153:
2480:
47:
40:
2547:). According to them, "there is no evidence that the main BMAC population contributed genetically to later South Asians", and that "Indus Periphery-related people are the single most important source of ancestry" in the Indus Valley Civilization and South Asia. They further state that the Swat valley grave DNA analysis provides further evidence of "connections between Steppe population and early Vedic culture in India".
2592:: "he Swat Protohistoric Graveyards complex (henceforth: SPG), {was] first published by Chiara Silvi Antonini and Giorgio Stacul (1972). More recent studies and fieldwork, though, have changed the SPG chronologies (c. 1200-800 BCE) demonstrating that there are no SPG features posterior to 800 BCE (Vidale, Micheli and Olivieri 2016; Narasimhan et al. 2019)."
2680:: "...Toward the end of the 2nd millennium, northern Gandhāra features a rather coherent settlement phenomenon marked by large graveyards, mainly with inhumations, which were labeled by previous scholarship as the 'Gandhāra Grave Culture' (1200–900 BCE). In this phase among the major cultural markers, the introduction of iron technology is noteworthy..."
2774:, in: Ancient Asia, Vol 10, (30 Aug 2019): "...Stacul (1987: 45–48, 1993: 71–78, 1997: 369) and Lahiri (1992: 150) mention that the black burnished ware, fine gray ware and gritty red or buff ware from the Swat region of Pakistan from period III (1950–1920 cal. BC) and period IV (1730–1690 to 1500 cal. BC) are similar to types found at Burzahom..."
2197:–800 BCE. The Italian Archaeological Mission to Pakistan (MAIP) holds that there are no burials with these features after 800 BCE. More recent studies by Pakistani scholars, such as Muhammad Zahir, consider that these protohistoric graves extended over a much wider geography and continued in existence from the 8th century BCE until the
2663:, in Science 365 (6 September 2019), p. 11: "...we estimate the date of admixture into the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age individuals from the Swat District of northernmost South Asia to be, on average, 26 generations before the date that they lived, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval of ~1900 to 1500 BCE..."
2354:
IV period, c. 1700–1400 BCE. New research, based on 34 excavated graves in
Udegram, and in the nearby site of Gogdhara, has uncovered two Gandhara grave culture burial phases, the first between 1400 and 1100 BCE, and the second from 1000 to 800 BCE, with an inter-phase in Gogdhara, from 1200 to 900
2358:
Single burials are characteristic of the early phase of
Gandhara grave culture, along with bronze objects and pottery within the graves. Cremation is distinctive in the middle phase, and ashes were laid in large jars, often bearing a human-like face design. These jars were frequently placed in
3098:
2475:... to attribute a historical value to the slender links with northwestern Iran and northern Afghanistan is a mistake it could well be the spread of particular objects and, as such, objects that could circulate more easily quite apart from any real contacts.
2395:
in Punjab. The burial of bodies, the metal pins used for fastening clothes, and the terracotta statuettes of females, says
Parpola, are similar to those found at BMAC. Graves during the Ghalegay V period, c. 1400–1000 BCE, may be connected with those in
2718:: "...A homogenous tradition of burial practices with associated ceramic and artifact assemblages, it appears to have emerged in the upper Indus Valley...and then spread across the Valleys of Swat, Dir and Chitral, and into the Vale of Peshawar..."
2290:
Re-evaluation of the findings suggests this so-called
Gandhara Grave Culture was actually a burial tradition, spread across a wide geographical area, rather than a specific culture. There are more than thirty cemeteries of this tradition found in
2647:
2463:". According to Tusa, the Gandhara grave culture and its new contributions are "in line with the cultural traditions of the previous period". According to Parpola, in the centuries preceding the Gandhara culture, during the
2690:
2619:
2522:
Narasimhan et al., 2018, analyzed DNA of 362 ancient skeletons from
Central and South Asia, including those from the Iron Age grave sites discovered in the Swat valley of Pakistan (between 1200 BCE and 1 CE from
2319:
graves, where large stone slabs were used to line the pit, above which another large flat stone was laid, forming a roof. Related settlement sites have also been found, increasing our knowledge of the culture.
2585:
2359:
circular pits, surrounded by objects of bronze, gold, and pottery. Multiple burials and fractional remains are found in the later phase, along with iron objects, coeval with the beginning of urban centers of
3069:
2272:(c. 1200–900 BCE), the so-called Gandhara grave culture by earlier scholars, a period in which iron technology was introduced. These graveyard types expanded to the northwest into Chitral, around
2673:
2252:
but has also been explained by local cultural continuity. Estimates, based on ancient DNA analyses, suggest ancestors of middle Swat valley people mixed with a population coming from the
3021:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick J.; Moorjani, Priya; Lazaridis, Iosif; Mark, Lipson; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Kim, Alexander M. (31 March 2018).
