Chumash people - Knowledge

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the Chumash territory. The Chumash were connected to extensive trade networks reaching into modern day Arizona, from which pottery and textiles were traded in exchange for shell beads. The emergence of this trade network within the Chumash territory was facilitated by the existence of three distinct Chumash ecological groups including the island, coastal, and mainland Chumash. Access to distinct resources for these different groups made inter-Chumash trade a large part of life. Villages along the mainland coast emerged as intermediaries between groups.

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mainly from Santa Catalina Island. The mainland tribes would in return export seeds, acorns, bows and arrows, fur, skin, roots, and baskets to the island. There was also trade from the mainland and inland areas whose items consisted of fish and beads. The interior citizens would trade fish, game, seeds, fruit, and fox-skin shawls to the coast. Fernando Librado (Chumash Elder) mentions that all the trade transactions took place on the mainland due to the location since it was between the island and the interior.

1485: 79: 502: 4560: 361: 97: 1080: 45: 357:). The name Chumash means "bead maker" or "seashell people" being that they originated near the Santa Barbara coast. The Chumash tribes near the coast benefited most with the "close juxtaposition of a variety of marine and terrestrial habitats, intensive upwelling in coastal waters, and intentional burning of the landscape made the Santa Barbara Channel region one of the most resource abundant places on the planet." 407: 570:

Santa Barbara. To the southeast, Mission San Fernando, founded in 1798 in the land of Takic Shoshonean speakers, also took in large numbers of Chumash speakers from the middle Santa Clara River valley. While most of the Chumash people joined one mission or another between 1772 and 1806, a significant portion of the native inhabitants of the Channel Islands did not move to the mainland missions until 1816.

372:. "Marine productivity soared between 950 and 1300 as natural upwelling intensified off the coast." Before the mission period, the Chumash lived in over 150 independent villages, speaking variations of the same language. Much of their culture consisted of basketry, bead manufacturing and trading, cuisine of local abalone and clam, 493:

foods composed the rest of Chumash diet, especially acorns, which were the staple food despite the work needed to remove their inherent toxins. They could be ground into a paste that was easy to eat and store for years. Coast live oak provided the best acorns; their mush would be served usually unseasoned with meat and/or fish.

941:. The Santa Ynez Chumash people in 2012 went to federal court to regain more land. The Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the request; the land was to go toward tribal housing and a Chumash Museum and Cultural Center. Protesters and anti-tribal groups have spent approximately $ 2 million to disrupt or stop the land acquisition. 1169:

resources. This allowed the Chumash people to minimize the risk of food shortages in their tribe and were able to fall back on durable beads and their existing friends in other communities. Chumash chiefs and elite members were responsible with the redistribution of the shell beads, subsistence goods, and other items.

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On September 9, 2001, the first "crossing" in the Chumash tomol, from the mainland to Channel Islands, was sponsored by the Chumash Maritime Association and the Barbareño Chumash Council. Several Chumash bands and descendants gathered on the island of Limuw (the Chumash name for Santa Cruz Island) to

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The remaining Chumash began to lose their cohesive identity. In 1855, a small piece of land (120 acres) was set aside for just over 100 remaining Chumash Indians near Santa Ynez mission. This land ultimately became the only Chumash reservation, although Chumash individuals and families also continued

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Mexico seized control of the missions in 1834. Tribespeople either fled into the interior, attempted farming for themselves and were driven off the land, or were enslaved by the new administrators. Many found highly exploitative work on large Mexican ranches. After 1849 most Chumash land was lost due

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of artifacts on the northernmost of the Channel Islands, San Clemente Island, suggests that the Chumash people lived without significant contact from Spanish settlers and missionaries until the 1870’s. This island shows a clear lack of Spanish influence on its archaeology up until this point. Because

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Before contact with Europeans, coastal Chumash relied less on terrestrial resources than they did on maritime; vice versa for interior Chumash. Regardless, they consumed similar land resources. Like many other tribes, deer were the most important land mammal the Chumash pursued; deer were consumed in

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logs used in that construction. However, the language comparison is generally considered tentative. Furthermore, the development of the Chumash plank canoe is fairly well represented in the archaeological record and spans several centuries. The concept is rejected by most archaeologists who work with

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The closer a village was to the ocean, the greater its reliance on maritime resources. Due to advanced canoe designs, coastal and island people could procure fish and aquatic mammals from farther out. Shellfish were a good source of nutrition: relatively easy to find and abundant. Many of the favored

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where the "sky people" lived, who play an important role in the health of the people. Principle figures of the sky world include the Sun, the Moon, Lizard, Sky Coyote, and Eagle. The Sun is the source of life and is also "a source of disease and death." The Sky Coyote, also known as the Great Coyote

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To promote sustainable agriculture and healthy diets, the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Environmental Office and Education Departments' after-school program planted a community garden, which provided vegetables to the Elder's Council, beginning in 2013. The Santa Ynez Valley Fruit and Vegetable Rescue,

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The Chumash reservation, established in 1901, encompasses 127 acres. No native Chumash speak their own language since Mary Yee, the last Barbareño speaker, died in 1965. Today, the Chumash are estimated to have a population of 5,000 members. Many current members can trace their ancestors to the five

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Concepción was founded along the inland route from Santa Barbara north to San Luis Obispo in 1789. The final Franciscan mission to be constructed in native Chumash territory was Santa Ynez, founded in 1804 on the Santa Ynez River with a seed population of Chumash people from Missions La Purisima and

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Abundant resources and a winter rarely harsh enough to cause concern meant the tribe lived a sedentary lifestyle in addition to a subsistence existence. Villages in the three aforementioned areas contained remains of sea mammals, indicating that trade networks existed for moving materials throughout

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The mild temperatures, save for winter, made gathering easy; during the cold months, the Chumash harvested what they could and supplemented their diets with stored foods. What villagers gathered and traded during the seasons changed depending on where they resided. With coasts populated by masses of

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Feasts are a ritual activity of communal consumption of large quantities of food and drinks along with dances, music, and singing. They played a large role in political and social relations for the Chumash people. The feasts would be prepared over many days, mostly by women, and would coincide with

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The regional diversity present within the Chumash territory spawned an intricate trade system connecting the island, coastal, and mainland groups. The villages of Xaxas and Muwu emerged as the most important trade hubs for the Chumash people. Their positioning relative to coastal and mainland trade

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Over the course of late prehistory, millions of shell beads were manufactured and traded from Santa Cruz Island. It has been suggested that exclusive control over stone quarries used to manufacture the drills needed in bead production could have played a role in the development of social complexity

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The program trains volunteers to teach kids in after-school programs nutrition education and hands-on cooking instructions. This program currently operates at 12 sites countywide, including in the Santa Ynez Valley. After the children cook and eat a healthy meal, they get to take home a bag full of

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Beginning in the 1970s, neo-Chumash arose, tracing their lineage nearly completely from the descendants of Spanish colonists to the domain of the initial Chumash people. They promote traditions of the Chumash, and are recognized locally. Their cultural assumption has been criticized by some, but is

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With the arrival of the Europeans "came a series of unprecedented blows to the Chumash and their traditional lifeways. Anthropologists, historians, and other scholars have long been interested in documenting the collision of cultures that accompanied the European exploration and colonization of the

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They dressed as deer and grazed alongside the animals until the hunters were in range to use their arrows. Even Chumash close to the ocean pursued deer, though in understandably fewer numbers, and what more meat the villages needed they acquired from smaller animals such as rabbits and birds. Plant

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The interior is composed of the land outside the coast and spanning the wide plains, rivers, and mountains. The coast covers the cliffs, land close to the ocean, and the areas of the ocean from which the Chumash harvested. The Northern Channel Islands lie off the coast of the Chumash territory. All

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During the time of Spanish colonialism, some diets of the Chumash people living on mission sites shifted to include European plants and animals. Evidence has been found that more sheep and cattle were consumed during the 19th century. Traditional hunting and fishing practices were still maintained

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The Chumash appear to have been thriving in the late 18th-century, when Spaniards first began actively colonizing the California coast. Whether the deaths began earlier with the contacts with ships' crews or later with the construction of several Spanish missions at Ventura, Santa Barbara, Lompoc,

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food programs. The foodbank distributes produce free of charge to member agencies to encourage healthy eating. Expanding produce accessibility to children is important to the foodbank and the newly operating Kids’ Farmers' Market program, an extension of the Produce Initiative, achieves that goal.

