministry on 4 September. The seventeen-member cabinet was composed mostly of 'collaborating' nationalists; Amir was appointed Information Minister under the new cabinet, though at the time his fate was unknown, as he was then imprisoned by the
847:
magazine that encouraged the public to drive out the colonial invaders. Though in actuality, the essay was written by
Mohammad Yamin, with Amir only stated as the author in the published version. Amir was imprisoned for two years, being released on 5 June 1935. In mid-1936, together with his
1032:
Japanese. He was eventually released on 1 October 1945 and took office shortly after. Amir's appointment as minister of information was likely due to his background in journalism before World War II. Early in the
Revolution, Amir worked closely with the country's first
1332:. He would also continue to serve as minister concurrently. There were rumors about Amir's appointment as prime minister, based on the consideration that he would be needed in negotiations with the Dutch. In running the government, he appointed Adnan Kapau Gani as his
1396:, which began holding demonstrations, demanding the return of Amir to the Cabinet and as Minister of Defense. Amir joined the fold, and heavily criticized Hatta and his cabinet, labelling it as the "Masyumi Cabinet", as it was dominated by members of the Islamic
1055:
forces in which the British Brigade was hopelessly outnumbered and facing annihilation. A ceasefire was immediately adhered to, but fighting resumed after confused communications and mistrust between the two sides, leading to the
771:, both of whom would influence Amir in his later career. He returned to Indonesia following family troubles, as his father had lost his job as Chief Prosecutor because he punched a prisoner. He would continue his education at the
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1442:. The strikes escalated into demonstrations, between communist and pro-government forces, before increasing rapidly into full-on open warfare. On 18 September 1948, a group of PKI supporters took over strategic points in the
1141:
sympathetic to the cabinet's 'anti-fascist' approach. With an engaging personality and persuasive oratory skills, Amir had more time and aptitude than Sjahrir for party building, and he played the main part in wooing this
1469:, marched on Madiun where there were an estimated 5,000-10,000 pro-PKI soldiers. As the rebels retreated they killed Masyumi and PNI leaders and officials, and in the villages, killings took place along
1276:
A split between Amir's and Prime Minister Sjahrir's supporters rapidly deepened in 1947. There had long been mutual suspicion between Sjahrir and the communists who had returned from the
950:
who re-established the party in 1935. His closest colleagues were from the 'illegal PKI' underground and the pre-war Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo). Together, they formed the
978:
leaders showed more faith in Netherlands left-wing forces than in the revolutionary fervor of the Indonesian people, which became a source of discontent among the party's opponents.
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502:
240:
1416:. Amir and the leadership of the People's Democratic Front immediately accepted his authority, and Amir admitted membership of the underground PKI in 1935. Adhering to Musso's
1087:. His main task as minister was to make the army an "effective and responsible tool of government policy". His position as minister, however, was a source of friction with the
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which helped swell the number of Indonesians taking a cooperative approach with regards to the Dutch colonial administration in an attempt to secure Indonesian independence.
725:, though Mulia returned to Indonesia, as he had completed his schooling already. After only a year at the Haarlem Gymnasium, he moved to the State Gymnasium of Leiden.
1400:. Meanwhile, other leftist parties and organizations supporting the government joined an opposing organization, known as the People's Revolutionary Movement (GGR).
1427:
954:(Parsi) on 1 November 1945. At a two-party conference on 16 – 17 December, it was announced that Amir's Parsi would merge with Sjahrir's political grouping, the
618:, Amir and other FDR leaders rushed to assume control of the newly formed "National Front" government. In the following weeks, pro-government forces, led by the
43:
997:
962:(PS). With Sjahrir serving as chairman, and Amir serving as vice chairman. The Socialist Party quickly became the strongest pro-government party, especially in
2618:
1039:; the two played a major role in effectively shaping the arrangements linking the new government of Indonesia with its people. On 30 October Amir, along with
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whose objectives included a fully Indonesian legislature; It had modest goals in comparison to the Dutch-suppressed radical nationalists led by the likes of
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by the desperate British caretaker administration. The three were seen as the only Indonesian leaders likely able to quell fighting between Republican and
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and Masyumi cabinet members resigned in early January 1948. On 23 January, with his support base disappearing, Amir resigned from the prime ministership.