2467:
period (roughly 3200–2600 BCE), similarities in pottery, seals, figurines, ornaments, etc. document intensive caravan trade between the Indian
Subcontinent, Central Asia, and the
2602:
2784:
2787:, in Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al., "Supplementary Materials for the formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", Science 365 (6 September 2019), pp. 137–164.
2287:
rivers in the north, Chitral, and the Vale of
Peshawar. Simply-made terracotta figurines were buried with the pottery, and other items are decorated with simple dot designs.
2135:
2609:"...More recent studies and fieldwork, though, have changed the SPG chronologies (c. 1200-800 BCE) demonstrating that there are no SPG features posterior to 800 BCE..."
2660:
2637:, Elsevier, p. 740: "t appears to have emerged in the upper Indus Valley and then spread across the Valleys of Swat, Dir and Chitral, and into the Vale of Peshawar
2419:, the Gandhara grave culture is similar to the one in the Ghalegay caves during their V, VI, and VII phases. Rajesh Kochhar says it may be associated with early
152:
2487:
According to
Kennedy, who argues for local cultural continuity, Gandhara grave culture people shared biological affinities with the population of Neolithic
2605:, in Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, Nuova Serie, Volume XCII, Fasc. 1-2, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Instituto Italiano di Studi Orientali, Pisa-Rome,
2045:
2105:
3193:
2830:
2169:
2075:
3178:
2085:
3173:
3198:
2432:
2376:
2268:
Close to the end of the second millennium BCE, large graveyards appear in northern
Gandhara (middle Swat River valley), featuring mainly
84:
2797:
2741:
2728:
3139:
3168:
2536:
2334:, along with human terracotta figurines. However, later graves are more elaborate, featuring more items, including horse remains and
2817:
2772:"Kashmir and Swat During Neolithic Times – A Comparative Analysis of Material Culture Between the Sites of Two Distinct Regions"
2754:
2648:"The Geographical Distribution of Gandhara Grave Culture or Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and North-Western South Asia"
73:
3183:
2691:"The Distribution and Contextualization of Protohistoric and Historic Cemeteries around Singoor Village, Chitral, Pakistan"
2620:"The Distribution and Contextualization of Protohistoric and Historic Cemeteries around Singoor Village, Chitral, Pakistan"
2514:. However, Kuz'mina argues the opposite on the basis of both archaeology and the human remains from the separate cultures.
2162:
1895:
3188:
2632:
2556:
3078:
372:
2326:
urns with cremation remains were not frequently found in graves, and the most common pottery within these graves is
361:
2588:, in: Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, Nuova Serie, Volume XCII, Fasc. 1-2, Sapienza Università di Roma, Pisa-Roma,
3144:
3107:
2603:"The Early-Historic Funerary Monuments of Butkara IV: New Evidence on a Forgotten Excavation in Outer Gandhara"
2586:"The early-historic funerary monuments of Butkara IV. New evidence on a forgotten excavation in outer Gandhara"
2440:
2276:, featuring burial traditions similar to protohistoric graves between the 8th century BCE and 17th century CE.
2155:
404:
162:
2707:
2253:
1980:
2905:
489:
17:
2785:'Late Bronze - Iron Age Swat Protohistoric Graves (Gandhara Grave Culture), Swat Valley, Pakistan (n-99)'
2090:
1960:
3124:
Tusa, Sebastiano (1977), "The Swat Valley in the 2nd and 1st
Millennia BC: A Question of Marginality",
2965:
Stacul, Giorgio (1975). "The Fractional Burial Custom in the Swāt Valley and Some Connected Problems".