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In December 2010, the Foodbank of Santa Barbara County was the recipient of a $ 10,000 grant from the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians Foundation to support expansion of the Produce Initiative. The Produce Initiative puts an emphasis on supplying fruits and vegetables to 264 local nonprofits and

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Ocean animals such as otters and seals were thought to be the primary meal of coastal tribes people, but recent evidence shows the aforementioned trade networks exchanged oceanic animals for terrestrial foods from the interior. Any village could acquire fish, but the coastal and island communities

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There is evidence to suggest that a seafaring, fishing economy in the Channel Islands has been around for at least 12,000 years. This can be seen through various types of fishing projectile points as well as animal remains such as seal, shellfish, and fish all found at sites across the islands by

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These shell beads were traded to neighboring groups and have been found throughout Alta California. Some items that were traded by the Chumash from the island to the Chumash mainland tribes included shell beads, digging stick weights (stone rings), and steatite Lolas (stone bowl) which originates

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The demographics of traditional Chumash society are quite complex. One aspect of interest is the 'Aqi gender of the Chumash. 'Aqi was a third Chumash gender defined by biological males that performed work and wore clothing traditionally of women. The 'aqi gender appears to also be closely tied to

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Fauvelle, Mikael. and Perry, Jennifer. (2023) Fisher-Hunter-Gatherer Complexity on California’s Islands: Feasting, Ceremonialism, and the Ritual Economy. In Archaeology of Fisher-Hunter-Gatherer Complexity in North America. Christina Perry Sampson, ed. Pp. 194-224. University Press of Florida,

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shells were manufactured on the Channel Islands and used as a form of currency by the Chumash. Shell beads were not just a form of currency, they also played a vital role in the Chumash social system. The beads exchanges helped people build social networks, and accumulated wealth outside of food

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Human beings occupy the Middle Region, which rests upon two giant snakes. Chronological time is unimportant, though the past is divided into two sections: the universal flood that caused the First People to become the natural world and, thereafter the creation of human beings, the arrival of the

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Their journey was documented in the short film "Return to Limuw" produced by the Ocean Channel for the Chumash Maritime Association, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, and the Santa Barbara Maritime Museum. The channel crossings have become a yearly event hosted by the Barbareño Chumash

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languages within the Chumashan language family, which is a language isolate. In 2010, the Šmuwič Chumash Language School was established at Wishtoyo's Chumash Village and remained active until 2012. The language reclamation program in 2010 was initially run by Elder Johnny Moreno and his niece

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The Chumash cosmology is also centered around astronomy. Rock art and arborglyphs that have been found within Chumash sites are thought to have depicted Polaris (the North Star) and Ursa Major (the Big Dipper). Specialists Rex Saint-Onge, John R. Johnson, and Joseph R. Talaugon argues in their

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In addition to the Santa Ynez Band, the Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation and the Barbareño/Ventureño Band of Mission Indians are attempting to gain federal recognition. Other Chumash tribal groups include the Northern Chumash Tribal Council, descendants from the San Luis Obispo area, and the

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Some scholars have suggested the Chumash population may have declined substantially during a "protohistoric" period (1542–1769), when intermittent contacts with the crews of Spanish ships, including those of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's expedition, who wintered in the Santa Barbara Channel in AD

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is considered to be a protector and according to Inseño Chumash lore, “looks out for the welfare of all in the world below him”. During the creation of mankind, the Sky Coyote was present among the other important cosmological figures. According to John M. Anderson in his work

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Deborah Sanchez. The language classes were revitalized in 2014 at American Indian Health and Services in Santa Barbara and in Santa Paula in 2016. Sanchez was the sole instructor. Classes then moved online once the COVID pandemic arrived. The traditional name for Ineseño is

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that these two astrological entities were paramount to the Chumash belief system as well as their perception of time. It is believed that the Chumash used these constellations to determine what time of the year it was depending on the position of Ursa Major around Polaris.

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was the first European to make contact with the coastal Alta Californian tribes in the year 1542. Cabrillo died and was buried on San Miguel Island, but his men brought back a diary that contained the names and population counts for many Chumash villages, such as

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in their language). When a boy was 8 years old, his mother would give him a preparation of it to drink. This was supposed to be a spiritual challenge to help him develop the spiritual well-being required to become a man. Not all of the boys survived the poison.

1188:, which were essential for their bead production. These microblades were then used to create drills, the tools necessary for making holes in shells, transforming them into beads. Thus, chert microlithic tools played a crucial role in the bead-making process. 387:: a carving depicting a six-legged creature with a headdress including a crown and two spheres. The shamans participated in the carving which was used in observations of the stars and in part of the Chumash calendar. The Chumash resided between the 900:

Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation, their historical territory, north of Los Angeles, includes parts of the coastal counties of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Kern, and Ventura. The Coastal band of the Chumash Nation applied for recognition in

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Rex Saint Onge, who identified the three-foot carving as being of Chumash origin and related to other Chumash cave paintings in California. Further studies have led Saint Onge to believe these are not simply the work of Chumash, but by Chumash

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to live throughout their former territory in southern California. Today, the Santa Ynez band lives at and near Santa Ynez. The Chumash population was between roughly 10,000 and 18,000 in the late 18th century. In 1990, 213 Indians lived on the

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Fauvelle, Mikael, and Somerville, Andrew D. (2021) Spatial and Temporal Variation in Fisher-Hunter-Gatherer Diets in Southern California: Bayesian Modeling Using New Baseline Stable Isotope Values. Quanternary International 601(2021):36-48.

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Fauvelle, Mikael, and Somerville, Andrew D. (2024) Diet, Status, and incipient social Inequality: Stable isotope data from three Complex Fisher-Hunter-Gatherer sites in southern California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 73:101554

829:) through the springs and marsh areas and is connected to the upper world through the mountains. In the lower world live snakes, frogs, salamanders. The world trembles or has earthquakes when the snakes which support the world writhe. 3209:

Brown, Kaitlin M., Brian J. Barbier, Griffin Fox, Itzamara Ixta, Gina Mosqueda-Lucas, Brianna Rotella, and Lindsey Willoughby. "Subsistence and economic activities of the Chumash community ('Amuwu) at Mission La Purísima Concepción."

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varieties grew in tidal zones. Shellfish grew in abundance during winter to early spring; their proximity to shore made collection easier. Some of the consumed species included mussels, abalone, and a wide array of clams.

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Sandos J. Christianization among the Chumash: an ethnohistoric perspective. American Indian Quarterly . Winter91 1991;15:65–89. Available from: OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson), Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 22, 2014.

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Water creatures are also in contact with the powers of the lower world and "were often depicted in rock art perhaps to bring more water to the Chumash or to appease underworld spirits' at times of hunger or disease."

Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torben C.; Kennett, Douglas J.; Walker, Philip L. (2001). "Dates, demography, and disease: Cultural contacts and possible evidence for Old World epidemics among the Island Chumash".

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Barbareño Chumash Council, descendants from the greater Santa Barbara area. The publication of the first Chumash dictionary took place in April 2008. Six hundred pages long and containing 4,000 entries, the

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varying amounts across all regions, which cannot be said for other terrestrial animals. Interior Chumash placed greater value on the deer, to the extent that they had unique hunting practices for them.

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Smith, Erin M., and Fauvelle, Mikael (2015) Regional Interactions between California and the Southwest: The Western Edge of the North American Continental System. American Anthropologist 17(4):710-721

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Tecuya Chumash, most of this band of Chumash tribe were probably Kagismuwas. This band was established as an anti-colonial group, who took residence in the Tecuya Canyon along with the Tejon Chumash.

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The bead-making industry involved two distinct craft specializations: the production of tools used to make beads and the actual manufacturing of the beads themselves. Central to this industry was

882: 528:. Spain claimed what is now California from that time forward, but did not return to settle until 1769, when the first Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived with the double purpose of 466:. The Chumash advanced sewn-plank canoe design, used throughout the Polynesian Islands but unknown in North America except by those two tribes, is cited as the chief evidence for contact. 1123: 559:, established in 1772, was the first mission in Chumash-speaking lands, as well as the northernmost of the five missions ever constructed in those lands. Next established, in 1782, was 1010:

carried out when the United States took over the territory. By 1900, their numbers had declined to just 200, while current estimates of Chumash people today range from 2,000 to 5,000.

4308:. 2 volumes. Prepared for the Archeology and Ethnography Program, National Park Service by Hunter College, City University of New York and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. 1465:(October 7, 1845 - June 15, 1917), last known fluent speaker of the tiłhini language who shared cultural and linguistic information with linguist and ethnographer John P. Harrington. 3768: 4071:

Brittain, A.; Evans, S.; Giroux, A.; Hammargren, B.; Treece, B.; Willis, A. (2011). "Climate action on tribal lands: A community based approach (resilience and risk assessment)".

