Surplus value - Knowledge

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real or imaginary (conventional) grounds of compensation. This assumes competition among workers, and an equalization that takes place by their constant migration between one sphere of production and another. Assume a general rate of surplus value of this kind, as a tendency, like all economic laws, as a theoretical simplification; but in any case this is in practice an actual presupposition of the capitalist mode of production, even if inhibited to a greater or lesser extent by practical frictions that produce more or less significant local differences, such as the settlement laws for agricultural labourers in England, for example. In theory, we assume that the laws of the capitalist mode of production develop in their pure form. In reality, this is only an approximation; but that approximation is all the more exact, the more the capitalist mode of production is developed and the less it is adulterated by survivals of earlier economic conditions with which it is amalgamated – Capital Vol. 3, ch. 10, Pelican edition p. 275.

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relations themselves, thereby simultaneously its specific political form. It is always the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers – a relation always naturally corresponding to a definite stage of the methods of labour and thereby its social productivity – which reveals the innermost secret, the hidden basis of the entire social structure, and with it the political form of the relation of sovereignty and dependence, in short, the corresponding specific form of the state. This does not prevent the same economic basis – the same from the standpoint of its main conditions – due to innumerable different, empirical circumstances, natural environment, racial relations, external historical influence, etc. from showing infinite variations and gradations in appearance, which can be ascertained only by analysis of the empirically given circumstances.

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supplying the place of those means. But the value of a commodity is determined, not only by the quantity of labour which the labourer directly bestows upon that commodity, but also by the labour contained in the means of production. For instance, the value of a pair of boots depends not only on the cobbler’s labour, but also on the value of the leather, wax, thread, &c. Hence, a fall in the value of labour-power is also brought about by an increase in the productiveness of labour, and by a corresponding cheapening of commodities in those industries which supply the instruments of labour and the raw material, that form the material elements of the constant capital required for producing the necessaries of life.

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new technology or new business practices increase the productivity of labor a capitalist already employs, or when the commodities necessary for workers' subsistence fall in value, the amount of socially necessary labor-time is decreased, the value of labor-power is reduced, and a relative surplus value is realized as profit for the capitalist, increasing the overall general rate of surplus value in the total economy:

287: 2354:, which is then claimed by the capitalist. The worker cannot capture this benefit directly because he has no claim to the means of production (e.g. the boot-making machine) or to its products, and his capacity to bargain over wages is restricted by laws and the supply/demand for wage labour. This form of exploitation was well understood by pre-Marxian Socialists and left-wing followers of Ricardo, such as 5447: 5400: 4589: 2347:

worker $ 10, capturing the remaining $ 30 as gross revenue. Once the capitalist has deducted fixed and variable operating costs of (say) $ 20 (leather, depreciation of the machine, etc.), he is left with $ 10. Thus, for an outlay of capital of $ 30, the capitalist obtains a surplus value of $ 10; his capital has not only been replaced by the operation, but also has increased by $ 10.

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compensation to the owner and superintendent of it as would support him in equal comfort with the more actively employed productive laborers. The measure of the capitalist, on the contrary, would be the additional value produced by the same quantity of labor in consequence of the use of the machinery or other capital; the whole of such

2343:. A worker who is sufficiently productive can produce an output value greater than what it costs to hire him. Although his wage seems to be based on hours worked, in an economic sense this wage does not reflect the full value of what the worker produces. Effectively it is not labour which the worker sells, but his capacity to work. 4767:, Marx asserts that commerce by stages transforms a non-capitalist production process into a capitalist production process, integrating it fully into markets, so that all inputs and outputs become marketed goods or services. When that process is complete, according to Marx, the whole of production has become simultaneously a 5001:

to private enterprise in the form of government contracts and subsidies. Capitalists may therefore be in conflict among themselves about taxes, since what is a cost to some, is a source of profit to others. Marx never analysed all this in detail; but the concept of surplus value will apply mainly to

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Marx's own discussion focuses mainly on profit, interest and rent, largely ignoring taxation and royalty-type fees which were proportionally very small components of the national income when he lived. Over the last 150 years, however, the role of the state in the economy has increased in almost every

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surplus value is not created in a single enterprise or site of production. It arises instead from the total relation between multiple enterprises and multiple branches of industry when the necessary labor-time of production is reduced, effecting a change in the value of labor-power. For example, when

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is pumped out of direct producers, determines the relationship of rulers and ruled, as it grows directly out of production itself and, in turn, reacts upon it as a determining element. Upon this, however, is founded the entire formation of the economic community which grows up out of the production

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Whence comes this surplus-value? It cannot come either from the buyer buying the commodities under their value, or from the seller selling them above their value. For in both cases the gains and the losses of each individual cancel each other, as each individual is in turn buyer and seller. Nor can

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Thurow goes on to note that "When it comes to actually measuring profits, some difficult accounting issues arise." Why? Because after deduction of costs from gross income, "It is hard to say exactly how much must be reinvested to maintain the size of the capital stock". Ultimately, Thurow implies,

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His main conclusion though is that employers will aim to maximise the productivity of labour and economise on the use of labour, to reduce their unit-costs and maximise their net returns from sales at current market prices; at a given ruling market price for an output, every reduction of costs and

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has always been translated as "surplus value", distinguishing it from "value-added". According to Marx's theory, surplus value is equal to the new value created by workers in excess of their own labor-cost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold. Marx thought that

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If capitals that set in motion unequal quantities of living labour produce unequal amounts of surplus-value, this assumes that the level of exploitation of labour, or the rate of surplus-value, is the same, at least to a certain extent, or that the distinctions that exist here are balanced out by