2186:
of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle
2140:
3118:
International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin 19:41-62
2436:
2435:. According to Kochhar, the Indo-Aryan culture fused with indigenous elements of the remnants of the
2110:
2070:
2060:
1535:
1129:
478:
350:
100:
2279:
A constant funeral tradition with pottery and similar artifacts can be found along the banks of the
1995:
909:
749:
2631:
Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel, (2008). "Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier", Asia, South, in:
2901:
2284:
2100:
2065:
1900:
1680:
1229:
781:
710:
2496:
2479:
2257:
2015:
1990:
1940:
1880:
1465:
1401:
1199:
290:
69:
2917:
3064:
2249:
2050:
2020:
1885:
1840:
1670:
1309:
1299:
1269:
1001:
981:
842:
211:
173:
2201:. The core region was in the middle of the Swat River course and expanded to the valleys of
2897:
2771:
2424:
2420:
2130:
1985:
1970:
1915:
1556:
104:
96:
3022:
8:
2428:
1910:
1638:
1485:
1179:
1159:
571:
519:
2502:
Antonini, Stacul, and other scholars argue that this culture is also not related to the
2404:. Parpola adds that these graves represent a mix of the practices found in the northern
2974:
2947:
2444:
2392:
2312:
2218:
2214:
2115:
1975:
1955:
1600:
1209:
1119:
889:
879:
812:
761:
467:
383:
63:
2455:
Parpola has argued that the Gandhara grave culture is "by no means identical with the
3163:
3103:
3074:
3045:
2939:
2831:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
2409:
2304:
2280:
2125:
2095:
2005:
2000:
1945:
1890:
1720:
1610:
1589:
1545:
1515:
1219:
1149:
1139:
1109:
591:
553:
433:
185:
80:
2190:
valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex, dated in that region to
3099:
Jungbronzezeitlich-früheisenzeitliche Gräberfelder der Swat-Kultur in Nord-Pakistan
3040:
3030:
2503:
2401:
2323:
2222:
2198:
2120:
2055:
2025:
2010:
1965:
1950:
1935:
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1800:
1495:
1279:
1189:
1068:
1058:
1011:
940:
919:
509:
499:
338:
273:
2676:, in: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology 2022, Oxford University Press,
2468:
1578:
1567:
1525:
1505:
1423:
1390:
971:
899:
859:
771:
731:
693:
611:
59:
2783:
Olivieri, Luca M., Roberto Micheli, Massimo Vidale, and Muhammad Zahir, (2019).
2346:
Northern Gandhara, in the middle region of the Swat River, presents deposits of
2507:
2464:
2397:
2300:
2206:
1788:
1740:
1434:
1412:
1380:
1358:
1319:
1249:
1239:
1099:
832:
642:
144:
3157:
3006:
2943:
2561:
2499:, who notes remains that are similar to some from Central Asian populations.
2416:
1710:
1650:
1475:
869:
822:
802:
676:
659:
621:
601:
536:
320:
310:
300:
243:
92:
2742:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE - 200 CE
2729:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE - 200 CE
2491:. This suggests a "biological continuum" between the ancient populations of
2388:
2296:
2202:
1830:
1820:
1700:
1690:
1620:
1455:
1445:
1329:
1259:
1041:
961:
581:
445:
393:
261:
2384:
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2242:
1850:
1810:
1770:
1169:
1031:
1021:
88:
2978:
2951:
2511:
2492:
2456:
2375:
The polished black-gray pottery has been associated with that of other
2335:
2292:
2230:
2187:
1760:
1660:
1370:
46:
2622:, Journal of Asian Civilizations, Vol. 45, No. 1, June 2022, pp. 1-37.
2408:
portion of BMAC, during the period of 1700–1400 BCE and the Fedorovo
2364:
1730:
130:
39:
3020:
2217:. Protohistoric graves were present in north, central, and southern
3035:
2930:
Antonini, Chiara Silvi (1973). "More about Swāt and Central Asia".
2540:
2524:
2488:
2460:
2351:
2080:
991:
456:
233:
223:
2818:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
2566:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2405:
2308:
2273:
2234:
2210:
1289:
194:
123:
119:
55:
2360:
2269:
2238:
2226:
1089:
2661:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
2841:
2839:
2391:, the presence of black-red pottery also suggests links with
2221:
province as well as in north-western tribal areas, including
2316:
1750:
2868:
2866:
2836:
2902:
God-Apes and Fossil Men: Palaeoanthropology of South Asia
2695:
Journal of Asian Civilizations, Vol. 45, No. 1, June 2022
2233:
in Punjab, Pakistan, along with their presence in Indian
3116:
Parpola, Asko (1993), "Margiana and the Aryan Problem",
2798:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka,
2744:, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 290 and 293.
2863:
2248:
The grave culture has been regarded as a token of the
2851:
103:
cultures are candidates for cultures associated with
2350:, prior to the Gandhara grave culture, during the
2985:
3023:"The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia"
3155:
2807:, Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 293.
2731:, Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 287.
2263:
2757:, Asia, South, in (ed.) Deborah M. Pearsall,
2260:ancestry, sometime between 1900 and 1500 BCE.
