2384:
1238:, and standard AC electric motors, and may cause stability problems in some applications such as in emergency generator systems or aircraft generators. Harmonics can be removed by filtering, but the filters are expensive. Unlike displacement power factor created by linear inductive or capacitive loads, this distortion cannot be corrected by addition of a single linear component. Additional circuits are required to counteract the effect of the brief current pulses. Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can correct the power factor, but increases the complexity and cost.
838:
910:), the rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either manually or automatically. This feature permits operation from power sources that are normally at 115 VAC or at 230 VAC. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. To correct for this, many newer SMPS will use a special
1039:. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters which use one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switching period, called the duty cycle. For example, an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a
2169:
443:, the peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform measured across the switch can exceed the input voltage from the DC source. This is because the inductor responds to changes in current by inducing its own voltage to counter the change in current, and this voltage adds to the source voltage while the switch is open. If a diode-and-capacitor combination is placed in parallel to the switch, the peak voltage can be stored in the capacitor, and the capacitor can be used as a DC source with an output voltage greater than the DC voltage driving the circuit. This
424:, between different electrical configurations. Ideal switching elements (approximated by transistors operated outside of their active mode) have no resistance when "on" and carry no current when "off", and so converters with ideal components would operate with 100% efficiency (i.e., all input power is delivered to the load; no power is wasted as dissipated heat). In reality, these ideal components do not exist, so a switching power supply cannot be 100% efficient, but it is still a significant improvement in efficiency over a linear regulator.
2316:
28:
20:
882:
2442:
2428:
895:
4084:
428:
1085:
2127:
2324:
2358:, but they quickly moved to the cost effective ringing choke converter (RCC) SMPS topology, when new levels of efficiency were required. Recently, the demand for even lower no-load power requirements in the application has meant that flyback topology is being used more widely; primary side sensing flyback controllers are also helping to cut the
933:(115 × √2). This type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage, however, as it will only use half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This could possibly result in overheating of these components, causing them to fail prematurely. On the other hand, if the power supply has a voltage selector switch, based on the
1886:, and thus can produce an output of higher or lower voltage than the input by adjusting the turns ratio. For some topologies, multiple windings can be placed on the transformer to produce multiple output voltages. Some converters use the transformer for energy storage, while others use a separate inductor.
1852:
The buck, boost, and buck–boost topologies are all strongly related. Input, output and ground come together at one point. One of the three passes through an inductor on the way, while the other two pass through switches. One of the two switches must be active (e.g., a transistor), while the other can
1245:
to set limits on the harmonics of the AC input current up to the 40th harmonic for equipment above 75 W. The standard defines four classes of equipment depending on its type and current waveform. The most rigorous limits (class D) are established for personal computers, computer monitors, and TV
1226:
Simple off-line switched mode power supplies incorporate a simple full-wave rectifier connected to a large energy-storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of
817:
Can fail so as to make output voltage very high. Stress on capacitors may cause them to explode. Can in some cases destroy input stages in amplifiers if floating voltage exceeds transistor base-emitter breakdown voltage, causing the transistor's gain to drop and noise levels to increase. Mitigated by
757:
in the SMPS can offset this problem and are even required by some electric regulation authorities, particularly in the EU. The internal resistance of low-power transformers in linear power supplies usually limits the peak current each cycle and thus gives a better power factor than many switched-mode
2176:
In a quasi-resonant zero-current/zero-voltage switch (ZCS/ZVS) "each switch cycle delivers a quantized 'packet' of energy to the converter output, and switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero current and voltage, resulting in an essentially lossless switch." Quasi-resonant switching, also known as
2376:
cranking supply, 12 V for accessories may be furnished through a DC/DC switch-mode supply. This has the advantage over tapping the battery at the 12 V position (using half the cells) that the entire 12 V load is evenly divided between all cells of the 24 V battery. In industrial
2244:
increases, the regulator compensates by increasing the switching frequency, thereby subjecting the switching semiconductors to ever greater thermal stress. Eventually the switching semiconductors fail, usually in a conductive manner. For power supplies without fail-safe protection, this may subject
801:
Due to regulations concerning EMI/RFI radiation, many SMPS contain EMI/RFI filtering at the input stage consisting of capacitors and inductors before the bridge rectifier. Two capacitors are connected in series with the Live and
Neutral rails with the Earth connection in between the two capacitors.
825:
The floating voltage is caused by capacitors bridging the primary and secondary sides of the power supply. Connection to earthed equipment will cause a momentary (and potentially destructive) spike in current at the connector as the voltage at the secondary side of the capacitor equalizes to earth
774:
Empty filter capacitors initially draw large amounts of current as they charge up, with larger capacitors drawing larger amounts of peak current. Being many times above the normal operating current, this greatly stresses components subject to the surge, complicates fuse selection to avoid nuisance
175:
is a mechanically switched version of a flyback boost converter; the transformer is the ignition coil. Variations of this ignition system were used in all non-diesel internal combustion engines until the 1960s when it began to be replaced first by solid-state electronically switched versions, then
1043:
is always greater than the input voltage and the buck–boost output voltage is inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the basis of almost all isolated and
1154:
may also include a transformer, although isolation may not be critical in these cases. SMPS transformers run at high frequencies. Most of the cost savings (and space savings) in off-line power supplies result from the smaller size of the high-frequency transformer compared to the 50/60 Hz
1197:
Switching power supplies must pay more attention to the skin effect because it is a source of power loss. At 500 kHz, the skin depth in copper is about 0.003 inches (0.076 mm) – a dimension smaller than the typical wires used in a power supply. The effective resistance of conductors
1163:
material which has a low loss at the high frequencies and high flux densities used. The laminated iron cores of lower-frequency (<400 Hz) transformers would be unacceptably lossy at switching frequencies of a few kilohertz. Also, more energy is lost during transitions of the switching
1158:
The terminal voltage of a transformer is proportional to the product of the core area, magnetic flux, and frequency. By using a much higher frequency, the core area (and so the mass of the core) can be greatly reduced. However, core losses increase at higher frequencies. Cores generally use
802:
This forms a capacitive divider that energizes the common rail at half mains voltage. Its high impedance current source can provide a tingling or a 'bite' to the operator or can be exploited to light an Earth Fault LED. However, this current may cause nuisance tripping on the most sensitive
137:
Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight is required. They are, however, more complicated; switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor
639:
loads, so this drives the decision as to which feeds the feedback loop. The other outputs usually track the regulated one pretty well). Both need a careful selection of their transformers. Due to the high operating frequencies in SMPSs, the stray inductance and capacitance of the
689:
This can be suppressed with capacitors and other filtering circuitry in the output stage. With a switched mode PSU the switching frequency can be chosen to keep the noise out of the circuits working frequency band (e.g., for audio systems above the range of human hearing)
581:
An SMPS can usually cope with wider variation of input before the output voltage changes. Universal or "wide input" power supplies, which work with mains voltages from 90 to 250 V, are common. More specialized designs could accept even wider input voltage range.
2673:
1002:
are commonly used as the rectifier elements; they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as
2201:
Higher input voltage and synchronous rectification mode makes the conversion process more efficient. The power consumption of the controller also has to be taken into account. Higher switching frequency allows component sizes to be shrunk, but can produce more
2571:
966:
The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with few windings, at a frequency of tens or hundreds of
654:
Mild high-frequency interference may be generated by AC rectifier diodes under heavy current loading, while most other supply types produce no high-frequency interference. Some mains hum induction into unshielded cables, problematic for low-level audio
2590:
2266:
Power supplies in consumer products are frequently damaged by lightning strikes on power lines as well as internal short circuits caused by insects attracted to the heat and electrostatic fields. Those events may damage any part of the power supply.