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Cordero R. The Ancestors Are Dreaming Us. News From Native California . Spring2012 2012;25(3):4–27. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 22, 2014.

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Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (2005). "Diffusionism Reconsidered: Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence for Prehistoric Polynesian Contact with Southern California".

859:, represents the ruler of Polaris. The Eagle also is the force that maintains momentum and order among the other stars so that they do not fall down on and destroy earth. 443:

specialized in catching not just smaller fish, but also the massive catches such as swordfish. This feat, difficult even for today's technology, was made possible by the

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major events such as childbirth, marriages, and chiefs’ birthdays. There are accounts of feasts being held for European expeditions passing through Chumash territories.

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on the Pacific Coast near the mouth of the Santa Clara River. Mission Santa Barbara, also on the coast, and facing out to the Channel Islands, was established in 1786.

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Glassow, Michael A., Lynn H. Gamble, Jennifer E. Perry, and Glenn S. Russell. 2007. Prehistory of the Northern California Bight and the Adjacent Transverse Ranges. In

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2012. Indian Lands: Exploring Resolutions to Disputes Concerning Indian Tribes, State and Local Governments, and Private Landowners over Land Use and Development. N.p.

1592: 2304: 1354:, a carving of a six-legged creature with a headdress including a crown and two spheres. Previously thought to have been carved by cowboys, it was visited in 2007 by 1553: 803:-speaking peoples. Rather, as summarized by Susan Suntree, "they assume that the universe with its three, or in some versions five, layers has always been here. 4924: 1311: 1879:

Dartt-Newton, Deana & Erlandson, Jon (Summer/Fall 2006). "Little Choice for the Chumash: Colonialism, Cattle, and Coercion in Mission Period California".

4526: 1043:, meaning "Santa Cruz Islander") were spoken. No native speakers remain, although the dialects are well documented in the unpublished fieldnotes of linguist 779:

is centered on the belief "that considers all things to be, in varying measure, alive, intelligent, dangerous, and sacred." According to Thomas Blackburn in

1415:(1822–1890), a Samala chief, captain of Soxtonoxmu, capital village in the Santa Ynez Valley who shared cultural knowledge with anthropologists in the 1800s 4929: 3522: 1732: 1335: 1678:– cave paintings in Jones Cave. Thousands of artifacts of the island, which has been populated by the Chumash for more than 13,000 years, have been found. 4515: 391:

and the California coasts where a bounty of resources could be found. The tribe lived in an area of three environments: the interior, the coast, and the

3226:. Smithsonian Insider. (n.d.). https://insider.si.edu/2011/03/californias-channel-islands-may-have-once-held-north-americas-earliest-seafaring-economy/ 763:

fresh produce, where they can help feed and cook for the whole family. Obesity in children is a major health problem prevalent among Native Americans.

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Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts Used for Social System Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region before A.D. 1804

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Gamble, L. H., & Enki Library eBook. (2008). The chumash world at European contact (1st ed.). Us: University of California Press. Retrieved from

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Malibu Chumash, from the coast of Malibu. Descendants of this band can now be found among the Ventura, Coastal, Tejon, and San Fernando Valley bands.

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Port Hueneme Historical Society Museum in Port Hueneme - Chumash speakers (Distinguished Speaker Series) exhibit on Chumash history and artifacts

3350: 4934: 4541: 2427: 1287: 1232:. Highly prized seafood such as swordfish were caught through the use of plank canoes and were likely shared by chiefs during communal feasts. 1244:

archaeologists and researchers. Coastal people of California have been maintaining their food practices in various ways for a very long time.

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Dartt-Newton, D.; Erlandson, J. M. (2006). "Little Choice for the Chumash: Colonialism, Cattle, and Coercion in Mission Period California".

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During that time, people used bipointed bone objects and line to catch fish and began making beads from shells of the marine olive snail (

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was built and launched in 1976 as a result of a joint venture between Quabajai Chumash of the Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation and the

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thought the 1770 population of the Chumash might have been about 10,000. Alan K. Brown concluded that the population was about 15,000.

938: 3071: 2639: 2629:(5th ed.). AmDes Publishing, April 21, 2024, https://johnandersonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Chumash-Demonology-.pdf 2202: 1565: 4919: 4534: 2150: 451: 368:

While droughts were not uncommon in the centuries of the first millennium AD, a population explosion occurred with the coming of the

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SAINT-ONGE, R. W., JOHNSON, J. R., & TALAUGON, J. R. (2009). Archaeoastronomical Implications of a Northern Chumash Arborglyph.

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Pritzker, Barry M. (2014). Chumash. In The American Mosaic: The American Indian Experience. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from

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Los Angeles Chumash, formed when members of the historic Malibu, Tejon, and Ventura bands were relocated in the 19th century.

179: 1228:. Acorns, an important plant food, were ground up and cooked into a soup. They also made flour from the dried fruits of the 945: 674:, the Chumash word for falcon. The Brotherhood of the Tomol was revived and her crew paddled and circumnavigated around the 4440: 1535: 990:

Estimates for the precontact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. The anthropologist

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Kagismuwas Chumash, from the southwesternmost region of the ancestral Chumash land. Their historical lands are now part of

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The Eye of the Flute: Chumash Traditional History and Ritual as Told by Fernando Librado Kitsepawit to John P. Harrington

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Arnold, Jeanne E. (1995). "Transportation Innovation and Social Complexity among Maritime Hunter-Gatherer Societies".

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Haley, Brian D.; Wilcoxon, Larry R. (September 2005). "How Spaniards Became Chumash and Other Tales of Ethnogenesis".

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The Chumash of the Northern Channel Islands were at the center of an intense regional trade network. Beads made from

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plank canoe. Its design allowed for the capture of deepwater fish, and it facilitated trade routes between villages.

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Cultural Affiliation and Lineal Descent of Chumash Peoples in the Channel Islands and the Santa Monica Mountains

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New archaeological evidence reveals California’s Channel Islands as North America’s earliest seafaring economy

2257: 4500: 4420:. Anthropological Papers No. 9, edited by Lowell J. Bean and Thomas C. Blackburn. Socorro, NM: Ballena Press. 1681: 1675: 1654: 675: 650: 3848:""A Song of Resilience": Exploring Communities of Practice in Chumash Basket Weaving in Southern California" 340:

date from 7000 to 4500 BC and show evidence of a subsistence system focused on the processing of seeds with

4635: 3847: 3481: 1253: 912: 641: 392: 219: 3451: 2841:(1st ed., pp. 223–248). University of California Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppr4x.11 2517: 1068: 1040: 1779: 919: 415:

species of fish and land densely covered by trees and animals, the Chumash had a diverse array of food.

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Gamble, Lynn H. (2002). "Archaeological Evidence for the Origin of the Plank Canoe in North America".

3625:"Image / Rafael Solares, a Santa Inez Chumash man, 1878. Hayward & Muzzall, photographic ..." 1499: 1363:

who were conscious observers of the stars, and used these carvings to calibrate the Chumash calendar.

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the Native Americans and facilitating Spanish colonization. By the end of 1770, missions and military

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Coombs, G.; Plog, F. (1977). "The conversion of the chumash Indians: An ecological interpretation".

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routes and resources made these villages particularly powerful within the Chumash trade ecosystem.

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Indigenous peoples have lived along the California coast for at least 11,000 years. Sites of the

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The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting Among Complex Hunter-Gatherers

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The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting Among Complex Hunter-Gatherers

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The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting Among Complex Hunter-Gatherers

1471:(c. April 29, 1834 – September 7, 1902), a skilled basket weaver and previous figurehead of the 4342: 3383: 3374: 3000: 2466: 2008: 1810: 1653:– cave paintings in Olsen's Cave: More than 300,000 Chumash objects have been collected in the 1644: 1221: 725: 711: 555:

The Chumash people moved from their villages to the Franciscan missions between 1772 and 1817.

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to theft by Americans and a declining population, due to the effects of violence and disease.

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also known as Veggie Rescue, is another effort to improve food sourcing for the Santa Ynez.

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Americas." Spain settled on the territory of the Chumash in 1770. They founded colonies,

353: 278: 125: 4363:

Timbrook, J.; Johnson, J. R.; Earle, D. D. (1982). "Vegetation burning by the chumash".