3089:The Vedic People: Their History and Geography
2710:, Asia, South, in Deborah M. Pearsall (ed.),
2163:
27:Archaeological culture of modern-day Pakistan
3095:
68:(2) Archaeological cultures associated with
2918:"The origin of the Indo-iranians, volume 3"
2753:Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel, (2008).
2706:Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel, (2008).
3070:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic culture
2796:Coningham, Robin, and Ruth Young, (2015).
2740:Coningham, Robin, and Ruth Young, (2015).
2727:Coningham, Robin, and Ruth Young, (2015).
2170:
2156:
3044:
3034:
2929:
2659:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al. (2019).
2478:
2370:
95:migrations. The GGC (Swat), Cemetery H,
3115:
3086:
2857:
2845:
2650:, Gandharan Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 1-30.
14:
3194:Archaeological cultures in Afghanistan
3156:
3063:
2991:
2964:
2450:
3179:Archaeological cultures of South Asia
135:Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex
3123:
2872:
2820:, Oxford University Press, p. 80–81.
2755:"Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier"
2708:"Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier"
3174:Archaeological cultures in Pakistan
2833:, Pearson Education, Delhi, p. 212.
2495:and Mehrgarh. This is contested by
2443:, Cemetery H) and gave rise to the
2379:sites, like Dashly in Afghanistan,
24:
3199:Indo-Aryan archaeological cultures
2557:Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
25:
3210:
3140:Map of the Gandhara grave culture
3133:
3126:South Asian Archaeology 6:675-695
3169:Archaeological cultures in India
2634:Encyclopedia of Archaeology 2008
151:
91:have often been associated with
45:
38:
3147:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
3014:
2997:
2958:
2923:
2911:
2891:
2878:
2823:
2810:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2295:and the surrounding valleys of
62:and the extent of the Swat and
3096:Müller-Karpe, Hermann (1983),
2700:
2683:
2672:Olivieri, Luca Maria, (2022).
2666:
2653:
2640:
2625:
2612:
2595:
2578:
405:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
13:
1:
2799:
2674:"The Archaeology of Gandhāra"
2572:
2254:Inner Asian Mountain Corridor
2191:
1335:
1074:
1047:
946:
925:
848:
787:
716:
699:
682:
665:
648:
627:
542:
525:
279:
2906:University of Michigan Press
2264:Location and characteristics
490:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
3184:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
3073:, Oxford University Press,
2759:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
2712:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
2601:Olivieri, Luca M., (2019).
2584:Olivieri, Luca M., (2019).
2550:
2517:
2086:Influence on Southeast Asia
10:
3215:
3056:
2770:Yatoo, Mumtaz A., (2019).
2341:
468:Black and Red ware culture
3189:Iron Age cultures of Asia
3046:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
2886:Study of the Indus Script
2646:Zahir, Muhammad, (2017).
2618:Zahir, Muhammad, (2022).
2437:Indus Valley civilization
479:Painted Grey Ware culture
351:Indus Valley Civilisation
129:
114:
37:
3087:Kochhar, Rajesh (2000),
2920:Elena E. Kuz'mina p. 318
2829:Singh, Upinder, (2008).
2423:speakers as well as the
2315:to the south, featuring
1130:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1110:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
711:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
2816:Parpola, Asko, (2015).
2689:Zahir, Muhammad, 2022.
2459:Culture of Bactria and
2433:Bactria–Margiana region
1230:Western Chalukya Empire
373:Mature Harappan culture
70:Indo-Iranian migrations
2484:
2477:
2431:, which came from the
2184:Gandhara grave culture
2136:Science and technology
520:Three Crowned Kingdoms
362:Early Harappan culture
177:(2,500,000–250,000 BC)
33:Gandhara grave culture
2482:
2473:
2371:Indo-Aryan migrations
2250:Indo-Aryan migrations
2039:Specialised histories
1310:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1300:Kalachuris of Tripuri
982:Western Ganga Kingdom
910:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
860:Western Satrap Empire
843:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
833:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
384:Late Harappan culture
145:History of South Asia
105:Indo-Aryan migrations
54:(1) Geography of the
3145:Elena E. Kuz'mina –
2898:Kenneth A.R. Kennedy
2471:. Tusa remarks that
2425:Indo-Aryan migration
2348:Black Burnished Ware
1557:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1359:Late medieval period
1270:Eastern Ganga Empire
1002:Vishnukundina Empire
2848:, pp. 185–186.
2761:, Elsevier, p. 740.
