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Picotte, who had spent much of her life proclaiming that the Omaha had the same capacity for "civilization" as any white man, wrote to the Indian Office in 1909 to say that some of her people were too incompetent to protect themselves against the fraudsters and thus needed the continued guardianship of the federal government. In 1910, she traveled to
Washington, D.C. to speak with officials from the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), and told them that though most of the Omaha were perfectly competent to manage their own affairs, the Indian Office had stifled the development of business skills and knowledge of the white world among Indians, and thus the incompetence of a minority of Omaha was, in fact, the fault of the federal government.
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the consolidation was nothing but an extra burden on the Omaha and was further proof that the OIA treated them like children, rather than as citizens ready to participate in a democracy. She continued to work on her community's behalf until the end of her life, though much of that seemed to be in vain, as her people lost many of their ancestral lands and became more, not less, dependent on the OIA.
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finally granted to her in 1907, nearly two years after her husband's death. However, gaining her children's inheritance proved to be a harder struggle. Another relative, Peter
Picotte, was the legal guardian of her sons' land, because it was in another state, but he refused to consent to the sale of the land.
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damage such practices caused. La
Flesche supported measures such as coercion and punishment to dissuade individuals from alcohol consumption within the Omaha community. Under her father's rule, a secret police system was instilled which supported corporal punishment to discipline those who consumed alcohol.
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agencies, which had been suggested in 1904 and revived in 1910. Picotte had been part of a movement among the Omaha opposing this consolidation, and used letters and harshly critical newspaper articles to get her point across to the OIA bureaucracy. She argued that the unnecessary red tape created by
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Picotte was also the chair of the state health committee of the
Nebraska Federation of Women's Clubs during the first decade of the 20th century. As chair, she spearheaded efforts to educate people about public health issues, particularly in the schools, believing that the key to fighting disease was
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The issue of land allotment came up again when
Picotte's husband Henry died in 1905. He left about 185 acres of land in South Dakota to her and their two sons, Pierre and Caryl, but complications had arisen in claiming and selling it. At the time of Henry's death, the land was still held in trust by
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Her most important crusade was against tuberculosis, which killed hundreds of Omaha, including her husband Henry in 1905. In 1907, she wrote to the Indian Office to try to persuade them to help, but they turned her down, blaming a lack of funding. Because there was not yet a cure available, Picotte
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Picotte responded by bombarding
Commissioner Leupp, head of the Indian Office, with letters, painting Peter Picotte as a drunk and R. J. Taylor as intransigent and incompetent, while making a case for herself as the best manager of her sons' money. This time, her letters received attention, and the
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was a serious problem on the Omaha reservation, and a personal one for
Picotte: her husband Henry was an alcoholic. White businesspeople used alcohol to take advantage of Omahas while making land deals. Picotte, as reservation physician and a prominent member of the community, was well aware of the
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In June 1889, La
Flesche applied for the position of government physician at the Omaha Agency Indian School; she was offered the position less than two months later. After her graduation, she went on a speaking tour at the request of the Connecticut Indian Association, assuring white audiences that
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The process of gaining the monies owed to them was long and arduous, and
Picotte had to send letter after letter to the Indian Office to get them to recognize her as a competent individual in order to receive her portion of the inheritance, which R. J. Taylor, the agent on the Yankton reservation,
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Though she was not obligated to care for the broader community, the school was closer to many people than the official reservation agency, and La
Flesche cared for many members of the community as well as for the children of the school. La Flesche often had 20-hour workdays and was responsible for
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had expanded from letter writer/interpreter to defender of Omaha land interests. She sought to help other Omaha who wanted to sell their lands and gain control of the monies owed to them, and she also tried to help resolve situations where whites took advantage of Indians who chose to lease land.