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111:
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Amir was a central figure in the government's 'anti-fascist' program with the army a key target, which caused further frictions. Sjahrir attacked
116:
567:, Amir was one of a few prominent Indonesian politicians who actively fought against the Japanese, together with fellow future prime minister
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as a model of a citizens' army loyal to the government and holding socialist ideals. On 19 February 1946, Amir inaugurated a socialist and
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in the establishment of the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo). Under Amir's leadership, the party was considered a radical leftist
2611:
1486:. Rather than risk their release, the army killed Amir and fifty other leftist prisoners as it withdrew from Yogyakarta that evening.
974:, rather that international support necessary for independence be sought, and that unruly constituents had to be opposed. The party's
1320:, and Setyadjit Soegondo to form a new cabinet. During these negotiations, Amir courted a broad coalition but hostility from Muslim
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1393:
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1113:-trained army officers as 'traitors', 'fascists', and 'running dogs' who had cooperated with the Japanese. Amir promoted the
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Defence Ministry their sole key one, this cabinet was the highest point of orthodox communist influence in the Revolution.
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Following the resignation of Sjahrir as prime minister, a new government needed to be formed. On 30 June 1947, President
823:
Throughout the 1930s, Amir was active in literary and journalistic circles, joining the editorial board of the newspaper
705:, as his father was transferred there. In August 1921, he and his older cousin, Todung Sutan Gunung Mulia, left for the
693:, with both his grandfather and father practicing the profession. Amir began his education in 1914 when he attended the
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912:
93:
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677:, after marrying Amir's mother, Basunu Siregar, a devout Muslim woman who came from a well-respected family from the
329:
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After graduating, he became active in literary and journalist circles, joining the editorial board of the newspaper
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By 1945, Amir had become known and respected as a politician. Although he had been in contact with the 'illegal'
3215:
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1500:
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1229:
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899:, whom Sjarifuddin had met before the War. By 1940, Dutch intelligence suspected him of being involved with the
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2910:
1495:
1329:
1224:
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987:
939:, whose popularity in Indonesia – and hence the importance to the war effort – was recognized by the Japanese.
736:
599:
498:
1284:' cause made these suspicions more obvious. Sjahrir's preoccupation with diplomacy, his physical isolation in
489:; 27 April 1907 – 19 December 1948) was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second
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482:
919:, his prominent role in these campaigns prompted the head of Dutch intelligence to provide Amir with 25,000
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On 3 July 1947, Amir was inaugurated as prime minister, alongside his cabinet, which would be known as the
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1242:
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541:
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17:
970:. The party accepted the argument of Amir and its other leaders that the time was not ripe to implement
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2800:
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790:
602:, with the backing of a broad coalition. He faced a backlash over the cabinet's decision to ratify the
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1110:
1088:
920:
694:
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Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution, 1945-1949
3026:
2950:
1068:
622:, began pushing the leftist forces back. During the fighting, Amir was captured, and imprisoned in
728:
In Leiden, Amir stayed at the house of Mrs. Antonie Aris van de Losdrecht–Sizzo, the widow of the
3036:
3021:
2805:
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773:
768:
536:
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2452:
Minorities, Modernity and the Emerging Nation: Christians in Indonesia, a Biographical Approach
1317:
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2835:
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763:. During his time in Leiden, he began to admire and be influenced by the Count of Mirebeau,
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1450:. They killed pro-government officers and announced over the radio the formation of a new "
1168:
1134:
1103:
1096:
722:
559:). In 1933, due to his political activities, Amir was imprisoned, and almost exiled to the
8:
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1382:
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349:
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in May 1946. Another source of support for the new cabinet was the more educated armed
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Amir Sjarifuddin (wearing glasses), after being detained by the Indonesian military,
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1006:
861:
759:("Indonesian Association"), under the leadership of future-Indonesian vice president
643:
534:. He returned to Indonesia due to family troubles but continued his education at the
517:
333:
229:
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Gerindo was one of the more significant cooperative parties in the years leading to
3159:
2985:
2930:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2795:
1313:
1002:
101:
1392:. Opposition to the Hatta Cabinet coalesced into a new organization, known as the
2659:
2588:
2482:
2450:
2422:
2351:
2321:
2317:
1080:
904:
877:
745:
627:
606:, and he resigned from the prime ministership, being succeeded by Vice President
530:
293:
1071:, Amir was appointed to a new cabinet with Sjahrir as Prime Minister. President
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2649:
2537:
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1321:
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551:. He also became involved with left-wing politics and led a group of younger
131:
1424:, the major leftist parties in the Front dissolved themselves into the PKI.