2451:Cultural continuity
2429:Indian Subcontinent
2328:Burnished Grey Ware
1639:Early modern period
1486:Vijayanagara Empire
1466:Chitradurga Kingdom
1160:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
572:Shaishunaga dynasty
64:Cemetery H cultures
34:
3005:The origin of the
2875:, p. 690-692.
2485:
2445:Vedic Civilization
2393:Cemetery H culture
2332:Burnished Red Ware
2313:Valley of Peshawar
2219:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2116:Partition of India
1981:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1929:Regional histories
1874:National histories
1761:Travancore Kingdom
1731:Thondaiman Kingdom
1601:Golkonda Sultanate
1210:Somavamshi Kingdom
1180:Rashtrakuta Empire
1120:Rashidun Caliphate
1042:Kabul Shahi Empire
890:Nagas of Padmavati
813:Indo-Greek Kingdom
753:(230 BC – AD 1206)
446:Vedic Civilisation
394:Vedic Civilisation
291:Ahar-Banas culture
32:
2888:, May 2005 p. 2f.
2497:Elena E. Kuz'mina
2410:Andronovo culture
2180:
2179:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1779:
1778:
1681:Thanjavur Kingdom
1629:
1628:
1590:Bijapur Sultanate
1546:Deccan sultanates
1424:Tughlaq Sultanate
1371:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1349:
1348:
1220:Chaulukya Kingdom
1150:Mallabhum kingdom
1140:Umayyad Caliphate
880:Bharshiva Dynasty
776:(200 BC – AD 300)
766:(230 BC – AD 220)
762:Satavahana Empire
740:
739:
736:(247 BC – AD 224)
592:Macedonian Empire
566:(450 BC – AD 489)
554:Achaemenid Empire
424:
423:
329:
328:
252:
251:
202:
201:
186:Madrasian culture
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
3206:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3092:
3083:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3038:
3018:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2973:(3/4): 323–332.
2962:
2956:
2955:
2938:(3/4): 235–244.
2927:
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2915:
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2889:
2882:
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2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2582:
2504:Bishkent culture
2256:, which carried
2223:Gilgit-Baltistan
2196:
2193:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2121:Pakistan studies
1961:Himachal Pradesh
1801:Portuguese India
1797:
1796:
1793:
1751:Sikh Confederacy
1647:
1646:
1643:
1496:Bengal Sultanate
1435:Sayyid Sultanate
1413:Khalji Sultanate
1402:Mamluk Sultanate
1367:
1366:
1363:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1280:Kakatiya Kingdom
1190:Paramara Kingdom
1083:
1079:
1076:
1052:
1049:
992:Kamarupa Kingdom
955:
951:
948:
941:Kalabhras Empire
934:
930:
927:
853:
850:
837:(50 BC – AD 400)
817:(180 BC – AD 10)
796:
792:
789:
758:
757:
754:
725:
721:
718:
704:
701:
687:
684:
670:
667:
653:
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636:
632:
629:
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544:
530:
527:
510:Haryanka dynasty
500:Pradyota dynasty
442:
441:
438:
347:
346:
343:
284:
281:
274:Anarta tradition
270:
269:
266:
234:Mehrgarh culture
224:Bhirrana culture
220:
219:
216:
215:(10,800–3300 BC)
182:
181:
178:
168:
167:
155:
141:
140:
49:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3154:
3153:
3136:
3131:
3110:
3081:
3059:
3054:
3019:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2963:
2959:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2803: 6500 BCE
2802:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2553:
2520:
2469:Iranian plateau
2453:
2402:Bishkent Valley
2387:. According to
2373:
2344:
2336:horse furniture
2324:Anthropomorphic
2266:
2199:historic period
2194:
2176:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2030:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1794:
1791:
1789:Colonial states
1781:
1780:
1671:Madurai Kingdom
1644:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1579:Bidar Sultanate
1568:Berar sultanate
1536:Ladakh Kingdom
1526:Gajapati Empire
1506:Garhwal Kingdom
1391:Delhi Sultanate
1364:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1320:Chutiya Kingdom
1290:Zamorin Kingdom
1081:
1077:
1069:Maukhari Empire
1059:Chalukya Empire
1050:
1012:Maitraka Empire
953:
949:
932:
928:
920:Vakataka Empire
900:Sasanian Empire
851:
794:
790:
772:Kuninda Kingdom
755:
752:
750:Middle Kingdoms
742:
741:
732:Parthian Empire
723:
719:
702:
685:
668:
651:
634:
630:
545:
528:
439:
436:
426:
425:
344:
341:
331:
330:
282:
267:
264:
254:
253:
244:Edakkal culture
217:
214:
204:
203:
195:Soanian culture
179:
176:
165:
110:
109:
108:
78:
77:
67:
52:
44:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3135:
3134:External links
3132:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3093:
3091:, Sangam Books
3084:
3079:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3036:10.1101/292581
3013:
2996:
2984:
2957:
2922:
2910:
2890:
2884:Asko Parpola,
2877:
2862:
2850:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2789:
2776:
2763:
2746:
2733:
2720:
2699:
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2639:
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2611:
2594:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2519:
2516:
2508:Vakhsh culture
2465:Early Harappan
2452:
2449:
2372:
2369:
2343:
2340:
2265:
2262:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
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2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1876:
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1836:
1833:
1827:
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1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:Maratha Empire
1737:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:Sikkim Kingdom
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:Marava Kingdom
1707:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
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1673:
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1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
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1627:
1626:
1623:
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1616:
1613:
1611:Keladi Kingdom
1607:
1606:
1603:
1596:
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1592:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1563:
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1548:
1542:
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1538:
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1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:Mysore Kingdom
1512:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:Lodi Sultanate
1441:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:Ghurid Dynasty
1377:
1376:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1325:
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1316:
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1302:
1296:
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1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:Hoysala Empire
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:Lohara Kingdom
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
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1136:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:Tibetan Empire
1096:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
972:Kadamba Empire
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
943:
937:
936:
922:
916:
915:
912:
906:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
845:
839:
838:
835:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
809:
808:
805:
799:
798:
784:
778:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
756:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
713:
707:
706:
696:
694:Pallava Empire
690:
689:
679:
673:
672:
662:
656:
655:
645:
639:
638:
624:
618:
617:
614:
612:Seleucid India
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
588:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
568:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
550:
549:
539:
537:Maha Janapadas
533:
532:
522:
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
485:
484:
481:
474:
473:
472:(1300–1000 BC)
470:
463:
462:
459:
452:
451:
448:
440:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
421:
418:
411:
410:
409:(2000–1600 BC)
407:
400:
399:
396:
390:
389:
388:(1900–1300 BC)
386:
379:
378:
377:(2600–1900 BC)
375:
368:
367:
366:(3300–2600 BC)
364:
357:
356:
355:(3300–1300 BC)
353:
345:
342:(3300–1300 BC)
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
315:(1600–1300 BC)
313:
307:
306:
303:
297:
296:
295:(3000–1500 BC)
293:
287:
286:
276:
268:
265:(3500–1500 BC)
260:
259:
256:
255:
250:
249:
248:(5000–3000 BC)
246:
240:
239:
238:(7000–3300 BC)
236:
230:
229:
228:(7570–6200 BC)
226:
218:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
199:
197:
191:
190:
188:
180:
172:
171:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
116:
112:
111:
53:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3211:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:0-19-513777-9
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:Bryant, Edwin
3062:
3061:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3007:Indo-Iranians
3003:E. Kuz'mina,
3000:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:East and West
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:East and West
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2860:, p. 54.
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Chust culture
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:Cremation urn
2481:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Upinder Singh
2415:According to
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:, and in the
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Uttar Pradesh
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:Mughal Empire