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Picotte and her husband had two sons: Caryl, born in 1895 or 1896, and Pierre, born in early 1898. Picotte continued to practice medicine after the birth of her children, depending on the support of her husband to make that possible. Picotte's practice treated both Omaha and white patients in the
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Doing this work, she became increasingly aware and outraged at the land fraud committed by a syndicate of men on and around the Omaha reservation. Picotte focused on the syndicate, which was made up of three white and two Omaha men who defrauded minors of their inheritances. In a bizarre twist,
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La Flesche, in writing to the Connecticut Indian Association, had described her desire to enter the homes of her people as a physician and teach them hygiene as well as curing their ills, a mission in line with the Victorian virtues of domesticity that the Association wanted to encourage. The
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carried over into areas other than public health. After the death of her husband, she became increasingly active in the campaigns against extending the trust period for the Omaha. She was a delegate to the Secretary of the Interior, protesting changes in the supervision of the Omaha.
553:, and general medicine, and, like her peers, did clinical work at facilities in Philadelphia alongside students from other colleges, both male and female. While attending medical school, La Flesche began to dress like her white classmates and wore her hair in a bun as they did.
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As a child, LaFlesche witnessed a sick Indian woman die after a white doctor refused to treat her. She later credited this tragedy as her inspiration to train as a physician, so she could provide care for the people with whom she lived on the Omaha Reservation.
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Picotte suffered for most of her life from chronic illness. In medical school, she had been bothered by trouble breathing, and after a few years working on the reservation, she was forced to take a break to recover her health in 1892, as she suffered from
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Picotte invested this money in rental properties, and was able to use that income to support herself and her sons. This was not the end of her fights with the bureaucracy of the federal government, however. Her children inherited land from some
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the care of over 1,200 people. From her office in a corner of the schoolyard, with the supplies provided by the Connecticut Indian Association, she helped people with their health but also with more mundane tasks, such as writing letters and
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arrived on the Omaha reservation in the early 1900s, she gradually accepted it as a means of fighting alcoholism, as many members of the peyote religion were able to reconnect with their spiritual traditions and reject alcoholic ambitions.
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In December 1892, LaFlesche became very sick, and was bedridden for several weeks. In 1893, she took time off to care for her ailing mother and also to restore her own health. She resigned later that year to take care of her dying mother.
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in Omaha Indian society, it was uncommon for women in the United States to go to medical school, and in the late 19th century, only a few medical schools accepted women. La Flesche applied to medical school in 1886 and was accepted to the
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cultures. As she grew, La Flesche learned the traditions of her heritage, but her parents felt certain rituals would be detrimental in the white world. They did not give La Flesche an Omaha name and prevented her from receiving
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As Picotte aged, her health declined, and by the time that the new reservation hospital was built in Walthill in 1913, she was too frail to be its sole administrator. By early March 1915, she was suffering greatly and died of
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For several years, she traveled the reservation caring for patients, on a government salary of $ 500.00 per year, in addition to the $ 250 from the Women's National Indian Association for her work as a medical missionary.
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Beyond temperance, Picotte worked on public health issues in the wider community, including school hygiene, food sanitation, and efforts to combat the spread of tuberculosis. She served on the health board of the town of
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across her forehead. She spoke Omaha with her parents (especially her mother), but her father and oldest sister Susette encouraged her to speak English with her sisters, so that she would be fluent in both languages.
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Picotte's struggles with the bureaucracy of allotment continued on behalf of other members of her community. In her position as a doctor, Picotte had gained the trust of her community, and her role as a local
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man named Thomas Ikinicapi. She referred to him affectionately as "T.I.", but broke off her relationship with him before graduating from Hampton. La Flesche graduated from Hampton on May 20, 1886, as the
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in her neck, head, and ears. She recovered but became ill again in 1893, after a fall from her horse left her with significant internal injuries. Over time, Picotte's condition caused her to go deaf.
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Pripas-Kapit, Sarah (Winter 2015). ""We Have Lived on Broken Promises": Charles A. Eastman, Susan La Flesche Picotte, and the Politics of American Indian Assimilation during the Progressive Era".
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A map of the original lands held by the Omaha and other Plains tribes (in green), and their reservations (in orange). The Omaha reservation borders the Winnebago reservation in eastern Nebraska
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in the United States. The Association requested that she remain single during her time at medical school and for several years after her graduation in order to focus on her practice.
