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Participants are instructed to call out whenever they feel uncomfortable, and the ceremony is usually stopped to help them. The lodge was said to be unusually built from non-breathable materials. Charging for the ceremony was said to be inappropriate. The number of participants was criticized as too high and the ceremony length was said to be too long. Respect to elders' oversight was said to be important for avoiding unfortunate events. The tragedy was characterized as "plain carelessness", with a disregard for the participants' safety and outright negligence. The Native
American community actively seeks to prevent abuses of their traditions. Organizers have been discussing ways to formalize guidance and oversight to authentic or independent lodge leaders.
90:, a small earth-covered log house only high enough to allow of sitting down. After divesting himself of his clothing, some large boulders, previously heated in a fire, were placed near him, and over them was poured a decoction of the beaten roots of the wild parsnip. The door was closed so that no air could enter from the outside, and the patient sat in the sweltering steam until he was in a profuse perspiration and nearly choked by the pungent fumes of the decoction. In accordance with general Indian practice it may be that he plunged into the river before resuming his clothing; but in modern times this part of the operation is omitted and the patient is drenched with cold water instead.
313: – by going on the vision quest for four years and four years Sundance. Then you are put through a ceremony to be painted – to recognize that you have now earned that right to take care of someone's life through purification. They should also be able to understand our sacred language, to be able to understand the messages from the Grandfathers, because they are ancient, they are our spirit ancestors. They walk and teach the values of our culture; in being humble, wise, caring and compassionate. What has happened in the news with the make shift sauna called the sweat lodge is not our ceremonial way of life!
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338:(purification ceremony) by causing the death of Liz Neuman, Kirby Brown and James Shore”. As well, the Lakota claim that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley Retreat Center fraudulently impersonated Indians and must be held responsible for causing the deaths and injuries, and for evidence destruction through dismantling of the sweat lodge. The lawsuit seeks to have the treaty enforced and does not seek monetary compensation.
426:"Vapour baths were in use among the Celtic tribes, and the sweat-house was in general use in Ireland down to the 18th, and even survived into the 19th century. It was of beehive shape and was covered with clay. It was especially resorted to as a cure for rheumatism." These permanent structures were built of stone, and square or corbelled "beehive" versions are often found, mostly in the
77:, numerous nations that did not originally have the sweat lodge ceremony have learned the ceremony from other Nations. Sweat lodges have also been imitated by many non-natives in North America and internationally, resulting in responses from Indigenous Elders declaring that these imitations are dangerous and disrespectful
585:." "At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality." The following declaration was unanimously passed."
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understand how to conduct the ceremony safely. This leadership role is granted by the Elders of the community, not self-designated. This leadership is only entrusted to those who are full members of the community, and who live in community. It is never given to outsiders who then leave to sell ceremony.
329:
between the United States and the Lakota Nation. That treaty states that “if bad men among the whites or other people subject to the authority of the United States shall commit any wrong upon the person or the property of the
Indians, the United States will (...) proceed at once to cause the offender
85:
The sweat bath was in common use among almost all the tribes north of Mexico excepting the central and eastern Eskimo, and was considered the great cure-all in sickness and invigorant in health. Among many tribes it appears to have been regarded as a ceremonial observance ... The person wishing
177:
Orientation – The door may face a sacred fire. The cardinal directions may have symbolism in the culture that is holding the sweating ceremony. The lodge may be oriented within its environment for a specific purpose. Placement and orientation of the lodge within its environment are often considered
61:
Traditionally the structure is simple, constructed of saplings covered with blankets and sometimes animal skins. The induction of sweating is a spiritual ceremony – it is for prayer and healing, and it is only to be led by
Indigenous Elders who know the language, songs, traditions, and safety
173:
Training – Indigenous cultures with sweat lodge traditions require that someone go through intensive training for many years to be allowed to lead a lodge. One of the requirements is that the leader be able to pray and communicate fluently in the
Indigenous language of that culture, and that they
354:
declaration. The ceremony should only be in sanctioned lodge carriers' hands from legitimate nations. Traditionally, a typical leader has 4 to 8 years of apprenticeship before being allowed to care for people in a lodge, and have been officially named as ceremonial leaders before the community.