4240:. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, editors. New York and Plymouth UK: Altamira Press. 3181:"Subsistence Practices and Feasting Rites: Chumash Identity after European Colonization" 3134: 3117:"Ethnobotany of Chumash Indians, California, Based On Collections by John P. Harrington" 1184:, a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock. The Chumash crafted small flakes of chert into 1052: 4372: 4279: 4271: 4219: 4211: 4168: 4136: 4128: 3316:

Healing with medicinal plants of the west – cultural and scientific basis for their use

3262: 3237: 3148: 2981: 2942: 2907: 2872: 2767: 2393: 2227: 2178: 2170: 1685: 1631:

Santa Barbara Mission Archive-Library. Records of all California mission Indians. <

1422: 1385: 1225: 932: 890: 573: 432: 428: 424: 317: 250: 246: 242: 211: 4418:

Tomol: Chumash Watercraft as Described in the Ethnographic Notes of John P. Harrington

619: 4454: 4331: 4316: 4283: 4223: 4172: 4140: 3919: 3876: 3739: 3624: 3579: 3517: 3387: 3319: 3267: 3020: 2973: 2932: 2897: 2864: 2755: 2745: 2569: 2544: 2491: 2232: 2182: 2028: 1863: 1650: 1282:. This was rubbed on the painful area or used to soak one's feet. The plant contains 1088: 995: 991: 897:

Barbareño Chumash, affiliated with the Taynayan missions and the Kashwa reservations.

594: 286: 231: 223: 4244: 3152: 3047: 2077: 4909: 4615: 4263: 4231: 4203: 4160: 4120: 4059: 4017: 3257: 3249: 3192: 3138: 3012: 2946: 2926: 2911: 2891: 2837:

Gamble, L. H. (2008). Economics and Exchange: Manifestations of Wealth Finance. In

2385: 2222: 2214: 2162: 2020: 1714: 1699: 1694: 1604:, Carrizo Plain Natural Heritage Reserve in San Luis Obispo County – cave paintings 1459:

Semu Huaute (1908–2004), medicine man, actor, and alleged last full-blooded Chumash

1428: 1275: 1205: 1200:

Foods historically consumed by the Chumash include several marine species, such as

589: 529: 270: 254: 121: 117: 4063: 959:. They are the northwesternmost Chumash people, located in San Luis Obispo County. 630: 585: 4749: 4504: 4492: 4470: 4409:

Hudson, D. Travis, Thomas Blackburn, Rosario Curletti and Janice Timbrook. 1977.

4084:

Brown, Alan K. (1967). "The Aboriginal Population of the Santa Barbara Channel".

3875:. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. San Luis Obispo, CA: EZ Nature Books. 3733: 3345: 3121: 3075: 2962:"Lithic Resource Control and Economic Change in the Santa Barbara Channel Region" 2787: 2261: 2115: 2084: 1299: 1096: 800: 552:

by forcing Chumash villages into numerous missions springing up along the coast.

3984:"Santa Rosa Island - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 3962:"Santa Cruz Island – Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 2708:

Brown, Alan K (1967). "The Aboriginal Population of the Santa Barbara Channel".

2355: 972:

is the Spanish word for "badger", and its name was given to the Tejon Rancheria.

4795: 2800: 2744:. Schmidt, Robert A., 1953-, Voss, Barbara L., 1967-. London: Routledge. 2000. 2346:

Ruby, A., & Whitaker, A. R. (2019). Remote Places As Post-Contact Refugia.

2056: 1589:

Morro Bay Museum of Natural History – docent presentations and Chumash exhibits

1462: 1355: 1139: 1134:

have long collected Chumash baskets. Two of the largest collections are at the

1006:

Santa Ynez, and San Luis Obispo, the Chumash were eventually devastated by the

784: 360: 290: 235: 26: 4828: 2660: 2389: 1484: 1115:), which facilitated the distribution of goods and could be used for whaling. 439:

shells to make a variety of fishhooks, beads, ornaments, and other artifacts.

238:

was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source.

4898: 4848: 4800: 4728: 3289: 3024: 3016: 2977: 2868: 2032: 2024: 1709: 1672:

Santa Maria Valley Historical Society Museum – Chumash artifacts and exhibits

1571: 1507: 1456:, Chumash activist and historian, working on reviving the Barbareño language. 1418: 1217: 1213: 1201: 1108: 965: 905: 796: 550:

bringing in missionaries to begin evangelizing Native Americans in the region

520: 84: 3893: 3654: 3167: 2788:

Archaeology of the 'aqi: gender and sexuality in prehistoric Chumash society

2759: 1544:

in Thousand Oaks – exhibitions of artifacts and recreation of Chumash houses

162: 4722: 4599: 4044:

The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands

3271: 2236: 1291: 1131: 1084: 822: 274: 20: 4485: 4463: 4164: 3940:"Collections – Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 3253: 2218: 1598:

Ojai Valley Museum and Historical Society in Ojai. Inland Chumash history.

1580:

in Los Angeles – anthropology and guided tours for Chumash natural history

1111:, a neighboring tribe to the south). Some settlements built a plank boat ( 1060: 1056: 376:

which consisted of using local herbs to produce teas and medical reliefs,

153: 149: 4878: 4868: 4733: 4646: 4625: 4585: 1559: 1524: 1517:

Albinger Archaeological Museum in Ventura – Chumash artifacts and history

1399: 1283: 1209: 975:

Ventura Chumash, lives in the traditional Chumash domain of the Owl Clan.

577:

of its remoteness, it was perhaps the last Chumash area to be colonized.

321: 258: 4376: 4275: 3513:"John Olguin dies at 89; director of San Pedro's Cabrillo Marine Museum" 2985: 2961: 2876: 2852: 2174: 1103:

at the time of Spanish colonization. They are one of the relatively few

883:

Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation

501: 166: 4753: 4696: 4610: 4580: 4559: 4480: 4215: 4132: 4124: 3196: 3143: 3116: 2566:

The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization

2397: 1468: 1351: 1331: 1297:

The Chumash formerly practiced an initiation rite involving the use of

1267: 792: 384: 183: 102: 4701: 4358:

Chumash foundation $ 10,000 grant helps food bank serve healthy meals.

158: 4863: 4767: 4717: 4680: 4595: 4497: 4267: 3180: 2166: 1995: 1657:, which was home to 10 villages and more than 1200 Chumash residents. 1641:– exhibits on Chumash Indians and natural history of Native Americans 1538:

and Historical Society in Carpinteria – Chumash artifacts and history

1271: 1164: 1104: 951:

Yak Tityu Tityu Yak Tilhini Northern Chumash, homelands from coastal

842: 818: 776: 687: 537: 496: 455: 373: 293:

research demonstrates that the Chumash people have deep roots in the

207: 4630: 4207: 889:, and other Chumash people are enrolled in the federally recognized 4812: 4806: 4690: 4675: 4605: 4590: 4575: 4430: 2254: 1444: 743: 541: 533: 485:

the Chumash culture, and there is no evidence of a genetic legacy.

463: 377: 215: 44: 4475: 4406:. Anthropological Papers No. 25-31. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press. 4404:

The Material Culture of the Chumash Interaction Sphere Volumes I–V

3212:

Boletín: The Journal of the California Mission Studies Association

2201:

Adams, James D.; Cecilia Garcia; Eric J. Lien (January 23, 2008).

678:

on a 10-day journey, stopping on three of the islands. The second

297:

area and lived along the southern California coast for millennia.

4838: 4790: 4784: 4744: 4739: 4711: 4659: 4655: 4641: 4435: 4098:

The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization

3235: 1690: 1633:

https://web.archive.org/web/20191127055954/https://www.sbmal.org/

1406:, founder of the Cabrillo Whalewatch, and founding member of the 1389: 1379: 1360: 1279: 1263: 1229: 1100: 870:

Archaeoastronomical Implications of a Northern Chumash Arborglyph

470:

may provide evidence as the Chumash word for "sewn-plank canoe",

436: 383:

The scorpion tree was significant to the Chumash as shown in its

4301:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. 3761:"Native American settlement near Santa Margarita draws scrutiny" 2411:

Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians Publishes Language Dictionary

2203:"A Comparison of Chinese and American Indian (Chumash) Medicine" 1622:

Santa Barbara Historical Society in Santa Barbara. Guided tours.

948:. They intermarried other tribes who also worked at the mission. 406: 4873: 4822: 4817: 4774: 4759: 3069:

Intertidal Marine Invertebrates of the South Puget Sound (2008)

2513: 2200: 1568:

in Lompoc – displays of mission life in reconstructed buildings

1393: 1315:

Chumash Petroglyphs at Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park

1154:

is believed to have the largest collection of Chumash baskets.

788: 3313: 634:

The Chumash revived their cultural tradition of traveling via

4883: 4858: 4853: 4843: 4706: 4670: 4665: 4516:"Wishtoyo Foundation's Chumash Discovery Village, Malibu, CA" 4416:

Hudson, D. Travis, Janice Timbrook, and Melissa Rempe. 1977.