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who had a broad network of contacts within women's reform organizations. La Flesche had previously helped nurse Fletcher back to health following a flareup of inflammatory
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in 1993. The hospital has also been named as one of the 11 most endangered places of 2018 by the National Trust. Work is underway to raise funds for its restoration.
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of her class. She was also awarded the Demorest prize, which is given to the graduating senior who receives the highest examination scores during the junior year.
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Association sponsored La Flesche's medical school tuition, and also paid for her housing, books and other supplies. She is considered the first person to receive
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as part of the practical skills promoted at the school. While La Flesche was a student at the Hampton Institute, she became romantically involved with a young
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Native Americans could benefit from white civilization. She maintained her ties with the Association after medical school. They appointed her as a medical
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Indian Office responded to her within a week of the original letters, informing her that Taylor had been ordered to ignore Peter Picotte's objections.
265:, who chose him as his successor, and La Flesche became the principal leader of the Omaha tribe around 1855. Iron Eye encouraged a certain amount of
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Picotte's sons went on to live full lives. Caryl Picotte made a career in the United States Army and served in World War II, eventually settling in
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with European and Indigenous ancestry and had lived for periods of time beyond the borders of the reservation. They married in either 1845 or 1846.
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on the reservation. It was finally completed in 1913 and later named in her honor. This was the first privately funded hospital on a reservation.
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Picotte campaigned against alcohol consumption, giving lectures about the virtues of temperance, and embracing coercive efforts as well, such as
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as well as a physician. She worked to discourage the consumption of alcohol on the reservation where she worked as the physician, as part of the
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La Flesche returned to the Omaha reservation in 1889 to work as the physician at the government boarding school on the reservation, run by the
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tickets with "Against Prohibition" on them. Other sources claim that the Native men were bribed with liquor from white men. Later, she
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for the Meilklejohn Bill, which would outlaw the sale of alcohol to any recipient of allotted land whose property was still held in
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his wife. Many of La Flesche's friends and family were reportedly surprised at the romance, but the two were married in June 1894.
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La Flesche attended Hampton with her sister Marguerite, her stepbrother Cary, and ten other Omaha children. The girls learned
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After La Flesche's second year in medical school, she returned home to help her family, many of whom had fallen ill due to a
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A Warrior of the People: How Susan La Flesche Overcame Racial and Gender Inequality to Become America's First Indian Doctor
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A Warrior of the People: How Susan La Flesche Overcame Racial and Gender Inequality to Become America's First Indian Doctor
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In addition to caring for the Omaha people's immediate medical problems, Picotte sought to educate her community about
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On October 11, 2021, Nebraska's first officially recognized Indigenous Peoples’ Day, a bronze sculpture of Picotte by
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on September 18, 1915. The next day, services by both the Presbyterian Church as well as the Amethyst Chapter of the
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and surrounding communities. If necessary, Picotte would even take her children on house calls with her sometimes.
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Carlos Montezuma, M.D. : a Yavapai American Hero : the Life and Times of an American Indian, 1866–1923
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Mathes, Valerie Sherer (1990). "Nineteenth Century Women and Reform: The Women's National Indian Association".
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A public health poster from the 1920s, part of the campaign against tuberculosis in which Picotte participated
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where Native children were taught the practices of European Americans to assimilate them into white society.
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In 2018, a bust of Picotte was dedicated at the Martin Luther King Jr. Transportation Center in Sioux City.
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by the government. The Meiklejohn Bill became law in January 1897 but proved nearly impossible to enforce.
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As a child, La Flesche was educated at the mission school on the Omaha reservation. It was run first by
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2152:"Susan La Flesche Picotte Google doodle pays homage to 1st American Indian to earn her medical degree"
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Swetland, Mark (August 1994). ""Make Believe White Men" and the Omaha Land Allotments of 1871–1900".
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La Flesche was widely trusted in the community, making house calls and caring for patients sick with
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outbreak. During the rest of her schooling, she would write letters back home giving medical advice.
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Diffendal, Anne P. (January 1994). "The LaFlesche Sisters: Victorian Reformers in the Omaha Tribe".