305:
Robert
Boschert develops simpler, low cost circuits. By 1977, Boschert Inc. grows to a 650-person company. After a series of mergers, acquisitions, and spin offs (Computer Products, Zytec, Artesyn, Emerson Electric) the company is now part of
790:
Supplies with transformers isolate the incoming power supply from the powered device and so allow metalwork of the enclosure to be grounded safely. Dangerous if primary/secondary insulation breaks down, unlikely with reasonable design.
121:
Switched-mode power supplies can also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the transformer can be much smaller. This is because it operates at a high switching frequency which ranges from several hundred
2377:
settings such as telecommunications racks, bulk power may be distributed at a low DC voltage (e.g. from a battery backup system) and individual equipment items will have DC/DC switched-mode converters to supply required voltages.
1853:
be a diode. Sometimes, the topology can be changed simply by re-labeling the connections. A 12 V input, 5 V output buck converter can be converted to a 7 V input, −5 V output buck–boost by grounding the
486:
The main advantage of the switching power supply is greater efficiency (up to c. 98–99%) and lower heat generation than linear regulators because the switching transistor dissipates little power when acting as a switch.
3522:
2279:
long after the input power has been disconnected. Not all power supplies contain a small "bleeder" resistor which slowly discharges the capacitor. Contact with this capacitor can result in a severe electrical shock.
806:. In power supplies without a ground pin (like USB charger) there is EMI/RFI capacitor placed between primary and secondary side. It can also provide some very mild tingling sensation but it's safe to the user.
701:
Very low-cost SMPS may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line, causing interference with A/V equipment connected to the same phase. Non-power-factor-corrected SMPSs also cause harmonic
409:(e.g., in a resistor or in the collector–emitter region of a pass transistor in its active mode). A linear regulator regulates either output voltage or current by dissipating the electric power in the form of
1118:
do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the
798:
Common rail of equipment (including casing) is energized to half the mains voltage, but at high impedance, unless equipment is earthed/grounded or doesn't contain EMI/RFI filtering at the input terminals.
2130:
Zero voltage switched mode power supplies require only small heatsinks as little energy is lost as heat. This allows them to be small. This ZVS can deliver more than 1 kilowatt. Transformer is not shown.
350:
Robert
Mammano, a co-founder of Silicon General Semiconductors, develops the first integrated circuit for SMPS control, model SG1524. After a series of mergers and acquisitions (Linfinity, Symetricom,
1641:
1533:
1801:
1724:
1449:
455:
works in a similar manner, but yields an output voltage which is opposite in polarity to the input voltage. Other buck circuits exist to boost the average output current with a reduction of voltage.
733:
The operating frequency of an unloaded SMPS is sometimes in the audible human range and may sound subjectively quite loud for people whose hearing is very sensitive to the relevant frequency range.
768:
Large current when mains-powered linear power supply equipment is switched on until magnetic flux of transformer stabilizes and capacitors charge completely, unless a slow-start circuit is used.
795:
mains-operated supply are not isolated and therefore dangerous when exposed. In both linear and switch-mode the mains, and possibly the output voltages, are hazardous and must be well-isolated.
2767:
490:
Other advantages include smaller size, and lighter weight from the elimination of heavy and expensive line-frequency transformers. Standby power loss is often much less than transformers.
2233:
SMPSs tend to be temperature sensitive. For every 10-15 °C beyond 25 °C, failure rate doubles. Most failures can be attributed to improper design and poor component selections.
1108:
circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage. Depending on design and safety requirements, the controller may contain an isolation mechanism (such as an
1368:
998:
If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. For lower voltages,
599:
Efficiency largely depends on voltage difference between input and output; output voltage is regulated by dissipating excess power as heat resulting in a typical efficiency of 30–40%.
1837:
When equipment is human-accessible, voltage limits of ≤ 30 V (r.m.s.) AC or ≤ 42.4 V peak or ≤ 60 V DC and power limits of 250 VA apply for safety certification (
620:. Some design complexities present (reducing noise/interference; extra limitations on maximum ratings of transistors at high switching speeds) not found in linear regulator circuits.
3677:
949:
mode, due to the operation of the voltage doubler. This is because the doubler, when in operation, uses only half of the bridge rectifier and runs twice as much current through it.
627:
output current restrictions on one output. For this SMPSs have to use duty cycle control. One of the outputs has to be chosen to feed the voltage regulation feedback loop (usually
512:
Very low-cost SMPSs may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line, causing interference with devices connected to the same phase, such as A/V equipment. Non-
672:
Long wires between the components may reduce the high-frequency filter efficiency provided by the capacitors at the inlet and outlet. Stable switching frequency may be important.
623:
In switched-mode mains (AC-to-DC) supplies, multiple voltages can be generated by one transformer core, but that can introduce design/use complications: for example, it may place
2287:
and compensate for various capacitive couplings in the converter circuit, where the transformer is one. This may result in electric shock in some cases. The current flowing from
991:
If the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency
2942:
945:(230 × √2). The diodes in this type of power supply will handle the DC current just fine because they are rated to handle double the nominal input current when operated in the
3172:
2192:
By switching when a valley is detected, rather than at a fixed frequency, introduces a natural frequency jitter that spreads the RF emissions spectrum and reduces overall EMI.
1846:
613:
Linear voltage-regulating circuit and usually noise-filtering capacitors; usually a simpler circuit (and simpler feedback loop stability criteria) than switched-mode circuits.
3526:
2207:
186:
On 23 June, British inventor Philip Ray
Coursey applies for a patent in his country and United States, for his "Electrical Condenser". The patent mentions high frequency
552:
Smaller than linear power supply. Compared to linear, a SMPS that is 20 kHz is 1/4, 100–200 kHz is 1/8, and 200 kHz–1 MHz types can be even smaller.
1258:
Switched-mode power supplies can be classified according to the circuit topology. The most important distinction is between isolated converters and non-isolated ones.
2943:"The Quiet Remaking of Computer Power Supplies: A Half Century Ago Better Transistors And Switching Regulators Revolutionized The Design Of Computer Power Supplies"
114:). In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. The switched-mode power supply's higher
2380:
A common use for switched-mode power supplies is an extra-low-voltage source for lighting. For this application, they are often called "electronic transformers".
925:
An SMPS designed for AC input can usually be run from a DC supply, because the DC would pass through the rectifier unchanged. If the power supply is designed for
3335:
2876:
1831:
No magnetic energy storage is needed to achieve conversion, however high efficiency power processing is normally limited to a discrete set of conversion ratios.
3547:
995:. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose.
971:. The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain)
524:
There are two main types of regulated power supplies available: SMPS and linear. The following table compares linear with switching power supplies in general:
571:. In case of transformer input voltage range limited by acceptable dissipation of regulator on high input and turns ratio on low input, limiting input range.
458:
In a SMPS, the output current flow depends on the input power signal, the storage elements and circuit topologies used, and also on the pattern used (e.g.,
3044:
726:, unless they have a fan or are unloaded/malfunctioning, or use a switching frequency within the audio range, or the laminations of the coil vibrate at a
2671:, Teare Jr., Benjamin R. & Whiting, Max A., "Electroresponsive Device", published 15 November 1932, issued 17 September 1935
2905:
1874:
Switchers become less efficient as duty cycles become extremely short. For large voltage changes, a transformer (isolated) topology may be better.