4328:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples

4070: 1437: 1181: 1147: 1127:

Coiled Basket tray, Santa Barbara Mission, early 19th century

807:

Europeans, and the devastating consequences that followed."

738:

includes more than 2,000 illustrations. The documentary film

662: 636: 525: 472: 444: 4343:

http://americanindian2.abc-clio.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/

4238:

California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity

2710:

Reports of the University of California Archeological Survey

4779: 4685: 4651: 4458: 4445: 2568:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 128–130. 1513:

Places of significant archaeological and historical value.

1378:(born 1954), an award-winning feminist, activist, poet and 1107:

peoples who regularly navigated the ocean (another was the

718:, near Santa Ynez. Chumash people are also enrolled in the 4179: 19:

For Chumash, five books of Moses, the Torah (Jewish), see

4399:(historic photographs). Ventura, CA, Black Gold Libraries 1628:

in Santa Barbara. Local Chumash history and guided tours.

1347: 1071:

and the Chumash name for the Barbareño people is Šmuwič.

817:), where humans and spirits of this world live and where 3421:"Nominees announced for Northern California Book Awards" 1441:

builder, craft specialist, philosopher, and storyteller.

1014:

non-procreative sexual activity, such as homosexuality.

592:

was born in the Mexican era to two Chumash parents from

4510:

Map of Chumash towns at the time of European Settlement

3873:

The Chumash People: Materials for Teachers and Students

2999:

Perry, Jennifer; Delaney-Rivera, Colleen (April 2011).

2541:

Sacred Sites: The Secret History of Southern California

2007:

Perry, Jennifer; Delaney-Rivera, Colleen (April 2011).

1018:

of morturary practices has provided evidence for this.

331: 4486:

Chumash Singer and Storyteller Julie Tumamait-Stenslie

4086:

University of California Archaeological Survey Reports

3546:"Salute on Sand Draws 1,000-plus to John Olguin Rites" 3088:"Daily Life | Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" 1532:

in Carpinteria – cave paintings depicting Chumash life

698:

being paddled from the mainland to Santa Cruz Island.

182:

people of the central and southern coastal regions of

4150: 3792:"Frey's passing brings back memories of '70s concert" 3242:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

2207:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

1195: 4362: 3822:"Yak Tityu Tityu Yak Tilhini Northern Chumash (YTT)" 3380:

Chicana Ways: Conversations With Ten Chicana Writers

3341:"A Tree Carving in California: Ancient Astronomers?" 2384:(3). American Anthropological Association: 432–445. 2148: 1733:

Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park, California

1447:(1897–1965), linguist and last known speaker of the 1334:

apparently depicting the Chumash cosmology, such as

431:

coast in the pre-contact era. The Chumash and other

364:

Chumash Family by American sculptor George S. Stuart

4402:Hudson, D. Travis and Thomas C. Blackburn. 1982–7. 4105:

The Population of the California Indians, 1769–1970

3001:"Interactions and Interiors of the Coastal Chumash" 2998: 2590:

December’s Child: A book of chumash oral narratives

2471:

The American Mosaic: The American Indian Experience

2109:

Did ancient Polynesians visit California? Maybe so.

2009:"Interactions and Interiors of the Coastal Chumash" 2006: 1778:SDSU Library and Information Access. Archived from 1556:

in San Luis Obispo – Chumash artifacts and exhibits

1350:tree in California is considered to have a Chumash 1258:Herbs used in traditional Chumash medicine include 781:

December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives

218:in the east. Their territory includes three of the 4365:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3659:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3382:. Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. pp. 3373: 2966:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2857:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2610:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2588:Harrington, J. P., & Blackburn, T. C. (1980). 1425:to help preserve the Chumash language and culture. 1330:Remains of a developed Chumash culture, including 1262:, used to keep airways open for proper breathing; 944:San Fernando Valley Chumash, once laborers at the 497:Spanish contact and the mission period (1542–1834) 458:between AD 400 and 800, nearly 1,000 years before 4455:Native Cultures and the Maritime Heritage Program 2616:(1), 29–58. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27825901 2149:Jones, Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar (June 3, 2005). 1091:, photograph by Leon de Cessac, late 19th century 4896: 4232:http://sjpl.enkilibrary.org/EcontentRecord/11197 2087:The Megalithic Portal, editor A. Burnham (2008). 1087:, captain of Soxtonoxmu, capital village in the 241:Modern place names with Chumash origins include 3669: 1776:"California Indians and Their Reservations: P." 1613:Museum in Ventura – exhibits on Chumash history 1278:, the leaves and stems were made into a strong 1157: 4183:Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 3735:American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook 2931:(1 ed.). University of California Press. 2896:(1 ed.). University of California Press. 2824: 2822: 1240:alongside the addition of European livestock. 614: 4925:History of San Luis Obispo County, California 4542: 4450:California Department of Parks and Recreation 3685:Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 3110: 3108: 2790:, in Archaeologies of Sexuality, pp. 179-196. 2375: 2356:https://doi.org/10.1080/1947461X.2019.1655624 2272: 2270: 2095: 2093: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1669:in Solvang – site of an early Spanish mission 783:published in 1980, the Chumash do not have a 3789: 2057:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.025 1693:– ancient Chumash village and now museum in 1578:Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 1266:, the root bark of which was used to make a 810:The middle region (sometimes referred to as 4930:History of Santa Barbara County, California 4304:McLendon, Sally and John R. Johnson. 1999. 4107:. University of California Press, Berkeley. 4100:. University of California Press, Berkeley. 4046:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 3713:Grant, C. (1978). "Chumash: Introduction". 3678:"On the status of Chumash sibilant harmony" 3482:"Deborah A. Miranda - Professor of English" 2819: 968:, part of the Kern County Chumash Council. 770: 4549: 4535: 4413:. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. 4110: 3758: 3236:James D. Adams Jr, Cecilia Garcia (2005). 3105: 2267: 2264:, California Polytechnic State University. 2090: 1906: 1862:. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. 1388:(born 1961), a writer and poet of Chumash- 1371:This is a list of notable Chumash people: 1032:Several related languages under the name " 862: 825:, is interconnected with the lower world ( 580: 450:Some researchers believe that the Chumash 43: 4384:Chumash Tribe sued over casino expansion 4330:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 4315:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4253: 3871:Lynne McCall & Perry Rosalind. 1991. 3738:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 298. 3261: 3168:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2023.101554 3142: 2226: 1574:in Lompoc – Chumash artifacts and history 1479: 893:. There are 14 bands of Chumash Indians. 399:of the California coastal-interior has a 4498:Chumash Indian Museum, Thousand Oaks, CA 4481:Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park 3845: 3449: 3338: 3114: 2563: 2425: 1834:"Chumash Indians on the Channel Islands" 1717:– place of Chumash cultural significance 1661:San Luis Obispo County Historical Museum 1617:San Luis Obispo County Historical Museum 1562:– place of Chumash cultural significance 1548:Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park 1498: 1483: 1336:Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park 1310: 1122: 1078: 724: 629: 618: 584: 500: 405: 359: 326:Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park 316: 304: 3790:FitzRandolph, John (January 27, 2016). 3731: 3694:from the original on September 22, 2018 3652: 3510: 3314:Cecilia Garcia, James D. Adams (2005). 2538: 2488:Santa Ynez Chumash Environmental Office 1809:. National Park Service. Archived from 1639:Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 1586:Museum – Chumash artifacts and exhibits 1566:La Purísima Mission State Historic Park 1152:Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 740:6 Generations: A Chumash Family History 668:Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 4897: 4193: 4049: 3950:from the original on October 14, 2014. 3924:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3846:Bardolph, Dana N. (December 1, 2018). 3771:from the original on February 27, 2020 3576:The Chumash (Indians of North America) 3543: 3525:from the original on February 16, 2018 3418: 3400:from the original on December 15, 2019 3353:from the original on February 12, 2010 3307: 3286:"Palliative Care Among Chumash People" 3238:"Palliative Care Among Chumash People" 3178: 2959: 2924: 2889: 2850: 1770: 1768: 427:(red abalone) was harvested along the 410:Precontact distribution of the Chumash 4935:History of Ventura County, California 4530: 4397:Native Americans of the Central Coast 4313:The Languages of Native North America 4299:Handbook of the Indians of California 4294:. New York and London, Garland Press. 4083: 4073:Native Communities and Climate Change 3990:from the original on October 14, 2014 3712: 3675: 3628:Calisphere - University of California 3599:Calisphere - University of California 3031: 2707: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 1836:. Sea•thos Foundation. Archived from 1801: 1799: 1797: 1047:. Especially well documented are the 753: 4638:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 3972:from the original on August 5, 2011. 3578:, Chelsea House Publications, 1990, 3492:from the original on August 15, 2018 3371: 2661:"Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation" 2543:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 276. 2520:from the original on August 16, 2016 1536:Carpinteria Valley Museum of History 1002:1542–43, brought disease and death. 332:Prior to European contact (pre-1542) 65:Regions with significant populations 3725: 3646: 3544:Vinsel, Arthur (January 23, 2011). 3452:"An Interview with Deborah Miranda" 3339:Kettmann, Matt (February 9, 2010). 2807:from the original on April 14, 2019 2426:Kettmann, Matt (January 27, 2011). 1765: 1748:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 1684:(Samala) – the only Chumash Indian 16:Native American tribe of California 13: 4441:Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation 4431:Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians 4389: 3906:from the original on June 16, 2015 3802:from the original on March 3, 2019 3715:Handbook of North American Indians 3511:Thursby, Keith (January 3, 2011). 3365: 3288:. Wild Food Plants. Archived from 2595: 1996:https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12346 1794: 1294:, which are known pain relievers. 1196:Cuisine, foodways, and subsistence 946:Mission San Fernando Rey de España 540:to the south of Chumash lands and 14: 4946: 4436:Inezeño Chumash Language Tutorial 4424: 4395:Black Gold Library System, 1997, 3759:Middlecamp, David (May 2, 2014). 3634:from the original on May 28, 2018 3605:from the original on May 28, 2018 3462:from the original on May 28, 2018 3450:Miscolta, Donna (March 4, 2013). 3431:from the original on May 28, 2018 3037: 2671:from the original on May 10, 2018 2592:. University of California Press. 2484:"Chumash Community Garden Update" 1619:– Chumash artifacts and exhibits. 1550:in Santa Barbara – cave paintings 1366: 837:is the home of the First People. 640:from the California coast to the 623:Reconstructed Chumash hut at the 403:due to the incoming ocean winds. 4920:Indigenous peoples of California 4565:Indigenous peoples of California 4558: 2801:"Šmuwič Chumash Language School" 1663:– Chumash artifacts and exhibits 1341: 876: 720:Tejon Indian Tribe of California 95: 77: 4476:Northern Chumash Tribal Council 4002: 3976: 3954: 3932: 3886: 3865: 3839: 3814: 3783: 3752: 3706: 3617: 3588: 3568: 3537: 3504: 3474: 3443: 3412: 3332: 3278: 3229: 3217: 3203: 3172: 3159: 3080: 3062: 2992: 2953: 2918: 2883: 2844: 2831: 2793: 2780: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2712:(69). University of California. 2701: 2692: 2683: 2653: 2649:. Chumash Tribe. June 19, 2014. 2632: 2619: 2582: 2557: 2532: 2506: 2476: 2465:Blackwell, Amy Hackney (2014). 2459: 2450: 2419: 2404: 2369: 2360: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2102: 2070: 2061: 2048: 2039: 2000: 1988: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1920: 1494:Carrizo Plain National Monument 986:Population of Native California 4736:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 4042:Arnold, Jeanne E. (ed.) 2001. 2473:. Retrieved February 28, 2014. 1903:King 1990: 80–82, 106–107, 231 1897: 1888: 1873: 1852: 1826: 1817: 1738:Chumash traditional narratives 1326:Rock art of the Chumash people 841:is the upper world in Chumash 480:, the Polynesian word for the 1: 4446:Antelope Valley Indian Museum 4064:10.1525/aa.1995.97.4.02a00150 4036: 3486:Washington and Lee University 3419:Manuel, Bruce (May 9, 2012). 2851:Sutton, Elizabeth A. (2014). 2432:The Santa Barbara Independent 1885:, Vol. 30, No. 3 & 4, 416 1682:Santa Ynez Indian Reservation 1595:– exhibits on Chumash history 1402:(1921–2011), former director 979: 939:Samala, or Santa Ynez Chumash 710:Chumash tribe. They have the 676:Santa Barbara Channel Islands 651:Channel Islands National Park 476:, may have been derived from 186:, in portions of what is now 3732:Kennedy, Frances H. (2008). 