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2166:"Busts dedicated for five more community leaders in downtown Sioux City | State and regional"
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Mathes, Valerie (1993). "Susan Laflesche Picotte.MD.: Nineteenth-Century Physician and Reformer".
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1401:"The Incredible Legacy of Susan La Flesche, the First Native American to Earn a Medical Degree"
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education. From her time in medical school onward, she also campaigned for the building of a
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In 2019, a statue of La Flesche was dedicated as part of Hampton University's Legacy Park.
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This argument was the product of her campaigns against the consolidation of the Omaha and
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the government, and in order to receive the monies from its sale, his heirs had to prove
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to Henry Picotte, a Sioux Indian from the Yankton agency. He had been married before and
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The first building that housed the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, c. 1850
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Picotte continued to fight against alcohol for the rest of her life, and when the
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The Gifted Pen: the Journalism Career of Susette "Bright Eyes" La Flesche Tibbles
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All-American Girl: The Ideal of Real Womanhood in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America
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After several years at the mission school, La Flesche left the reservation for
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In her career, Picotte served over 1,300 patients in a 450 square mile area.
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and books for her during her early years of practicing medicine in Nebraska.
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whose task was to teach Native American women "cleanliness" and "godliness."
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La Fesche's mother, Mary Gale, was the daughter of Dr. John Gale, a white
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Promises of the Past: A History of Indian Education in the United States
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in Walthill, Nebraska, where she lived from 1907 until her death in 1915
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An elementary school in western Omaha Nebraska is named after Picotte.
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relatives of her husband, and she entered into another battle with the
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to the Omaha after graduation, and the Association funded purchase of
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and English, she reportedly refused to speak any language other than
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A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880–1920
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La Fesche was the youngest of four girls, including her sisters
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Susan LaFlesche Picotte, M.D.: Omaha Indian Leader and Reformer
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and receive the money owed to them for the sale of their land.
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was unveiled by her descendants on Lincoln’s Centennial Mall.
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La Flesche asked for financial assistance from family friend
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The doctor wore petticoats: women physicians of the old West
964:"Susan La Flesche Picotte First Indigenous Female Physician"
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near her husband, father, mother, sisters and half-brother.
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Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine
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Tong, Benson (1997). "Allotment, Alcohol and the Omahas".
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advocated cleanliness, fresh air, and the eradication of
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Sanitation, tuberculosis, and other public health reforms
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On March 14, 1889, La Flesche graduated from medical as
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Bureau, Paul Hammel World-Herald (February 25, 2018).
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On June 17, 2017, the 152nd anniversary of her birth,
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heritage. Gale was also the stepdaughter of prominent
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were performed. She is buried in Bancroft Cemetery,
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The Missouri River near the Omaha Indian Reservation
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Omaha Indigenous physician and reformer (1865–1915)
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2514:Native American women: a biographical dictionary
1541:. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Archived from
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2289:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
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2526:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2471:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
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793:who could prove competency on their behalf.
2516:. New York: Taylor & Francis e-library.
2512:Bataille, Gretchen M., Laurie Lisa (2005).
2234:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
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183:(June 17, 1865 – September 18, 1915) was a
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1104:(Master's). University of Nebraska Lincoln
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2497:(1st ed.). Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot.
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567:of her class after three years of study.
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2368:Morantz-Sanchez, Regina Markell (1985).
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1006:Brave Hearts: Indian Women of the Plains
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2395:. Portland, Oregon: Arnica Publishing.
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2168:. siouxcityjournal.com. October 5, 2018
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477:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
450:La Flesche decided in 1886 to apply to
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322:(1862–1945). Her older half-brother
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2376:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2204:. www.1011now.com. October 11, 2021
1174:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
758:Picotte's willingness to engage in
641:In 1894, La Flesche met and became
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500:Women's National Indian Association
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141:First Indigenous woman to become a
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2061:Abourezk, Kevin (June 26, 2018).
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2414:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1399:Vaughn, Carson (March 1, 2017).
1064:Johansen, Bruce Elliott (2010).
529:At the WMCP, La Flesche studied
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2539:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2304:Mathes, Valerie Sherer (1982).
