1881:
8182:
10269:
10257:
369:
416:
43:
619:
526:
settings where speaking
Standard German is demanded or polite, e.g., in education (but not during breaks in school lessons, where the teachers will speak with students in Swiss German), in multilingual parliaments (the federal parliaments and a few cantonal and municipal ones), in the main news broadcast or in the presence of non-
419:
418:
423:
422:
417:
5962:
There are no official rules of Swiss German orthography. The orthographies used in the Swiss-German literature can be roughly divided into two systems: Those that try to stay as close to standard German spelling as possible and those that try to represent the sounds as well as possible. The so-called
3668:'to come'. When the latter two verbs are used in other utterances other than a declarative main clause, where the finite verb traditionally is in second position, their use might not be mandatory; however, it is correct and grammatical to double them both in the past tense and in subordinate clauses:
525:
Unlike most regional languages in modern Europe, Swiss German is the everyday spoken language for the majority of the population, in all social strata, from urban centers to the countryside. Using Swiss German conveys neither social nor educational inferiority and is done with pride. There are a few
3025:
As the examples show, all verbs are reduplicated with a reduced infinitival form when used in a declarative main clause. This is especially interesting as it stands in contrast to the standard variety of German and other varieties of the same, where such doubling effects are not found as outlined in
1892:
Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects. Only in Low
Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of
424:
556:
dialects, but largely unintelligible to speakers of
Standard German who lack adequate prior exposure. This is also a challenge for French- or Italian-speaking Swiss who learn Standard German at school. In the rare cases that Swiss German is heard on TV in Germany and Austria, the speaker is most
516:
used in
Switzerland. Swiss Standard German is fully understandable to all speakers of Standard German, while many people in Germany – especially in the north – do not understand Swiss German. An interview with a Swiss German speaker, when shown on television in Germany, will require subtitles.
6489:
Ring i der Chetti; Gueti
Gschpane; Meischter und Ritter; Der Stärn vo Buebebärg; D'Frou Kätheli und ihri Buebe; Der Frondeur; Ds velorene Lied; D'Haselmuus; Unspunne; Jä gäl, so geit's!; Der Houpme Lombach; Götti und Gotteli; Der Donnergueg; Veteranezyt; Heinz Tillman; Die heilige Flamme; Am
1078:
Generally, the Walser communities were situated on higher alpine regions, so were able to stay independent of the ruling forces of those days, who did not or were not able to oversee them all the time in these hostile environments. Hence the
Walsers were pioneers of the liberation from
5908:. This replacement took from the 15th to 18th centuries to complete. In the 16th century, the Alemannic forms of writing were considered the original, truly Swiss forms, whereas the New High German forms were perceived as foreign innovations. The innovations were brought about by the
421:
517:
Although Swiss German is the native language in the German-speaking part of
Switzerland, Swiss school students are taught Swiss Standard German from the age of six. They are thus capable of understanding, writing and speaking Standard German, with varying abilities.
504:
is spoken. The reason Swiss German dialects constitute a special group is their almost unrestricted use as a spoken language in practically all situations of daily life, whereas the use of the
Alemannic dialects in other countries is restricted or even endangered.
587:, not a linguistic unity. For all Swiss-German dialects, there are idioms spoken outside Switzerland that are more closely related to them than to some other Swiss-German dialects. The main linguistic divisions within Swiss German are those of
903:, regional differences are fading due to increasing mobility and to a growing population of non-Alemannic background. Despite the varied dialects, the Swiss can still understand one another, but may particularly have trouble understanding
2217:). However, there are many different stress patterns, even within dialects. Bernese German has many words that are stressed on the first syllable: 'casino' while Standard German has . However, no Swiss German dialect is as consistent as
5920:: Its first impressions after 1524 were largely written in an Alemannic language, but since 1527, the New High German forms were gradually adopted. The Alemannic forms were longest preserved in the chancelleries, with the chancellery of
3133:-) might weaken its doubling capacity. The presence of this separable prefix also makes the boundaries between the reduced infinitival reduplication form and the prefix hard if not impossible to determine. Thus, in the example above for
5947:(afternoon snack). Swiss Standard German is virtually identical to Standard German as used in Germany, with most differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and orthography. For example, Swiss Standard German always uses a double s (
3620:
is found more often in the western part of
Switzerland than in the eastern part, while younger generations are much more inclined to leave out reduplication, which means that the phenomenon is more widespread in older generations.
5513:). These words are probably not direct loanwords from English but have been adopted through standard German intermediation. While most of those loanwords are of recent origin, some have been in use for decades, e.g. ('to play
5408:
in most of
Switzerland). Virtually any Swiss Standard German word can be borrowed into Swiss German, always adapted to Swiss German phonology. However, certain Standard German words are never used in Swiss German, for instance
6710:[Languages, Religions - Data, Indicators: Languages - Languages commonly spoken at home] (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from
2316:('the professor's book'). The second is still frowned on where it appears in Standard German (from dialects and spoken language): dative of the possessor + the possessive pronoun referring to the possessor + possession:
5330:
The vocabulary is varied, especially in rural areas: many specialized terms have been retained, e.g., regarding cattle or weather. In the cities, much of the rural vocabulary has been lost. A Swiss German greeting is
1956:/ are realized as . Sounds like the monophthong can frequently become unrounded to among many speakers of the Zürich dialect. Vowels such as a centralized and an open-mid only occur in the Bernese dialect.
420:
599:
Alemannic, and mutual intelligibility across those groups is almost fully seamless, despite some differences in vocabulary. Low Alemannic is only spoken in the northernmost parts of Switzerland, in
7991:
7004:
8062:
6214:
which were published at the same time are in Swiss Standard German, but use many expressions of Bernese German. Some of the more important dialect writing authors and their works are:
7644:
Bedeutet Är isch ga schwümme das gleiche wie Er ist schwimmen? Eine empirische Untersuchung zu den Perfektformen der schweizerdeutschen Verbverdoppelung und zur Funktion des Absentivs
6202:
Since the 19th century, a considerable body of Swiss German literature has accumulated. The earliest works were in Lucerne German (Jost Bernhard Häfliger, Josef Felix Ineichen), in
5973:, but knowledge of these guidelines is limited mostly to language experts. Furthermore, the spellings originally proposed by Dieth included some special signs not found on a normal
7034:
4077:'to start, to begin' show weaker doubling effects and more optionality. Furthermore, this is the case for both open and close (yes/no) questions. Consider the following examples:
2406:
plays the role of an indirect object, a prepositional object, a possessor or an adverbial adjunct it has to be taken up later in the relative clause by reference of (prp. +) the
2006:). A few Alpine dialects show diphthongization, like in Standard German, especially some dialects of Unterwalden and Schanfigg (Graubünden) and the dialect of Issime (Piedmont).
2464:
of another verb. The reduced and reduplicated part of the verb in question is normally put in front of the infinitive of the second verb. This is the case for the motion verbs
4638:
leaves a lot more room for the speaker to play with. Speakers accept both sentences with only the detachable prefix and no doubling, and sentences with the full doubled form.
895:
One can separate each dialect into numerous local subdialects, sometimes down to a resolution of individual villages. Speaking the dialect is an important part of regional,
7951:
3810:
can but does not have to be used in order for the past tense sentences to be grammatical.Notably, it is the reduced form of both verbs that is necessary, not the full
7564:
7306:
Brandner, Ellen; Salzmann, Martin (2012). Ackema, Peter; Alcorn, Rhona; Heycock, Caroline; Jaspers, Dany; van Craenenbroeck, Jeroen; Vanden Wyngaerd, Guido (eds.).
5505:
In recent years, Swiss dialects have also taken some English words which already sound very Swiss, e.g., ('to eat', from 'food'), ('to play computer games', from
7864:
Ed. by Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand. 2nd half-volume. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1983, pp. 1637–1651.
5262:'to come', where reduplication effects are strongest, there is some variation regarding their reduplicated or reduced forms. Thus, in some Swiss German dialects,
473:
bordering Switzerland. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of
5364:
Most word adoptions come from Standard German. Many of these are now so common that they have totally replaced the original Swiss German words, e.g. the words
6707:
8857:
1415:
are not aspirated. Nonetheless, there is an opposition of consonant pairs such as and or and . Traditionally, it has been described as a distinction of
6909:
Swiss German talks and interviews on the daily night news show 10vor10 by the major German Swiss channel SRF1 is consistently subtitled in German on 3sat
5322:. However, these forms are used less frequently than their shorter counterparts and seem to be concentrated into a small geographic area of Switzerland.
8170:
8148:
3201:
In this case, the prefix would be omitted, which is normally not permissible for separable prefixes, and in its place, the reduplication form is used.
496:, varieties all of which are spoken both inside and outside Switzerland. The only exception within German-speaking Switzerland is the municipality of
2213:
is more often on the first syllable than in Standard German, even in French loans like or 'thanks' (despite stress falling on the final syllable
30:
This article is about the mostly spoken Swiss language, a family of local dialects. For the Swiss variation of written standardized German, see
7977:
6996:
7231:
4386:, however, do not allow for their reduced doubling part to be left out in questions, irrespective of the fact whether they are open or close:
2488:'to start, to begin' when used in the meaning of 'let do something', or 'start doing something'. Most affected by this phenomenon is the verb
2400:
replaces the Standard German relative pronouns in the Nom. (subject) and Acc. (direct object) without further complications, in phrases where
1037:
and to modern western Austria and northern Italy. Informally, a distinction is made between the German-speaking people living in Valais, the
9232:
8310:
7376:
3997:
The same is true for the past tense. Since there is only one past tense in Swiss German and since this is formed using an auxiliary verb –
6997:"Schweizerdeutsch und Hochdeutsch in der Schweiz - Analyse von Daten aus der Erhebung zur Sprache, Religion und Kultur 2014 | Publikation"
9030:
6844:
6805:
376:
7026:
7400:
Die Bewegungverbkonstruktion im Alemannischen : Wie Unterschiede in der Kategorie einer Partikel zu syntaktischer Variation führen
549:
In 2014, about 87% of the people living in the German-speaking portion of Switzerland were using Swiss German in their everyday lives.
7920:
7825:
6896:
7527:
7474:
2456:
In Swiss German, a small number of verbs reduplicate in a reduced infinitival form, i.e. unstressed shorter form, when used in their
7106:
Astrid Krähenmann: Quantity and prosodic asymmetries in Alemannic. Synchronic and diachronic perspectives. de Gruyter, Berlin 2003.
1087:. In addition, Walser villages are easily distinguishable from Grisonian ones, as Walser houses are made of wood rather than stone.
6766:
7943:
6870:
3646:'to start, to begin' in the past tense and in subordinate clauses as well as the somewhat more lenient use of reduplication with
8163:
7894:
7414:
7792:
7706:
6930:
2254:
is replaced by perfect constructs (this also happens in spoken Standard German, particularly in Southern Germany and Austria).
8096:
8076:
7408:
7370:
6973:
6838:
6799:
1750:
17:
6643:
5937:(written German). Certain dialectal words are accepted regionalisms in Swiss Standard German and are also sanctioned by the
3074:
is most likely to be used without its reduplicated and reduced form while retaining grammaticality, whereas utterances with
8847:
7843:
7829:
7810:
7796:
6619:
4045:
Questions behave a lot like their declarative counterparts, and reduplication is therefore mandatory for both motion verbs
107:
7351:"Zur Genese der Verbverdopplung bei gaa, choo, laa, aafaa ("gehen", "kommen", "lassen", "anfangen") im Schweizerdeutschen"
6624:
Many films and TV series produced in German-speaking Switzerland are filmed in Swiss German, although these are sometimes
7553:
6895:(in German). 3sat – ZDF ORF SRG ARD, the television channel collectively produced by four channels from three countries.
6663:
6634:
are re-recorded with dialogue in Standard German spoken with a Swiss accent to preserve the local colour of the setting.