1363:
915:, Amir himself led and promoted boycotts against trade with Japan. When the
907:, he was one of several Indonesian leaders who warned against the danger of
2960:
2785:
1451:
1413:
1412:, the 1920s leader of the PKI, arrived in Yogyakarta from his exile in the
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with two other Moscow-inclined Ministers Abdulmadjid Djojoadiningrat, and
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2875:
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2700:
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832:
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685:. Amir was the eldest child of seven children and was given the title of
654:
513:
946:(PKI), he had nothing but disdain for the 'unsophisticated' and unknown
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963:
733:
729:
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623:
439:
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2210:
5 penggerak bangsa yang terlupa : nasionalisme minoritas Kristen
2157:
Purba, Yema Siska (September 2013) . Michellia, Dewi Kharisma (ed.).
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1338:
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underground. Having watched the increased strength and influence of
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2215:
5 forgotten nationalists: The nationalism of the Christian minority
1334:
1114:
1092:
1048:
811:
563:, had it not for the efforts of his cousin and teacher. During the
2095:
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colleagues Liem, Pane, and Yamin, Amir started another newspaper,
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and was becoming increasingly interested in Christianity and the
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After the fall of Sjahrir's cabinet, Amir was chosen to head the
580:
556:
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86:
669:. Amir's father, Djamin, was also a nobleman, with the title of
610:
as prime minister. After his ousting, he became involved in the
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2980:
2945:
2669:
2456:
2357:
1471:
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in dealing with foreign affairs. Following a backlash over the
1302:
1293:
701:. However, in 1916, he was forced to attend a different ELS in
674:
2066:
1996:
1994:
872:
political party, influenced by the ideology of Communism. The
743:
in 1913. He became involved in the Batak student organization
2970:
2965:
1675:
1673:
1634:
1409:
1106:. However, the Sultan was not eager to contest the position.
778:
750:
698:
639:
630:, he was executed, along with fifty other leftist prisoners.
325:
2626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
931:. The Japanese arrested Sjarifuddin in 1943, and he escaped
860:'s Siang Po Printing Press. In 1937, towards the end of the
1991:
1130:
1009:, and Mohamad Isa in a mass meeting in the Grand Mosque of
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2122:
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In the following weeks, pro-government forces, led by the
555:
in the establishment of the Indonesian People's Movement (
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1617:
1605:
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On 16 October 1945, Sjahrir and Amir took control of the
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announced they had nothing to do with the rebellion.
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did not appear to be getting better. In August 1948,
1075:
accepted a proposal for the cabinet to answer to the
923:
to organize an underground resistance movement. Upon
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1729:
1727:
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1593:
1591:
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undermine support for the newly proclaimed Republic.
839:. In 1933, Amir was imprisoned by the Dutch for his
520:. At Leiden, he became a member of the board of the
2134:
2042:
2030:
2006:
1928:
1860:
1848:
1821:
1780:
1765:
1741:
1697:
1292:, and his dislike of mass rallies allowed the more
528:and was involved in the Batak student organization
1967:
1916:
1887:
1875:
1833:
1804:
1792:
673:, however he later left the religion and became a
626:. After the withdrawal of Republican forces after
2393:Chronicle of the Indonesian Revolution Volume III
1724:
1588:
1541:
1438:Meanwhile, worker strikes were held in Delanggu,
843:("Mass Action") essay, an essay published in the
3172:
793:. He would go on to give sermons at the church.