1112:) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.
914:(PFC) circuit to make the input current follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage, correcting the power factor. Power supplies that use
771:
Extremely large peak "in-rush" surge current limited only by the impedance of the input supply and any series resistance to the filter capacitors.
3238:
3074:
2404:
claimed ownership of the trademark SWITCHMODE for products aimed at the switching-mode power supply market and started to enforce its trademark.
2383:
1198:
increases, because current concentrates near the surface of the conductor and the inner portion carries less current than at low frequencies.
4088:
1266:
Non-isolated converters are simplest, with the three basic types using a single inductor for energy storage. In the voltage relation column,
3173:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240330200510/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/698/Renesas_Electronics_03152019_ISL9120IIAZ-TR5696-1823356.pdf
1194:. For these frequencies, the skin effect is only significant when the conductors are large, more than 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) in diameter.
1205:(PWM) switching waveforms. The appropriate skin depth is not just the depth at the fundamental, but also the skin depths at the harmonics.
686:
Noisier due to the switching frequency of the SMPS. An unfiltered output may cause glitches in digital circuits or noise in audio circuits.
3685:
4106:
Notes on the
Troubleshooting and Repair of Small Switchmode Power Supplies, by Samuel M. Goldwasser as part of Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ
3610:
1130:
The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an additional non-switching power supply for stand-by is added.
605:
They can be used together to form a compound regulator with a linear regulator placed after the SMPS to achieve an efficiency of 60-65%.
869:
D: output filter coil for the secondary with the largest power rating. In close proximity, filter coils for the other secondaries;
3196:
3184:
3100:
2705:
2189:
By switching the bipolar switch when the voltage is at a minimum (in the valley) to minimize the hard switching effect that causes EMI.
2343:
throughout the world, although a manual voltage range switch may be required. Switch-mode power supplies can tolerate a wide range of
2967:
1234:
content and relatively low power factor. This creates extra load on utility lines, increases heating of building wiring, the utility
822:
design. Failure of a component in the SMPS itself can cause further damage to other PSU components; can be difficult to troubleshoot.
3774:
3566:
683:
Linear regulators generally have excellent rejection of AC line ripple and are generally lower noise than switched-mode converters.
3661:
1169:
3353:
705:
This can be prevented if a (properly earthed) EMI/RFI filter is connected between the input terminals and the bridge rectifier.
2470:
1583:
1475:
106:, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high-dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy.
1746:
1669:
1394:
937:, for 115/230 V (computer ATX power supplies typically are in this category), the selector switch would have to be put in the
4049:
3997:
3835:
3743:
3716:
3301:
3274:
3222:
4094:
2734:
134:
requirements in commercial designs result in a usually much greater component count and corresponding circuit complexity.
4100:
3417:
1209:
814:
Very low, unless a short occurs between the primary and secondary windings or the regulator fails by shorting internally.
2236:
Power supplies with capacitors that have reached the end of their life or suffer from manufacturing defects such as the
616:
Consists of a controller IC, one or several power transistors and diodes as well as a power transformer, inductors, and
559:
losses can be kept down. Therefore, a higher operating frequency means either a higher capacity or smaller transformer.
4130:
3853:
3642:
3378:
2248:
Failure of the switching transistor is common. Due to the large switching voltages this transistor must handle (around
470:
of these switching waveforms has energy concentrated at relatively high frequencies. As such, switching transients and
2884:
130:
used by the transformer in a linear power supply. Despite the reduced transformer size, the power supply topology and
4067:
4015:
3979:
3961:
3943:
3925:
3907:
3889:
3871:
3810:
3026:
4032:
Application Note giving an extensive introduction in Buck, Boost, CUK, Inverter applications. (download as PDF from
3551:
1052:
converters can be implemented, or, by adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realized.
2227:
3008:
202:
1246:
receivers. To comply with these requirements, modern switched-mode power supplies normally include an additional
3052:
1842:
1328:
750:
Around 0.5–0.6 without correction. 0.7–0.75 with passive correction and can exceed 0.99 with active correction.
416:
In contrast, a SMPS changes output voltage and current by switching ideally lossless storage elements, such as
177:
131:
2829:
2688:"Cadillac model 5-X, a 5-tube supherheterodyne radio, used a synchronous vibrator to generate its B+ supply"
2369:
Switched-mode power supplies are used for DC-to-DC conversion as well. In heavy vehicles that use a nominal
299:
starts using High-Efficiency Power Supply in its 7000-series oscilloscopes produced from about 1970 to 1995.
2782:
2643:
2588:, Coursey, Philip Ray, "Electrical Condenser", published 23 June 1926, issued 15 April 1930
2284:
2241:
2211:
2203:
2182:
2020:
1173:
1066:
instead of inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low currents (
907:
874:
846:
776:
658:
649:
498:
493:
Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high-amplitude, high-frequency energy that the
2914:
567:
With transformer used, any voltages available; if transformerless, limited to what can be achieved with a
4135:
2607:
2288:
3136:
555:
A transformer's power handling capacity of given size and weight increases with frequency provided that
413:, and hence its maximum power efficiency is voltage-out/voltage-in since the volt difference is wasted.
4125:
1068:
3242:
2762:
2668:
2585:
2562:
2245:
connected loads to the full input voltage and current, and wild oscillations can occur in the output.
1274:) is assumed to be greater than zero; if it is negative, for consistency, negate the output voltage (V
1190:
At low frequencies (such as the line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz), designers can usually ignore the
1021:
Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. This type includes
2991:
1838:
1004:
172:
68:
3197:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240330201744/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/609/LTC3777-3125324.pdf
3185:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240330200705/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/609/ADP5302-3121859.pdf
2644:"First-Hand:The Story of the Automobile Voltage Regulator - Engineering and Technology History Wiki"
1871:(NPC) topology is used in power supplies and active filters and is mentioned here for completeness.
1458:
1035:
452:
270:
2625:
4120:
2713:
2263:), these transistors often short out, in turn immediately blowing the main internal power fuse.
1247:
1018:. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower capacitance and inductance are needed.
911:
902:
If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called '
803:
754:
513:
287:
2142:
Flyback converter logarithmic control loop behavior might be harder to control than other types.
290:
designs the μA723 IC voltage regulator. One of its applications is as a switched mode regulator.
3290:
Tabatabaei, Naser
Mahdavi; Aghbolaghi, Ali Jafari; Bizon, Nicu; Blaabjerg, Frede (2017-04-05).
2355:
1202:
1164:
semiconductor at higher frequencies. Furthermore, more attention to the physical layout of the
837:
715:
Faint, usually inaudible mains hum, usually due to vibration of windings in the transformer or
459:
3733:
3706:
3619:
3591:
3291:
2387:
Examples of SMPSs for extra-low voltage lighting applications, called electronic transformers.
2351:
2152:
The forward converter has several variants, varying in how the transformer is "reset" to zero
3651:
090725 camsemi.com
Further information on resonant forward topology for consumer applications
3449:
2510:
1165:
980:
792:
698:
Causes harmonic distortion to the input AC, but relatively little or no high-frequency noise.
641:
587:
381:
215:
115:
3264:
3111:
2172:
Quasi-resonant switching switches when the voltage is at a minimum and a valley is detected.
2160:
Chopper controller: The output voltage is coupled to the input thus very tightly controlled
3775:"Estimation of Optimum Value of Y-Capacitor for Reducing Emi in Switch Mode Power Supplies"
2566:
1120:
723:
556:
355:
324:
164:
371:... created the switching power supply that allowed us to do a very lightweight computer".