5499:
1757:
1351:
398:
79:
9759:
8178:
7327:
3113:
in declarative main clauses almost everywhere in the country, this is the case for fewer varieties of Swiss German with
10294:
2280:
is replaced by two constructions: The first of these is often acceptable in Standard German as well: possession + Prp.
1766:
10309:
8156:
7882:
7769:
7739:
7174:
7142:
7111:
4009:'to have', depending on the main verb – reduplication seems to be affected and therefore, less strictly enforced for
126:
86:
8303:
6711:
1310:
1304:
1254:
7357:, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft (in German), Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 180–200,
5584:
is sometimes explained as originating from Swiss German, while printed etymological dictionaries (e.g. the German
10299:
3978:
In subordinate clauses, the reduplicated part is needed as the sentence would otherwise be ungrammatical in both
1847:
1780:
1284:
1278:
1240:
388:
7656:
2147:
are independent from each other, unlike other modern Germanic languages. Here are examples from Bernese German:
1639:, and other allophones resulting in fricatives and an approximant as like in many German varieties of Germany.
557:
likely to be dubbed or subtitled. More commonly, a Swiss speaker will speak Standard German on non-Swiss media.
10289:
8114:– choose the Swiss German words you would normally use and see how well this matches the dialect of your area.
7986:
7056:
Thompson, Chad (1994). "The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence".
1815:
1344:
64:
1952:). Some diphthongs have become unrounded in several dialects. In the Zürich dialect, short pronunciations of /
93:
10126:
5288:. In some analyses, this is described as a multiple reduplication phenomenon in that the reduced infinitives
2476:'to come' when used in the meaning of 'go (to) do something', 'come (to) do something', as well as the verbs
1787:
347:
60:
6724:
Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch
873:, Highest Alemannic spread to pockets of what are now parts of northern Italy (Piedmont), the north-west of
289:
10156:
9326:
9288:
9273:
1822:
1801:
1510:
1297:
1291:
1247:
8600:
6149:
6137:
6128:
6116:
6088:
6073:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6036:
6020:
5455:
4242:
would no longer be a reduplicated verb, and that is where the language development seems to move towards.
2201:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2114:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1662:
1651:
1643:
1624:
1525:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1386:
10136:
9996:
9346:
9305:
9295:
8296:
7734:
1832:
1720:
1330:
916:
458:
75:
10247:
8512:
8267:
1857:
1471:
Swiss German keeps the fortis–lenis opposition at the end of words. There can be minimal pairs such as
1364:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1188:
8067:
Bern/Tübingen: Francke, 1962–1997, vol. 1–8. – Helen Christen, Elvira Glaser, Matthias Friedli (ed.),
7169:
Andreas Lötscher: Schweizerdeutsch – Geschichte, Dialekte, Gebrauch. Huber, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart 1983
5498:). Possibly, these words are not direct adoptions from French but survivors of the once more numerous
4865:
4216:
4144:
3141:, an argument could be made that the prefix a- is left off, while the full reduplicated form is used:
9853:
8086:
7397:
Brandner, Ellen; Salzmann, Martin (2011). Glaser, Elvira; Schmidt, Jürgen E.; Frey, Natascha (eds.).
1871:
1727:
1514:
1323:
1317:
1261:
446:
160:
10304:
10131:
10085:
10080:
10004:
9614:
9598:
9477:
9336:
9227:
9222:
8186:
7200:
6708:"Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren: Sprachen – Üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochene Sprachen"
2269:
1736:
596:
493:
341:
7678:
6737:
6490:
Kaminfüür; Bernbiet; Schweizer daheim und draußen; Simeon und Eisi; Geschichten aus dem Bernerland
10070:
10014:
10009:
9929:
9602:
9552:
8852:
8670:
8426:
8354:
8342:
6726:[At home or with relatives, 60.1% of the population considered mainly speak Swiss German]
2338:
1865:
1658:
1223:
1217:
228:
218:
53:
10192:
9912:
9310:
5448:
Swiss dialects have quite a few words from French and Italian, which are perfectly assimilated.
2229:
The grammar of Swiss dialects has some idiosyncratic features in comparison to Standard German:
10075:
9557:
9523:
9141:
8957:
8817:
8657:
8552:
5562:
1661:
is used instead of the Northern Standard German fricative as the reflex of Middle High German
1506:
1119:
794:
6828:
6789:
3126:
1407:. The voiceless lenis obstruents are often marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness as
10233:
10197:
9465:
9458:
9410:
9180:
9151:
9120:
9083:
9008:
8765:
8678:
8539:
8501:
8277:
8205:
7627:
6658:
6557:(parts of the Old Testament in Bernese dialect, translated by Hans and Ruth Bietenhard, 1990)
5974:
5928:
2342:
1502:
1155:
1142:
643:
592:
572:
543:
509:
489:
238:
31:
9698:
8573:
7137:
Werner König: dtv-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989.
5524:
There are also a few English words which are modern adoptions from Swiss German. The dishes
4940:'to come', there are situations when instead of it being reduplicated with its reduced form
10202:
10182:
10151:
10024:
9884:
9630:
9448:
9040:
8867:
8829:
8824:
8698:
8645:
8403:
8272:
7916:
7560:
6892:
6505:
5514:
2076:
2075:, and some other dialects distinguish primary diphthongs from secondary ones that arose in
773:
588:
485:
9858:
7497:
7444:
2214:
100:
8:
10141:
9377:
9331:
9265:
9018:
8665:
8578:
8376:
5351:
4632:'to let'; it is ungrammatical to use it in imperative mood undoubled. On the other hand,
2059:
Some Western Swiss German dialects like Bernese German have preserved the old diphthongs
1272:
1234:
718:
611:, and is divided into an eastern and a western group. Highest Alemannic is spoken in the
9688:
9533:
8780:
8241:
6762:
1880:
1029:
migration, which took place in the 12th and 13th centuries, spread varieties from upper
1006:
The High German consonant shift occurred between the 4th and 9th centuries south of the
761:
10314:
10273:
10187:
10111:
10039:
10029:
9984:
9746:
9673:
9570:
9415:
9390:
9385:
9278:
9106:
8991:
8812:
8590:
8585:
8564:
8525:
8329:
8319:
8043:
7288:
7257:
7223:
7065:
6628:
into Standard German for broadcast or when shown in cinemas. For instance, episodes of
6033:
5901:
5900:
Written forms that were mostly based on the local Alemannic varieties, thus similar to
2522:
2218:
1905:
1357:
1171:
1161:
1148:
1114:
947:
dialect (mostly spoken in Germany near the Swiss border), and Chur German is basically
818:
223:
9341:
7877:. 2nd ed. revised and edited by Christian Schmid-Cadalbert, Aarau: Sauerländer, 1986.
7398:
6866:
6107:, especially in the dialects that have lost distinction between these sounds, compare
333:
327:
10161:
9960:
9876:
9869:
9824:
9768:
9528:
9518:
9501:
9496:
9400:
9283:
9162:
8962:
8923:
8903:
8741:
8633:
8615:
8467:
8092:
8072:
8047:
7878:
7612:
7519:
7466:
7404:
7366:
7308:"Crossing the lake: Motion verb constructions in Bodensee-Alemannic and Swiss German"
7292:
7280:
7227:
7170:
7138:
7107:
6969:
6834:
6795:
6211:
3426:'to let'. While present tense declarative sentences are generally ungrammatical when
2419:
1897:
1794:
1518:
1129:
811:
744:
680:
501:
355:
7902:
6730:
3216:
or in the past tense. In such instances, doubling would result in ungrammaticality:
1528:
does not have the allophone but is typically , with allophones . The typical Swiss
1426:
Aspirated have secondarily developed by combinations of prefixes with word-initial
394:
10116:
9907:
9841:
9797:
9792:
9752:
9741:
9733:
9538:
9506:
9453:
9442:
9355:
9064:
9003:
8793:
8775:
8610:
8371:
8363:
8235:
8231:
8215:
8033:
7795:[2.3 - Early New High German and older Modern High German in Switzerland].
7702:
7648:
7602:
7509:
7456:
7358:
7319:
7272:
7215:
6961:
6565:(Psalms in Bernese dialect, translated by Hans, Ruth and Benedikt Bietenhard, 1994)
6483:
5917:
5458:
in French but or in many Swiss German dialects. The French word for 'thank you',
3213:
2407:
2362:
2244:
1744:
1513:
the fortis–lenis opposition at the ends of words. The phenomenon is usually called
1416:
1378:
1109:
860:
850:
843:
825:
711:
661:
553:
539:
527:
454:
311:
248:
9953:
7127:. The Dialects of Modern German: a Linguistic Survey: Routledge. pp. 364–393.
6477:
Gemälde aus dem Volksleben; Ernste und heitere Bilder aus dem Leben unseres Volkes
6207:
6108:
3121:. The reason for this is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that the fact that
2072:
757:
10261:
10146:
10106:
9939:
9846:
9829:
9814:
9809:
9802:
9511:
9420:
9405:
9360:
9212:
9175:
9167:
9146:
9133:
9113:
9099:
8862:
8839:
8770:
8760:
8752:
8532:
6546:
5927:
Today all formal writing, newspapers, books and much informal writing is done in
5905:
5586:
4611:
2349:
2237:
1774:
1492:
1124:
920:
856:
535:
513:
436:
210:
8143:
7362:
6922:
5924:
being the last to adopt New High German in the second half of the 18th century.
3389:
In order to achieve grammaticality in both instances, the reduced doubling part
10227:
10121:
10101:
10053:
9945:
9819:
9489:
9256:
9195:
8974:
8931:
8888:
8805:
8800:
8689:
8639:
8490:
8441:
8396:
8389:
6953:
6203:
6120:
5909:
5396:). Others have replaced the original words only in parts of Switzerland, e.g.,
2273:
2210:
1963:, most Swiss German dialects have preserved the old West-Germanic monophthongs
1809:
1628:
1403:
Like most other Southern German dialects, Swiss German dialects have no voiced
1182:
1019:
704:
696:
687:
604:
470:
8038:
7895:"Dstimm Vo De Schwiiz: Publication for Swiss German Dialects in North America"
7652:
7350:
6965:
1606:
348:(45 varieties: 52-ACB-faa to -fkb) 52-ACB-f (45 varieties: 52-ACB-faa to -fkb)
10283:
10177:
10019:
9775:
9726:
9543:
9482:
9395:
9300:
9238:
9185:
9069:
8996:
8210:
8135:
7616:
7523:
7470:
7307:
7284:
6653:
6536:
Parts of the Bible were translated in different Swiss German dialects, e.g.:
5592:
3617:
3417:
3039:
2519:
2277:
2265:
1686:
1647:
904:
900:
882:
866:
836:
751:
700:
652:
608:
584:
474:
233:
176:
5568:
878:
801:
10046:
9434:
9367:
9190:
9013:
8986:
8969:
8913:
8872:
8454:
8433:
8246:
8200:
7862:
Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung.
6648:
3385:
I know that she's starting to eat now. / I know that she starts eating now.
2144:
1636:
1631:
in many dialects, but some dialects, especially in the Northeast or in the
1064:
1015:
1007:
672:
629:
243:
188:
9693:
7761:
7729:
5580:
4626:'come' are very strict in their demand for doubling. The same is true for
3616:
In the use of this form, there are both geographical and age differences.
3420:
effects, the phenomenon is more permissive, but not mandatory in the verb
1419:
in the original sense, that is, distinguished by articulatory strength or
306:
9863:
9836:
9654:
9562:
9244:
9205:
8788:
8483:
8447:
8382:
8181:
7839:
7806:
7323:
7258:"Empirische Studien zur Verbverdoppelung in schweizerdeutschen Dialekten"
6471:
6422:
6092:
6030:
5970:
5913:
2457:
2353:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1681:
1338:
1068:
832:
676:
568:
462:
451:
Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart
9708:
7069:
6144:, influenced by Standard German spelling, which leads to confusion with
2126:
2118:
2108:
2100:
1581:-apocope has also been effective in consonant clusters, for instance in
9703:
9683:
9048:
8718:
8419:
7514:
7461:
7219:
6437:
6401:
6230:
De goldig Schmid; Wält uhni Liecht; De Studänt Räbme; Pjotr Ivanowitsch
5598:
5556:
3811:
3435:
2461:
2258:
2140:
1960:
1901:
1841:
1691:
1529:
1136:
1056:
1052:
886:
612:
561:
478:
180:
7607:
7276:
7027:"Swiss Pop & Rock Anthology – MUNDART-SWISS DIALECT ROCK (Vol. 5)"
3438:
and subordinate clauses, where doubling effects are optional at best:
3078:
are least likely to remain grammatical without the reduplicated part.