1649:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:Reddy Kingdom
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:Yadava Empire
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:Harsha Empire
1088:
1087:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
944:
942:
939:
938:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:Kushan Empire
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
803:Shunga Empire
801:
800:
785:
783:
782:Mitra Dynasty
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
751:
746:
745:
735:
733:
730:
729:
724: AD 500
720: 250 BC
714:
712:
709:
708:
703: 250 AD
697:
695:
692:
691:
686: 300 BC
680:
678:
675:
674:
669: 300 BC
663:
661:
660:Chera Kingdom
658:
657:
652: 300 BC
646:
644:
643:Pandya Empire
641:
640:
635: 300 AD
631: 300 BC
625:
623:
622:Sangam period
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:Maurya Empire
600:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
551:
540:
538:
535:
534:
529: 600 BC
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
487:
486:
483:(1200–600 BC)
482:
480:
476:
475:
471:
469:
465:
464:
461:(1500–600 BC)
460:
458:
454:
453:
450:(1500–500 BC)
449:
447:
444:
443:
437:(1500–200 BC)
435:
430:
429:
420:(1600–500 BC)
419:
417:
413:
412:
408:
406:
402:
401:
398:(2000–500 BC)
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
385:
381:
380:
376:
374:
370:
369:
365:
363:
359:
358:
354:
352:
349:
348:
340:
335:
334:
325:(1400–700 BC)
324:
322:
321:Jorwe culture
319:
318:
314:
312:
311:Malwa culture
309:
308:
305:(1600–750 BC)
304:
302:
301:Pandu culture
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
288:
277:
275:
272:
271:
263:
258:
257:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
213:
208:
207:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
175:
170:
169:
164:
159:
158:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3146:
3125:
3117:
3097:
3088:
3068:
3026:
3016:
3004:
2999:
2987:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2913:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2858:Parpola 1993
2853:
2846:Kochhar 2000
2825:
2812:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2715:
2714:, Elsevier,
2711:
2702:
2694:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2614:
2606:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2521:
2501:
2486:
2474:
2454:
2414:
2389:Asko Parpola
2374:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2289:
2278:
2267:
2247:
2183:
2181:
2061:Demographics
2051:Architecture
1831:French India
1821:Danish India
1701:Bengal Subah
1691:Bhoi dynasty
1621:Koch Kingdom
1456:Ahom Kingdom
1330:Deva Kingdom
1022:Huna Kingdom
962:Gupta Empire
864:(AD 35–405 )
823:Kanva Empire
795: 50 BC
677:Chola Empire
616:(312–303 BC)
606:(321–184 BC)
596:(330–323 BC)
586:(380–321 BC)
582:Nanda Empire
576:(424–345 BC)
558:(550–330 BC)
514:(684–424 BC)
504:(799–684 BC)
494:(700–200 BC)
416:Swat culture
415:
262:Chalcolithic
174:Palaeolithic
97:Copper Hoard
93:Indo-Iranian
89:Yaz cultures
51:Maps showing
29:
18:Swat culture
2992:Bryant 2001
2904:Ann Arbor:
2697:, pp. 1-73.
2385:Tureng Tepe
2381:Tepe Hissar
2270:inhumations
2243:Uttarakhand
2195: 1200
2046:Agriculture
2016:South India
1991:Maharashtra
1941:Balochistan
1881:Afghanistan
1855:(1858–1947)
1851:British Raj
1845:(1757–1858)
1841:Company Raj
1835:(1759–1954)
1825:(1620–1869)
1815:(1605–1825)
1811:Dutch India
1805:(1510–1961)
1792:(1510–1961)
1775:(1799–1849)
1771:Sikh Empire
1765:(1729–1947)
1755:(1707–1799)
1745:(1674–1818)
1735:(1650–1948)
1725:(1642–1975)
1715:(1600–1750)
1705:(1576–1757)
1695:(1541–1804)
1685:(1532–1673)
1675:(1529–1736)
1665:(1540–1556)
1655:(1526–1858)
1642:(1526–1858)
1625:(1515–1947)
1615:(1499–1763)
1605:(1518–1687)
1594:(1492–1686)
1583:(1492–1619)
1572:(1490–1574)
1561:(1490–1636)
1550:(1490–1596)
1540:(1470–1842)
1530:(1434–1541)
1520:(1399–1947)
1510:(1358–1803)
1500:(1352–1576)
1490:(1336–1646)
1480:(1325–1448)
1470:(1300–1779)
1460:(1228–1826)
1450:(1451–1526)
1439:(1414–1451)
1428:(1320–1414)
1417:(1290–1320)
1406:(1206–1290)
1395:(1206–1526)
1385:(1170–1206)
1362:(1206–1526)
1343: 1300
1339: 1200
1324:(1187–1673)
1314:(1156–1184)
1294:(1102–1766)
1284:(1083–1323)
1274:(1078–1434)
1264:(1070–1230)
1260:Sena Empire
1254:(1040–1347)
1244:(1003–1320)
1170:Pala Empire
1032:Rai Kingdom
874:(AD 60–240)
807:(185–73 BC)
563:Ror Dynasty
283: 3950
60:river names
3158:Categories
3109:3406301541
3029:: 292581.
3009:, volume 3
2573:References
2512:Tajikistan
2493:Timargarha
2457:Bronze Age
2421:Indo-Aryan
2231:Salt Range
2225:province,
2188:Swat River
2126:Philosophy
2106:Metallurgy
2096:Literature
2021:Tamil Nadu
1886:Bangladesh
1661:Sur Empire
1375:(977–1186)
1341: – c.
1304:(675–1210)
1234:(973–1189)
1224:(942–1244)
1214:(882–1110)
1204:(850–1334)
1194:(800–1327)
1174:(750–1174)
1154:(694–1947)
1134:(650–1036)
1114:(624–1075)
1082: 700
1080: – c.