216:
If rocks are used, it is important not to use river rocks, or other kinds of rocks with air pockets inside them. Rocks must be completely dry before heating. Rocks with air pockets or excessive moisture could crack and possibly explode in the fire or when hit by water. Previously used rocks may
201:
Even people who are experienced with sweat rituals, or who attend a ceremony led by a properly trained and authorized traditional Native
American ceremonial leader, could suddenly experience problems due to underlying health issues. It is recommended by Lakota spiritual leaders that people only
341:
Preceding the lawsuit, Native
American experts on sweat lodges criticized the reported construction and conduct of the lodge as not meeting traditional ways ("bastardized", "mocked" and "desecrated"). Indian leaders expressed concerns and prayers for the dead and injured. The leaders said the
164:
Traditions associated with sweating vary regionally and culturally. Ceremonies often include traditional prayers and songs. In some cultures drumming and offerings to the spirit world may be part of the ceremony, or a sweat lodge ceremony may be a part of another, longer ceremony such as a
653:
Elders: "Therefore, be warned that these individuals are moving about playing upon the spiritual needs and ignorance of our non-Indian brothers and sisters. The value of these instructions and ceremonies are questionable, maybe meaningless, and hurtful to the individual carrying false
422:
cultures incorporate sweat baths in their sauna traditions, which are held within a permanent, wooden hut. While modern-day saunas are wholly secular, there are older traditions of songs and rituals in the sauna, and the acknowledgment of a spirit-being who lives in the sauna.
434:-speaking areas of Ireland and Scotland, though most seem of relatively recent date. The method of construction, heating the structure, and usage was different from the North American examples, and they seem to have been regarded as therapeutic in function, like the
333:
The Lakota Nation holds that James Arthur Ray and the Angel Valley
Retreat Center have “violated the peace between the United States and the Lakota Nation” and have caused the “desecration of our Sacred
979:
410:
Some
European cultures have historically used sweating for cleansing. In most cases the usage is primarily for physical cleansing and warmth, but in others prayer and songs may be involved.
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There are examples of ritual sweating in other cultures, though often without any ceremonial or mystical significance. Secular uses around the world include many forms of
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Clothing – In Native
American lodges participants usually wear a simple garment such as shorts or a loose dress. Modesty is important, rather than display.
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1906:
281:, three people died and 21 more became ill while attending an overcrowded and improperly set up sweat lodge containing some 60 people and located near
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Construction – The lodge is generally built with great care and knowledge, and with respect for the environment and for the materials being used.
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to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also reimburse the injured person for the loss sustained.”
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Norrell, Brenda (5 September 2002). "'Quests for dollars': Plastic medicine men proliferate on
Internet, abuse ceremonies".
760:
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Lizbeth Neuman, 49, of Prior Lake, MN (died October 17, 2009, due to injuries sustained at retreat led by James Arthur Ray)
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protocols of their culture's inherited tradition. Otherwise, the ceremony can be dangerous if performed improperly.
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1263:"To Warm the Blood, to Warm the Flesh: The Role of the Steambath in Highland Maya (Tzeltal-Tzotzil) Ethnomedicine"
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in connection with the deaths on February 3, 2010, and bond was set at $ 5 million. In response to these deaths,
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325:, and Angel Valley Retreat Center site owners, to have Ray and the site owners arrested and punished under the
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1979:
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is a low profile hut, typically dome-shaped or oblong, and made with natural materials. The structure is the
1037:"Motivational speaker charged in sweat lodge deaths". ABC30, KFSN Fresno. Associated Press. 3 February 2010.
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to facilitate the ceremony's connection with the spirit world, as well as practical considerations of usage.