2261:
phrases, by applying the perfect construct twice to the same sentence.
1423:. Alternatively, it has been claimed to be a distinction of quantity.
9889:
9637:
9200:
8981:
8936:
8908:
8734:
8288:
7642:
6057:, but still with closed quality) that corresponds to Standard German
6017:
2251:
2241:
2234:
1420:
1404:
1084:
780:
531:
320:
299:
281:
9713:
8091:. Frauenfeld: Huber; Basel: Schwabe, 17 vols. (16 complete), 1881–,
7793:"2.3 - Frühneuhochdeutsch und älteres Neuhochdeutsch in der Schweiz"
6597:(Gospel of Mark in Lucerne dialect, translated by Walter Haas, 1988)
5526:
2337:'when you have come/came'. In fact, dependencies can be arbitrarily
1072:
618:
368:
42:
27:
Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland
10256:
9678:
9026:
7590:
6606:
6005:
A few letters are used differently from the Standard German rules:
3654:'to let' stand in contrast to doubling effects of the motion verbs
1610:
896:
406:
375:
Swiss German is classified as Potentially Vulnerable by the UNESCO
184:
6826:
5532:
3974:
I know that she'll come to eat. / I know that she's coming to eat.
2394:('the example that she thinks of'). Whereas the relative particle
1484:
575:, and their daughter settlements also use a form of Swiss German.
508:
The dialects that comprise Swiss German must not be confused with
9719:
9315:
9217:
6625:
6206:(Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn), in Glarus German (Cosimus Freuler) and in
1621:
1546:
1080:
1034:
787:
633:
497:
402:
7349:
Lötscher, Andreas (1993), Abraham, Werner; Bayer, Josef (eds.),
6893:"10vor10 – Nachrichtenmagazin von Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen"
6682:
Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no
1464:
is also present in native words, corresponding to the affricate
1430:
or by borrowings from other languages (mainly Standard German):
9022:
7688:
6954:"Die Konstruktion der Deutschschweizer Diglossie in der Schule"
6630:
6589:(parts of the Old and the New Testament in Basel dialect, 1981)
5997:
was published, designed to be typed with a regular typewriter.
5952:
5574:
5544:
4958:, is used instead. This is possible in almost all instances of
1060:
1048:
1043:
1030:
1026:
874:
870:
737:
725:
5182:
I know that he's coming to eat. / I know that he comes to eat.
3612:
I know that he lets me eat. / I know that he's letting me eat.
1642:
In many varieties of Bernese German and adjacent dialects, an
1468:
of the other dialects, which does not occur in Basel or Chur.
8940:
6787:
6573:(Zurich German New Testament, translated by Emil Weber, 1997)
5938:
5538:
4840:
4182:
4110:
1632:
940:
600:
8060:
Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Robert Schläpfer, Rudolf Trüb (ed.),
7946:[Cinema: Review "The Divine Order" by Petra Volpe].
7838:] (in German). Translated by Neuenschwander, Christoph.
4234:
and thus be considered the detachable prefix. In this case,
3901:
I know that she'll go eat. / I know that she's going to eat.
3798:
As outlined in both examples, the reduplicated form of both
1022:
varieties - also referring to their geographical locations.
8129:
8111:
8100:
7498:"Die Verdopplung des Verbs laa 'lassen' im Zürichdeutschen"
7201:"Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language"
6827:
D. Gorter; H. F. Marten; L. Van Mensel (13 December 2011).
6581:(Psalms in Zurich German, translated by Josua Boesch, 1990)
5921:
5550:
5234:
1900:
dialects, Swiss German dialects have preserved the opening
1541:
Most Swiss German dialects have gone through the Alemannic
936:
466:
8024:
Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German",
4966:, regardless of mood or tense. The examples below outline
3416:'to start, to begin' is quite restricted when it comes to
405:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8120:
8080:
6221:
Z Kschpel fam Tzit; Litteri un Schattä; Z Tzit fam Schnee
6158:
represents , slightly different from Standard German as .
560:"Dialect rock" is a music genre using the language; many
4213:
When does he start eating? / When is he starting to eat?
899:
and national identities. In the more urban areas of the
6686:
for any of them, many different spellings can be found.
6529:
Schwizerdütsch. Bilder aus dem Stilleben unseres Volkes
4371:
When does he let her eat? / When is he letting her eat?
3624:
3398:
3105:. This means that while reduplication is mandatory for
7944:"Kino: Kritik "Die göttliche Ordnung" von Petra Volpe"
7185:
See Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf Trüb (eds.) (1975):
6600:
6592:
6584:
6576:
6568:
6560:
6552:
6540:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6497:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6450:
6441:
6429:
6414:
6405:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6132:
6123:
6111:
6062:
5964:
5942:
5465:
5449:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5371:
5365:
5338:
5332:
5316:
5308:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5242:
5236:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4926:
4920:
4812:
4748:
4695:
4642:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4497:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4245:
4236:
4225:
4080:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4004:
3998:
3988:
3980:
3824:
3818:
3805:
3799:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3631:
3625:
3523:
3443:
3428:
3421:
3410:
3399:
3390:
3300:
3290:
3288:
The same is true for subordinate clauses and the verb
3220:
3206:
3135:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3030:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2437:
2431:
2383:
2371:
2356:
2326:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1566:
1554:
1533:
1496:
1478:
1472:
10245:
7445:"Verdopplung beim Verb afaa im nord-östlichen Aargau"
6923:"An Examination of Swiss German in and around Zürich"
4493:
When does he come to eat? / When is he coming to eat?
8123:a site with sound samples from different dialects.
8084:Verein für das Schweizerdeutsche Wörterbuch (ed.),
7403:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 47–76.
6368:
Chüngold; Bletter im Luft; Der jung Schuelmiischter
6320:
Am aalte Maartplatz z Sant Galle; De hölzig Matroos
5502:, many of which have fallen out of use in Germany.
4918:
1665:. In Walser German, the fricative is used instead.
530:speakers. This situation has been called a "medial
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6407:Vierzg Gedicht ir Bärner Umgangssprache; Rosa Loui
6210:(Johann Martin Usteri, Jakob Stutz); the works of
3019:We're starting to eat now. / We start eating now.
1014:refers to areas of greater altitude). It combines
733:In a middle position between eastern and western:
552:Swiss German is intelligible to speakers of other
8026:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6788:R.E. Asher; Christopher Moseley (19 April 2018).
6586:Der guet Bricht us der Bible uf Baselbieterdütsch
6293:Ämmegrund; Drätti, Müetti u der Chlyn; Seminarzyt
6248:De Herr Professer; De Herr Vikari; De Herr Dokter
6164:usually represents , and can also represent or .
3197:We're starting to eat now. / We start eating now.
3029:
481:, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.
10281:
8055:Beiträge zur schweizerdeutschen Mundartforschung
7875:Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung
7396:
7305:
6359:Bilder aus dem Volksleben des Vorder-Prättigau's
1460:). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, aspirated
1047:. The latter can mainly be found in Grisons and
1010:, separating High German from Low German (where
8023:
7591:"Short-form "Doubling Verbs" in Schwyzerdütsch"
7094:
7082:
6958:Sprachkontakt, Sprachvergleich, Sprachvariation
6820:
6781:
6416:Niklaus und Anna; Dä nid weis, was Liebi heisst
5904:, were only gradually replaced by the forms of
5195:
4879:
4825:
4761:
4708:
4655:
4601:When does he go eat? / When is he going to eat?
2433:de Profässer won i der s Buech von em zeiget ha
2341:, making Swiss German one of the few known non-
1885:
8132:The homepage of the Swiss national dictionary.
8071:Frauenfeld: Huber, 2010 (and later editions),
8057:(BSM), 24 vols., Frauenfeld: Huber, 1949–1982.
8020:(BSG), 20 vols., Frauenfeld: Huber, 1919–1941.
7978:"Der Schweizer Tatort und die Synchronisation"
7582:
6830:Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape
5127:
4141:Does he start eating? / Is he starting to eat?
3919:
3846:
3546:
3322:
2015:Middle High German/many Swiss German dialects
1605:). Only the Highest Alemannic dialects of the
915:Most Swiss German dialects have completed the
8304:
8164:
7917:"Mundartübersetzungen – Bibel und Gesangbuch"
7554:"Doubling Phenomena in Swiss German Dialects"
6377:Plötzlech hets di am Füdle; Der Goalie bin ig
4306:Does he let her eat? / Is he letting her eat?
3382:I know-1SG that she now starts *start eat-INF
578:
8144:Zürich's Swiss German morphology and lexicon
7496:Gappisch, Katja Schlatter (1 January 2011).
7318:. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 67–98.
6284:Ter Fögi ische Souhung; La Mort de Chevrolet
6273:
6083:
6077:
6068:
5932:
5493:
5487:
5459:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5356:
5344:
3609:I know-1SG that he me-ACC lets (let) eat-INF
3242:
3158:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2865:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2746:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2630:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2424:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2332:
2325:The order within verb groups may vary, e.g.
2311:
2299:
2287:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1944:
1931:
1917:
1572:
1560:
1501:'bite'. That distinguishes Swiss German and
1455:
1445:
1435:
440:
8089:: Wörterbuch der schweizerdeutschen Sprache
7790:
7192:
6287:(Bernese dialect with Zurich interferences)
6272:translated from C. F. Ramuz's French poem "
5471:
4439:Does he come to eat? / Is he coming to eat?
4025:, while it is completely ungrammatical for
3434:remains unduplicated, this is not true for
2436:('the professor whose book I showed you'),
2268:, though certain dialects have preserved a
1577:). In some Highest Alemannic dialects, the
8311:
8297:
8171:
8157:
8069:Kleiner Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz.
7588:
7443:Andres, Marie-Christine (1 January 2011).
7255:
5916:. An example of the language shift is the
2644:I'm going to eat now. / I'll go eat now.
1674:Zürich & Bernese dialect vowel system
943:are exceptions to this. Basel German is a
607:. High Alemannic is spoken in most of the
484:Linguistically, Alemannic is divided into
367:
8037:
8018:Beiträge zur schweizerdeutschen Grammatik
7971:
7969:
7941:
7647:(single thesis). Bern: Universität Bern.
7606:
7513:
7460:
6609:dialect, translated by Karl Imfeld, 1979)
6425:(1936–1972), songwriter (Bernese dialect)
6193:is often used for both of these phonemes.
5796:Wie spät ist es? OR Wie viel Uhr ist es?
4210:When starts he start-PREF (start) eat-INF
3281:They have-3PL started-PTCP *start eat-INF
2879:You're letting me eat. / You let me eat.
2117:'free, building' from Middle High German
1884:Monophthongs of the Zürich dialect, from
564:bands, however, sing in English instead.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
7858:Dialekt als Sprache literarischer Werke.
7823:
7495:
7348:
7055:
6833:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 161–.
6613:
6395:Mys Dörfli; Mys Ämmitaw; Wi's öppe geit!
6362:(Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau)
6305:(Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau)
6224:(South Walser German of Formazza/Pomatt)
5993:for . In 1986, a revised version of the
5179:I know-1SG that he comes come/go eat-INF
4974:reduplicated with both its reduced form
3379:Ich weiss dass sie jetzt afaat *afa ässe
2518:are less affected and only when used in
1879:
617:
583:Swiss German is a regional or political
414:
377:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
7641:Kobel, Thomas Martin (14 August 2020).
7256:Glaser, Elvira; Frey, Natascha (2011).
7198:
6920:
6794:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 309–.