273:, developed in the early 1960s by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory for NASA's ambitious
8:
4101:
Load Power
Sources for Peak Efficiency, by James Colotti, published in EDN 1979 October 5
3499:
3445:
11kW, 70kHz LLC Converter Design with
Adaptive Input Voltage for 98% Efficiency in an MMC
3154:
2500:
2168:
2028:
1124:
471:
95:
64:
3781:
3573:
1864:
Likewise, SEPIC and Zeta converters are both minor rearrangements of the Ćuk converter.
3465:
3317:
2495:
2490:
2475:
2433:
2292:
1814:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1089:
1063:
906:'. An SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. In some power supplies (mostly
775:
blowing and may cause problems with equipment employing overcurrent protection such as
506:
218:
to transform the 6 V battery supply to a suitable B+ voltage for the vacuum tubes.
4063:
4045:
4011:
3993:
3975:
3957:
3939:
3921:
3903:
3885:
3867:
3849:
3831:
3806:
3739:
3712:
3618:, Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC), pp. 897–903, archived from
3469:
3461:
3396:
3357:
3297:
3270:
3218:
2739:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2328:
1983:
1924:
1542:
1007:; compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops.
436:
323:'s first pocket calculator, is introduced with transistor switching power supply for
229:
212:
201:
Electromechanical relays are used to stabilize the voltage output of generators. See
168:
107:
83:
75:
3457:
2687:
2569:, "Ignition system", published 2 November 1910, issued 3 September 1912
2539:
2237:
1230:
As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode power supplies has high
1160:
1097:
873:
The coil and large rectangular yellow capacitor below the bridge rectifier form an
864:
856:
716:
677:
617:
467:
398:
328:
91:
4033:
3708:
Encyclopedia Of
Thermal Packaging, Set 2: Thermal Packaging Tools (A 4-volume Set)
2107:
1565:
1270:
is the duty cycle of the converter, and can vary from 0 to 1. The input voltage (V
747:, unless a choke-input or resistor-input circuit follows the rectifier (now rare).
3846:
Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies: A Tutorial Guide
2460:
2455:
1654:
1377:
1049:
1040:
1023:
568:
494:
444:
320:
307:
127:
74:
Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source (often
3523:"An active power filter implemented with multilevel single-phase NPC converters"
263:
is filed by Joseph E. Murphy and Francis J. Starzec, from General Motors Company
3443:
3045:"jacques-laporte.org - The HP-35's Power unit and other vintage HP calculators"
2480:
2465:
1308:
1029:
999:
785:
763:
710:
591:
502:
274:
154:
3450:
2020 IEEE 21st Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL)
3421:
2315:
758:
power supplies that directly rectify the mains with little series resistance.
259:
4114:
2851:
2807:
2447:
2363:
2153:
1242:
1109:
1045:
934:
4105:
3646:
3397:"Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Small Switchmode Power Supplies"
2283:
The primary and secondary sides may be connected with a capacitor to reduce
3293:
Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems: Fundamentals and Current Issues
1221:
1093:
885:
Block diagram of a mains operated AC/DC SMPS with output voltage regulation
738:
666:
406:
394:
245:
241:
139:
60:
1201:
The skin effect is exacerbated by the harmonics present in the high-speed
661:
produced due to the current being switched on and off sharply. Therefore,
435:
For example, if a DC source, an inductor, a switch, and the corresponding
2968:"Robert Boschert: A Man Of Many Hats Changes The World Of Power Supplies"
2505:
2485:
1883:
1810:
1235:
1191:
1185:
1073:
992:
727:
662:
594:
448:
440:
233:
103:
27:
19:
779:. Mitigated by use of a suitable soft-start circuit or series resistor.
743:
Low because current is drawn from the mains at the peaks of the voltage
3759:
3075:"Y Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer"
2542:
power passes through in route from input to output in the power supply.
976:
915:
575:
463:
341:
283:
254:
111:
99:
79:
3732:
Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015-06-15).
3263:
Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015-06-15).
2354:
have always been particularly cost sensitive. The first chargers were
1123:
of the transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the
3654:
3442:
Unruh, Roland; Schafmeister, Frank; Böcker, Joachim (November 2020).
2339:
often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from
2335:
Switched-mode power supply units (PSUs) in domestic products such as
2215:
1823:
1574:
1092:
switching power supply with a European plug, mainly consisting of an
1056:
1015:
968:
929:
and has no voltage selector switch, the required DC voltage would be
903:
881:
744:
578:
breakdown voltages in many circuits. Voltage varies little with load.
528:
Comparison of a linear power supply and a switched-mode power supply
475:
421:
351:
296:
237:
3379:"DC Power Production, Delivery and Utilization, An EPRI White Paper"
3828:
Switch-Mode Power Supplies: SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs
2427:
2401:
2240:
will fail eventually. When either the capacitance decreases or the
1320:
1231:
1155:
transformers formerly used. There are additional design tradeoffs.
1139:
1105:
1011:
819:
417:
368:
364:
228:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is invented by
4025:
3289:
3239:"Energy Savings Opportunity by Increasing Power Supply Efficiency"
2837:
2259:
non-power-factor-corrected mains supply, otherwise usually around
2163:
1044:
non-isolated DC-to-DC converters. By adding a second inductor the
474:
introduced onto the output waveforms can be filtered with a small
427:
110:
is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time (also known as
2515:
2441:
402:
187:
87:
3213:
Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015).
1227:
the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power supply.
1010:
The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting of
894:
4083:
2706:"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
972:
867:
of at least five secondary voltages, per the ATX specification;
225:
4040:
Pressman, Abraham I.; Billings, Keith; Morey, Taylor (2009),
4008:
Power Electronics : Converters, Applications, and Design
3500:"SWITCHMODE Power Supplies—Reference Manual and Design Guide"
2226:
For failure in switching components, circuit board, etc, see
1088:
This charger for a small device such as a mobile phone is an
1060:
337:
316:
277:(1966–1972), incorporated early switched mode power supplies.
123:
3990:
Troubleshooting Switching Power Converters: A Hands-on Guide
2362:(BOM) by removing secondary-side sensing components such as
2019:
Single rail input, unregulated output, high efficiency, low
1084:
102:
of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-
4006:
Mohan, Ned; Undeland, Tore M.; Robbins, William P. (2002),
3453:
3137:"EXCLUSIVE: Interview With Apple's First CEO Michael Scott"
2126:
2083:
Very efficient use of transformer, used for highest powers
1910:
1898:
1288:
1138:
Any switched-mode power supply that gets its power from an
410:
31:
An adjustable switched-mode power supply for laboratory use
3540:
3418:"Switching-Mode Power Supply Design Tutorial Introduction"
2323:
635:
loads are more fussy about their supply voltages than the
519:
3612:
Analysis and Design of Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter
1636:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1528:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1241:
In 2001, the European Union put into effect the standard
986:
918:
usually are auto-ranging, supporting input voltages from
842:
257:
oscillation and rectifying converter power supply system
3662:"Gain Equalization Improves Flyback Performance Page of"
1796:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1719:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}}
1444:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {1}{1-D}}V_{1}}
3678:"Comparing dc/dc converters' noise-related performance"
3441:
4060:
Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications
2214:
of any SMPS approach because it uses a soft-switching
1750:
1673:
1587:
1479:
1398:
1332:
4039:
3934:
Luo, Fang Lin; Ye, Hong; Rashid, Muhammad H. (2005),
2735:"Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs"
1749:
1672:
1586:
1478:
1397:
1331:
203:
Voltage regulator § Electromechanical regulators
4005:
3609:
Irving, Brian T.; Jovanović, Milan M. (March 2002),
3336:"Information about the mild tingling sensation - US"
2423:
2218:
waveform compared with conventional hard switching.