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Indian underground building covered with wood plank roof and surrounded by a wall of large rocks
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Native American Chief Addresses Deaths In Sweat Lodge: Chief Arvol Looking Horse Speaks Out
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Nation, Two Moons' Camp, Rosebud Creek, Montana; October 5, 1980. Inter-tribal council of
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James Shore, 40, of Milwaukee, WI (died October 9, 2009, at event led by James Arthur Ray)
8:
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build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites. The ancient
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There have been reports of lodge-related deaths resulting from overexposure to heat,
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264:, 35, (died July 2011 in Sherbrooke, Québec, after event led by Gabrielle Fréchette)
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50:, and the ceremony performed within the structure may be called by some cultures a
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1151:
All Nations Indigenous Native American Indian Cultural Center (18 October 2009),
1130:
All Nations Indigenous Native American Indian Cultural Center (17 October 2009),
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169:. Some common practices and key elements associated with sweat lodges include:
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438:, and perhaps typically used by one person at a time, given their small size.
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Kirby Brown, 38, of Westtown, NY (died October 9, 2009, at retreat led by
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Some participants will go nude as it is considered the “traditional” way.
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1901:
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874:"Controversial Ohio New Age religious leader resurfaces in Kingman, Ariz"
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1237:
The Lakota Ritual Of The Sweat Lodge:: History and Contemporary Practice
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The following is a list of reported deaths related to non-traditional "
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North American Indigenous structure and ceremony for prayer and healing
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1056:"Lakota Nation files lawsuit against parties in sweat lodge incident"
972:"Chantal Lavigne's sweating death judge finds 3 guilty of negligence"
619:
Resolution of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Traditional Elders Circle
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Nation filed a lawsuit against the United States, Arizona State,
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673:. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 301–398.
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761:"2 seeking spiritual enlightenment die in new-age sweat lodge"
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attend lodges with authorized, traditional spiritual leaders.
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absorb humidity or moisture leading to cracks or shattering.
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1278:– Article on the use of the temazcal or sweatbath among the
583:
Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality
301:
Our First Nations People have to earn the right to pour the
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Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America
2318:
2238:
1603:
1565:
1473:
1351:
900:"Kirby Brown: Sweat Lodge Victim's Family Says She Was Fit"
747:
630:
115:
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to make trial of the virtues of the sweat bath entered the
1207:
The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
717:"Dehydration and heat-related death: sweat lodge syndrome"
268:
125:
in many regions have sweat lodge ceremonies. For example,
213:, or improper lodge construction leading to suffocation.
721:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
1177:. Vol. 12. T. & T. Clark. 1922. p. 128.
1717:
954:"Man who died in Arizona sweat lodge was Milwaukeean"
1024:"Motivational speaker charged in sweat lodge deaths"
1078:Chief Chemito, Comments reported on Phoenix Fox 10
524:"Editorial: Dying to experience native ceremonies"
383:and the culturally important Islamic variant, the
683:, s.v. The Sweat bath, bleeding, rubbing, bathing
2493:
1315:
670:Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology
667:(1891). "The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees".
100:Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology
551:
549:
547:
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543:
541:
1205:Price, L. (1952). "Sweat House, Co. Wicklow".
359:Similar structures and rites in other cultures
1703:
1301:
1144:
555:
1133:Native Elder Addresses Deaths In Sweat Lodge
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1048:
1046:
1044:
1003:"Deaths at Sweat Lodge Bring Soul-Searching"
538:
233:Gordon Reynolds, 43 (died November 21, 1996)
916:
714:
149:, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as
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1308:
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1165:
1163:
871:
599:Article On The 'Lakota Declaration of War'
593:
591:
1116:Sweat lodge incident 'not our Indian way'
1041:
1000:
577:
575:
517:
515:
513:
511:
960:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 10 October 2009.
919:"Sweat lodge ends a free spirit's quest"
715:Byard, RW; Riches, KJ (September 2005).
581:Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (June 10, 1993) "
556:Looking Horse, Arvol (16 October 2009).