753:. As a student, he would become a member of the
27:Indonesian politician and journalist (1907–1948)
2316:
2101:
2077:
2424:The Indonesian National Revolution 1945 – 1950
1067:, and following the 11 November transition to
796:
2716:
2612:
1345:, for which Amir received much of the blame,
709:. There, he resided with the Smink family in
509:from 1945 until 1948. Amir was born into the
3256:Newspaper editors from the Dutch East Indies
3211:People of the Indonesian National Revolution
1431:Amir's grave at Ngaliyan Public Cemetery in
807:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
565:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
493:from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the
3078:Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)
2886:Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization
2448:
2206:
2160:Amir Sjarifoeddin: Nasionalis yang Tersisih
1679:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1446:area in what would come to be known as the
657:. His grandfather, Mangaraja Monang, was a
164:14 November 1945 – 29 January 1948
2730:
2723:
2709:
2619:
2605:
2353:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300
2165:Amir Sjarifoeddin: The Outcast Nationalist
1352:
1167:
650:), on 27 April 1907. He was born into the
42:
3058:Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference
1129:the command of which had been assumed by
253:2 September 1945 – 12 March 1946
3226:Socialist Party of Indonesia politicians
2346:
2128:
2113:
2060:
2024:
2000:
1910:
1426:
1362:
996:
810:
2280:
2242:
2185:
2089:
1759:
1718:
1691:
1628:
1611:
1582:
1567:
1029:proclamation of Indonesian independence
573:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
14:
3173:
2395:] (in Indonesian). Vol. III.
2328:History of TNI-AD Kodam VII/Diponegoro
1199:3 July 1947 – 29 January 1948
981:
880:had called for a common front against
665:and named Ephraim – with the title of
661:nobleman – who had been baptized into
614:(FDR). Following the beginning of the
78:3 July 1947 – 29 January 1948
2704:
2600:
2480:
2190:[Amir Sjarifuddin 75 Years].
2156:
2048:
1946:
1934:
1869:
1854:
1827:
1786:
1774:
1747:
1703:
1599:
1552:
1095:, who had nominated their candidate,
1077:Central Indonesian National Committee
1065:Central Indonesian National Committee
925:Japan's occupation of the East Indies
638:Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap was born in
3206:Converts to Protestantism from Islam
2420:
2381:
2323:Sedjarah TNI-AD Kodam VII/Diponegoro
2140:
2036:
2012:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1922:
1898:
1881:
1842:
1815:
1798:
1735:
717:. He continued his education at the
2891:Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army
2388:Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Jilid III
992:
24:
3261:Rechtshogeschool te Batavia alumni
2186:Leclerc, Jacques (December 1982).
1420:thinking of a single party of the
913:German invasion of the Netherlands
25:
3287:
1149:
3154:
3042:North Kalimantan Communist Party
2901:North Kalimantan Communist Party
2841:1965–66 Indonesian mass killings
2765:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
1385:was formed, which was headed by
3246:Indonesian Christian socialists
2334:: Diponegoro Publishing Service
1517:
1501:Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1160:Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1043:and Hatta, were flown into the
561:Boven-Digoel concentration camp
428:
3231:Defense ministers of Indonesia
3122:The Year of Living Dangerously
2532:3 July 1947 – 29 January 1948
2289:History of Indonesian Struggle
1496:First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1330:First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
1156:First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet
988:Indonesian National Revolution
935:only due to intervention from
864:, Amir led a group of younger
737:Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht
587:. Later, he was appointed the
499:Indonesian National Revolution
13:
1:
2385:(1947). Kamil, Ediati (ed.).