2783:"Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's core memory"
2331:
with the power input, fan, and output cords visible
2299:resistor to any accessible part must, according to
1537:Current is discontinuous at both input and output.
863:Between C and D: heat sink for switching
855:Between B and C: heat sink for switching
439:are placed in series and the switch is driven by a
163:An inductive discharge ignition system invented by
126:to several MHz in contrast to the 50 or 60 Hz
3879:
3559:
1795:
1718:
1635:
1527:
1443:
1362:
877:filter and are not part of the main circuit board.
2275:The main filter capacitor will often store up to
669:are needed to reduce the disruptive interference.
367:is designed with a switching mode power supply. "
4112:
3936:Power Digital Power Electronics and Applications
3880:Erickson, Robert W.; Maksimović, Dragan (2001),
3635:
3497:
3217:. Singapore: Wiley, China Electric Power Press.
2765:, "Transistor converter power supply system"
2667:
1208:In addition to the skin effect, there is also a
4034:http://www.linear.com/designtools/app_notes.php
3608:
2936:
2934:
2164:Quasi-resonant zero-current/zero-voltage switch
481:
169:Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco)
3954:Switching Power Supply Design and Optimization
3399:. Switching between 115 VAC and 230 VAC input.
2698:
871:E: output filter capacitors.
3752:
3731:
3262:
3212:
898:AC, half-wave and full-wave rectified signals
3401:Search the page for "doubler" for more info.
2931:
2830:"Test Equipment and Electronics Information"
2780:
941:position, and the required voltage would be
3933:
3027:"COMPUTER PRODUCTS BUYS RIVAL MANUFACTURER"
2959:
1172:become more significant, and the amount of
3760:"Bad Capacitors: Information and symptoms"
2997:. Power Supply Manufacturers' Association.
2907:TEKSCOPE 7704 High-Efficiency Power Supply
2608:"When was the SMPS power supply invented?"
1961:Low-cost self-oscillating flyback variant
1941:Isolated form of the buck–boost converter
1261:
3987:
3969:
3951:
3675:
3669:
3009:"COMPUTER PRODUCTS HAS NEW NAME: ARTESYN"
2827:
2561:
1363:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=DV_{1}}
1212:, which is another source of power loss.
922:, with no input voltage selector switch.
4095:Switching Power Supply Topologies Poster
3900:Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits
3800:
3735:Optimal Design of Switching Power Supply
3493:
3491:
3482:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3266:Optimal Design of Switching Power Supply
3215:Optimal design of switching power supply
2940:
2382:
2322:
2314:
2167:
2125:
1560:Bidirectional power control; in or out.
1083:
958:This section refers to the block marked
893:
889:
880:
836:
574:Any voltages available, limited only by
431:The basic schematic of a boost converter
426:
26:
18:
3767:
2992:"Power Electronics Corporate Genealogy"
2965:
2584:
695:Electronic noise at the input terminals
520:SMPS and linear power supply comparison
466:) to drive the switching elements. The
384:went with a switched mode power supply.
171:goes into production for Cadillac. The
157:use switches to generate high voltages.
4113:
4057:
4023:
3643:"RDFC topology for linear replacement"
2626:"Electrical condensers (Open Library)"
2471:Conducted electromagnetic interference
1877:
987:Voltage converter and output rectifier
983:and a high current-handling capacity.
832:
516:SMPSs also cause harmonic distortion.
23:Stand-alone switched-mode power supply
3915:
3861:
3843:
3825:
3488:
3404:
3354:"Ban Looms for External Transformers"
3208:
3206:
3204:
3134:
2602:
2600:
2196:
1133:
1072:). The low voltage variant is called
602:70-85% efficiency, but can reach 90%.
340:uses switching power supplies in the
16:Power supply with switching regulator
2808:"μA723 Precision Voltage Regulators"
2521:
2416:refer to this type of power supply.
2185:in the power supply by two methods:
4030:, vol. AN19, Linear Technology
3897:
3195:LTC 3777 with up to 99% efficiency
505:at the switching frequency and its
13:
3819:
3498:ON Semiconductor (July 11, 2002).
3201:
3183:ADP5302 with up to 98% efficiency
3171:ISL9120 with up to 98% efficiency
2597:
2319:Switched mode mobile phone charger
1882:All isolated topologies include a
1554:Two inductors and three capacitors
244:later became the most widely used
14:
4147:
4076:
3882:Fundamentals of Power Electronics
3415:
3101:"North American Company Profiles"
2118:Two capacitors and two inductors
1805:Current is continuous at output.
1372:Current is continuous at output.
975:amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of
952:
4082:
3916:Luo, Fang Lin; Ye, Hong (2004),
3711:. World Scientific. 2014-10-23.
3676:Marchetti, Robert (2012-08-13).
3462:10.1109/COMPEL49091.2020.9265771
2440:
2426:
2228:Failure of electronic components
2221:
1999:Isolated form of buck converter
1728:Current is continuous at input.
1453:Current is continuous at input.
853:B: input filter capacitors;
4044:(Third ed.), McGraw-Hill,
3972:Switching Power Supplies A to Z
3780:. 15 March 2012. Archived from
3725:
3699:
3602:
3584:
3515:
3476:
3435:
3389:
3371:
3346:
3328:
3310:
3283:
3256:
3231:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3147:
3128:
3093:
3067:
3037:
3019:
3001:
2984:
2898:
2877:"7000 SERIES OSCILLOSCOPES FAQ"
2869:
2844:
2828:DiGiacomo, David (2002-08-02).
2821:
2800:
2774:
2755:
2727:
2310:
2088:Resonant, zero voltage switched
1857:and taking the output from the
1645:Current is continuous at input
1215:
190:and furnaces, among other uses.
2680:
2661:
2636:
2618:
2578:
2555:
2528:
2391:
2270:
2145:
2135:
1179:
777:uninterruptible power supplies
401:to provide the desired output
388:
354:), the company is now part of
1:
4042:Switching Power Supply Design
3884:(Second ed.), Springer,
3805:(2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill,
3803:Switching Power Supply Design
3801:Pressman, Abraham I. (1998),
3794:
3386:Page 9 080317 mydocs.epri.com
3318:"How does a usb charger work"
2966:Kilbane, Doris (2009-12-07).
2941:Shirriff, Ken (August 2019).
2781:Ken Shirriff (January 2019).
1946:Ringing choke converter (RCC)
1146:) requires a transformer for
1079:
248:for switching power supplies.
193:
178:capacitive discharge ignition
132:electromagnetic compatibility
4089:Switched-mode power supplies
4058:Rashid, Muhammad H. (2003),
3567:"DC-DC CONVERTERS: A PRIMER"
3110:. 2004-03-15. Archived from
2913:. March 1971. Archived from
1174:electromagnetic interference
650:Radio frequency interference
549:0.12 W/cm, 88 W/kg
499:electromagnetic interference
482:Advantages and disadvantages
382:synthesized signal generator
7:
3988:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2007),
3970:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2006),
3952:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2004),
3666:100517 powerelectronics.com
3581:090112 jaycar.com.au Page 4
2419:
2406:Switching-mode power supply
2327:A 450-watt SMPS for use in
1740:Capacitor and two inductors
1663:Capacitor and two inductors
1055:Other types of SMPSs use a
908:computer ATX power supplies
730:of the operating frequency.