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Imagine a worker who is hired for an hour and paid $ 10 per hour. Once in the capitalist's employ, the capitalist can have him operate a boot-making machine with which the worker produces $ 10 worth of work every 15 minutes. Every hour, the capitalist receives $ 40 worth of work and only pays the

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Two measures of the value of this use, here present themselves; the measure of the laborer, and the measure of the capitalist. The measure of the laborer consists in the contribution of such sums as would replace the waste and value of the capital by the time it would be consumed, with such added

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Thus, if we took the final price of a good (the cost to the final consumer) and analysed the cost structure of that good, we might find that, over a period of time, the direct producers get less income and intermediaries between producers and consumers (traders) get more income from it. That is,

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The implication is that the main driving force of capitalism becomes the quest to maximise the appropriation of surplus-value augmenting the stock of capital. The overriding motive behind efforts to economise resources and labor would thus be to obtain the maximum possible increase in income and

5250:(1983), p. 192). The answer to that question must, in part, be sought in artifacts (statistical distortion effects) of data collection procedures. Mathematical extrapolations are ultimately based on the data available, but that data itself may be fragmentary and not the "complete picture". 4664:) and surplus-value. In production, he argues, the workers produce a value equal to their wages plus an additional value, the surplus-value. They also transfer part of the value of fixed assets and materials to the new product, equal to economic depreciation (consumption of fixed capital) and 5084:

A very simple example would be if somebody sold a second-hand asset at a profit. This transaction is not recorded in gross product measures (after all, it isn't new production), nevertheless a surplus-value is obtained from it. Another example would be capital gains from property sales. Marx

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It is true that Marx argues no net additions to value can be created through acts of exchange, economic value being an attribute of labour-products (previous or newly created) only. Nevertheless, trading activity outside the sphere of production can obviously also yield a surplus-value which

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In order to effect a fall in the value of labour-power, the increase in the productiveness of labour must seize upon those branches of industry whose products determine the value of labour-power, and consequently either belong to the class of customary means of subsistence, or are capable of

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income. For Marx, increasing profits is, at least in the longer term, the "bottom line" of business behaviour: the quest for obtaining extra surplus-value, and the incomes obtained from it, are what guides capitalist development (in modern language, "creating maximum shareholder value").

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are two different things, although this point is largely ignored in the economics literature. But it becomes highly important when the real growth of production stagnates, and a growing portion of capital shifts out of the sphere of production in search of surplus-value from other deals.

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In his published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx went into great detail to examine many different factors which could affect the production and realisation of surplus-value. He regarded this as crucial for the purpose of understanding the dynamics and dimensions of capitalist

2194:... Marx is completely under the influence of the earlier English socialists, and more particularly of William Thompson. ... he whole theory of surplus value, its conception, its name, and the estimates of its amounts are borrowed in all essentials from Thompson's writings. 2275:, 1842), and claimed earlier priority to Marx, specifically to have "shown practically in the same way as Marx, only more briefly and clearly, the source of the surplus value of the capitalists". The debate, taking the side of Marx's priority, is detailed in the Preface to 2323:

it come from cheating, for though cheating can enrich one person at the expense of another, it cannot increase the total sum possessed by both, and therefore cannot augment the sum of the values in circulation. (...) This problem must be solved, and it must be solved in a

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dimension; the whole process rests on complex system of negotiations, dealing and bargaining in which reasons for claims to wealth are asserted, usually within a legal framework and sometimes through wars. Underneath it all, Marx argues, was an exploitative relationship.

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He adds that "Attempts have been made to organize productive societies without the profit motive (...) since the industrial revolution... there have been essentially no successful economies that have not taken advantage of the profit motive." The problem here is again a

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markets because only inefficient markets – i.e. those in which transparency and competition are low – have profit margins large enough to facilitate capital accumulation. Ironically, profitable – meaning inefficient – markets have difficulty meeting the definition a

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Usually this type of research involves reworking the components of the official measures of gross output and capital outlays to approximate Marxian categories, in order to estimate empirically the trends in the ratios thought important in the Marxian explanation of

5806:"...It was made clear that the wage worker has permission to work for his own subsistence—that is, to live, only insofar as he works for a certain time gratis for the capitalist (and hence also for the latter's co-consumers of surplus value)..." Karl Marx, 4687:

of net income appropriated by the owners of capital in virtue of asset ownership, comprising both distributed personal income and undistributed business income. In the whole economy, this will include both income directly from production and property

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because a free market is to some extent defined as an efficient one: one in which goods or services are exchanged without coercion or fraud, or in other words with competition (to prevent monopolistic coercion) and transparency (to prevent fraud).

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Reducing wages — this can only go to a certain point, because if wages fall below the ability of workers to purchase their means of subsistence, they will be unable to reproduce themselves and the capitalists will not be able to find sufficient

5022:, Mandel astonishingly hardly mentions the significance of taxation at all, a very serious omission from the point of view of the real world of modern capitalism since taxes can reach a magnitude of a third, or even half of GDP (see E. Mandel, 5002:

taxes on gross income (personal and business income from production) and on the trade in products and services. Estate duty for example rarely contains a surplus value component, although profit could be earned in the transfer of the estate.

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Harry W. Pearson, "The economy has no surplus" in "Trade and market in the early empires. Economies in history and theory", edited by Karl Polanyi, Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson (New York/London: The Free Press: Collier-Macmillan,

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to the "productive contribution" of the capital they own. In practice, within the capitalist firm, no standard procedure exists for measuring such a "productive contribution" and for distributing the residual income accordingly.

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is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in an accounting period. Marx talks mainly about the length of the working day or week, but in modern times the concern is about the number of hours worked per year.