342:ceremony is their way of life and not a
110:
29:
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1095:
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825:
588:
521:
269:Sedona deaths and Lakota Nation lawsuit
14:
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1112:
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936:
934:
932:
843:"Sauna Death Reported in Noble County"
663:
609:
607:
572:
508:
1691:
1289:
1234:
1204:
1081:. Phoenix Fox 10 News. Archived from
982:from the original on 13 November 2017
898:Fonseca, Felicia (October 10, 2009).
758:
245:Paige Martin, 57 (died July 17, 2009)
1096:Taliman, Valerie (13 October 2009),
872:Sangiacomo, Michael (July 9, 2010).
840:
297:issued a statement reading in part:
65:The ceremony is traditional to some
1175:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics
1113:Hocker, Lindsay (14 October 2009),
1021:
1001:Dougherty, John (11 October 2009).
929:
791:"Dad dies in tepee 'sauna' tragedy"
604:
487:Great Race (Native American legend)
239:David Thomas Hawker, 36 (died 2002)
196:
24:
1075:Garcia, Miriam (10 October 2009).
733:10.1097/01.paf.0000163838.92053.fb
562:Indian Country Today Media Network
67:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
2543:
1719:Architecture of the United States
1254:
1136:, BlackHillsToday, archived from
692:
558:"Concerning the deaths in Sedona"
1415:
1282:-Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico
1239:. University of Nebraska Press.
129:peoples of the central coast of
2032:Sarasota School of Architecture
1228:
1198:
1123:
1106:
1089:
1068:
1065:, sedona.biz, 12 November 2009.
1030:
1015:
994:
946:
910:
891:
865:
834:
819:
797:
783:
387:. Other varieties are used by
309:(the stone people) in creating
287:Yavapai County Sheriff's Office
236:Kirsten Babcock, 34 (died 2002)
73:cultures, but with the rise of
69:, predominantly those from the
1270:Journal of Latin American Lore
941:Arizona sweat lodge sentencing
805:"2 Die in New-Age Sweat Lodge"
686:
657:
13:
1:
2157:Building types and vernacular
917:O'Neill, Ann (22 June 2011).
759:Herel, Suzanne (2002-06-27).
502:
106:
1317:Native American architecture
841:Lowe, John (July 19, 2009).
7:
809:The San Francisco Chronicle
522:Goulais, Bob (2009-10-24).
441:
242:Rowen Cooke, 37 (died 2004)
10:
2548:
2123:New Classical architecture
1755:Colonial and post-colonial
1235:Bucko, Raymond A. (1998).
350:protected by U.S. law and
285:. Ray was arrested by the
273:In October 2009, during a
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2342:
2156:
2060:
1920:
1872:
1846:
1808:
1753:
1725:
1642:
1584:
1424:
1413:
1323:
1261:Groark, Kevin P. (1997).
597:Taliman, Valerie (1993) "
317:On November 2, 2009, the
305:(water of life) upon the
220:
2512:Native American religion
2042:Spanish Colonial Revival
1882:Richardsonian Romanesque
346:. It is Native American
191:
2507:Indigenous architecture
766:San Francisco Chronicle
697:. The Megalithic Portal
153:as a religious rite of
1975:Dutch Colonial Revival
1102:, Indian Country Today
847:The Daily Jeffersonian
453:Cultural appropriation
381:Victorian Turkish bath
315:
119:
104:
39:
2219:Hall and parlor house
2179:Central-passage house
2000:Mediterranean Revival
1726:Native and indigenous
793:. 1996 MGN LTD. 1995.
771:Hearst Communications
299:
277:retreat organized by
114:
83:
52:purification ceremony
33:
2199:Critical regionalism
1892:American Renaissance
1489:Mesoamerican pyramid
1171:"SWEAT, SWEAT-HOUSE"
1119:, Quad-Cities Online
327:Sioux Treaty of 1868
2517:Ritual purification
2047:Territorial Revival
1990:International style
1960:California bungalow
1950:American Foursquare
1405:Territorial Revival
978:. 8 December 2014.