1078: 550
1051: 500
996:(350–1100)
986:(350–1000)
954: 600
952: – c.
950: 250
933: 500
931: – c.
929: 250
852: 130
827:(75–26 BC)
793: – c.
791: 150
722: – c.
688:– AD 1279)
671:– AD 1102)
654:– AD 1345)
633: – c.
546: 600
531:– AD 1600)
339:Bronze Age
2944:0012-8376
2908:. p. 339.
2873:Tusa 1977
2427:into the
2365:Charsadda
2076:Education
2066:Dynasties
1986:Rajasthan
1971:Karnataka
1916:Sri Lanka
1184:(753–982)
1164:(736–916)
1144:(661–750)
1124:(632–661)
1104:(618–841)
1094:(606–647)
1063:(543–753)
1036:(489–632)
1026:(475–576)
1016:(475–767)
1006:(420–624)
976:(345–525)
966:(280–550)
914:(230–360)
904:(224–651)
894:(210–340)
884:(170–350)
847:(AD 21 –
705:– AD 800)
457:Janapadas
285:–1900 BC)
212:Neolithic
131:Type site
81:Andronovo
3164:Gandhara
3102:, Beck,
3067:(2001),
2979:29756090
2952:29755885
2900:. 2000,
2805:– 200 CE
2551:See also
2541:Loe Banr
2525:Aligrama
2518:Genetics
2489:Mehrgarh
2461:Margiana
2406:Bactrian
2352:Ghalegay
2305:Malakand
2215:Peshawar
2141:Timeline
2131:Religion
2111:Military
2101:Maritime
2091:Language
2081:Indology
1911:Pakistan
1901:Maldives
1599: –
1588: –
1577: –
1566: –
1555: –
1444: –
1433: –
1422: –
1411: –
1400: –
548:–300 BC)
488: –
477: –
466: –
455: –
434:Iron Age
414: –
403: –
382: –
371: –
360: –
3057:Sources
3027:bioRxiv
2678:Summary
2607:p. 231:
2567:Barikot
2545:Udegram
2537:Katelai
2533:Butkara
2529:Barikot
2342:Origins
2309:Chitral
2274:Singoor
2235:Kashmir
2211:Chitral
2071:Economy
2056:Coinage
1976:Kashmir
1956:Gujarat
1053:– 1026)
163:Outline
124:800 BCE
72:(after
56:Rigveda
3149:(2007)
3106:
3077:
3011:(2007)
2977:
2950:
2942:
2716:p. 740
2590:p. 231
2543:, and
2398:Vakhsh
2383:, and
2361:Taxila
2258:Steppe
2241:, and
2239:Ladakh
2229:, and
2227:Taxila
2213:, and
2006:Odisha
2001:Punjab
1946:Bengal
1891:Bhutan
115:Period
99:, and
87:, and
2975:JSTOR
2948:JSTOR
2355:BCE.
2301:Buner
2207:Kunar
2026:Tibet
2011:Sindh
1966:Kabul
1951:Bihar
1936:Assam
1906:Nepal
1896:India
58:with
3104:ISBN
3075:ISBN
2940:ISSN
2506:and
2400:and
2377:BMAC
2363:and
2330:and
2317:cist
2293:Swat
2283:and
2281:Swat
2182:The
120:1200
85:BMAC
79:The
74:EIEC
3041:hdl
3031:doi
2510:of
2441:OCP
2297:Dir
2285:Dir
2245:.
2203:Dir
118:c.
101:PGW
3160::
3039:.
3025:.
2971:25
2969:.
2946:.
2936:23
2934:.
2865:^
2838:^
2800:c.
2693:,
2539:,
2535:,
2531:,
2527:,
2447:.
2412:.
2367:.
2338:.
2307:,
2303:,
2299:,
2237:,
2209:,
2205:,
2192:c.
1336:c.
1075:c.
1048:c.
947:c.
926:c.
849:c.
788:c.
717:c.
700:c.
683:c.
666:c.
649:c.
628:c.
543:c.
526:c.
280:c.
83:,
76:).
3049:.
3043::
3033::
2994:.
2981:.
2954:.
2439:(
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
1345:)
1334:(
1084:)
1073:(
1046:(
956:)
945:(
935:)
924:(
854:)
797:)
786:(
726:)
715:(
698:(
681:(
664:(
647:(
637:)
626:(
541:(
524:(
278:(
122:–
107:.
66:;
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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