2327:, excluding all cheating and the intervention of any force — the problem being: how is it possible constantly to sell dearer than one has bought, even on the hypothesis that equal values are always exchanged for equal values? 2377:

surplus-value. On the other hand, the surplus-value arising from the curtailment of the necessary labour-time, and from the corresponding alteration in the respective lengths of the two components of the working day, I call

4932:, in which a sharp reduction in productive investments combines with mass unemployment, followed by an intensive rationalisation process of take-overs, mergers, fusions, and restructuring aiming to restore profitability. 5128:

that surplus-value realised from commercial trade (representing to a large extent a transfer of value by intermediaries between producers and consumers) grows faster than surplus-value realised directly from production.

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refers to (indirect) taxes as "arbitrary additions to commodity prices". But this is something of a misnomer, and disregards that taxes become part of the normal cost-structure of production. In his later treatise on

4907:, not just business competition but also competition between capitalists and workers and among workers themselves. But his analysis did not go much beyond specifying some of the overall outcomes of the process. 5567:

judgement, dependent on what you mean by success. Some societies using the profit motive were ruined; profit is no guarantee of success, although you can say that it has powerfully stimulated economic growth.

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is the difference between the amount raised through a sale of a product and the amount it cost to manufacture it: i.e. the amount raised through sale of the product minus the cost of the materials, plant and

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Some profits are economic rents – a firm that has a monopoly in producing some product or service can set a price higher than would be set in a competitive market and, thus, earn higher than normal returns.

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in the form of products may differ greatly, depending on what happens to market prices and the vagaries of supply and demand fluctuations. This insight forms the basis of Marx's theory of market value,

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The attempt to extract more and more surplus-value from labor on the one side, and on the other side the resistance to this exploitation, are according to Marx at the core of the conflict between

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and capital resources. To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed in money, the amassment of wealth is possible on a larger and larger scale (see

5207:, there have been numerous attempts by Marxian economists to measure the trend in surplus-value statistically using national accounts data. The most convincing modern attempt is probably that of 2053:. Marx's formulation is the standard sense and the primary basis for further developments, though how much of Marx's concept is original and distinct from the Ricardian concept is disputed (see 4734:

Marx believed that the long-term historical tendency would be for differences in rates of surplus value between enterprises and economic sectors to level out, as Marx explains in two places in

6241: 2768: 2738: 5173:(though Marx credits "a Manchester spinner"). Both in published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx examines variables affecting the rate and mass of surplus-value in detail. 5054:

on the new surplus-value generated by production, and the distribution of this surplus value. In this way, he aimed to reveal the "origin of the wealth of nations" given a

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of its conceptual distinctions. Hence, even the most simple economic concepts were often riddled with contradictions. But market trade could function fine, even if the

4703:); in exceptional circumstances, part of it may also be hoarded in some way. In this context, surplus value can also be measured as the increase in the value of the 2558: 2440:). Of course, the way generic profit income is grossed and netted in social accounting may differ somewhat from the way an individual business does that (see also 5457: 4886:

Until payment from sales is received, it is uncertain how much of the surplus-value produced will actually be realised as profit from sales. So, the magnitude of

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from economic activity. The clash of economic interests that invariably results, implies that the battle for surplus value will always involve an irreducible

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Some Marxian economists argue that Marx thought the possibility of measuring surplus value depends on the publicly available data. We can develop statistical

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An intermediate position acknowledges the early development by Ricardian socialists and others, but credits Marx with substantial development. For example:

2076:'s critique of political economy. Conventionally, value-added is equal to the sum of gross wage income and gross profit income. However, Marx uses the term 4725:

that has been reached by the working population, i.e. the net amount of value it can produce with its labour in excess of its own consumption requirements.

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were already writing on the surplus value that was being extracted from labor by "the employer, the owner, and all exploiters" although they used the term

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argue that "even if the rate of surplus value has changed by 10–20% over a hundred years, the real problem is why it has changed so little" (quoted from

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of markets was false; all that was required was an agreed and legally enforceable accounting system. On this point, Marx probably would have agreed with

2284: 1003: 667: 2464:, around 20%; by 1950, nearly 30%; and today the average is around 35–40%. (see for example Alan Turner Peacock, "The growth of public expenditure", in 5768: 5239: 5137:

to a good, asset or resource as such may increasingly become a very important factor in realising a surplus-value. In the worst case, this amounts to

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to describe the yield, profit or return on production capital invested, i.e. the amount of the increase in the value of capital. Hence, Marx's use of

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to be enjoyed by the capitalist for his superior intelligence and skill in accumulating and advancing to the laborers his capital or the use of it.

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also refers to a "physical surplus" with a similar meaning, calculated according to the relationship between prices of physical inputs and outputs.

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being used here in the juridical, not sociological sense. By implication, if we just focused on surplus-value newly created in production, we would

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Increasing the productivity and intensity of labour generally, through mechanisation and rationalisation, yielding a bigger output per hour worked.

4024: 4699:; part of it is re-invested, but part is appropriated as personal income, and used for consumptive purposes by the owners of capital assets (see 5776:, claiming that "the quantity of the surplus value appropriated by the capitalist" appears in that text. This is a misreading of the Preface to 5468: 5058:. However, in any real economy, a distinction must be drawn between the primary circuit of capital, and the secondary circuits. To some extent, 5180:

of trends, without mistakenly conflating data with the real thing they represent, or postulating "perfect measurements or perfect data" in the

5055: 4982:. The lower taxes are, other things being equal, the bigger the mass of profit that can be distributed as income to private investors. It was 2883: 1575: 686: 312: 76: 2518: 5204: 4786:

Marx contends that the whole purpose of production in this situation becomes the growth of capital; i.e. that production of output becomes

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In general, business leaders and investors are hostile to any attempts to encroach on total profit volume, especially those of government

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Hence, he assumed a uniform rate of surplus value in his models of how surplus value would be shared out under competitive conditions.