695:"Los Osos Back Bay"
693:Hogan, C. Michael.
365:Ancient Roman baths
295:Arvol Looking Horse
2098:Mid-century modern
1945:American Craftsman
1934:Streamline Moderne
1099:Selling the sacred
1061:2013-03-17 at the
1022:Fonseca, Felicia.
1008:The New York Times
120:
40:
2489:
2488:
2061:Post–World War II
1773:Colonial Georgian
1685:
1684:
1246:978-0-8032-1272-5
643:Northern Cheyenne
613:Yellowtail, Tom,
389:Indigenous people
293:spiritual leader
229:" sweat rituals:
79:misappropriations
16:(Redirected from
2539:
2460:Washington, D.C.
2078:Deconstructivism
1980:Georgian Revival
1970:Colonial Revival
1923:mid-20th century
1847:Mid-19th century
1793:Spanish Colonial
1712:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1419:
1310:
1303:
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1093:
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1085:on July 9, 2014.
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958:Journal Sentinel
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889:
888:
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878:The Plain Dealer
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849:. Archived from
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811:. Archived from
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611:
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579:
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569:
564:. Archived from
553:
536:
535:
530:. Archived from
528:North Bay Nugget
519:
420:Eastern European
323:James Arthur Ray
279:James Arthur Ray
250:James Arthur Ray
211:smoke inhalation
197:Physical effects
123:Native Americans
102:
21:
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2152:
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2005:Mission Revival
1922:
1916:
1868:
1842:
1804:
1788:German Colonial
1783:French Colonial
1749:
1721:
1716:
1686:
1681:
1638:
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1314:
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1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
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1149:
1145:
1140:on May 18, 2015
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1111:
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1094:
1090:
1073:
1069:
1063:Wayback Machine
1053:
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904:Huffington Post
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854:
853:on June 8, 2015
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662:
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612:
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468:Puyallup people
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283:Sedona, Arizona
271:
262:Chantal Lavigne
223:
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109:
103:
94:
28:
23:
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5:
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75:pan-Indianism
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37:
32:
19:
2425:Philadelphia
2385:Jacksonville
2308:
2274:Quiggly hole
2113:Neo-futurism
2108:Neo-eclectic
2068:Blobitecture
1921:Late-19th to
1831:Neoclassical
1826:Jeffersonian
1768:First Period
1553:
1454:GuachimontĂłn
1338:Mesoamerican
1273:
1269:
1236:
1229:Bibliography
1210:
1206:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1174:
1153:
1146:
1138:the original
1132:
1125:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1091:
1083:the original
1077:
1070:
1032:
1017:
1006:
996:
984:. Retrieved
975:
966:
957:
948:
922:
912:
903:
893:
881:. Retrieved
877:
867:
855:. Retrieved
851:the original
846:
836:
828:Navajo Times
827:
821:
813:the original
808:
799:
785:
774:. Retrieved
764:
727:(3): 236–9.
724:
720:
710:
699:. Retrieved
688:
669:
659:
614:
566:the original
561:
532:the original
527:
483:The red road
425:
412:Scandinavian
409:
362:
340:
335:
332:
316:
310:
306:
303:mini wic'oni
302:
300:
272:
224:
215:
204:
200:
187:
163:
159:purification
135:Mesoamerican
121:
99:
96:James Mooney
87:
84:
64:
60:
55:
54:or simply a
51:
47:
43:
41:
2435:San Antonio
2410:New Orleans
2400:Los Angeles
2390:Kansas City
2324:Town square
2309:Sweat lodge
2259:Plank house
2209:Earth lodge
2027:PWA Moderne
1902:Stick style
1798:Territorial
1657:Corbel arch
1624:Rope bridge
1554:Sweat lodge
1509:Plank house
1449:Earth lodge
1400:Territorial
1362:San Bartolo
1190:23 November
621:" Northern
391:around the
307:inyan oyate
207:dehydration
44:sweat lodge
38:sweat lodge
18:Sweat-house
2496:Categories
2299:Skyscraper
2254:Moki steps
2249:Longhouses
2143:Tiny-house
2138:Shed style
2128:Postmodern
1955:Beaux-Arts
1907:Queen Anne
1859:Italianate
1836:Antebellum
1614:Moki steps
1586:Structures
1380:Neo-Andean
1276:(1): 3–96.