2247:A History of Modern Indonesia
1530:
1368:
1174:
1091:(TKR) and its new commander,
1014:
633:
522:Gymnasium student association
49:
3251:Indonesian newspaper editors
3196:Prime ministers of Indonesia
2866:Socialist Party of Indonesia
2861:Communist Party of Indonesia
2628:Prime Ministers of Indonesia
2284:Sejarah Perjuangan Indonesia
1535:
1280:in 1946; the fading of the '
952:Socialist Party of Indonesia
944:Communist Party of Indonesia
7:
2528:Prime Minister of Indonesia
2449:Van Klinken, Geert (2003).
2207:Van Klinken, Gerry (2010).
2188:"Amir Sjarifuddin 75 Tahun"
1489:
1204:
917:colony was invaded by Japan
911:before the war. Before the
797:Journalism and World War II
777:, and later converted from
689:. He came from a family of
491:prime minister of Indonesia
66:Prime Minister of Indonesia
10:
3292:
3266:Executed Indonesian people
2896:South Seas Communist Party
2801:Action of 13 December 1964
2281:Dimyati, Muhammad (1951).
2149:
1377:Following the fall of his
1356:
1153:
1027:on 15 August 1945 and the
985:
800:
501:, he previously served as
3221:Indonesian former Muslims
3152:
3106:
3050:
3014:
2909:
2853:
2773:
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2171:(in Indonesian). PolGov.
1394:People's Democratic Front
1269:
1249:
1238:
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1166:
1083:. Instead, he became the
713:, 29 kilometers north of
695:Europeesche Lagere School
612:People's Democratic Front
591:following the absence of
505:from 1945 until 1946 and
487:Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap
472:
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41:
34:
3271:Executed prime ministers
2243:Vickers, Adrian (2005).
1511:
1381:, on 26 January 1948, a
1288:from revolution-infused
1194:Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap
1069:parliamentary government
956:Socialist People's Party
815:Amir Sjarifuddin with a
789:in the Huria Church, in
479:Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap
370:Ngaliyan Public Cemetery
357:Cause of death
210:Suliyoadikusumo (acting)
3201:People of Batak descent
3037:Malayan Communist Party
3022:Communist International
2806:Battle of Sungei Koemba
2579:Minister of Information
2330:] (in Indonesian).
2291:] (in Indonesian).
2217:] (in Indonesian).
1353:Madiun affair and death
769:Maximillien Robespierre
671:Sultan Soripada Harahap
577:Minister of Information
503:Minister of Information
241:Minister of Information
226:Mohammad Hatta (acting)
3216:Indonesian Protestants
3115:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
2733:Communism in Indonesia
2487:. Equinox Publishing.
2481:Cribb, Robert (2008).
2421:Reid, Anthony (1974).
2383:Toer, Pramoedya Ananta
1435:
1374:
1318:Soekiman Wirjosandjojo
1089:People's Security Army
1020:
820:
765:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti
756:Perhimpoenan Indonesia
3236:Indonesian Christians
3129:Puisi Tak Terkuburkan
3027:Brunei People's Party
2836:30 September Movement
1430:
1366:
1000:
958:(Paras), forming the
814:
361:Execution by shooting
3241:Christian communists
3083:Communism in Sumatra
3032:Kesatuan Melayu Muda
2791:Battle of Long Jawai
2257:Cambridge University
2102:Indonesian Army 1968
2078:Indonesian Army 1968
1127:'Siliwangi' Division
1001:From left to right:
739:, who was killed in
687:Sutan Gunung Sualoon
585:Presidential Cabinet
516:and was educated at
330:Sumatra's East Coast
3276:Executed communists
3143:The Look of Silence
2831:Three Souths Affair
2555:Minister of Defense
2104:, pp. 140–141.
2003:, pp. 360–364.
1643:, pp. 171–172.
1433:Karanganyar Regency
1085:Minister of Defense
982:National Revolution
856:– was published by
589:Minister of Defense
575:, he was appointed
507:Minister of Defense
207:(never took office)
152:Minister of Defense
3136:The Act of Killing
3107:In popular culture
2991:Marco Kartodikromo
2513:Political offices
1949:, p. 93 – 94.