1894:Glassow et al. 2007: 192–196 1715:Toshololo (Frazier Mountain) 1254:Chumash traditional medicine 1247: 1158:Bead manufacture and trading 1021: 1016:Archaeological investigation 137:Traditional tribal religion, 25:Not to be confused with the 7: 2564:Bryan E., Penprase (2010). 1721: 1319: 1118: 931:Monterey Chumash, from the 920:Vandenberg Space Force Base 855:, the Eagle, also known as 615:American era (1848–present) 124: • formerly 49:Historical Chumash villages 10: 4951: 4915:California Mission Indians 4503:November 26, 2012, at the 4311:Mithun, Marianne. (1999). 3826:YTT Northern Chumash Tribe 3214:37, no. 1 (2021): 100-115. 3074:February 16, 2012, at the 2960:Arnold, Jeanne E. (1990). 2742:Archaeologies of sexuality 2456:Santa Barbara Independent. 1753:Shalawa Meadow, California 1323: 1251: 1074: 1025: 983: 887:federally recognized tribe 748:Barbareño Chumash language 746:, the last speaker of the 704:Santa Ynez Band of Chumash 690:"), was launched in 1997. 512: 380:, and the scorpion tree. 300: 24: 18: 4571: 4469:January 20, 2022, at the 4464:Barbareno Chumash Council 4354:Santa Barbara Independent 4243:Hogan, C. Michael. 2008. 4153:American Indian Quarterly 4103:Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. 4096:Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. 3676:Poser, William J (2004). 3653:Johnson, John R. (1982). 3372:Ikas, Karin Rosa (2002). 2428:"Santa Barbara on Screen" 2390:10.1525/aa.2005.107.3.432 2337:McLendon and Johnson 1999 1882:American Indian Quarterly 1523:in Simi Valley – Chumash 1454:Ernestine Ygnacio-De Soto 1421:(1842-1923), worked with 1408:American Cetacean Society 1083:Rafael Solares, a Samala 911:Island Chumash, from the 904:Cuyama Chumash, from the 736:Samala-English Dictionary 206:counties, extending from 148: 143: 136: 131: 116: 111: 69: 64: 59: 54: 42: 4014:www.santaynezchumash.org 4010:"Santa Ynez Reservation" 3179:Gamble, Lynn H. (2015). 3017:10.1179/cal.2011.3.1.103 2925:Gamble, Lynn H. (2008). 2890:Gamble, Lynn H. (2008). 2625:Anderson, J. M. (2020). 2025:10.1179/cal.2011.3.1.103 1758: 1728:Burro Flats Painted Cave 1611:San Buenaventura Mission 1593:Museum of Ventura County 1521:Burro Flats Painted Cave 1404:Cabrillo Marine Aquarium 1260:thick-leaved yerba santa 771:Worldviews and cosmology 561:Mission San Buenaventura 507:Mission San Buenaventura 393:Northern Channel Islands 234:; the smaller island of 4834:Plains and Sierra Miwok 4693:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 4356:. (2010, December 15). 4290:King, Chester D. 1991. 4052:American Anthropologist 3655:"The Trail to Fernando" 2539:Suntree, Susan (2010). 2378:American Anthropologist 2130:Arnold, Jeanne E. 1995. 2120:San Francisco Chronicle 1858:Appleton, Bill (2009). 1584:Mission San Luis Obispo 1530:Carpinteria State Beach 1206:Pacific littleneck clam 1146:(Museum of Mankind) in 1136:Smithsonian Institution 1045:John Peabody Harrington 863:Cosmology and astronomy 581:Mexican era (1834–1848) 557:Mission San Luis Obispo 468:Comparative linguistics 309:Chumash pictographs in 3185:Historical Archaeology 3115:Timbrook, Jan (1990). 3005:California Archaeology 2786:Hollimon, S. E. 2000: 2772:: CS1 maint: others ( 2348:California Archaeology 2255:Terry Jones's homepage 2013:California Archaeology 1645:Santa Barbara Presidio 1560:Iwihinmu (Mount Pinos) 1554:Hollister Adobe Museum 1510: 1496: 1480:Places of significance 1316: 1222:angular unicorn snails 1128: 1092: 881:One Chumash band, the 730: 712:Santa Ynez Reservation 645: 627: 609:Santa Ynez Reservation 599: 519:The maritime explorer 515:Chumash Revolt of 1824 510: 411: 365: 328: 314: 4803:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 4636:Eel River Athapaskans 4522:on December 22, 2012. 4297:Kroeber, A. L. 1925. 4165:10.1353/aiq.2006.0020 3852:Dana N. Bardolph Ph.D 3375:"Lorna Dee Cervantes" 3044:The Megalithic Portal 2731:Erlandson et al. 2001 2667:. Aim Santa Barbara. 2494:on September 18, 2016 2189:on September 27, 2006 2139:Gamble, Lynn H. 2002. 1840:on September 11, 2014 1743:Polynesian navigation 1647:– historical exhibits 1626:Santa Barbara Mission 1542:Chumash Indian Museum 1504:Chumash Indian Museum 1502: 1487: 1338:, can still be seen. 1324:Further information: 1314: 1252:Further information: 1218:ostrea lurida oysters 1126: 1082: 984:Further information: 728: 657:supported by others. 633: 625:Chumash Indian Museum 622: 588: 505:Chumash musicians at 504: 452:may have been visited 409: 401:Mediterranean climate 363: 320: 308: 295:Santa Barbara Channel 144:Related ethnic groups 2698:A. L. Kroeber, p.883 2647:Chumash Indian Bands 2243:on February 14, 2009 1975:Coombs and Plog 313. 1807:"Native Inhabitants" 1177:in Chumash society. 716:Santa Barbara County 708:federally recognized 536:had been founded at 460:Christopher Columbus 389:Santa Ynez Mountains 370:medieval warm period 338:Millingstone Horizon 4326:Pritzker, Barry M. 3556:on January 31, 2013 3254:10.1093/ecam/neh090 3135:1990EcBot..44..236T 3040:"Los Osos Back Bay" 2947:10.1525/j.ctt1ppr4x 2912:10.1525/j.ctt1ppr4x 2467:"Childhood obesity" 2438:on January 17, 2013 2309:Library of Congress 2219:10.1093/ecam/nem188 1782:on January 10, 2010 1708:– a former Chumash 1376:Lorna Dee Cervantes 1028:Chumashan languages 1008:California Genocide 567:Mission La Purisima 354:Callianax biplicata 126:Chumashan languages 39: 4491:2009-01-02 at the 4256:American Antiquity 4196:American Antiquity 4125:10.1007/bf00889174 3574:Gibson, Robert O. 3550:Palos Verdes Patch 3295:on October 6, 2007 3197:10.1007/BF03377142 3144:10.1007/BF02860489 2627:Chumash Demonology 2260:2008-05-11 at the 2155:American Antiquity 2114:2007-12-30 at the 2083:2017-08-16 at the 2078:Los Osos Back Bay. 1667:Mission Santa Inés 1511: 1497: 1449:Barbareño language 1423:John P. Harrington 1386:Deborah A. Miranda 1382:of Chumash descent 1317: 1129: 1099:and were adept at 1093: 933:Monterey Peninsula 891:Tejon Indian Tribe 853:Chumash Demonology 754:Produce initiative 731: 646: 628: 600: 574:Radiocarbon dating 511: 433:California Indians 429:Central California 425:Haliotis rufescens 412: 366: 329: 315: 120: • 37: 4892: 4891: 4336:978-0-19-513877-1 4321:978-0-521-23228-9 3881:978-0-945092-23-0 3796:SanLuisObispo.com 3765:SanLuisObispo.com 3745:978-0-395-63336-6 3584:978-1-55546-700-5 3518:Los Angeles Times 3393:978-0-87417-492-2 3325:978-0-9763091-0-9 2938:978-0-520-25441-1 2903:978-0-520-25441-1 2751:978-0-415-22366-9 2640:"Chumash Indians" 1868:978-1-4396-3820-0 1676:Santa Rosa Island 1651:Santa Cruz Island 1473:Ventureño Chumash 1445:Mary Joachina Yee 1095:The Chumash were 1089:Santa Ynez Valley 996:Sherburne F. Cook 992:Alfred L. Kroeber 660:The first modern 313:dating to 500 AD. 172: 171: 4942: 4563: 4562: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4518:. Archived from 4380: 4287: 4268:10.2307/40035309 4227: 4190: 4176: 4159:(3/4): 416–430. 4144: 4093: 4080: 4067: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4020:on July 23, 2014 4016:. Archived from 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3592: 3586: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3552:. Archived from 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3425:The Mercury News 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3318:. Abedus Press. 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3146: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3092:www.sbnature.org 3084: 3078: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3046:. Archived from 3035: 3029: 3028: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2763: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2722:S. F. Cook, 1976 2720: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2606: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490:. Archived from 2480: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2434:. Archived from 2423: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2265: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2239:. Archived from 2230: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2185:. Archived from 2167:10.2307/40035309 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2088: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1813:on May 22, 2007. 1803: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1772: 1702:in Highland Park 1700:Southwest Museum 1695:Newbury Park, CA 1429:Fernando Librado 1346:A centuries-old 1144:Musée de l'Homme 1097:hunter-gatherers 1070: 1042: 821:could travel in 814: 590:Fernando Librado 544:to their north. 214:in the south to 210:in the north to 101: 99: 98: 83: 81: 80: 55:Total population 47: 40: 36: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4750:Northern Paiute 4567: 4557: 4555: 4514: 4505:Wayback Machine 4493:Wayback Machine 4471:Wayback Machine 4427: 4392: 4390:Further reading 4250:Ed. A. Burnham. 4208:10.2307/2694568 4039: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3894:"Archived copy" 3892: 3891: 3887: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3394: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3204: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3122:Economic Botany 3113: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3076:Wayback Machine 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3032: 2997: 2993: 2958: 2954: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2904: 2888: 2884: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2765: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2596: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2514:"Veggie Rescue" 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2420: 2409: 2405: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2262:Wayback Machine 2246: 2244: 2192: 2190: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2116:Wayback Machine 2107: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2085:Wayback Machine 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1928:The Long Summer 1925: 1921: 1916: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1878: 1874: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1724: 1655:Channel Islands 1488:Pictographs at 1482: 1369: 1344: 1328: 1322: 1256: 1250: 1214:bent-nosed clam 1198: 1160: 1132:Anthropologists 1121: 1077: 1030: 1024: 988: 982: 913:Channel Islands 879: 865: 812: 773: 756: 642:Channel Islands 617: 583: 517: 499: 334: 303: 220:Channel Islands 192:San Luis Obispo 180:Native American 157: 138: 107: 96: 94: 78: 76: 50: 35: 30: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4948: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4905:Chumash people 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4512: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4425:External links 4423: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4371:(2): 163–186. 