2658: 2533: 865: 4631: 4718:– a sort of "index" of the balance of power between social classes or nations in the process of the division of the social product. 6133:

The Law of the Falling Tendency of the Rate of Profit; Its Place in the Marxian Theoretical System and Relevance to the US Economy

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the gigantic increase in wealth and population from the 19th century onwards was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain

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that sphere, which can also generate incomes, and these incomes may also involve the realisation of a surplus-value or profit.

4923: 3457: 3439: 2868: 596: 2208:, p. 163; 2nd ed. p. 125. ... The real discovers of the theory of surplus value are Godwin, Hall, and especially W. Thompson. 5145:. This analysis illustrates a key feature of surplus value which is that it accumulated by the owners of capital only within 4352: 4279: 2728: 588: 3829: 84: 6256: 705: 5544:

Some profits are due to market imperfections – they arise when goods are traded above their competitive equilibrium price.

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by Engels, who quotes from this pamphlet but uses the phrase himself (not in quotes); the pamphlet uses "surplus labour".

5521:. He argues: "In a capitalistic society, profits – and losses – hold center stage." But what, he asks, explains profits? 5410: 3270: 2858: 2683: 2613: 2588: 327: 5065:

The primary circuit refers to the incomes and products generated and distributed from productive activity (reflected by

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John B. Davis (ed), The economic surplus in advanced economies. Aldershot, Hants, England/Brookfield, Vt.: Elgar, 1992.

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Anders Danielson, The economic surplus : theory, measurement, applications. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1994.

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Helen Boss, Theories of surplus and transfer : parasites and producers in economic thought. Boston: Hyman, 1990.

5719: 5504: 5486: 5386: 4657: 3097: 2753: 2703: 1502: 407: 251: 233: 211: 171: 109: 52: 5274:, New York 1966, p. 9). Much depends here on how the costs are valued, and which costs are taken into account. 2186:

surplus product, which has surplus value. Some authors consider Marx as completely borrowing from Thompson, notably

204: 153: 5235:, the rate of increase in the capital stock, and the rate of reinvestment of realised surplus-value in production. 4410: 4357: 3022: 2668: 2000: 958: 4911:

every increase in productivity and sales turnover will increase profit income for that output. The main method is

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In Thurow's theory, profit is mainly just "something that happens" when costs are deducted from sales, or else a

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define the economic surplus as "the difference between what a society produces and the costs of producing it" (

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In many parts of the world, as productivity rose, the workweek decreased from 60 hours to 50, 40 or 35 hours.

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in a country. This becomes obvious if we compare census estimates of income & expenditure with GDP data.

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Surplus-value can, in a developed capitalist economy, be viewed also as an indicator of the level of social

6065: 5421: 5293:; whereas Marx insists that the distribution of wealth is governed by the social conditions in which it is 3834: 3714: 2888: 2803: 2648: 1816: 1806: 422: 5643:

That was the main reason why, Marx argues, the real sources of surplus-value were shrouded or obscured by

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The first attempt to measure the rate of surplus-value in money-units was by Marx himself in chapter 9 of

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process creating new value, and more specifically a surplus-value appropriated as net income (see also

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allowances and other costs which capitalists may annually deduct in calculating taxable gross income.

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This is obviously a theory very different from Marx's. In Thurow's theory, the aim of business is to

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and the tendency of the rate of profit of different enterprises to be levelled out by competition.

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relationship between different social classes and nations, inasmuch as attempts are made to force

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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people to pay for costs as much as possible, while maximising one's own entitlement or claims to

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Generally, Marx seems to have regarded taxation imposts as a "form" which disguised real product

4794:. If production becomes unprofitable, capital will be withdrawn from production sooner or later. 4711: 4512: 4492: 3325: 3057: 2940: 2793: 2758: 2578: 2573: 2528: 1761: 1407: 1402: 1392: 1087: 878: 452: 427: 317: 149: 80: 6092: 6088: 6081: 5345:

a starting point, not the whole story, which would include all the "variations and gradations".

5297:, especially by property relations giving entitlement to products, incomes and assets (see also 6025: 5961: 5948: 5795: 4440: 3764: 3170: 3102: 3092: 3080: 2412:

or volume of surplus-value) is basically equal to the sum of net distributed and undistributed

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Capitalists are willing to delay their own personal gratification, and profit is their reward.

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What is original in Marx is the explanation of the manner in which surplus value is produced.

5709: 5559:

for profits, i.e. as a legitimate entitlement or claim, in return for the supply of capital.

3584: 3429: 3005: 2813: 2733: 2678: 2456:) in the advanced capitalist economies was around 5%; in 1870, a bit above 8%; on the eve of 2359: 2264: 1894: 1879: 1801: 1781: 1736: 1633: 1492: 1482: 1454: 1327: 1317: 1245: 646: 542: 357: 4940: 1240: 306: 5724: 5600: 5538:

Some profits are a return to organizational ability, enterprise, and entrepreneurial energy

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are also credited as earlier developers of the concept. Early authors also used the terms "

2114: 2094: 1944: 1899: 1874: 1841: 1545: 1540: 1477: 1472: 1230: 1067: 552: 532: 412: 402: 4843:, which is sometimes muted or hidden, but at other times erupts in open class warfare and 4798:

capital assets ("business growth"), and provide a steady or growing return on investment.