5199:
5001:Declarative main clause, present tense
4883:
4829:
4776:
4765:
4712:
4659:
4340:
4275:
3794:She has come to eat. / She came to eat.
3573:
3474:
1654:are pronounced as a or respectively.
869:: due to the medieval migration of the
399:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
201:4.93 million in Switzerland (2013)
14:
10282:
8318:
7975:
7966:
7551:
7442:
6951:
6899:from the original on 27 September 2015
6545:(Bernese New Testament, translated by
5454:(ice cream) for example is pronounced
5046:He comes to eat. / He's coming to eat.
3971:I know-1SG that she comes come eat-INF
3054:'to start, to begin' than they are in
2446:
544:(the Swiss variety of) Standard German
159:
9982:
9596:
8340:
8292:
8152:
7659:from the original on 26 November 2021
7640:
7589:Schaengold, Charlotte Christ (1999).
7547:
7545:
7530:from the original on 26 November 2021
7477:from the original on 26 November 2021
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7330:from the original on 26 November 2021
7165:
7163:
6994:
6763:"Central Alemannic | UNESCO WAL"
6386:Flüehblüemli; 's Mirli; Der Waldvogel
5427:'at home'; instead, the native words
5106:He came to eat. / He has come to eat.
4547:Does he go eat? / Is he going to eat?
3736:He has gone to eat. / He went to eat.
3640:Ungrammaticality in reduplication of
2099:'leg, woman' from Middle High German
1549:, which has led to the loss of final
1524:Unlike Standard German, Swiss German
622:Language distribution in Switzerland
203:Unknown number in Germany and Austria
7976:Primus, Yannik (18 September 2016).
7923:from the original on 29 January 2021
7844:Akademien der Wissenschaften Schweiz
7836:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
7811:Akademien der Wissenschaften Schweiz
7803:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
7703:"Grüezi - Schweizerisches Idiotikon"
7417:from the original on 29 January 2024
7379:from the original on 29 January 2024
7312:Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today
7122:
7007:from the original on 2 November 2019
6769:from the original on 29 January 2024
6620:Category:Swiss German-language films
6523:(Graubünden Walser dialect of Davos)
6095:. Many writers, however, do not use
5361:), loosely meaning 'God bless you'.
5176:Ich weiss dass er chunnt cho/go ässe
4138:Starts he start-PREF (start) eat-INF
3514:He has me-ACC let eat-INF (let-PTCP)
1517:even though, in the case of German,
538:is mainly Swiss German, whereas the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
8873:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
7570:from the original on 8 January 2022
6921:Thuleen, Nancy (20 December 1991).
6885:
6873:from the original on 11 August 2020
6808:from the original on 14 August 2021
6664:Linguistic geography of Switzerland
6431:'s Tunnälldorf; Der Gänneral Sutter
6329:S Gmaiguet; Dunggli Wolgga ob Salaz
5500:French loanwords in Standard German
5050:Declarative main clause past tense
3898:I know-1SG that she goes go eat-INF
3606:Ich weiss dass er mi laat (la) ässe
3517:He has let me eat. / He let me eat.
3212:is not reduplicated when used in a
2442:('the mountain that we were upon').
1538:('kitchen cupboard'), pronounced .
1041:, and those who have migrated, the
24:
10232:Languages between parentheses are
9597:
7954:from the original on 28 March 2024
7824:Gsteiger, Manfred (11 July 2016).
7772:from the original on 16 April 2024
7727:
7542:
7429:
7237:from the original on 15 April 2004
7160:
7037:from the original on 27 April 2024
6644:Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect
6452:Der Ääschme trifft simpatisch lüüt
6233:(Schaffhausen dialect of Klettgau)
6091:). This usage goes back to an old
5536:have become English words, as did
5509:) or or – ('to snowboard', from
5218:
5170:
5094:
5083:
5034:
4902:
4864:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
4851:
4795:
4731:
4678:
4605:
4589:
4535:
4481:
4427:
4368:When lets he her-ACC (let) eat-INF
4359:
4294:
4215:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
4201:
4143:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
4129:
3968:Ich weiss dass sie chunnt cho ässe
3962:
3889:
3781:
3770:
3716:
3600:
3504:
3493:
3373:
3272:
3253:
3185:
2134:
2010:Diphthongization in some dialects
25:
10326:
8105:
8063:Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz
7994:from the original on 1 March 2024
7942:Reichwein, Marc (2 August 2017).
7709:from the original on 16 July 2022
7187:Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz
6594:S Markus Evangelium Luzärntüütsch
6332:(Graubünden Rhine Valley dialect)
5807:Kannst du das bitte wiederholen?
5604:
3299:Subordinate clause examples with
2482:'to let' and in certain dialects
2439:de Bärg wo mer druf obe gsii sind
2382:('the example that she writes');
1870:
1864:
1856:
1846:
1831:
1821:
1814:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1059:mountain chain in Italy (e.g. in
10267:
10255:
8180:
7798:Historischen Lexikon der Schweiz
7687:] (in German). Vol. 2.
7552:Glaser, Elvira; Frey, Natascha.
6960:, DE GRUYTER, pp. 415–436,
6952:Werlen, Iwar (25 January 2001),
6933:from the original on 14 May 2006
6847:from the original on 20 May 2023
6683:
6392:Carl Albert Loosli (1877–1959),
6317:Frida Hilty-Gröbli (1893–1957),
6189:, though in eastern Switzerland
4860:Start-2SG.IMP start-PREF eat-INF
4224:Just like in declarative forms,
3817:Subordinate clause examples for
3521:Subordinate clause example with
3404:and optionality of reduplication
3042:effects are weaker in the verbs
2528:Declarative sentence examples:
2272:genitive (for instance in rural
1101:Bernese German consonant system
931:to or , they have also shifted
736:Dialects in the eastern part of
724:Dialects of the western part of
41:
8010:
7935:
7909:
7887:
7867:
7850:
7831:Historische Lexikon der Schweiz
7817:
7784:
7762:"Learn Swiss German with uTalk"
7754:
7742:from the original on 1 May 2019
7721:
7695:
7671:
7634:
7489:
7390:
7342:
7299:
7249:
7179:
7147:
7131:
7116:
7100:
7088:
7076:
7049:
7019:
6988:
6945:
6602:Markusevangeeli Obwaldnerdytsch
6449:Viktor Schobinger (born 1934),
6341:(collection of short stories),
6218:Anna Maria Bacher (born 1947),
6053:(in many dialects shortened to
6049:) traditionally stands for the
5578:in a political sense. The term
5103:He is come/go eat-INF come-PTCP
4998:, in different sentence forms.
3895:Ich weiss dass sie gaat go ässe
3791:She is come eat-INF (come-PTCP)
3097:, these effects are weakest in
2367:der, die, das, welcher, welches
2328:wo du bisch cho/wo du cho bisch
2139:In many Swiss German dialects,
52:needs additional citations for
10236:of the language on their left.
7987:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
7828:[Dialect literature].
6914:
6859:
6791:Atlas of the World's Languages
6755:
6700:
6676:
6554:Ds Alte Teschtamänt bärndütsch
6542:Ds Nöie Teschtamänt bärndütsch
6511:Dichtungen in Versen und Prosa
6389:(Schwyz dialect of Einsiedeln)
6275:La Grande Guerre du Sondrebond
6000:
5966:Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift
5912:and were also associated with
5890:
5818:Sprechen Sie langsamer, bitte
4804:Let-2SG.IMP me-ACC let eat-INF
4250:in open and close questions:
3194:We start-1PL now start eat-INF
2379:das Beispiel, das sie schreibt
2063:, but the other dialects have
2021:Schanfigg and Issime dialects
13:
1:
10127:Germanic substrate hypothesis
9983:
8136:One poem in 29 Swiss dialects
8053:Rudolf Hotzenköcherle (ed.),
7595:Working Papers in Linguistics
6742:IANA language subtag registry
6693:
6570:S Nöi Teschtamänt Züritüütsch
6398:(Bernese dialect of Emmental)
6383:Meinrad Lienert (1865–1933),
6296:(Bernese dialect of Emmental)
6239:Dr Schtammgascht; Näschtwermi
6227:Albert Bächtold (1891–1981),
6197:
5804:Chöiter das bitte wyderhole?
5801:Can you repeat that, please?
5325:
4502:in open and close questions:
4394:in open and close questions:
4303:Lets he her-ACC (let) eat-INF
4085:in open and close questions:
2391:das Beispiel, woran sie denkt
2257:It is still possible to form
1893:other Swiss German dialects.
1095:
10157:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
8848:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
7791:Sonderegger, Stefan (1998).
7123:Russ, Charles V. J. (1990).
7095:Fleischer & Schmid (2006
7083:Fleischer & Schmid (2006
6465:Der Heiri Jenni im Sunnebärg
6462:Caspar Streiff (1853–1917),
6428:Traugott Meyer (1895–1959),
6278:" (Upper Thurgovian dialect)
6263:Fritz Enderlin (1883–1971),
6245:August Corrodi (1826–1885),
5895:
5851:Ich hätte gern einen Kaffee
5402:'butter' (originally called
5235:Multiple reduplication with
5227:Come-2SG.IMP come/go eat-INF
4946:, the doubled short form of
4040:
3395:would have to be taken out.
2370:as in Standard German, e.g.
2301:ein Buch von einem Professor
1886:Fleischer & Schmid (2006
1376:
1336:
1270:
1232:
1180:
1134:
1090:
1033:to the east and south, into
453:, and others) is any of the
7:
10137:High German consonant shift
7363:10.1007/978-3-322-97032-9_9
7058:Anthropological Linguistics
6637:
6526:Bernhard Wyss (1833–1889),
6496:Alfred Tobler (1845–1923),
6356:Michael Kuoni (1838–1891),
6290:Simon Gfeller (1868–1943),
4911:Start-2SG.IMP start eat-INF
3278:Sie händ aagfange *afa ässe
3066:'to come'. This means that
2451:
2418:refers to a person) or the
2322:('the professor his book').
2304:('a book of a professor'),
1599:'to think' (High Alemannic
1571:'to make' (standard German
1071:in northern Italy, and the
917:High German consonant shift
10:
10331:
8675:Westlauwers–Terschellings
8328:According to contemporary
7208:Linguistics and Philosophy
6995:Statistik, Bundesamt für.
6617:
6549:and Ruth Bietenhard, 1989)
6434:(Basel-Landschaft dialect)
6413:Werner Marti (1920–2013),
6371:(Bernese Oberland dialect)
6365:Maria Lauber (1891–1973),
6281:Martin Frank (born 1950),
6254:Barbara Egli (1918–2005),
6236:Ernst Burren (born 1944),
5931:, which is usually called
5845:I'd like a coffee, please
5815:Red chli langsamer, bitte
4614:, just like in questions,
4365:Wenn laat er sie (la) ässe
3191:Mier fanged jetzt afa ässe
3035:: weakest doubling effects
2385:ds Bispil, wo si dra dänkt
2224:
1997:'pillar' (Standard German
1916:'lovely' (standard German
1559:'garden' (standard German
1454:'salary' (standard German
910:
579:Variation and distribution
29:
10295:Alemannic German language
10219:
10170:
10094:
10063:
9995:
9991:
9978:
9927:
9900:
9854:Southern Schleswig Danish
9785:
9666:
9622:
9613:
9609:
9592:
9433:
9376:
9264:
9255:
9160:
9132:
9091:
9082:
9057:
9039:
8950:
8922:
8896:
8887:
8838:
8751:
8726:
8717:
8656:
8551:
8500:
8475:
8466:
8362:
8353:
8349:
8336:
8326:
8260:
8224:
8193:
8130:Schweizerisches Idiotikon
8087:Schweizerisches Idiotikon
8039:10.1017/S0025100306002441
7680:Schweizerisches Idiotikon
7653:10.24442/boristheses.2128
6966:10.1515/9783110917437.415
6480:(Zurich Oberland dialect)
6308:Paul Haller (1882–1920),
6299:Georg Fient (1845–1915),
6274:
6260:(Zurich Oberland dialect)
6140:('giant'). Some use even
6082:'giant' (standard German
5867:How much does this cost?