118:is an important advantage.
45:switching-mode power supply
10:
4152:
3844:Basso, Christophe (2012),
3826:Basso, Christophe (2008),
2350:Due to their high volumes
2225:
2208:resonant forward converter
2147:
2137:
1219:
1183:
1069:Cockcroft-Walton generator
145:
94:characteristics. Unlike a
37:switched-mode power supply
4131:Electric power conversion
3918:Advanced DC/DC Converters
3738:. John Wiley & Sons.
3556:090112 powerdesigners.com
3269:. John Wiley & Sons.
3135:Yarow, Jay (2011-05-24).
1176:will be more pronounced.
851:A: Bridge rectifier;
644:traces become important.
173:Kettering ignition system
82:) to DC loads, such as a
3866:(2nd ed.), Newnes,
3548:"DC-DC Converter Basics"
2549:
1253:
811:Risk of equipment damage
804:residual-current devices
724:inaudible to most humans
405:by dissipating power in
271:Apollo Guidance Computer
69:convert electrical power
49:switch-mode power supply
3898:Liu, Mingliang (2006),
3108:smithsonianchips.si.edu
2714:Computer History Museum
2099:Inductor and capacitor
2016:Inductor and capacitor
1262:Non-isolated topologies
1248:power factor correction
912:power factor correction
755:power factor correction
680:at the output terminals
288:Fairchild Semiconductor
3592:"Heinz Schmidt-Walter"
3525:. 2011. Archived from
3322:Flashlight information
2410:switching power supply
2400:was widely used until
2388:
2332:
2320:
2173:
2131:
1797:
1720:
1637:
1529:
1445:
1364:
1203:pulse-width modulation
1101:
1096:, a rectifier and two
1005:synchronous rectifiers
899:
886:
878:
538:Switching power supply
514:power-factor-corrected
460:pulse-width modulation
432:
32:
24:
4024:Nelson, Carl (1986),
3864:Power Supply Cookbook
3862:Brown, Marty (2001),
2763:US patent 3040271
2567:Kettering, Charles F.
2511:Vibrator (electronic)
2386:
2356:linear power supplies
2352:mobile phone chargers
2326:
2318:
2171:
2129:
1869:neutral point clamped
1798:
1721:
1638:
1530:
1446:
1365:
1087:
1036:buck–boost converters
897:
890:Input rectifier stage
884:
847:computer power supply
840:
642:printed circuit board
430:
325:light-emitting diodes
260:U.S. patent 3,040,271
116:electrical efficiency
53:switched power supply
30:
22:
4091:at Wikimedia Commons
4027:LT1070 design Manual
3452:. Aalborg, Denmark:
3340:pcsupport.lenovo.com
2612:electronicspoint.com
2210:produces the lowest
1747:
1670:
1584:
1476:
1395:
1329:
1144:"off-line" converter
1116:Open-loop regulators
861:C: transformer:
841:Interior view of an
507:harmonic frequencies
497:must block to avoid
453:buck–boost converter
356:Microchip Technology
165:Charles F. Kettering
63:that incorporates a
4097:- Texas Instruments
3992:, Newnes/Elsevier,
3974:, Newnes/Elsevier,
3159:hpmemoryproject.org
2501:Switching amplifier
2414:switching regulator
1878:Isolated topologies
1287:Typical Power [
1152:DC-to-DC converters
1125:magnetic hysteresis
859:of primary voltage;
833:Theory of operation
535:Linear power supply
529:
462:with an adjustable
449:step-up transformer
395:linear power supply
96:linear power supply
86:, while converting
65:switching regulator
59:, is an electronic
4136:Voltage regulation
2852:"7000 Plugin list"
2710:The Silicon Engine
2496:Resonant converter
2491:Leakage inductance
2476:DC to DC converter
2434:Electronics portal
2389:
2337:personal computers
2333:
2329:personal computers
2321:
2307:for IT equipment.
2197:Efficiency and EMI
2174:
2132:
1815:switched capacitor
1793:
1792:
1716:
1715:
1633:
1632:
1525:
1524:
1441:
1440:
1360:
1359:
1148:galvanic isolation
1134:Transformer design
1102:
1064:voltage multiplier
920:~100 VAC – 250 VAC
900:
887:
879:
527:
451:for DC signals. A
433:
397:(non-SMPS) uses a
327:, clocks, timing,
108:Voltage regulation
33:
25:
4126:Power electronics
4087:Media related to
4062:, Prentice Hall,
4051:978-0-07-148272-1
3999:978-0-7506-8421-7
3837:978-0-07-150858-2
3764:100211 lowyat.net
3745:978-1-118-79094-6
3718:978-981-4520-24-9
3303:978-3-319-51118-4
3276:978-1-118-79094-6
3224:978-1-118-79094-6
3055:on 16 August 2021
2972:Electronic Design
2740:Electronic Design
2522:Explanatory notes
2360:bill of materials
2345:power frequencies
2124:
2123:
1938:Mutual inductors
1835:
1834:
1780:
1703:
1620:
1577:and two inductors
1512:
1428:
1098:active components
865:active components
857:active components
830:
829:
618:filter capacitors
437:electrical ground
379:10 kHz – 1.28 GHz
230:Mohamed M. Atalla
213:electromechanical
84:personal computer
4143:
4086:
4072:
4054:
4031:
4020:
4002:
3984:
3966:
3948:
3930:
3912:
3894:
3876:
3858:
3848:, Artech House,
3840:
3815:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3684:. Archived from
3673:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3645:. Archived from
3639:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3572:. Archived from
3571:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3550:. Archived from
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3420:. Archived from
3416:Foutz, Jerrold.
3413:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3356:. Archived from
3350:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3241:. Archived from
3235:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3141:Business Insider
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3051:. Archived from
3041:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2883:. Archived from
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2836:. Archived from
2825:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2543:
2540:active component
2532:
2456:Auto transformer
2450:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2375:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2238:capacitor plague
2179:valley switching
2151:
2141:
2004:Resonant forward
1889:
1888:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1545:(or, boost–buck)
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1341:
1300:Voltage relation
1281:
1280:
1210:proximity effect
1142:line (called an
1024:boost converters
948:
944:
940:
932:
928:
921:
717:magnetostriction
678:Electronic noise
638:
634:
630:
530:
526:
468:spectral density
399:linear regulator
380:
331:, and registers.
262:
211:Car radios used
198:
195:
167:and his company
4151:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4111:
4110:
4079:
4070:
4052:
4018:
4000:
3982:
3964:
3956:, McGraw-Hill,
3946:
3928:
3910:
3892:
3874:
3856:
3838:
3830:, McGraw-Hill,
3822:
3820:Further reading
3813:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3414:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3079:arstechnica.com
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2826:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2630:openlibrary.org
2624:
2623:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2536:pass transistor
2533:
2529:
2524:
2461:Boost converter
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2394:
2374:
2370:
2313:
2304:
2303:, be less than
2300:
2296:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2231:
2224:
2199:
2166:
1908:
1896:
1880:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:Single inductor
1434:
1430:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:Single inductor
1353:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1224:
1218:
1188:
1182:
1168:is required as
1136:
1082:
1041:boost converter
1030:buck converters
1000:Schottky diodes
989:
962:in the diagram.