1631:, p. 66 – 76.
1614:, p. 60 – 66.
1467:Siliwangi Division
1436:
1406:Renville Agreement
1375:
1343:Renville Agreement
1173:Amir Sjarifuddin,
1058:Battle of Surabaya
1025:Japanese surrender
1021:
852:, which – as with
821:
620:Siliwangi Division
604:Renville Agreement
282:Office established
107:Setyadjit Soegondo
48:Amir Sjarifuddin,
3191:People from Medan
3168:
3167:
3098:Japanese Red Army
2849:
2848:
2760:Malayan Emergency
2698:
2697:
2595:
2594:
2586:Succeeded by
2565:Hamengkubuwono IX
2562:Succeeded by
2535:Succeeded by
2228:978-979-1283-09-0
2178:978-602-7636-25-5
1988:, pp. 78–79.
1964:, pp. 93–94.
1570:, pp. 54–59.
1274:
1273:
1100:Hamengkubuwono IX
1007:Oerip Soemohardjo
878:Dimitrov doctrine
774:Rechts Hogeschool
683:Islamic community
644:Dutch East Indies
537:Rechts Hogeschool
518:Leiden University
476:
475:
445:Rechts Hogeschool
334:Dutch East Indies
230:Hamengkubuwono IX
16:(Redirected from
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3162:
3161:Communism portal
3158:
2986:Kamaruzaman Sjam
2951:Amir Sjarifuddin
2931:Siauw Giok Tjhan
2913:
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2816:Battle of Babang
2811:Battle of Kindau
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2029:
2027:, p. 362.
2017:
2015:, p. 202.
2005:
1990:
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1452:National Front
1390:Mohammad Hatta
1387:Vice President
1379:second cabinet
1357:Main article:
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897:Mohammad Hatta
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829:Liem Koen Hian
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2086:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:Ricklefs 2008
2057:
2051:, p. 53.
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2025:Ricklefs 2008
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
2001:Ricklefs 2008
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1976:, p. 79.
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1937:, p. 49.
1936:
1931:
1925:, p. 17.
1924:
1919:
1912:
1911:Ricklefs 2008
1907:
1901:, p. 52.
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1884:, p. 69.
1883:
1878:
1872:, p. 47.
1871:
1866:
1864:
1857:, p. 46.
1856:
1851:
1845:, p. 32.
1844:
1839:
1837:
1830:, p. 41.
1829:
1824:
1818:, p. 83.
1817:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1801:, p. 12.
1800:
1795:
1789:, p. 45.
1788:
1783:
1777:, p. 40.
1776:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1750:, p. 34.
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1706:, p. 10.
1705:
1700:
1694:, p. 38.
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1585:, p. 86.
1584:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1506:Madiun Affair
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1484:van Mook line
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Madiun Affair
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:working class
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:Masyumi Party
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1365:
1360:
1359:Madiun Affair
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1262: →
1261:
1256:
1255:Sutan Sjahrir
1253:←
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1135:A.H. Nasution
1132:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Sutan Sjahrir
1035:
1030:
1026:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
989:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
929:Sutan Sjahrir
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
818:
813:
808:
804:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
752:
748:
747:
742:
738:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Madiun Affair
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:in President
578:
574:
570:
569:Sutan Sjahrir
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
471:
464:
461:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
441:
437:
418:
414:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
389:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
367:Resting place
365:
362:
359:
355:
351:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:27 April 1907
311:
307:
302:
298:
295:
292:
286:
283:
280:
274:
271:Sutan Sjahrir
270:
264:
260:
256:
250:
245:
242:
237:
231:
228:
225:
224:
222:
216:
209:
206:
203:
202:
200:
194:
187:
185:Sutan Sjahrir
184:
183:
181:
175:
171:
167:
161:
156:
153:
148:
145:
142:
136:
133:
132:Sutan Sjahrir
130:
124:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
70:
67:
62:
58:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
2961:M. H. Lukman
2786:Limbang raid
2644:
2577:
2572:
2553:
2526:
2498:. Retrieved
2483:
2470:. Retrieved
2451:
2438:. Retrieved
2423:
2410:. Retrieved
2399:: Gramedia.