5812:Please speak more slowly
4740:Come-2SG.IMP come eat-INF
4490:When come he come eat-INF
4207:Wenn fangt er a (fa) ässe
3730:Er isch go ässe (g'gange)
3018:
2878:
2759:
2643:
2430:refers to a thing). E.g.
2295:es Buech vomene Profässer
1984:'belly' (Standard German
1971:'arrow' (Standard German
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1515:final-obstruent devoicing
1055:in Austria, south of the
935:to or . The dialects of
923:, which has only shifted
679:(BS), closely related to
385:
366:
354:
340:
318:
297:
279:
274:
207:
195:
167:
155:
148:
143:
10310:Languages of Switzerland
10132:West Germanic gemination
10086:Ancient Belgian language
10081:Germanic parent language
10025:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
9147:Austrian Standard German
8341:
8187:Languages of Switzerland
7199:Shieber, Stuart (1985),
6669:
6517:Hans Valär (1871–1947),
6499:Näbes oß mine Buebejohre
6446:(Schwyz German of Iberg)
6374:Pedro Lenz (born 1965),
6335:Guy Krneta (born 1964),
6314:(Western Aargau dialect)
6067:'rice' (standard German
5768:No thank you/ no thanks
5486:, cf. Standard German's
5043:He comes come/go eat-INF
4982:and the reduced form of
4934:In the case of the verb
3671:Past tense example with
3636:: stronger reduplication
3441:Past tense example with
3219:Past tense example with
2760:He's coming to eat now.
2523:declarative main clauses
2373:ds Bispil, wo si schrybt
2361:('where'), never by the
2091:from Middle High German
2083:from Middle High German
2067:like Standard German or
1943:'cool' (Standard German
1434:'keep' (standard German
161:[ˈʃʋitsərˌd̥ytʃ]
8139:(in German and English)
8016:Albert Bachmann (ed.),
7001:Bundesamt für Statistik
6605:(Gospel of Mark in the
6601:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6541:
6528:
6519:
6510:
6498:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6451:
6442:
6430:
6415:
6406:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6328:
6326:Josef Hug (1903–1985),
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6133:
6124:
6112:
6063:
5965:
5943:
5884:Wo sind die Toiletten?
5878:Where are the toilets?
5617:Swiss German (Bernese)
5595:Etymological Dictionary
5548:(sandstone formation),
5466:
5450:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5339:
5333:
5317:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5243:
5237:
5213:
5205:
5190:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5122:
5114:
5100:Er isch cho/go ässe cho
5089:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4813:
4749:
4696:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4598:When goes he go eat-INF
4498:
4487:Wenn chunnt er cho ässe
4390:
4382:
4376:
4246:
4237:
4226:
4081:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3989:
3981:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3914:
3906:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3806:
3800:
3788:Sie isch cho ässe (cho)
3776:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:He is go eat-INF (gone)
3722:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3642:
3632:
3626:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3541:
3533:
3524:
3511:Er het mi la ässe (laa)
3499:
3488:
3480:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3429:
3422:
3411:
3400:
3391:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3291:
3267:
3259:
3248:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3207:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3153:
3145:
3136:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3031:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2438:
2432:
2384:
2372:
2357:
2327:
2318:
2313:das Buch des Professors
2306:
2294:
2282:
2127:
2119:
2109:
2101:
1930:'hat' (standard German
1659:labiodental approximant
1601:
1595:
1589:
1587:'horn' (High Alemannic
1583:
1567:
1555:
1534:
1497:
1479:
1473:
1444:'tea' (standard German
457:dialects spoken in the
450:
10300:Upper German languages
10193:Preterite-present verb
10076:Proto-Germanic grammar
10030:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
9142:German Standard German
8818:East Frisian Low Saxon
7153:Marti, Werner (1985),
6084:
6078:
6069:
5933:
5848:I hätti gärn es Kaffi
5620:Swiss Standard German
5494:
5488:
5460:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5306:, providing the forms
5250:With the motion verbs
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2866:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2747:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2631:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2425:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2352:are introduced by the
2333:
2319:em Profässer sis Buech
2312:
2300:
2288:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1945:
1932:
1918:
1889:
1573:
1561:
1507:German Standard German
1456:
1446:
1436:
951:without initial or .
665:
520:
441:
429:
428:A Swiss German speaker
387:This article contains
10290:Swiss German language
10198:Grammatischer Wechsel
9181:Namibian Black German
9152:Swiss Standard German
9121:Early New High German
8679:Mainland West Frisian
8540:Harlingerland Frisian
7628:Ohio State University
7155:Berndeutsch-Grammatik
6659:Swiss Standard German
6618:Further information:
6614:Cinema and television
6266:De Sonderbunds-Chrieg
6181:Since is written as
6119:'rice' or 'giant' to
5929:Swiss Standard German
5873:Wie viel kostet das?
5464:, is also used as in
5040:Er chunnt cho/go ässe
4687:Go-2SG.IMP go eat-INF
4436:Comes he come eat-INF
4300:Laat er sie (la) ässe
2307:s Buech vom Profässer
2113:versus Zürich German
2087:versus Zürich German
1883:
1532:features this sound:
1521:may not be involved.
1503:Swiss Standard German
817:Dialects in parts of
800:Dialects in parts of
621:
573:Adams County, Indiana
510:Swiss Standard German
427:
32:Swiss Standard German
18:Swiss German language
10203:Indo-European ablaut
10183:Germanic strong verb
10152:Germanic spirant law
9289:Southeast Limburgish
8785:Gelders-Overijssels
8414:Irish Middle English
8404:Early Modern English
8225:Major dialect groups
8112:Chochichästli-Orakel
7561:University of Zurich
7324:10.1075/la.191.03bra
7064:(1). Spring: 69–91.
7033:. 30 December 2002.
6578:D Psalme Züritüütsch
6506:Johann Martin Usteri
6344:Zmittst im Gjätt uss
5881:Wo isch d´Tualette?
5826:Das verschtaani nid
5735:Thank you very much
5300:part is repeated as
4919:Cross-doubling with
4595:Wenn gaat er go ässe
4230:could be reduced to
4135:Fangt er a (fa) ässe
3284:They started to eat.
2388:vs. Standard German
2376:vs. Standard German
2334:als du gekommen bist
2331:vs. Standard German
2310:vs. Standard German
2298:vs. Standard German
2018:Unterwalden dialect
1627:is pronounced as an
1613:have preserved the -
459:German-speaking part
61:improve this article
10171:Synchronic features
10142:Germanic a-mutation
10095:Diachronic features
9445:in the broad sense
9378:East Central German
9332:Lorraine Franconian
9306:Transylvanian Saxon
9266:West Central German
9041:East Low Franconian
8951:West Low Franconian
7805:] (in German).
7691:. pp. 511–512.
6867:"Family: Alemannic"
6684:defined orthography
6562:D Psalme bärndütsch
6532:(Solothurn dialect)
6502:(Appenzell dialect)
6455:and a lot of other
6443:Dr Franzos im Ybrig
6302:Lustig G'schichtenä
6242:(Solothurn dialect)
6016:) are used for the
5983:⟨sch⟩
5870:Was choschtet das?
5829:Ich verstehe nicht
5823:I don't understand
5793:Was isch für Ziit?
5661:Härzlech wiukomme!
5370:'hill' (instead of
5282:will be doubled as
5270:will be doubled as
5110:Subordinate clause
2447:Reduplication verbs
2011:
1675:
1102:
10188:Germanic weak verb
9997:Language subgroups
9347:Pennsylvania Dutch
9296:Moselle Franconian
9274:Central Franconian
9107:Middle High German
8858:Central Pomeranian
8813:Northern Low Saxon
8526:Wangerooge Frisian
8320:Germanic languages
8194:Official languages
7984:and Dubbing].
7826:"Dialektliteratur"
7515:10.13092/lo.45.387
7462:10.13092/lo.45.385
7220:10.1007/BF00630917
6714:on 14 January 2016
6191:⟨ei⟩
6187:⟨äi⟩
6183:⟨ei⟩
6176:⟨gh⟩
6172:⟨th⟩
6168:⟨ph⟩
6146:⟨ie⟩
6142:⟨ie⟩
6105:⟨ii⟩
6047:⟨yy⟩
6027:⟨gg⟩
6014:⟨ck⟩
5902:Middle High German
5856:Two beers, please
5390:'lip' (instead of
4544:Goes he go eat-INF
4433:Chunnt er cho ässe
3214:subordinate clause
3127:a separable prefix
2345:natural languages.
2184:'the honest ones'
2009:
1906:Middle High German
1890:
1673:
1100:
835:(OW & NW) and
819:Canton of Fribourg
666:
430:
10243:
10242:
10228:extinct languages
10215:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10162:Great Vowel Shift
9974:
9973:
9970:
9969:
9923:
9922:
9769:Greenlandic Norse
9588:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9519:Southern Bavarian
9502:Northern Bavarian
9478:Highest Alemannic
9429:
9428:
9163:standard variants
9078:
9077:
8924:Standard variants
8883:
8882:
8742:Middle Low German
8713:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8513:Saterland Frisian
8286:
8285:
8268:Swiss-German Sign
8097:978-3-7193-0413-3
8077:978-3-7193-1524-5
7905:on 8 August 2006.
7502:Linguistik Online
7449:Linguistik Online
7410:978-3-515-09900-4
7372:978-3-322-97032-9
7277:10.5167/uzh-52463
7265:Linguistik Online
6975:978-3-484-73055-7
6840:978-0-230-36023-5
6801:978-1-317-85108-0
6493:(Bernese dialect)
6419:(Bernese dialect)
6410:(Bernese dialect)
6380:(Bernese Dialect)
6353:(Bernese dialect)
6323:(St Gall dialect)
6212:Jeremias Gotthelf
6185:, is written as
6174:represents , and
6162:⟨ä⟩
6156:⟨w⟩
6101:⟨i⟩
6097:⟨y⟩
6043:⟨y⟩
6010:⟨k⟩
5991:⟨ü⟩
5987:⟨ǜ⟩
5979:⟨ʃ⟩
5969:was developed by
5951:) instead of the
5888:
5887:
5862:Zwei Bier, bitte
5859:Zwöi Bier, bitte
5790:What time is it?
5675:Auf Wiedersehen!
5597:) derive it from
5481:thanks many times
5343:(Standard German
4811:Imperative mood:
4747:Imperative mood:
4694:Imperative mood:
4641:Imperative mood:
4061:'to come', while
4031:and optional for
3023:
3022:
2883:
2882:
2764:
2763:
2648:
2647:
2420:pronominal adverb
2363:relative pronouns
2354:relative particle
2221:in that respect.
2208:
2207:
2057:
2056:
1878:
1877:
1708:
1701:
1650:and intervocalic
1553:in words such as
1401:
1400:
1004:
1003:
812:Highest Alemannic
512:, the variety of
494:Highest Alemannic
425:
413:
412:
395:rendering support
391:phonetic symbols.