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2119:
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2054:
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2012:
1392:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1198:
249:(also called Iron Eye), was of
203:to members of the Omaha tribe.
2642:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska people
1168:"Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte"
1091:
1057:
956:
835:Susan La Flesche Picotte House
516:aid for professional education
238:. Her parents were culturally
13:
1:
2617:20th-century Native Americans
2612:19th-century Native Americans
1172:Changing the Face of Medicine
665:
257:ancestry. He was educated in
225:
2127:"Picotte's history in brief"
950:
434:skills and the boys learned
367:
48:Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte
7:
1098:Pedigo, Erin (April 2011).
903:
10:
2688:
2637:Native American physicians
2226:Cogan, Frances B. (1989).
1323:Morantz-Sanchez (1985), 76
914:National Historic Landmark
854:Illness, death, and legacy
772:Struggles with inheritance
591:A 19th-century stethoscope
421:historically black college
274:United States Army surgeon
2627:Hampton University alumni
2341:American Indian Quarterly
2281:Hoxie, Frederick (1984).
2202:"Picotte statue unveiled"
1070:. ABC-CLIO. p. 155.
884:Order of the Eastern Star
163:
152:
137:
127:
113:
94:
75:
53:
41:
34:
2652:Physicians from Nebraska
2622:Drexel University alumni
2566:Susan La Flesche Picotte
2551:Susan La Flesche Picotte
2018:C.A.Picotte (2018) p.197
1003:Agonito, Joseph (2016).
817:Action for the community
597:Office of Indian Affairs
470:Though women were often
220:Office of Indian Affairs
181:Susan La Flesche Picotte
36:Susan La Flesche Picotte
698:Omahas by handing them
490:, an ethnographer from
201:legal allotment of land
18:Susan LaFlesche Picotte
2444:Great Plains Quarterly
2391:Speroff, Leon (2003).
2249:DeJong, David (1993).
1624:Great Plains Quarterly
1282:Great Plains Quarterly
866:
838:
781:
731:
592:
547:pharmaceutical science
526:
467:
360:
206:Picotte was an active
2535:Starita, Joe (2016).
2463:Tong, Benson (1999).
2431:Great Plains Research
2410:Starita, Joe (2016).
1636:10.1353/gpq.2015.0009
861:
833:
779:
729:
661:Public health reforms
590:
524:
465:
358:
2568:at Wikimedia Commons
2493:Enss, Chris (2006).
1490:Klein, Christopher.
1387:Morantz-Sanchez 1985
895:El Cajon, California
607:official documents.
245:La Fesche's father,
199:and for the formal,
2326:on December 2, 2019
2319:(4). Archived from
2270:Journal of the West
2190:. January 27, 2019.
672:preventive medicine
577:medical instruments
349:traditional tattoos
259:St. Louis, Missouri
212:temperance movement
2111:has generic name (
2109:|author-last=
930:honoring Picotte.
888:Bancroft, Nebraska
867:
839:
782:
732:
593:
527:
468:
425:American Civil War
387:Ulysses S. Grant's
361:
324:Francis La Flesche
172:Francis La Flesche
168:Susette La Flesche
87:Walthill, Nebraska
79:September 18, 1915
2632:La Flesche family
2564:Media related to
2421:978-1-250-08534-4
436:vocational skills
409:Hampton Institute
340:ethnomusicologist
318:(1861–1900), and
247:Joseph La Flesche
232:Omaha Reservation
193:Indigenous people
178:
177:
157:Joseph La Flesche
118:Hampton Institute
68:Omaha Reservation
16:(Redirected from
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2313:Nebraska History
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2154:. June 17, 2017.
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906:
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774:
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724:
715:peyote religion
692:Thurston County
668:
663:
585:
460:
394:boarding school
375:
373:Early education
370:
255:French Canadian
228:
208:social reformer
185:Native American
120:
114:Alma mater
90:
89:, United States
84:
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2020:
2011:
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1999:
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1556:
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1498:. A+E Networks
1482:
1470:
1466:Diffendal 1994
1455:
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1343:
1341:Tong (1999) 61
1334:
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1288:(3): 172–186.