4360: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4324: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4262:(3): 457–484. 4251: 4241: 4234: 4228: 4202:(2): 301–315. 4191: 4177: 4148: 4145: 4119:(4): 309–328. 4108: 4101: 4094: 4081: 4068: 4058:(4): 733–747. 4047: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4001: 3975: 3953: 3931: 3885: 3864: 3838: 3813: 3782: 3751: 3744: 3724: 3705: 3668: 3645: 3616: 3587: 3567: 3536: 3503: 3473: 3456:Donna Miscolta 3442: 3411: 3392: 3364: 3331: 3324: 3306: 3277: 3248:(2): 143–147. 3228: 3216: 3202: 3191:(2): 115–135. 3171: 3158: 3129:(2): 236–253. 3104: 3079: 3061: 3050:on May 1, 2011 3030: 3011:(1): 103–126. 2991: 2972:(2): 158–172. 2952: 2937: 2917: 2902: 2882: 2843: 2830: 2818: 2792: 2779: 2750: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2652: 2631: 2618: 2594: 2581: 2574: 2556: 2549: 2531: 2505: 2475: 2458: 2449: 2418: 2403: 2368: 2359: 2354:(2), 205–233. 2339: 2330: 2321: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2266: 2213:(2): 219–225. 2161:(3): 457–484. 2141: 2132: 2123: 2101: 2089: 2069: 2060: 2047: 2038: 2019:(1): 103–126. 1999: 1987: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1930:, 2004, p. 222 1919: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1872: 1851: 1825: 1816: 1793: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1706:Shalawa Meadow 1703: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1466: 1463:Rosario Cooper 1460: 1457: 1451: 1442: 1426: 1416: 1413:Rafael Solares 1410: 1397: 1383: 1368: 1367:Notable people 1365: 1356:paleontologist 1343: 1340: 1332:rock paintings 1321: 1318: 1249: 1246: 1226:butternut clam 1197: 1194: 1159: 1156: 1140:Washington, DC 1120: 1117: 1076: 1073: 1026:Main article: 1023: 1020: 981: 978: 977: 976: 973: 963: 960: 949: 942: 936: 929: 926: 923: 916: 909: 902: 898: 878: 875: 864: 861: 846:of the Sky or 797:Quechnajuichom 785:creation story 772: 769: 755: 752: 729:Chumash dancer 670:. Its name is 616: 613: 582: 579: 530:Christianizing 498: 495: 435:also used red 333: 330: 302: 299: 291:Archaeological 170: 169: 146: 145: 141: 140: 134: 133: 129: 128: 114: 113: 109: 108: 106: 105: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48: 33: 27:Chuvash people 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4947: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Human Ecology 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3921: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038:Hogan, C. M. 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2577: 2575:9781441968036 2571: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2550:9780803231986 2546: 2542: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2276:(Gamble 164). 2273: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2099:(Gamble 156). 2096: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2067:Gamble 26–28. 2064: 2058: 2051: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1957:Timbrook 164. 1954: 1945: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1917:(Newton 416). 1914: 1912: 1910: 1900: 1891: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1823:Pritzker, 121 1820: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:burial ground 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572:Lompoc Museum 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508:Thousand Oaks 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1431:(1839–1915), 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419:Maria Solares 1417: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1342:Scorpion tree 1339: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1300:sacred datura 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270:for treating 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:black abalone 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 987: 974: 971: 967: 966:Tejon Chumash 964: 961: 958: 954: 950: 947: 943: 940: 937: 934: 930: 927: 924: 921: 917: 914: 910: 907: 906:Cuyama Valley 903: 899: 896: 895: 894: 892: 888: 884: 877:Chumash bands 874: 871: 860: 858: 854: 849: 844: 840: 836: 830: 828: 824: 823:vision quests 820: 816: 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 768: 764: 760: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 727: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 702:Council. The 699: 697: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664: 658: 654: 652: 643: 639: 638: 632: 626: 621: 612: 610: 604: 598: 596: 591: 587: 578: 575: 571: 568: 564: 562: 558: 553: 551: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 521:Juan Cabrillo 516: 508: 503: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 420: 416: 408: 404: 402: 396: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 362: 358: 356: 355: 349: 347: 343: 339: 327: 323: 319: 312: 307: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196:Santa Barbara 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 147: 142: 135: 130: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 104: 93: 89: 88: 87: 86: 85:United States 72: 71: 68: 63: 58: 53: 46: 41: 32: 28: 22: 4825:(Gabrieliño) 4809:(Fernandeño) 4714:(Bear River) 4620: 4520:the original 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4368: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4327: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4237: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4156: 4152: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4024:September 6, 4022:. 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Retrieved 1780:the original 1602:Painted Rock 1512: 1490:Painted Rock 1436: 1370: 1345: 1329: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292:ursolic acid 1288:aethiopinone 1284:diterpenoids 1264:laurel sumac 1257: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230:laurel sumac 1199: 1190: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1130: 1112: 1094: 1065: 1037: 1031: 1012: 1004: 1000: 989: 969: 880: 869: 866: 856: 852: 847: 838: 834: 831: 826: 811: 809: 805: 799:, and other 780: 774: 765: 761: 757: 739: 735: 732: 700: 695: 694:witness the 692: 683: 679: 671: 661: 659: 655: 647: 635: 605: 601: 593: 572: 565: 554: 546: 518: 491: 487: 477: 471: 462:reached the 449: 441: 421: 417: 413: 397: 382: 367: 352: 350: 345: 341: 335: 275:Lake Castaic 267:Port Hueneme 240: 175: 173: 139:Christianity 91: 75: 34:Ethnic group 31: 21:Hebrew Bible 4829:Tübatulabal 4647:Halchidhoma 4626:Coast Miwok 4586:Ahwahnechee 4246:Morro Creek 4189:(3): 11–26. 3966:www.nps.gov 3944:www.nps.gov 2828:Arnold 2001 2366:(Pritzker). 2294:Brittain 5. 2253:. See also 1966:Gamble 228. 1686:reservation 1525:pictographs 1400:John Olguin 1210:red abalone 1186:microblades 953:Avila Beach 827:C'oyinahsup 714:located in 672:Helek/Xelex 649:islands of 456:Polynesians 322:Pictographs 311:Simi Valley 283:Simi Valley 259:Pismo Beach 204:Los Angeles 60:2,000–5,000 4899:Categories 4754:Kucadikadi 4697:Lake Miwok 4611:Chemehuevi 4581:Acjachemen 4037:References 3721:: 505–508. 2524:August 26, 2498:August 26, 2328:Brown 1967 2314:August 18, 2285:Gamble 23. 1948:Gamble 21. 1475:Community. 1469:Petra Pico 1352:arborglyph 1286:, such as 1276:black sage 1268:herbal tea 1224:, and the 1142:, and the 1041:/t͡ʃʰumaʃ/ 980:Population 848:Shnilemun, 793:Acjachemen 513:See also: 385:arborglyph 263:Point Mugu 232:San Miguel 228:Santa Rosa 224:Santa Cruz 184:California 163:Purisimeño 103:California 4864:Wukchumni 4768:Ramaytush 4764:Costanoan 4725:(Klamath) 4718:Mechoopda 4681:Kitanemuk 4616:Chimariko 4596:Bay Miwok 4284:161301055 4224:163616908 4173:161990367 4141:153680246 3665:: 132–37. 3097:April 23, 3025:1947-461X 2978:0191-3557 2869:0191-3557 2811:April 14, 2768:cite book 2183:161301055 2045:Gamble 6. 2033:1947-461X 1435:, master 1272:dysentery 1248:Herbalism 1165:Callianax 1105:New World 1069:/sʔamala/ 1057:Ventureño 1049:Barbareño 1022:Languages 957:Morro Bay 843:cosmology 777:worldview 742:features 688:swordfish 538:San Diego 534:presidios 478:kumula'au 374:herbalism 208:Morro Bay 154:Ventureño 150:Barbareño 112:Languages 4813:Timbisha 4807:Tataviam 4691:Kumeyaay 4676:Kawaiisu 4606:Cahuilla 4591:Atsugewi 4576:Achomawi 4501:Archived 4489:Archived 4467:Archived 4377:27825120 4276:40035309 3988:Archived 3970:Archived 3948:Archived 3920:cite web 3901:Archived 3806:June 11, 3800:Archived 3775:June 11, 3769:Archived 3689:Archived 3632:Archived 3630:. 1878. 3603:Archived 3601:. 1878. 3523:Archived 3490:Archived 3460:Archived 3429:Archived 3398:Archived 3351:Archived 3299:July 14, 3272:15937554 3153:25807034 3072:Archived 3054:June 15, 2986:27825420 2877:45154996 2805:Archived 2760:70746810 2675:April 3, 2669:Archived 2518:Archived 2258:Archived 2247:March 6, 2237:18955312 2193:March 6, 2175:40035309 2112:Archived 2081:Archived 1870:. p. 11. 1786:July 17, 1722:See also 1320:Rock art 1119:Basketry 1061:Obispeño 1036:" (from 868:article 835:Itiashap 775:Chumash 744:Mary Yee 696:Elye'wun 684:Elye'wun 542:Monterey 473:tomolo'o 464:Americas 378:rock art 216:Mt Pinos 167:Obispeño 132:Religion 4910:Chumash 4839:Vanyume 4796:Serrano 4791:Salinan 4785:Quechan 4745:Nomlaki 4740:Nisenan 4712:Mattole 4702:Luiseño 4660:Whilkut 4656:Chilula 4642:Esselen 4621:Chumash 4216:2694568 4133:4602423 4092:: 1–99. 3831:July 4, 3698:May 27, 3638:May 27, 3609:May 27, 3560:May 27, 3529:May 27, 3496:May 27, 3466:May 27, 3435:May 27, 3263:1142202 3131:Bibcode 2665:YouTube 2398:3567028 2228:2862936 1926:Fagan, 1691:Satwiwa 1492:in the 1396:descent 1390:Esselen 1380:Chicana 1361:shamans 1280:sun tea 1101:fishing 1075:Culture 1066:s'amala 1053:Ineseño 1034:Chumash 819:shamans 482:redwood 437:abalone 342:metates 301:History 279:Saticoy 236:Anacapa 200:Ventura 176:Chumash 159:Ineseño 122:Spanish 118:English 38:Chumash 4874:Yokuts 4849:Washoe 4823:Tongva 4818:Tolowa 4801:Shasta 4787:(Yuma) 4775:Patwin 4760:Ohlone 4729:Mohave 4631:Cupeño 4600:Saklan 4375: 4334: 4319: 4282: 4274: 4222: 4214: 4171: 4139: 4131: 4079:: 555. 3879: 3742: 3582: 3390: 3322: 3270: 3260: 3151: 3023: 2984: 2976: 2945: 2935: 2910: 2900: 2875: 2867: 2758: 2748: 2572: 2547: 2469:. 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