955:
946:
942:
938:
930:
926:
919:
892:
872:
870:
868:
862:
860:
854:
852:
850:
835:
793:Transformerless
753:Active/passive
636:
632:
628:
569:voltage doubler
546:Size and weight
522:
495:low-pass filter
484:
445:boost converter
391:
378:
321:Hewlett-Packard
308:Advanced Energy
258:
196:
155:Induction coils
148:
128:mains frequency
43:), also called
17:
12:
11:
5:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4121:Power supplies
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4078:
4077:External links
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4055:
4050:
4037:
4021:
4016:
4003:
3998:
3985:
3980:
3967:
3962:
3949:
3944:
3931:
3926:
3913:
3908:
3895:
3890:
3877:
3872:
3859:
3855:978-1608075577
3854:
3841:
3836:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3787:on 2012-03-15.
3766:
3751:
3744:
3724:
3717:
3698:
3668:
3653:
3649:on 2008-09-07.
3634:
3601:
3583:
3579:on 2009-04-18.
3558:
3554:on 2005-12-17.
3539:
3514:
3487:
3475:
3434:
3403:
3388:
3370:
3345:
3327:
3309:
3302:
3282:
3275:
3255:
3230:
3223:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3146:
3127:
3092:
3081:. 26 June 2016
3066:
3036:
3018:
3000:
2983:
2958:
2930:
2897:
2868:
2843:
2840:on 2002-08-02.
2820:
2799:
2773:
2754:
2726:
2697:
2679:
2660:
2635:
2617:
2596:
2577:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Inrush current
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Buck converter
2463:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2437:
2421:
2418:
2393:
2390:
2372:
2347:and voltages.
2341:mains supplies
2312:
2309:
2272:
2269:
2255:
2223:
2220:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2143:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:Energy storage
1914:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1879:
1876:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1580:Any inverted,
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1325:0 ≤ Out ≤ In,
1323:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:Energy storage
1295:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1217:
1214:
1184:Main article:
1181:
1178:
1135:
1132:
1081:
1078:
988:
985:
979:with a low on-
964:
963:
954:
953:Inverter stage
951:
891:
888:
845:switched-mode
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
815:
812:
808:
807:
799:
796:
788:
786:electric shock
781:
780:
772:
769:
766:
764:Inrush current
760:
759:
751:
748:
741:
735:
734:
731:
720:
713:
711:Acoustic noise
707:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
674:
673:
670:
656:
652:
646:
645:
621:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
584:
583:
579:
572:
565:
564:Output voltage
561:
560:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
521:
518:
503:ripple voltage
483:
480:
390:
387:
386:
385:
375:
372:
362:
359:
348:
345:
335:
332:
314:
311:
303:
300:
294:
291:
281:
278:
267:
264:
252:
249:
222:
219:
209:
206:
199:
191:
184:
181:
161:
158:
152:
147:
144:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4148:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4069:0-13-122815-3
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:0-471-22693-9
4013:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3981:0-7506-7970-0
3977:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3963:0-07-143483-6
3959:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3945:0-12-088757-6
3941:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3927:0-8493-1956-0
3923:
3920:, CRC Press,
3919:
3914:
3911:
3909:0-7506-7907-7
3905:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3891:0-7923-7270-0
3887:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3873:0-7506-7329-X
3869:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3812:0-07-052236-7
3808:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3688:on 2012-09-02
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3625:on 2011-07-09
3621:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3529:on 2014-11-26
3528:
3524:
3518:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3485:, p. 306
3484:
3483:Pressman 1998
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3424:on 2004-04-06
3423:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3398:
3392:
3380:
3374:
3360:on 2019-05-15
3359:
3355:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3245:on 2010-10-25
3244:
3240:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3117:on 2022-11-07
3113:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3033:. 1986-01-03.
3032:
3028:
3022:
3015:. 1998-05-07.
3014:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2947:IEEE Spectrum
2944:
2937:
2935:
2920:on 2012-03-28
2916:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2887:on 2010-08-25
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2817:. July 1999 .
2816:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2764:
2758:
2743:. 23 May 2016
2742:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2587:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:Energy portal
2443:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2268:
2264:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2222:Failure modes
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:magnetic flux
2150:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1904:Relative cost
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1610:
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1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1579:
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1571:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
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1550:
1547:
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1536:
1519:
1515:
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1498:
1493:
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1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
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1371:
1354:
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1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:Relative cost
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1251:
1250:(PFC) stage.
1249:
1244:
1243:IEC 61000-3-2
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:circuit board
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1127:of the core.
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
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1047:
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1038:
1037:
1032:
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1026:
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1019:
1017:
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1008:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
961:
957:
956:
950:
936:
935:Delon circuit
923:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:rectification
896:
883:
876:
866:
858:
848:
844:
839:
824:
821:
816:
813:
810:
809:
805:
800:
797:
794:
789:
787:
783:
782:
778:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
756:
752:
749:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
700:
697:
694:
693:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
626:
622:
619:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
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593:
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586:
585:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
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558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
532:
531:
525:
517:
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510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
429:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
383:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
349:
346:
344:minicomputer
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
312:
309:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:Moon missions
272:
268:
265:
261:
256:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
143:
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
71:efficiently.
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
21:
4059:
4041:
4026:
4007:
3989:
3971:
3953:
3938:, Elsevier,
3935:
3917:
3902:, Elsevier,
3899:
3881:
3863:
3845:
3827:
3802:
3782:the original
3769:
3754:
3734:
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3707:
3701:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:the original
3681:
3671:
3656:
3647:the original
3637:
3627:, retrieved
3620:the original
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3574:the original
3561:
3552:the original
3542:
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3527:the original
3517:
3506:. Retrieved
3478:
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3426:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3391:
3373:
3362:. Retrieved
3358:the original
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3296:. Springer.
3292:
3285:
3265:
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:the original
3233:
3214:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3158:
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3140:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3107:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3078:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3053:the original
3049:citycable.ch
3048:
3039:
3031:Sun Sentinel
3030:
3021:
3013:Sun Sentinel
3012:
3003:
2986:
2975:. Retrieved
2971:
2961:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:
2922:. Retrieved
2915:the original
2906:
2900:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:the original
2880:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2856:www.kahrs.us
2855:
2846:
2838:the original
2833:
2823:
2814:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:
2776:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2580:
2557:
2535:
2530:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2379:
2368:
2364:optocouplers
2349:
2334:
2311:Applications
2282:
2274:
2265:
2247:
2235:
2232:
2200:
2178:
2175:
2159:
2156:every cycle.
2146:
2136:
1966:Half-forward
1958:Transformer
1881:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1836:
1646:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1240:
1236:transformers
1229:
1225:
1222:Power factor
1216:Power factor
1207:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1157:
1137:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1110:opto-coupler
1103:
1094:opto-coupler
1067:
1054:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1009:
997:
990:
965:
959:
924:
901:
739:Power factor
667:RF shielding
624:
590:, heat, and
523:
511:
492:
489:
485:
457:
447:acts like a
434:
415:
407:ohmic losses
392:
377:The HP8662A
246:power device
242:power MOSFET
140:power factor
136:
120:
73:
61:power supply
56:
55:, or simply
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
2692:Radiomuseum
2506:Transformer
2486:Joule thief
2398:switch mode
2392:Terminology
2271:Precautions
2068:Full-bridge
2049:Half-bridge
1907:Input range
1884:transformer
1849:approval).