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inputs). Labor costs and surplus-value are the monetary valuations of what Marx calls the

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and published anonymously in 1887, reacting to and criticizing Menger in a review of his

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economics – no knowledge of "markets in general" is required to participate in markets.

5603:, i.e. business growth maximising net income. Marx argues there is no evidence that the 3964: 2945: 5677: 5592: 5464: 5417: 5378: 5192: 5035: 4832:

Reducing the cost of wage-goods by various means, so that wage increases can be curbed.

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merited a critique. Quite simply, economics proved unable to theorise capitalism as a

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in 1824; however, it was not consistently distinguished from the related concepts of

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A textbook-type example of an alternative interpretation to Marx's is provided by

5329:, and their consequences for the way work and wealth is shared out. It suggests a 4304: 2358:, and by early labor organizers, who sought to unite workers in unions capable of 6144: 5823: 5704: 5664: 5282: 5220: 5039: 5019: 4677: 4534: 4425: 4377: 4372: 4284: 4219: 4199: 4139: 4034: 4009: 3974: 3969: 3959: 3929: 3884: 3874: 3739: 3679: 3634: 3599: 3579: 3539: 3514: 3360: 3279: 2975: 2905: 2643: 2179: 2098: 2046: 1981: 1826: 1731: 1688: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1648: 1570: 1365: 830: 572: 472: 6155: 4922:

In turn, this causes the unit-values of commodities to decline over time, and a

3944: 780: 6184:

iwright – Probabilistic Political Economy "Laws of Chaos" in the 21st Century.

6183: 5930: 5689: 5313: 5232: 5069:). The secondary circuits refer to trade, transfers and transactions occurring 5027: 4844: 4840: 4715: 4704: 4684: 4539: 4367: 4269: 4204: 4194: 4184: 4179: 4099: 4079: 4069: 4059: 4049: 4019: 3999: 3939: 3934: 3919: 3904: 3894: 3814: 3784: 3779: 3769: 3694: 3669: 3659: 3654: 3629: 3619: 3594: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3474: 3155: 3087: 3042: 2818: 2663: 2448:

country in the world. Around 1850, the average share of government spending in

2362:, in order to gain a share of profits and limit the length of the working day. 2240:, arguing that there is nothing in common but the term "surplus value" itself. 2228:

This claim of priority has been vigorously contested, notably in an article by

2167: 1934: 1919: 1889: 1811: 1307: 1152: 1142: 1072: 1057: 1052: 977: 873: 750: 745: 567: 467: 417: 342: 3794: 2282:

Marx first elaborated his doctrine of surplus value in 1857–58 manuscripts of

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and surplus value are equated, while value and price are identical, but the

6204: 6048: 5839: 5714: 5577: 5334: 5275: 5200: 4876: 4776: 4722: 4477: 4299: 4274: 4239: 4169: 4164: 4149: 4134: 4084: 4074: 3924: 3909: 3899: 3849: 3819: 3804: 3789: 3754: 3574: 3534: 3484: 3434: 3355: 3299: 2461: 2233: 2213: 2187: 2030: 1846: 1786: 1713: 1497: 1272: 1182: 810: 765: 760: 487: 367: 352: 6242:'The Concepts of Alienation and Surplus-value, a Brief Look' (Archive.org) 2133:, began using the term "surplus value" decades later after its coinage by 6118: 5878: 5734: 5588: 5549: 5267: 5188: 5165: 5151: 5051: 4991: 4987: 4944:

S&P 500 dividends and buybacks vs. Federal and State tax collections

4904: 4826: 4756: 4653: 4314: 4259: 4214: 4109: 4054: 3979: 3809: 3799: 3704: 3684: 3644: 3569: 3559: 3549: 3350: 3047: 2920: 2608: 2543: 2457: 2332: 2252: 2118: 2062: 1929: 1831: 1751: 1507: 1202: 1157: 1127: 1082: 815: 800: 675: 482: 5181: 5138: 5125: 5031: 4868: 4309: 4119: 3949: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3724: 3649: 3609: 3604: 3444: 3244: 3219: 2915: 2538: 2331:

Marx's solution was first to distinguish between labor-time worked and

2267:

developed a theory of surplus value in the 1830s and 1840s, notably in

2126: 1909: 1618: 1439: 1370: 1028: 680: 492: 5576:

department is the arbiter of the profit volume, because it determines

4707:

of capital assets through an accounting period, prior to distribution.

2373:

The surplus-value produced by prolongation of the working day, I call

2314:

The problem of explaining the source of surplus value is expressed by

6170: 5844:

Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag in geschichtlicher Darstellung

5142: 4772: 4544: 4487: 4435: 4415: 4244: 3869: 3464: 3419: 3229: 2433: 2429: 2073: 2050: 1949: 1939: 1884: 1708: 1643: 1487: 1235: 1042: 735: 477: 286: 5548:

The problem here is that Thurow doesn't really provide an objective

2182:), which have distinct meanings in Marxian economics: surplus labor 156:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 91: 6219:

Selected Essays on the Dynamics of the Capitalist Economy 1933–1970

5644: 4979: 4972: 4470: 4465: 4264: 3345: 2417: 1776: 1683: 1137: 1047: 5825:

Pages of Socialist History: Teachings and Acts of Social Democracy

4997:

In reality, of course, a substantial portion of tax money is also

5326: 3239: 2488: 2421: 2066: 1964: 1077: 923: 5974:

The Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 34

5248:

The Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy

4859:, in part because of the sharp distinction he draws between the 5883:

Socialism: A Summary and Interpretation of Socialist Principles

4928:

in the sphere of production occurs, culminating in a crisis of

3234: 2125:. The concept of surplus value continued to be developed under 1976: 6013:"Measuring the Wealth of Nations - Cambridge University Press" 5325:

involved in giving and getting, taking and receiving in human

5030:

alone 75% of all taxation revenue comes from just three taxes

4883:

that output (realisation) is not at all an automatic process.