1257:
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488:Alice Fletcher
459:
458:Medical school
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452:medical school
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332:anthropologist
297:Peter A. Sarpy
295:and statesman
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138:Known for
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2450:(1): 19–33.
2447:
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2328:. Retrieved
2321:the original
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2250:
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2220:Bibliography
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381:and then by
376:
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336:musicologist
309:
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267:assimilation
244:
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216:tuberculosis
205:
180:
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81:(1915-09-18)
29:
2587:1915 deaths
2582:1865 births
2347:(1): 1–18.
2330:December 2,
2208:October 12,
2172:October 15,
2136:December 2,
2091:December 2,
2067:Indianz.Com
1819:Mathes 1982
1406:Smithsonian
1363:Mathes 1990
1226:Mathes 1982
1108:October 23,
926:released a
880:bone cancer
811:bureaucracy
688:prohibition
605:translating
479:(WMCP), in
432:housewifery
328:ethnologist
234:in eastern
189:Omaha tribe
95:Nationality
2576:Categories
2478:0806131403
2402:0972653546
2383:0195036271
2296:0803223234
2260:1555919057
2241:082031062X
1193:Hoxie 1984
787:competency
753:houseflies
696:illiterate
680:Alcoholism
676:temperance
666:Temperance
573:missionary
551:obstetrics
539:physiology
496:rheumatism
423:after the
405:New Jersey
320:Marguerite
293:fur trader
226:Early life
128:Occupation
60:1865-06-17
2522:cite book
2086:Omaha.com
2028:Tong 1999
2007:Tong 1999
1995:Tong 1999
1980:Tong 1999
1968:Tong 1999
1956:Tong 1999
1944:Tong 1999
1929:Tong 1999
1917:Tong 1999
1905:Tong 1999
1890:Tong 1999
1875:Tong 1999
1863:Tong 1999
1851:Tong 1999
1836:Tong 1999
1807:Tong 1999
1795:Tong 1999
1780:Tong 1999
1765:Tong 1999
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1741:Tong 1999
1729:Tong 1999
1717:Tong 1997
1705:Tong 1997
1693:Tong 1999
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1657:Tong 1999
1644:154097944
1603:Tong 1999
1591:Tong 1999
1579:Tong 1999
1567:Tong 1999
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1478:Tong 1999
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1375:Tong 1999
1312:Tong 1999
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1238:Tong 1999
1214:Tong 1999
1150:Tong 1999
1135:Tong 1999
1123:Tong 1999
1040:Tong 1999
951:Citations
847:Winnebago
624:dysentery
616:influenza
543:histology
531:chemistry
504:Victorian
401:Elizabeth
368:Education
253:and some
170:(sister)
164:Relatives
153:Parent(s)
143:physician
132:Physician
2456:23531946
2101:cite web
2046:June 17,
1412:March 3,
1294:23531722
1083:July 17,
1022:July 17,
904:Tributes
745:hospital
737:Walthill
655:Bancroft
653:town of
647:divorced
628:trachoma
417:Virginia
290:Nebraska
236:Nebraska
2361:1185003
1496:History
973:May 28,
704:lobbied
643:engaged
620:cholera
558:measles
535:anatomy
508:matrons
472:healers
413:Hampton
383:Quakers
316:Rosalie
312:Susette
263:Big Elk
145:in the
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824:leader
700:ballot
626:, and
301:French
284:, and
2452:JSTOR
2357:JSTOR
2324:(PDF)
2309:(PDF)
1640:S2CID
1290:JSTOR
807:Sioux
708:trust
440:Sioux
344:Osage
305:Omaha
251:Ponca
240:Omaha
103:Ponca
99:Omaha
2528:link
2499:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2437:(2).
2416:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2332:2019
2291:ISBN
2276:(1).
2255:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2210:2021
2174:2018
2138:2019
2113:help
2093:2019
2048:2017
1551:2018
1504:2018
1414:2017
1180:2018
1110:2018
1085:2017
1072:ISBN
1024:2017
1011:ISBN
975:2019
908:The
338:(or
334:and
286:Iowa
282:Otoe
107:Iowa
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