2392:
2387:
2371:. Retrieved
2352:
2336:. Retrieved
2327:
2322:
2306:. Retrieved
2288:
2283:
2270:. Retrieved
2246:
2232:. Retrieved
2214:
2209:
2196:. Retrieved
2191:
2164:
2159:
2136:
2109:
2097:
2090:Dimyati 1951
2085:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1981:
1969:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1877:
1850:
1823:
1794:
1782:
1760:Vickers 2005
1755:
1743:
1738:, p. 9.
1719:Vickers 2005
1699:
1692:Leclerc 1982
1687:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1629:Leclerc 1982
1612:Leclerc 1982
1607:
1602:, p. 3.
1583:Vickers 2005
1568:Leclerc 1982
1555:, p. 2.
1519:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1437:
1414:Soviet Union
1402:
1376:
1333:
1327:
1307:
1290:Central Java
1282:anti-fascist
1275:
1190:
1143:
1138:
1108:
1062:
1022:
941:
889:World War II
886:
874:Soviet Union
870:anti-fascist
853:
849:
844:
840:
824:
822:
817:smoking pipe
783:Christianity
772:
754:
744:
727:
686:
670:
666:
663:Christianity
637:
597:
548:
546:
535:
529:
486:
478:
477:
387:affiliations
345:(1948-12-19)
289:Succeeded by
281:
248:
219:Succeeded by
159:
139:Succeeded by
117:Wondoamiseno
73:
53: 1940s
29:
3186:1948 deaths
3181:1907 births
3015:Affiliation
2996:Bakri Wahab
2956:D. N. Aidit
2876:Acoma Party
2871:Murba Party
2680:Burhanuddin
2645:Sjarifuddin
2630:(1945–1959)
2427:. Longman.
2295:: Widjaya.
1383:new cabinet
1372: 1948
1278:Netherlands
1178: 1947
1133:Lieutenant
1018: 1946
976:westernized
850:Kebangoenan
833:Sanusi Pane
741:Tana Toraja
707:Netherlands
691:prosecutors
655:aristocracy
600:new cabinet
514:aristocracy
497:during the
408:(1945–1948)
402:(1937–1942)
396:(1935–1948)
352:, Indonesia
350:Karanganyar
277:Preceded by
197:Preceded by
127:Preceded by
18:Syarifuddin
3175:Categories
3073:Marhaenism
2926:Tan Malaka
2912:Key people
2583:1945–1946
2573:New office
2559:1945–1948
2500:3 December
2472:3 December
2440:3 December
2412:3 December
2373:3 December
2338:3 December
2308:3 December
2272:2 December
2234:3 December
2219:Yogyakarta
2198:3 December
2049:Purba 2013
1947:Cribb 2008
1935:Purba 2013
1870:Purba 2013
1855:Purba 2013
1828:Purba 2013
1787:Purba 2013
1775:Purba 2013
1748:Purba 2013
1704:Purba 2013
1600:Purba 2013
1553:Purba 2013
1531:References
1296:-inclined
1154:See also:
1104:Yogyakarta
1045:East Javan
964:Yogyakarta
862:Dutch rule
841:Aksi Massa
801:See also:
746:Jong Batak
734:missionary
730:evangelist
634:Early life
624:Yogyakarta
531:Jong Batak
465:journalist
462:Politician
456:Occupation
440:Alma mater
319:1907-04-27
2976:Samikidin
2774:Incidents
2548:Supriyadi
2350:(2008) .