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
10322:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10260:
10259:
10251:
10020:Elbe (Irminonic)
9993:
9992:
9980:
9979:
9908:Mainland Gutnish
9798:Swedish dialects
9760:Middle Icelandic
9734:Middle Norwegian
9623:Historical forms
9620:
9619:
9611:
9610:
9594:
9593:
9553:South Franconian
9539:Hutterite German
9507:Central Bavarian
9327:Rhine Franconian
9262:
9261:
9092:Historical forms
9089:
9088:
9004:Surinamese Dutch
8897:Historical forms
8894:
8893:
8727:Historical forms
8724:
8723:
8476:Historical forms
8473:
8472:
8360:
8359:
8351:
8350:
8338:
8337:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8290:
8289:
8185:
8184:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8150:
8149:
8140:
8126:
8117:
8050:
8041:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7901:. Archived from
7891:
7885:
7871:
7865:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7730:"bivouac (noun)"
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7625:
7623:
7610:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7558:
7549:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7517:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7464:
7440:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7262:
7253:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7236:
7205:
7196:
7190:
7183:
7177:
7167:
7158:
7151:
7145:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7120:
7114:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6704:
6687:
6680:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6580:
6572:
6564:
6556:
6544:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6501:
6492:
6484:Rudolf von Tavel
6479:
6468:(Glarus dialect)
6467:
6459:(Zurich dialect)
6454:
6445:
6433:
6418:
6409:
6397:
6388:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6311:Maria und Robert
6304:
6295:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6259:
6251:(Zurich dialect)
6250:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6118:
6115:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6029:is used for the
6028:
6022:
6015:
6011:
5995:Dieth-Schreibung
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5968:
5946:
5936:
5918:Froschauer Bible
5840:Es tut mir leid
5611:
5610:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5320:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5255:
5246:
5240:
5224:Chum cho/go ässe
5220:
5201:
5197:
5186:Imperative mood
5172:
5129:
5096:
5085:
5036:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4930:
4924:
4904:
4885:
4881:
4869:
4853:
4842:
4831:
4827:
4816:
4797:
4778:
4767:
4763:
4752:
4733:
4714:
4710:
4699:
4680:
4661:
4657:
4646:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4591:
4537:
4501:
4483:
4429:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4361:
4342:
4296:
4277:
4249:
4240:
4229:
4220:
4203:
4184:
4148:
4131:
4112:
4084:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3992:
3984:
3964:
3921:
3891:
3848:
3828:
3822:
3809:
3803:
3783:
3772:
3718:
3682:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3635:
3629:
3602:
3575:
3548:
3527:
3506:
3495:
3476:
3447:
3432:
3425:
3414:
3403:
3394:
3375:
3324:
3304:
3294:
3274:
3255:
3244:
3224:
3210:
3187:
3160:
3139:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3034:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2869:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2750:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2634:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2531:
2530:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2416:
2408:personal pronoun
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2350:relative clauses
2336:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2240:(yet there is a
2203:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2141:consonant length
2130:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2095:; Zürich German
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:: Zürich German
2070:
2066:
2062:
2024:Standard German
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1850:
1835:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1706:
1699:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1653:
1645:
1626:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1537:
1527:
1500:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1417:fortis and lenis
1414:
1410:
1409:/b̥d̥ɡ̊v̥z̥ɣ̊ʒ̊/
1388:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1226:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1103:
1099:
1051:in Switzerland,
966:Standard German
957:
956:
859:in parts of the
826:Bernese Oberland
824:Dialects of the
712:Basel-Landschaft
659:
650:
641:
627:
540:written language
502:Bavarian dialect
447:Alemannic German
444:
442:Schweizerdeutsch
426:
379:
371:
362:
350:
336:
330:
309:
302:
293:
292:
284:
213:
171:Switzerland (as
163:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10305:German dialects
10280:
10279:
10278:
10268:
10266:
10254:
10246:
10244:
10239:
10207:
10166:
10147:Germanic umlaut
10112:Holtzmann's law
10090:
10059:
9987:
9966:
9919:
9896:
9830:South Jutlandic
9815:Danish dialects
9781:
9662:
9605:
9576:
9558:East Franconian
9512:Viennese German
9425:
9406:Silesian German
9372:
9361:Central Hessian
9251:
9176:Namibian German
9165:
9156:
9134:Standard German
9128:
9114:New High German
9100:Old High German
9074:
9053:
9035:
8946:
8918:
8879:
8863:East Pomeranian
8853:Brandenburgisch
8840:East Low German
8834:
8761:Dutch Low Saxon
8753:West Low German
8747:
8705:
8671:Schiermonnikoog
8652:
8547:
8533:Wursten Frisian
8496:
8462:
8345:
8332:
8322:
8317:
8287:
8282:
8256:
8220:
8189:
8179:
8177:
8138:
8124:
8115:
8108:
8013:
8008:
8007:
7997:
7995:
7980:[The Swiss
7974:
7967:
7957:
7955:
7940:
7936:
7926:
7924:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7872:
7868:
7855:
7851:
7822:
7818:
7789:
7785:
7775:
7773:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7745:
7743:
7726:
7722:
7712:
7710:
7705:. 27 May 2019.
7701:
7700:
7696:
7685:Swiss Idioticon
7677:
7676:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7639:
7635:
7621:
7619:
7587:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7556:
7550:
7543:
7533:
7531:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7478:
7441:
7430:
7420:
7418:
7411:
7395:
7391:
7382:
7380:
7373:
7347:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7304:
7300:
7260:
7254:
7250:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7203:
7197:
7193:
7184:
7180:
7168:
7161:
7157:, Bern: Francke
7152:
7148:
7136:
7132:
7121:
7117:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7054:
7050:
7040:
7038:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7010:
7008:
6993:
6989:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6934:
6919:
6915:
6902:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6876:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6841:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6772:
6770:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6717:
6715:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6681:
6677:
6672:
6640:
6622:
6616:
6514:(Zurich German)
6200:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6145:
6141:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6046:
6045:(and sometimes
6042:
6026:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5906:New High German
5898:
5893:
5785:Entschuldigung
5752:Gern geschehen
5746:You're welcome
5607:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5328:
5248:
5232:
5222:
5211:
5203:
5184:
5174:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5120:
5108:
5098:
5087:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5048:
5038:
5027:
5019:
5011:
4932:
4916:
4906:
4895:
4887:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4844:
4833:
4809:
4799:
4788:
4780:
4769:
4745:
4735:
4724:
4716:
4692:
4682:
4671:
4663:
4612:imperative mood
4608:
4606:Imperative mood
4603:
4593:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4549:
4541:Gaat er go ässe
4539:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4495:
4485:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4441:
4431:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4380:and especially
4373:
4363:
4352:
4344:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4298:
4287:
4279:
4268:
4260:
4222:
4214:
4205:
4194:
4186:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4150:
4142:
4133:
4122:
4114:
4103:
4095:
4043:
3976:
3966:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3912:
3903:
3893:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3839:
3812:participle form
3796:
3786:
3774:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3728:
3720:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3638:
3614:
3604:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3539:
3519:
3509:
3497:
3486:
3478:
3467:
3459:
3406:
3387:
3377:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3315:
3286:
3276:
3265:
3257:
3246:
3235:
3199:
3189:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3151:
3037:
2966:Standard German
2948:
2837:Standard German
2822:
2718:Standard German
2602:Standard German
2587:
2454:
2449:
2292:) + possessor:
2227:
2137:
2135:Suprasegmentals
1922:but pronounced
1671:
1635:region, have a
1535:Chuchichäschtli
1477:'straight' and
1411:. Swiss German
1098:
1093:
960:High Alemannic
921:Standard German
913:
877:(TI), parts of
857:Walliser German
669:Low Alemannic:
664:
657:
655:
648:
646:
639:
637:
625:
623:
581:
536:spoken language
523:
514:Standard German
469:communities in
437:Standard German
415:
393:Without proper
381:
380:
374:
360:
346:
332:
331:
326:
305:
298:
288:
287:
280:
270:
214:
211:Language family
209:
202:
198:
197:Native speakers
150:Schwiizerdütsch
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10328:
10318:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10277:
10276:
10264:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10237:
10230:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10174:
10172:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10071:Proto-Germanic
10067:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10012:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9989:
9988:
9976:
9975:
9972:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9957:
9950:
9946:Crimean Gothic
9935:
9933:
9925:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9892:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9844:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9822:
9820:Insular Danish
9817:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9803:Rinkebysvenska
9800:
9789:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9756:
9744:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9730:
9723:
9717:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9651:
9649:Old East Norse
9646:
9644:Old West Norse
9634:
9626:
9624:
9617:
9607:
9606:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9574:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9555:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9524:South Tyrolean
9516:
9515:
9514:
9504:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9466:High Alemannic
9463:
9462:
9461:
9456:
9439:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9382:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9334:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9308:
9303:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9286:
9270:
9268:
9259:
9257:Central German
9253:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9242:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9215:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9198:
9196:Barossa German
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9172:
9170:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9110:
9103:
9095:
9093:
9086:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9045:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8975:French Flemish
8967:
8966:
8965:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8934:
8928:
8926:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8900:
8898:
8891:
8889:Low Franconian
8885:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8844:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8757:
8755:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8738:
8730:
8728:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8690:Westereendersk
8684:
8673:
8668:
8662:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8621:
8613:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8568:
8557:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8536:
8529:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8506:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8491:Middle Frisian
8487:
8479:
8477:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8451:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8397:Modern English
8393:
8390:Middle English
8386:
8379:
8368:
8366:
8357:
8347:
8346:
8334:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8316:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8293:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8264:
8262:
8261:Sign languages
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8190:
8176:
8175:
8168:
8161:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8133:
8127:
8118:
8107:
8106:External links
8104:
8103:
8102:
8082:
8058:
8051:
8032:(2): 243–253,
8021:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8005:
7965:
7934:
7908:
7886:
7873:Dieth, Eugen:
7866:
7849:
7816:
7783:
7753:
7720:
7694:
7670:
7633:
7581:
7541:
7488:
7428:
7409:
7389:
7371:
7341:
7298:
7248:
7214:(3): 333–343,
7191:
7178:
7159:
7146:
7130:
7125:High Alemmanic
7115:
7099:
7087:
7075:
7048:
7018:
6987:
6974:
6944:
6913:
6884:
6858:
6839:
6819:
6800:
6780:
6754:
6738:"Swiss German"
6729:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6636:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6534:
6533:
6524:
6520:Dr Türligiiger
6515:
6503:
6494:
6481:
6469:
6460:
6447:
6435:
6426:
6420:
6411:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6333:
6324:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6204:Bernese German
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6179:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6121:Bernese German
6040:
6024:
6002:
5999:
5934:Schriftdeutsch
5910:printing press
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:Merci viu Mau
5736:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5647:Good evening.
5644:
5643:
5642:Guten Morgen!
5640:
5637:
5636:Good morning.
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5606:
5605:Sample phrases
5603:
5542:(fine grain),
5489:danke vielmals
5327:
5324:
5247:
5233:
5212:
5204:
5189:
5188:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5121:
5113:
5112:
5088:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
5003:
4931:
4917:
4896:
4888:
4873:
4872:
4845:
4834:
4819:
4818:
4801:Laa mi la ässe
4789:
4781:
4770:
4755:
4754:
4725:
4717:
4702:
4701:
4672:
4664:
4649:
4648:
4607:
4604:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4353:
4345:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4288:
4280:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4252:
4195:
4187:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4123:
4115:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4042:
4039:
4037:respectively.
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3775:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3739:
3721:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3637:
3623:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3540:
3532:
3531:
3498:
3487:
3479:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3405:
3397:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3266:
3258:
3247:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3036:
3028:
3026:the examples.