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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice

2129:

who also used the term "net product" while his successors the

6167:

Debunking Economics; The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences

5636: 5599:

the capital stock; the whole aim of capitalist production is

5564: 5553: 5321:

This is a substantive – if abstract – thesis about the basic

5117: 5081:

of value from one person, country or institution to another.

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Laws of Chaos; A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy

6026:

Karl Marx, Economic Manuscripts: Capital, Vol.3, Chapter 47.

6000:

Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 34

5987:

Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 34

5289:

of the surplus tends to be separated theoretically from its

5266:" for Marx's surplus value. In a joint work, Paul Baran and 2350:

This "simple" exploitation characterizes the realization of

2156:

An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth

2065:(sales revenue minus the cost of materials used up), and is 2049:. The concept was subsequently developed and popularized by 5458:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

2739:

An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital

5655:, at least not without moral biases intruding in the very 5766:

Spago incorrectly claims that "surplus value" appears in

5573: 5121: 5066: 2449: 2425: 2204:, English trans. 1887, pp. 156, 194, 289, with Thompson, 4986:

that originally were a powerful stimulus motivating the

2559:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

2395:

Vol. 1, ch. 12, "The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value"

5949:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Twelve" 4691:

Surplus-value can be viewed as the source of society's

2428:

on production and various net receipts associated with

2269:

Zur Erkenntnis unserer staatswirthschaftlichen Zustände

2037:, with the term "surplus value" itself being coined by 6191:, Marxist Economic Theory, Vol. 1 and Late Capitalism. 5861:"Juristen-Sozialismus" [Juridical Socialism]. 5045: 5169:, using factory data of a spinning mill supplied by 4652:, which Marx himself defines as equal to the sum of 2273:

Toward an appreciation of our economic circumstances

5042:which in reality is 75% of the GDP of the country. 2285:

A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy

5769:The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties 5535:Some profits are a return to those who take risks. 2087:maximum surplus-value from the employment of labor 6209:Production of Commodities by means of commodities 5976:(New York: International Publishers, 1994) p. 63. 5595:fluctuations create the striving and pressure to 6248: 4850: 4750: 2408:surplus-value in an economy (Marx refers to the 5312:...the specific economic form, in which unpaid 5187:Since early studies by Marxian economists like 2089:, resulting in an equally gigantic increase of 5821: 5815: 5085:occasionally refers to this kind of profit as 4765:Results of the immediate process of production 2460:, just under 10%; just before the outbreak of 2436:, leasing, certain honorariums etc. (see also 6123:History, Labour and Freedom: Themes from Marx 4855:Marx distinguished sharply between value and 4625: 2519:The Condition of the Working Class in England 2178:" and "surplus produce" (in Marx's language, 2001: 997: 2514:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 5387:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5124:, suggesting to Marxian economists such as 4759:and in preparatory manuscripts such as the 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5623:That quest, Marx notes, always involves a 5026:. London: Verso, 1975).For example in the 4890:in the form of money and the magnitude of 4644:Surplus-value may be viewed in five ways: 4632: 4618: 2659:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 2534:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 2008: 1994: 1004: 990: 5528:reasons for profit, according to Thurow: 5505:Learn how and when to remove this message 5487:Learn how and when to remove this message 5104:This is another reason why surplus-value 252:Learn how and when to remove this message 234:Learn how and when to remove this message 172:Learn how and when to remove this message 110:Learn how and when to remove this message 6171:Economics: Debunking Economics Overview 6161:Gerard Dumenil and Dominique Levy papers 5848:The Right to the Whole Produce of Labour 5262:for example substitutes the concept of " 5253: 4994:at the beginning of the capitalist era. 4939: 4801: 4729: 4710:Surplus-value can be viewed as a social 2238:The Right to the Whole Produce of Labour 2218:The Right to the Whole Produce of Labour 197:This article includes a list of general 90:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4935: 2101:). The concept is closely connected to 6249: 5877: 5838: 4683:Surplus-value can also be viewed as a 3440:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 2335:, and secondly to distinguish between 6175:Emmanuel Farjoun and Moshe Machover, 5587:the capital stock. In Marx's theory, 5348: 4990:to wrest state power from the feudal 4925:decline of the average rate of profit 4353:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 2729:Change the World Without Taking Power 2294:(which was subsequently published as 6217:, "The Determinants of Profits", in 5929: 5903: 5800: 5440: 5393: 5352: 5308:Vol. 3, Marx insists strongly that: 2468:, Springer 2003, pp. 594–597). 183: 121: 59: 18: 5333:for an inquiry into the problem of 5046:Relation to the circuits of capital 4680:, or paid labour and unpaid labour. 2684:Marxism and the Oppression of Women 2614:Theses on the Philosophy of History 2057:). Marx's term is the German word " 13: 6201:, The Political Economy of Growth. 6142:Tatyana Volkova and Felix Volkov, 5009:. Apparently following this view, 4714:, or as the monetary valuation of 2471: 203:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 6273: 6235: 6045:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 5720:Primitive accumulation of capital 5607:accruing to capitalist owners is 5368:This article has multiple issues. 2704:Time, Labor and Social Domination 34:This article has multiple issues. 5998:Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, 5985:Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, 5445: 5398: 5357: 5120:grows significantly faster than 4599: 4587: 4575: 4411:21st-century communist theorists 2754:Towards Socialism or Capitalism? 2669:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 2589:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value 2495: 1975: 1963: 285: 188: 126: 64: 23: 6106:Measuring the Wealth of Nations 6030: 6019: 6005: 5992: 5979: 5966: 5955: 5941: 5935:Transcritique: on Kant and Marx 5923: 5809:Critique of the Gotha Programme 5376:or discuss these issues on the 4656:in respect of capitalistically 3113:Theory of historical trajectory 2991:Dictatorship of the proletariat 2694:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 2594:History and Class Consciousness 2549:Critique of the Gotha Programme 2117:in the 18th century the French 42:or discuss these issues on the 5912: 5897: 5871: 5854: 5832: 5789: 5760: 5229:organic composition of capital 5158: 2911:Socially necessary labour time 2809:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 2699:The Sublime Object of Ideology 2624:A Critique of Soviet Economics 443:Socially necessary labour time 388:Organic composition of capital 1: 6058: 5116:Nowadays the volume of world 5056:capitalist mode of production 4851:Production versus realisation 4751:Appropriation from production 2832:Critique of political economy 2466:Encyclopedia of Public Choice 2400: 1767:Critique of political economy 1425:Critique of political economy 670:Critique of Political Economy 338:Critique of political economy 313:Capitalist mode of production 5796:Marx, The Capital, Chapter 8 5647:, and why Marx thought that 4865:realisation of profit income 2869:Falling profit-rate tendency 2649:The Society of the Spectacle 2033:. The concept originated in 1817:Periodizations of capitalism 597:Falling profit-rate tendency 448:Socialist mode of production 423:Real prices and ideal prices 328:Concrete and abstract labuor 7: 6257:Theory of value (economics) 5670: 5238:The Marxian mathematicians 5050:Generally, Marx focused in 4861:production of surplus-value 4343:Capitalism Nature Socialism 2859:Concrete and abstract labor 2749:Capital in the Anthropocene 2674:Social Justice and the City 2569:The Accumulation of Capital 2054: 1513:Simple commodity production 949:Schools of economic thought 884:Real-World Economics Review 695:The Accumulation of Capital 458:Simple commodity production 152:the claims made and adding 10: 6278: 6169:. London: Zed Press, 2004. 5828:. C.B. Cooper. p. 19. 4875:containing surplus-value ( 4648:As a component of the new 2619:Dialectic of Enlightenment 1822:Perspectives on capitalism 939:Perspectives on capitalism 879:New School Economic Review 687:Economic and Philosophical 583:Technological unemployment 6067:Theories of Surplus-Value 5962:Marxists Internet Archive 5919:Marxists Internet Archive 5746:Theories of Surplus Value 5700:Compensation of employees 2764:Literature and Revolution 2724:Late Victorian Holocausts 2654:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 2639:The Wretched of the Earth 2309: 2291:Theories of Surplus Value 2162:(2nd ed.), emphasis added 2108: 2072:It is a major concept in 2069:to English "more worth". 578:Technological determinism 6097:Supplement B of Volume 3 5972:Karl Marx and Frederick 5753: 5609:quantitatively connected 5552:of profits so much as a 5258:In neo-Marxist thought, 2714:The Origin of Capitalism 2584:The State and Revolution 1093:Economic interventionism 866:International Journal of 73:This article or section 6127:Oxford University Press 6075:Value, Price and Profit 5822:W. Tcherkesoff (1902). 