1811:Charge pump
1557:Up or down
1192:skin effect
1186:Copper loss
1180:Copper loss
1074:charge pump
993:transformer
826:potential.
728:subharmonic
702:distortion.
663:EMI filters
595:dissipation
441:square wave
389:Explanation
234:Dawon Kahng
197: 1932
104:dissipation
98:, the pass
76:mains power
4115:Categories
3795:References
3692:2023-10-05
3629:2009-09-30
3533:2013-03-15
3508:2011-11-17
3428:2008-10-06
3364:2007-09-07
3249:2008-12-22
3155:"HP 3048A"
3121:2023-10-05
2977:2019-09-12
2952:2019-09-12
2924:2011-11-02
2891:2011-11-02
2787:righto.com
2719:August 31,
2669:US 2014869
2586:US 1754265
2563:US 1037492
2295:through a
2181:, reduces
1824:Capacitors
1459:Buck–boost
1391:Out ≥ In,
1220:See also:
1170:parasitics
1080:Regulation
1033:, and the
1016:capacitors
981:resistance
977:transistor
916:active PFC
610:Complexity
588:Efficiency
576:transistor
557:hysteresis
464:duty cycle
422:capacitors
284:Bob Widlar
255:Transistor
112:duty cycle
100:transistor
80:AC adapter
4010:, Wiley,
3470:227278364
2834:slack.com
2747:10 August
2396:The term
2301:IEC 60950
2277:325 volts
2106:Isolated
2091:>1,000
2080:Inductor
2071:400–5,000
2061:Inductor
2042:Inductor
2033:100–1,000
2029:Push-pull
1996:Inductor
1978:Inductor
1919:Features
1774:−
1697:−
1614:−
1602:−
1575:Capacitor
1506:−
1494:−
1472:Out ≤ 0,
1422:−
1303:Features
1121:impedance
1057:capacitor
1012:inductors
969:kilohertz
501:(EMI), a
476:LC filter
418:inductors
352:Microsemi
297:Tektronix
238:Bell Labs
216:vibrators
3085:21 March
3059:21 March
2861:21 March
2653:21 March
2648:ethw.org
2420:See also
2402:Motorola
2216:resonant
2077:50–1,000
2058:50–1,000
2039:50–1,000
1649:output.
1543:Split-pi
1321:inductor
1232:harmonic
1140:AC power
1106:feedback
1090:off-line
820:failsafe
784:Risk of
745:sinusoid
722:Usually
655:signals.
369:Rod Holt
365:Apple II
180:systems.
57:switcher
3596:h-da.de
2881:tek.com
2538:is the
2516:80 Plus
2293:neutral
2094:>2.0
2074:>2.0
2052:0–2,000
1988:100–200
1984:Forward
1925:Flyback
1551:>2.0
1548:0–4,500
1382:0–5,000
1319:Single
1313:0–1,000
1161:ferrite
1150:. Some
960:chopper
943:325 VDC
931:163 VDC
927:115 VAC
659:EMI/RFI
625:minimum
403:voltage
280:c. 1967
208:c. 1936
188:welding
146:History
92:current
88:voltage
4066:
4048:
4014:
3996:
3978:
3960:
3942:
3924:
3906:
3888:
3870:
3852:
3834:
3809:
3742:
3715:
3468:
3300:
3273:
3221:
2815:ti.com
2792:4 July
2769:
2675:
2592:
2573:
2565:,
2412:, and
2305:250 μA
2252:for a
2013:60–400
1993:60–200
1859:ground
1855:output
973:MOSFET
541:Notes
472:ripple
240:. The
226:MOSFET
78:, see
3785:(PDF)
3778:(PDF)
3623:(PDF)
3616:(PDF)
3577:(PDF)
3570:(PDF)
3503:(PDF)
3466:S2CID
3382:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
3104:(PDF)
2995:(PDF)
2918:(PDF)
2911:(PDF)
2811:(PDF)
2550:Notes
2261:390 V
2254:230 V
2250:325 V
1975:5–500
1969:0–250
1955:5–600
1949:0–150
1935:5–600
1929:0–250
1913:]
1909:[
1901:]
1897:[
1895:Power
1861:pin.
1743:Any,
1666:Any,
1655:SEPIC
1463:0–150
1378:Boost
1291:]
1254:Types
1061:diode
1050:SEPIC
947:115 V
939:230 V
818:good
629:3.3 V
592:power
338:Xerox
317:HP-35
266:1960s
4064:ISBN
4046:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3994:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3958:ISBN
3940:ISBN
3922:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3868:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3740:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3454:IEEE
3298:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3219:ISBN
3087:2018
3061:2018
2863:2018
2794:2019
2749:2019
2721:2019
2655:2018
2534:The
2371:24 V
2297:2 kΩ
2289:line
2206:. A
2036:1.75
2007:0–60
1892:Type
1867:The
1826:only
1733:Zeta
1309:Buck
1284:Type
1048:and
1014:and
665:and
637:12 V
420:and
411:heat
374:1980
361:1977
347:1976
342:Alto
334:1973
313:1972
302:1970
293:1970
269:The
251:1959
232:and
224:The
221:1959
183:1926
160:1910
151:1836
90:and
41:SMPS
3682:EDN
3458:doi
2291:or
2285:EMI
2242:ESR
2212:EMI
2204:RFI
2183:EMI
2108:Ćuk
2055:1.9
2021:EMI
2010:1.0
1972:1.2
1952:1.0
1932:1.0
1847:VDE
1843:CSA
1647:and
1566:Ćuk
1466:1.0
1385:1.0
1316:1.0
1278:).
1046:Ćuk
875:EMI
843:ATX
633:5 V
631:or
329:ROM
286:of
236:at
124:kHz
67:to
4117::
3680:.
3594:.
3490:^
3464:.
3456:.
3448:.
3406:^
3338:.
3320:.
3203:^
3157:.
3139:.
3106:.
3077:.
3047:.
3029:.
3011:.
2970:.
2945:.
2933:^
2879:.
2854:.
2832:.
2813:.
2785:.
2737:.
2712:.
2708:.
2690:.
2646:.
2628:.
2610:.
2599:^
2408:,
2373:DC
2366:.
2256:AC
2148:^2
2138:^1
2023:.
1845:,
1841:,
1839:UL
1813:/
1104:A
1076:.
1027:,
509:.
478:.
393:A
319:,
194:c.
142:.
51:,
47:,
35:A
4036:)
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3748:.
3721:.
3695:.
3664:.
3598:.
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3511:.
3472:.
3460::
3431:.
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3367:.
3342:.
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3279:.
3252:.
3227:.
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3143:.
3124:.
3089:.
3063:.
2980:.
2955:.
2927:.
2894:.
2865:.
2796:.
2751:.
2723:.
2694:.
2657:.
2632:.
2614:.
2230:.
1911:V
1899:W
1788:1
1784:V
1777:D
1771:1
1767:D
1762:=
1757:2
1753:V
1711:1
1707:V
1700:D
1694:1
1690:D
1685:=
1680:2
1676:V
1628:1
1624:V
1617:D
1611:1
1607:D
1599:=
1594:2
1590:V
1520:1
1516:V
1509:D
1503:1
1499:D
1491:=
1486:2
1482:V
1436:1
1432:V
1425:D
1419:1
1415:1
1410:=
1405:2
1401:V
1355:1
1351:V
1347:D
1344:=
1339:2
1335:V
1289:W
1276:2
1272:1
1268:D
1100:.
1059:–
849::
719:.
358:.
310:.
205:.
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