3021:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2494:, followed by
2460:governing the
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2346:
2323:
2274:Bernese German
2262:
2255:
2248:
2226:
2223:
2211:Lexical stress
2206:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2136:
2133:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1670:
1667:
1629:alveolar trill
1519:phonetic voice
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1020:Central German
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
979:
977:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:Low Alemannic
961:
949:High Alemannic
912:
909:
893:
892:
891:
890:
864:
854:
847:
840:
829:
822:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
767:
766:
765:
755:
748:
741:
731:
730:
729:
722:
715:
708:
697:Bernese German
688:High Alemannic
685:
684:
683:
656:
647:
638:
624:
605:Lake Constance
580:
577:
522:
519:
471:Northern Italy
465:, and in some
411:
410:
397:, you may see
383:
382:
373:
372:
364:
363:
358:
352:
351:
344:
338:
337:
324:
316:
315:
303:
295:
294:
285:
277:
276:
275:Language codes
272:
271:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
217:
215:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
193:
192:
169:
168:Native to
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
146:
145:
135:
134:
76:"Swiss German"
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10327:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10275:
10265:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10235:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10178:Germanic verb
10176:
10175:
10173:
10169:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10117:Sievers's law
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10064:Reconstructed
10062:
10056:
10055:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9963:
9962:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9883:
9879:
9878:
9877:Middle Danish
9874:
9872:
9871:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9831:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9771:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9757:
9755:
9754:
9753:Old Icelandic
9750:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9736:
9735:
9731:
9729:
9728:
9727:Old Norwegian
9724:
9721:
9718:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9657:
9656:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9635:
9633:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9595:
9591:
9573:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9545:
9544:Gottscheerish
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9483:Walser German
9481:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9449:Low Alemannic
9447:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9411:High Prussian
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9396:Erzgebirgisch
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9301:Luxembourgish
9299:
9298:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9239:Klezmer-loshn
9236:
9234:
9233:Scots Yiddish
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9131:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9071:
9070:Meuse-Rhenish
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9038:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8997:Kleverlandish
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8958:Central Dutch
8956:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8766:Stellingwarfs
8764:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8700:
8697:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:Wood Frisian
8685:
8682:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8553:North Frisian
8550:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8518:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:Anglo-Frisian
8352:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8321:
8314:
8309:
8307:
8302:
8300:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8174:
8169:
8167:
8162:
8160:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8145:
8142:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8088:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8064:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8014:
7993:
7990:(in German).
7989:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7972:
7970:
7953:
7950:(in German).
7949:
7945:
7938:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7883:3-7941-2832-X
7880:
7876:
7870:
7863:
7859:
7856:Walter Haas:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7724:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7601:(52): 89–95.
7600:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7566:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7546:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7504:(in German).
7503:
7499:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7451:(in German).
7450:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7355:Dialektsyntax
7352:
7345:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7175:3-7193-0861-8
7172:
7166:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7143:3-423-03025-9
7140:
7134:
7126:
7119:
7113:
7112:3-11-017680-7
7109:
7103:
7096:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7006:
7003:(in German).
7002:
6998:
6991:
6977:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6948:
6932:
6928:
6927:Nancy Thuleen
6924:
6917:
6910:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6872:
6869:. Glottolog.
6868:
6862:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6823:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6784:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6725:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:Swiss Italian
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:(1763–1827),
6507:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6486:(1866–1934),
6485:
6482:
6478:
6474:(1801–1877),
6473:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:(1803–1872),
6439:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6404:(born 1921),
6403:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6257:Wildi Chriesi
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:Zürich German
6205:
6180:
6170:represents ,
6166:
6160:
6154:
6135:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6109:Zürich German
6094:
6086:
6080:
6071:
6065:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5998:
5996:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5741:Merci vilmal
5740:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:Guten Abend!
5652:
5650:Gueten Aabe!
5649:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:Guete Morge!
5638:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5415:'breakfast',
5413:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5260:
5254:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5162:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4929:
4923:
4915:
4914:Start eating!
4912:
4909:
4908:Fang afa ässe
4905:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4886:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4832:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4737:Chum cho ässe
4734:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4613:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4069:'to let' and
4068:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3618:Reduplication
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3418:reduplication
3415:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3048:'to let' and
3046:
3041:
3040:Reduplication
3033:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:present tense
2517:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2286:(Std. German
2284:
2279:
2278:genitive case
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:genitive case
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2073:Zürich German
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1934:
1920:
1910:/iə̯,uə̯,yə̯/
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1648:syllable coda
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1406:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1075:in Bavaria).
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Valle d'Aosta
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
996:
994:
992:
990:
989:
985:
982:
980:
978:
976:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
950:
946:
945:Low Alemannic
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
902:
901:Swiss plateau
898:
888:
884:
883:Liechtenstein
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Walser German
865:
862:
858:
855:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
815:
813:
810:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
783:(AR & AI)
782:
778:
775:
771:
770:
768:
763:
759:
758:Zürich German
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
734:
732:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
701:Swiss Plateau
698:
695:
694:
692:
691:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
670:
668:
667:
663:
654:
645:
635:
631:
620:
616:
614:
610:
609:Swiss Plateau
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:umbrella term
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
558:
555:
550:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:", since the
533:
529:
518:
515:
511:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
477:and Austrian
476:
475:Liechtenstein
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
438:
434:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
384:
378:
370:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
329:
325:
323:
322:
317:
313:
308:
304:
301:
296:
291:
286:
283:
278:
273:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:Elbe Germanic
232:
231:
230:
229:West Germanic
227:
226:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:Indo-European
216:
212:
206:
200:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Liechtenstein
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:Pronunciation
154:
151:
147:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
117:November 2007
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10223:
10107:Verner's law
10052:
10047:Gotho-Nordic
10045:
10038:
9959:
9952:
9944:
9938:
9928:
9913:Fårö Gutnish
9875:
9868:
9774:
9767:
9758:
9751:
9732:
9725:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9569:
9471:Swiss German
9470:
9435:Upper German
9368:Amana German
9342:Volga German
9311:Hunsrückisch
9237:
9191:Unserdeutsch
9186:Berlinerisch
9119:
9112:
9105:
9098:
9058:Cover groups
9014:Mohawk Dutch
9009:Jersey Dutch
8987:East Flemish
8970:West Flemish
8914:Middle Dutch
8868:Low Prussian
8740:
8733:
8699:Terschelling
8683:Clay Frisian
8658:West Frisian
8646:Wiedingharde
8638:
8626:
8586:Heligolandic
8563:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8519:
8502:East Frisian
8489:
8482:
8455:Middle Scots
8453:
8446:
8432:
8425:
8418:
8413:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8278:Italian Sign
8252:Swiss German
8251:
8085:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8029:
8025:
8017:
8011:Bibliography
7996:. Retrieved
7985:
7981:
7956:. Retrieved
7947:
7937:
7925:. Retrieved
7911:
7903:the original
7898:
7889:
7874:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7835:
7830:
7819:
7802:
7797:
7786:
7774:. Retrieved
7765:
7756:
7744:. Retrieved
7733:
7723:
7711:. Retrieved
7697:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7661:. Retrieved
7643:
7636:
7626:– via
7620:. Retrieved
7598:
7594:
7584:
7572:. Retrieved
7532:. Retrieved
7505:
7501:
7491:
7479:. Retrieved
7452:
7448:
7419:. Retrieved
7399:
7392:
7381:, retrieved
7354:
7344:
7332:. Retrieved
7315:
7311:
7301:
7268:
7264:
7251:
7239:, retrieved
7211:
7207:
7194:
7186:
7181:
7154:
7149:
7133:
7124:
7118:
7102:
7090:
7078:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7039:. Retrieved
7030:
7021:
7009:. Retrieved
7000:
6990:
6979:, retrieved
6957:
6947:
6935:. Retrieved
6926:
6916:
6908:
6903:18 September
6901:. Retrieved
6887:
6875:. Retrieved
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6829:
6822:
6810:. Retrieved
6790:
6783:
6771:. Retrieved
6757:
6745:. Retrieved
6741:
6732:
6723:
6716:. Retrieved
6712:the original
6702:
6678:
6649:Swiss French
6629:
6623:
6535:
6456:
6269:
6201:
6178:represents .
6004:
5994:
5961:
5956:
5948:
5926:
5899:
5749:Gärn gscheh
5702:Yes, please
5686:Gute Nacht!
5683:Guet Nacht!
5680:Good night.
5664:Willkommen!
5608:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5467:merci vilmal
5447:
5376:
5363:
5349:
5340:Gott grüez-i
5329:
5315:
5307:
5263:
5256:'to go' and
5249:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5092:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4933:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4877:
4874:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4849:
4846:
4838:
4835:
4823:
4820:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4774:
4771:
4759:
4756:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4706:
4703:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:Gang go ässe
4683:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4653:
4650:
4640:
4620:'to go' and
4609:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4388:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4079:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4053:'to go' and
4046:
4044:
4018:
4010:
3996:
3987:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3917:
3909:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3844:
3836:
3816:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3779:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3670:
3662:'to go' and
3655:
3647:
3639:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3544:
3536:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3502:
3491:
3483:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3442:
3440:
3427:
3409:
3407:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3320:
3312:
3298:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3251:
3240:
3232:
3218:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3156:
3148:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3060:'to go' and
3038:
3024:
3014:
2965:
2937:
2889:Swiss German
2888:
2874:
2836:
2811:
2770:Swiss German
2769:
2755:
2717:
2695:
2654:Swiss German
2653:
2639:
2601:
2576:
2535:Swiss German
2534:
2527:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2470:'to go' and
2455:
2423:
2411:
2343:context-free
2339:cross-serial
2264:There is no
2233:There is no
2228:
2209:
2182:/d̥ib̥raːfə/
2145:vowel length
2138:
2123:
2115:/frei̯,bou̯/
2105:
2097:/bai̯,frau̯/
2058:
2027:translation
1958:
1895:
1891:
1656:
1641:
1637:uvular trill
1619:
1614:
1578:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1523:
1488:
1470:
1425:
1402:
1120:Postalveolar
1077:
1042:
1038:
1024:
1016:Upper German
1011:
1008:Benrath line
1005:
1000:'Caribbean'
972:Translation
953:
948:
944:
932:
928:
927:to or and
924:
914:
894:
849:Dialects of
842:Dialects of
831:Dialects of
795:Schaffhausen
793:Dialects of
786:Dialects of
779:Dialects of
772:Dialects of
750:Dialects of
743:Dialects of
717:Dialects of
710:Dialects of
673:Basel German
582:
566:
559:
551:
548:
524:
507:
483:
433:Swiss German
432:
431:
386:
342:Linguasphere
319:
254:Swiss German
253:
244:Upper German
189:Aosta Valley
172:
149:
144:Swiss German
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
10274:Switzerland
10122:Kluge's law
10102:Grimm's law
9885:Dalecarlian
9864:Perkerdansk
9837:East Danish
9655:Old Gutnish
9631:Proto-Norse
9571:Langobardic
9563:Vogtlandian
9391:Upper Saxon
9245:Lachoudisch
9206:Lotegorisch
9084:High German
8830:Westphalian
8825:Eastphalian
8789:Achterhooks
8666:Hindeloopen
8601:Bökingharde
8570:Föhr–Amrum
8484:Old Frisian
8448:Early Scots
8383:Old English
8273:French Sign
8125:(in German)
8116:(in German)
7927:9 September
7728:Harper DR.
7663:26 November
7622:26 November
7574:26 November
7534:26 November
7481:26 November
7421:26 November
7383:26 November
7334:26 November
6981:16 February
6877:7 September
6851:7 September
6812:7 September
6472:Jakob Stutz
6423:Mani Matter
6131:'rice' vs.
6093:ij-ligature
6031:unaspirated
6001:Conventions
5989:instead of
5981:instead of
5971:Eugen Dieth
5914:Lutheranism
5891:Orthography
5774:Nein merci
5495:vielen Dank
4857:Fang a ässe
4807:Let me eat!
4003:'to be' or
3204:Meanwhile,
2954:start-PREF
2458:finite form
2245:subjunctive
2204:'to sleep'
1609:and of the
1607:Lötschental
1511:neutralizes
1339:Approximant
1069:South Tyrol
833:Unterwalden
677:Basel-Stadt
603:and around
569:Swiss Amish
463:Switzerland
401:instead of
239:High German
183:(Austria),
10284:Categories
9954:Burgundian
9870:Old Danish
9859:Gøtudanskt
9842:Bornholmsk
9704:Vestlandsk
9684:Kebabnorsk
9421:Halcnovian
9386:Thuringian
9049:Limburgish
9019:Stadsfries
8992:Brabantian
8719:Low German
8565:Eiderstedt
8420:Fingallian
8121:Dialekt.ch
7735:Etymonline
7608:1811/81985
7271:(1): 3–7.
7031:Swiss Info
7011:1 December
6773:4 February
6747:11 January
6718:13 January
6694:References
6457:Züri Krimi
6438:Gall Morel
6402:Kurt Marti
6198:Literature
6061:, e.g. in
5977:, such as
5837:I'm sorry
5834:I'm sorry
5779:Excuse me
5771:Nei merci
5724:Thank you
5708:Ja, bitte
5628:Grüessech
5599:Low German
5557:landammann
5445:are used.