776:2006-09-26
701:2012-10-09
654:messages."
503:References
405:Laplanders
137:tribes of
131:California
107:Traditions
34:Frame for
2455:St. Louis
2395:Las Vegas
2304:Sod house
2244:Log cabin
2189:Corn crib
2118:Neomodern
2093:High-tech
2088:Earthship
2073:Brutalist
1874:Victorian
1662:Roof comb
1594:Ballcourt
1479:Longhouse
1439:Corn crib
679:747738317
375:, Slavic
369:steambath
167:Sun Dance
2430:Portland
2370:Columbus
2174:Cape Cod
2169:Barabara
1930:Art Deco
1738:Builders
1644:Elements
1559:Temazcal
1434:Barabara
1219:25510830
1059:Archived
980:Archived
976:CBC News
741:16121078
635:Muskogee
623:Cheyenne
478:Temazcal
448:Andiruna
442:See also
348:property
344:religion
336:Oinikiga
311:Inikag'a
151:temazcal
93:—
2527:Bathing
2450:Spokane
2445:Seattle
2380:Houston
2375:Detroit
2365:Chicago
2360:Buffalo
2350:Atlanta
2314:Temples
2284:Saltbox
2224:I-house
2184:Chickee
2148:Usonian
2083:Dingbat
1940:Pre-war
1912:Shingle
1821:Federal
1609:E-Group
1599:Chultun
1549:Shabono
1529:Quiggly
1493:Triadic
1444:Chickee
1390:Revival
1357:RĂo Bec
1280:Tzeltal
986:2 March
883:June 7,
857:June 7,
275:New Age
227:New Age
155:penance
127:Chumash
2476:Hawaii
2469:States
2355:Boston
2343:Cities
2334:Wigwam
2294:Sipapu
2279:Ramada
2103:Modern
2037:Rustic
1985:Googie
1763:Creole
1745:Pueblo
1672:Sipapu
1667:Sascab
1652:Ashlar
1576:Wigwam
1539:Ramada
1534:Qullqa
1524:Qarmaq
1514:Pukara
1484:Maloca
1385:Pueblo
1375:Muisca
1325:Styles
1243:
1217:
1181:
739:
677:
651:Lakota
627:Navajo
432:Gaelic
416:Baltic
399:, the
385:hammam
319:Lakota
291:Lakota
221:Deaths
139:Mexico
71:Plains
36:Ojibwe
2481:Texas
2420:Omaha
2405:Miami
2329:Tupiq
2269:Qargi
2234:Jacal
2229:Igloo
2214:Hogan
2164:Adobe
2133:Ranch
1733:Mound
1634:Ushnu
1629:Sacbe
1571:Tupiq
1519:Qargi
1469:Jacal
1464:Igloo
1459:Hogan
1342:Aztec
1266:(PDF)
1215:JSTOR
943:, CNN
615:et al
492:SentĹŤ
473:Sauna
458:Inipi
436:sauna
428:Irish
401:Finns
377:banya
373:sauna
192:Risks
147:Olmec
143:Aztec
56:sweat
48:lodge
2319:Tipi
2239:Kiva
2015:Deco
1897:Folk
1816:Adam
1604:Cuel
1566:Tipi
1544:Ruka
1474:Kiva
1395:Deco
1352:Puuc
1347:Maya
1333:Inca
1241:ISBN
1192:2010
1179:ISBN
988:2021
885:2015
859:2015
737:PMID
675:OCLC
649:and
631:Hopi
485:and
430:and
418:and
403:and
157:and
145:and
116:Hupa
88:â´sÄ
1504:Oca
923:CNN
729:doi
617:; "
58:.
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1268:.
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252:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