2253:Cambridge
2141:Reid 1974
2037:Reid 1974
2013:Toer 1947
1986:Reid 1974
1974:Reid 1974
1962:Reid 1974
1923:Reid 1974
1899:Reid 1974
1882:Reid 1974
1843:Reid 1974
1816:Reid 1974
1799:Reid 1974
1736:Reid 1974
1536:Citations
1440:Surakarta
1418:Stalinist
1339:confidant
1243:Socialist
1205:President
1124:West Java
1011:Palembang
972:socialism
968:East Java
933:execution
901:Communist
719:Gymnasium
697:(ELS) in
648:Indonesia
593:Supriyadi
495:left wing
258:President
249:In office
205:Supriyadi
169:President
160:In office
83:President
74:In office
3001:Sudisman
2881:Sarbupri
2665:Soekiman
2332:Semarang
2320:(1968).
2221:: LKiS.
1490:See also
1335:de facto
1298:Marxists
1115:Red Army
1093:Sudirman
1049:Surabaya
1047:city of
1005:, Amir,
948:Marxists
921:guilders
866:Marxists
854:Panorama
825:Panorama
787:baptized
652:Sumatran
553:Marxists
549:Panorama
511:Sumatran
239:1st
150:2nd
64:2nd
3068:Nasakom
2941:Sukarno
2936:Darsono
2690:Djuanda
2640:Sjahrir
2397:Jakarta
2293:Jakarta
2259:Press.
2150:Sources
1478:abangan
1460:Sumatra
1322:Masyumi
1310:Sukarno
1286:Jakarta
1218:Cabinet
1211:Sukarno
1119:Masyumi
1073:Sukarno
1041:Sukarno
937:Sukarno
909:fascism
893:Sukarno
882:fascism
803:Gerindo
791:Batavia
723:Haarlem
711:Haarlem
703:Sibolga
581:Sukarno
557:Gerindo
542:Batavia
526:Haarlem
433:
425:
400:Gerindo
261:Sukarno
188:Himself
172:Sukarno
87:Sukarno
3063:CONEFO
3006:Wikana
2981:Semaun
2946:Alimin
2670:Wilopo
2660:Natsir
2491:
2463:
2457:Leiden
2431:
2403:
2364:
2358:London
2299:
2263:
2225:
2175:
2167:]
1472:santri
1456:Banten
1444:Madiun
1303:Wikana
1294:Moscow
1144:pemuda
1139:pemuda
1097:Sultan
835:, and
767:, and
715:Leiden
675:Muslim
416:Spouse
94:Deputy
2971:Njoto
2966:Musso
2655:Halim
2650:Hatta
2391:[
2326:[
2287:[
2213:[
2192:Prima
2169:(PDF)
2163:[
1512:Notes
1410:Musso
1239:Party
779:Islam
751:Bible
699:Medan
679:Malay
659:Batak
646:(now
640:Medan
427:(
423:
326:Medan
2753:Wars
2743:Wars
2502:2021
2489:ISBN
2474:2021
2461:ISBN
2442:2021
2429:ISBN
2414:2021
2401:ISBN
2375:2021
2362:ISBN
2340:2021
2310:2021
2297:ISBN
2274:2021
2261:ISBN
2236:2021
2223:ISBN
2200:2021
2173:ISBN
1458:and
1245:(PS)
1158:and
1131:KNIL
1111:PETA
966:and
895:and
805:and
732:and
340:Died
309:Born
2685:Ali
2675:Ali
1347:PNI
1230:2nd
1225:1st
1102:of
876:'s
781:to
721:in
583:'s
540:in
524:in
483:EVO
449:Mr.
394:PKI
379:PSI
3177::
2455:.
2356:.
2255::
2251:.
2121:^
2068:^
1993:^
1954:^
1889:^
1862:^
1835:^
1806:^
1767:^
1726:^
1711:^
1672:^
1619:^
1590:^
1575:^
1560:^
1543:^
1369:c.
1316:,
1175:c.
1146:.
1060:.
1015:c.
1013:,
831:,
642:,
595:.
544:.
485::
429:m.
406:PS
332:,
328:,
50:c.
2724:e
2717:t
2710:v
2620:e
2613:t
2606:v
2504:.
2476:.
2444:.
2416:.
2377:.
2342:.
2312:.
2276:.
2238:.
2202:.
2181:.
1475:-
681:-
481:(
451:)
447:(
321:)
317:(
20:)
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