5421:'cute' or
5326:Vocabulary
3436:past tense
2462:infinitive
2270:possessive
2259:pluperfect
2238:indicative
1965:/iː,uː,yː/
1961:Low German
1902:diphthongs
1745:Near-close
1530:shibboleth
1405:obstruents
1096:Consonants
1057:Monte Rosa
1053:Vorarlberg
997:'Karibik'
954:Examples:
907:dialects.
887:Vorarlberg
879:Graubünden
802:Graubünden
774:St. Gallen
562:Swiss rock
542:is mainly
500:, where a
479:Vorarlberg
181:Vorarlberg
87:newspapers
10315:Diglossia
10234:varieties
10226:indicate
10040:Northwest
9985:Philology
9890:Elfdalian
9825:Jutlandic
9747:Icelandic
9722:(written)
9716:(written)
9694:Trøndersk
9674:Norwegian
9638:Old Norse
9459:Coloniero
9443:Alemannic
9416:Wymysorys
9284:Colognian
9279:Ripuarian
9201:Rotwelsch
9031:Midslands
8982:Zeelandic
8963:Hollandic
8937:Afrikaans
8909:Old Dutch
8735:Old Saxon
8634:Karrharde
8616:Goesharde
8597:Mainland
8330:philology
8048:232347372
7766:utalk.com
7746:5 January
7617:0473-9604
7524:1615-3014
7471:1615-3014
7293:189169085
7285:1615-3014
7241:20 August
7228:222277837
6626:re-dubbed
6347:(prose),
6018:affricate
5705:Ja, gärn
5672:Tschüss!
5669:Goodbye.
5658:Welcome!
5601:instead.
5511:snowboard
5412:Frühstück
5230:Come eat!
4952:'to go',
4743:Come eat!
4041:Questions
3723:(g'gange)
2252:preterite
2242:preterite
2235:preterite
2219:Icelandic
2215:in French
2202:/ʃlaːfːə/
2089:/ei̯,ou̯/
2085:/ei̯,ou̯/
2081:/ai̯,au̯/
2069:/æi̯,æu̯/
2065:/ai̯,au̯/
2061:/ei̯,ou̯/
1775:Close-mid
1700:unrounded
1432:/ˈphaltə/
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983:'Kasten'
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719:Solothurn
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532:diglossia
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10262:Language
9961:Vandalic
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9529:Cimbrian
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9454:Alsatian
9401:Lusatian
9337:Palatine
9027:Amelands
8904:Frankish
8794:Sallaans
8776:Gronings
8627:Southern
8620:Northern
8611:Halligen
8560:Insular
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8236:Ticinese
7992:Archived
7952:Archived
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7921:Archived
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7770:Archived
7740:Archived
7707:Archived
7657:Archived
7565:Archived
7528:Archived
7475:Archived
7415:Archived
7377:archived
7328:Archived
7232:archived
7189:II 261s.
7070:30028275
7035:Archived
7005:Archived
6931:Archived
6897:Archived
6871:Archived
6845:Archived
6806:Archived
6767:Archived
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2004:/zɔʏ̯lə/
1995:/z̥yːlə/
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1898:Bavarian
1810:Open-mid
1611:Haslital
1509:, which
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1437:behalten
1115:Alveolar
1039:Walliser
905:Walliser
897:cantonal
681:Alsatian
407:Help:IPA
334:wals1238
328:swis1247
312:Alsatian
224:Germanic
185:Piedmont
10248:Portals
10224:Italics
9847:Scanian
9793:Swedish
9742:Faroese
9720:Nynorsk
9699:Valdris
9534:Mòcheno
9490:Swabian
9356:Hessian
9316:Hunsrik
9228:Western
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9218:Yiddish
9168:creoles
9065:Bergish
8781:Drèents
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8623:Central
8605:Mooring
8468:Frisian
8427:Kildare
8372:English
8232:Lombard
8216:Romansh
8211:Italian
7998:1 March
7958:1 March
7899:Iwaynet
7840:Schweiz
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7713:16 July
7097::244s.)
7041:7 March
6937:10 July
6338:Furnier
6138:/rɪːz̥/
6129:/riːz̥/
6117:/riːz̥/
6089:/riːzə/
6074:/raɪ̯s/
5896:History
5713:Please
5581:bivouac
5475:
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5209:come/go
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4192:(start)
4120:(start)
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2945:start-1
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2198:'apes'
2178:'bowl'
2093:/iː,uː/
2053:'time'
1991:/baʊ̯x/
1982:/b̥uːx/
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1941:/xyə̯l/
1928:/huə̯t/
1707:rounded
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1442:/ˈtheː/
1413:/p,t,k/
1397:
1394:
1391:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1267:
1229:
1213:
1177:
1167:
1130:Glottal
1106:
1081:serfdom
1044:Walsers
1035:Grisons
911:History
788:Thurgau
745:Lucerne
662:Romansh
653:Italian
634:Romandy
597:Highest
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403:Unicode
191:(Italy)
101:scholar
9940:Gothic
9810:Danish
9714:Bokmål
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9023:Bildts
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8801:Urkers
8640:Strand
8364:Anglic
8242:Romand
8206:German
8201:French
8095:
8075:
8046:
7982:Tatort
7881:
7689:Zurich
7615:
7522:
7469:
7407:
7369:
7291:
7283:
7226:
7173:
7141:
7110:
7068:
6972:
6837:
6798:
6631:Tatort
6099:, but
6076:) vs.
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5953:eszett
5944:Zvieri
5730:Merci
5727:Merci
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5716:Bitte
5631:Hallo
5625:Hello
5593:Knaurs
5575:putsch
5572:, and
5545:flysch
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4878:Start-
4839:start-
4824:Start-
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4399:Chunnt
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4093:Starts
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3726:(gone)
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2169:short
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2110:vrouwe
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1950:/kyːl/
1937:/huːt/
1924:/liːp/
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1379:Rhotic
1110:Labial
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986:'box'
881:(GR),
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844:Schwyz
762:Zürich
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726:Aargau
660:
658:
651:
649:
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642:
640:
630:French
628:
626:
467:Alpine
310:(with
187:&
173:German
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
10054:South
10005:North
9615:North
9599:North
8941:Kaaps
8932:Dutch
8579:Amrum
8520:Weser
8442:Scots
8247:Sinte
8044:S2CID
7834:[
7801:[
7683:[
7568:(PDF)
7557:(PDF)
7508:(1).
7455:(1).
7289:S2CID
7261:(PDF)
7235:(PDF)
7224:S2CID
7204:(PDF)
7085::245)
7066:JSTOR
6670:Notes
6350:Ursle
6150:/iə̯/
6085:Riese
6059:/aɪ̯/
6012:(and
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5563:kilch
5539:loess
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2709:come
2696:Gloss
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2577:Gloss
2555:jetzt
2189:long
2161:long
2000:Säule
1987:Bauch
1974:Pfeil
1912:: in
1896:Like
1888::246)
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1602:dänke
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1137:Nasal
1125:Velar
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10015:West
10010:East
9930:East
9786:East
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8574:Föhr
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8434:Yola
8343:West
8093:ISBN
8073:ISBN
8000:2024
7960:2024
7929:2020
7879:ISBN
7860:In:
7778:2024
7748:2009
7715:2022
7665:2021
7624:2021
7613:ISSN
7576:2021
7536:2021
7520:ISSN
7483:2021
7467:ISSN
7423:2021
7405:ISBN
7385:2021
7367:ISBN
7336:2021
7281:ISSN
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7171:ISBN
7139:ISBN
7108:ISBN
7043:2024
7013:2018
6983:2024
6970:ISBN
6939:2004
6905:2015
6879:2020
6853:2020
6835:ISBN
6814:2020
6796:ISBN
6775:2023
6749:2019
6720:2016
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6148:for
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6021:/kx/
5922:Bern
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5691:Yes
5551:kepi
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5492:and
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5439:and
5405:Anke
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5314:and
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4962:choo
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4821:Fang
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4480:eat-
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4377:Choo
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4189:(fa)
4183:PREF
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4117:(fa)
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4082:Afaa
4073:afaa
4057:choo
4028:afaa
4021:choo
4017:and
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3986:and
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3953:come
3929:that
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3888:eat-
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3856:that
3853:dass
3826:choo
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3807:choo
3804:and
3782:PTCP
3769:eat-
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3761:come
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3677:and
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3643:afaa
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3596:ässe
3588:(la)
3583:lets
3580:laat
3556:that
3553:dass
3505:PTCP
3492:eat-
3489:ässe
3412:afaa
3372:eat-
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3361:*afa
3332:that
3329:dass
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2422:(if
2410:(if
2348:All
2250:The
2191:/fː/
2163:/aː/
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1018:and
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863:(VS)
853:(GL)
846:(SZ)
839:(UR)
828:(BE)
821:(FR)
804:(GR)
797:(SH)
790:(TG)
776:(SG)
764:(ZH)
754:(ZG)
747:(LU)
740:(AG)
728:(AG)
721:(SO)
714:(BL)
707:(BE)
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492:and
490:High
356:IETF
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8034:doi
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7603:hdl
7510:doi
7457:doi
7359:doi
7320:doi
7316:191
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7216:doi
6962:doi
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6079:Ris
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5959:).
5757:No
5697:Ja
5694:Ja
5590:or
5521:).
5384:),
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5297:cho
5294:or
5266:gaa
5253:gaa
5238:gaa
5219:INF
5200:IMP
5196:2SG
5171:INF
5128:1SG
5115:Ich
5090:cho
5084:INF
5035:INF
4986:gaa
4978:cho
4949:gaa
4943:cho
4928:gaa
4903:INF
4890:afa
4884:IMP
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4852:INF
4830:IMP
4826:2SG
4796:INF
4786:let
4777:ACC
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4762:2SG
4757:Laa
4750:laa
4732:INF
4719:cho
4713:IMP
4709:2SG
4679:INF
4660:IMP
4656:2SG
4654:Go-
4644:gaa
4629:laa
4617:gaa
4590:INF
4536:INF
4499:Gaa
4482:INF
4469:cho
4428:INF
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4360:INF
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4336:sie
4295:INF
4276:ACC
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4247:Laa
4202:INF
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4065:laa
4049:gaa
4034:laa
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3982:gaa
3963:INF
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3937:she
3934:sie
3920:1SG
3907:Ich
3890:INF
3864:she
3861:sie
3847:1SG
3834:Ich
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3801:gaa
3771:INF
3758:cho
3745:She
3742:Sie
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3674:gaa
3658:gaa
3650:laa
3627:Gaa
3601:INF
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3572:me-
3547:1SG
3534:Ich
3525:laa
3494:INF
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3430:laa
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3310:Ich
3273:INF
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2171:/f/
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1980:);
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1939:);
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1926:);
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389:IPA
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63:by
10286::
8099:.
8079:.
8042:,
8030:36
8028:,
7968:^
7919:.
7897:.
7842::
7809::
7768:.
7764:.
7738:.
7732:.
7655:.
7611:.
7599:52
7597:.
7593:.
7563:.
7559:.
7544:^
7526:.
7518:.
7506:45
7500:.
7473:.
7465:.
7453:45
7447:.
7431:^
7413:.
7375:,
7365:,
7353:,
7326:.
7314:.
7310:.
7287:.
7279:.
7269:45
7267:.
7263:.
7230:,
7222:,
7210:,
7206:,
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7062:36
7060:.
7029:.
6999:.
6968:,
6956:,
6929:.
6925:.
6907:.
6843:.
6804:.
6765:.
6740:.
6722:.
5949:ss
5566:,
5560:,
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5433:,
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3683::
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3529::
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3449::
3305::
3296::
3225::
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1967::
1908::
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1551:-n
1358:lː
1355:–
1321:–
1318:ɣ̊
1308:–
1305:ʒ̊
1295:–
1292:z̥
1282:–
1279:v̥
1221:–
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