5774:Charles Wentworth Dilke 5299:relations of production 5015:Marxist Economic Theory 4820:is obtained mainly by: 3415:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 3058:Relations of production 2941:Base and superstructure 2794:Dialectical materialism 2759:The Revolution Betrayed 2579:Terrorism and Communism 2574:Philosophical Notebooks 2529:The Communist Manifesto 2300:), and features in his 1762:Criticism of capitalism 959:Critiques of capitalism 428:Relations of production 218:more precise citations. 6179:, London: Verso, 1983. 6145:What Is Surplus Value? 5467:by rewriting it in an 5341:. But obviously it is 5319: 5087:profit upon alienation 4975: 4919:outlay in investment. 4892:surplus-value produced 4818:Relative surplus value 4808:absolute surplus value 4745: 4712:relation of production 4358:Historical Materialism 3103:Proletarian revolution 3098:Primitive accumulation 3093:Historical determinism 2398: 2380:relative surplus-value 2352:absolute surplus value 2341:relative surplus value 2337:absolute surplus value 2329: 2262: 2226: 2206:Distribution of Wealth 2165: 2061:", which simply means 1792:Exploitation of labour 1503:Primitive accumulation 934:Neoclassical economics 914:Evolutionary economics 708:Capitalist Development 602:Transformation problem 589:Temporal single-system 548:Historical materialism 438:Reserve army of labour 408:Primitive accumulation 358:Labour theory of value 5710:Labor theory of value 5310: 5254:Different conceptions 5097:total surplus-values 5013:in his 1960 treatise 4943: 4802:Absolute vs. relative 4740: 4730:Equalization of rates 4594:Philosophy portal 4388:Science & Society 3006:Democratic centralism 2864:Factors of production 2734:Caliban and the Witch 2679:Women, Race and Class 2371: 2360:collective bargaining 2320: 2265:Johann Karl Rodbertus 2245: 2192: 2139: 1970:Capitalism portal 1782:Culture of capitalism 1737:Capitalist propaganda 1493:Industrial Revolution 1483:Commercial Revolution 668:A Contribution to the 647:Neo-Marxian economics 77:synthesis of material 5725:Rate of exploitation 5601:capital accumulation 5418:improve this article 5217:capital accumulation 4957:Federal tax revenue 4936:Relation to taxation 4930:capital accumulation 4897:prices of production 4792:capital accumulation 4781:capital accumulation 4701:capital accumulation 4606:Socialism portal 4582:Communism portal 4451:History of communism 4446:Economic determinism 4431:Criticism of Marxism 4421:Creative destruction 3181:Marxism and religion 2901:Scientific socialism 2804:Philosophy of nature 2689:Imagined Communities 2554:Dialectics of Nature 2131:Ricardian socialists 2115:Age of Enlightenment 2095:capital accumulation 1945:Right-libertarianism 1875:Classical liberalism 1842:Venture philanthropy 1478:Capitalism and Islam 1473:Age of Enlightenment 1068:Capital accumulation 857:Cambridge Journal of 533:Economic determinism 413:Rate of exploitation 403:Prices of production 16:Concept in economics 6156:Fred Moseley papers 6150:Progress Publishers 6137:Columbia University 5937:. pp. 248–251. 5695:Commodity fetishism 5420:by rewriting it in 5281:In these theories, 5272:Monopoly Capitalism 4915:, which raises the 4806:According to Marx, 4338:Capital & Class 3018:False consciousness 2966:Commodity fetishism 2956:Class consciousness 2874:Means of production 2709:The Age of Extremes 2629:The Long Revolution 2564:What Is to Be Done? 2524:The German Ideology 2454:Government spending 2325:purely economic way 2035:Ricardian socialism 1982:Business portal 1098:Economic liberalism 1088:Competitive markets 954:Socialist economics 919:Classical economics 894:Science and Society 689:Manuscripts of 1844 538:Immiseration thesis 523:Capital controversy 383:Monopoly capitalism 373:Means of production 363:Law of accumulation 5904:Vygodsky, Vitaly. 5867:(in German). 1887. 5850:] (in German). 5778:Capital, Volume II 5678:Analytical Marxism 5469:encyclopedic style 5456:is written like a 5422:encyclopedic style 5409:is written like a 5349:Morality and power 5193:Charles Bettelheim 5108:and surplus-value 5099:realised as income 5036:National insurance 4976: 4666:intermediate goods 4552:Worker cooperative 4530:Left-wing populism 4456:Left-wing politics 4393:Socialist Register 4383:Rethinking Marxism 3176:Literary criticism 2879:Mode of production 2744:Capitalist Realism 2604:The Black Jacobins 2297:Capital, Volume IV 2277:Capital, Volume II 1742:Capitalist realism 1133:Goods and services 1113:Fictitious capital 889:Rethinking Marxism 796:Nikolai Kondratiev 632:Analytical Marxism 378:Mode of production 137:possibly contains 87:to the main topic. 81:verifiably mention 75:possibly contains 6262:Marxian economics 6104:and Ahmet Tonak, 6037:Thurow, Lester C. 5740:Surplus economics 5730:Return on capital 5684:Capital, Volume I 5649:political economy 5515: 5514: 5507: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5439: 5438: 5391: 5211:and Ahmet Tonak. 5133:control over the 5060:national accounts 4950:State tax revenue 4871:). Output may be 4693:accumulation fund 4674:necessary product 4642: 4641: 4483:Political ecology 4461:Marxian economics 3400:Council communism 3368: 3367: 3295:Neue Marx-Lektüre 3257:Regulation school 3146:Cultural analysis 3038:Lumpenproletariat 2981:Cultural hegemony 2971:Communist society 2961:Classless society 2896:Productive forces 2634:Guerrilla Warfare 2507:Theoretical works 2442:Operating surplus 2303:Capital, Volume I 2022:Marxian economics 2018: 2017: 1837:Spontaneous order 1807:History of theory 1450:New institutional 1420:Market monetarism 1355:Economic theories 1188:Supply and demand 1123:Free price system 1014: 1013: 944:Political economy 929:Marxist sociology 868:Political Economy 776:Antonie Pannekoek 756:Rudolf Hilferding 637:Classical Marxism 563:Overdetermination 553:Okishio's theorem 393:Productive forces 278:Marxian economics 262: 261: 254: 244: 243: 236: 182: 181: 174: 139:original research 120: 119: 112: 57: 6269: 6052: 6034: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5970: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5927: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5813: 5804: 5798: 5793: 5781: 5764: 5510: 5503: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5472: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5402: 5401: 5394: 5383: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5323:social relations 5264:economic surplus 5240:Emmanuel Farjoun 5171:Friedrich Engels 4970: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4670:constant capital 4662:variable capital 4658:productive labor 4634: 4627: 4620: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4557:Workers' council 4378:Race & Class 3285:Frankfurt School 3252:Neo-Gramscianism 3225:Marxism–Leninism 3207: 3206: 3151:Cultural Studies 3108:World revolution 3053:Private property 2599:Prison Notebooks 2499: 2476: 2475: 2396: 2316:Friedrich Engels 2260: 2230:Friedrich Engels 2224: 2163: 2152:William Thompson 2135:William Thompson 2103:producer surplus 2039:William Thompson 2010: 2003: 1996: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1967: 1772:Critique of work 1747:Capitalist state 1430:Critique of work 1313:Regulated market 1215:Economic systems 1168:Private property 1118:Financial market 1108:Entrepreneurship 1103:Economic surplus 1016: 1015: 1006: 999: 992: 973:Economics portal 791:Richard D. Wolff 741:Friedrich Engels 700:Monopoly Capital 642:Orthodox Marxism 607:Underconsumption 558:Overaccumulation 503:Variable capital 333:Constant capital 289: 279: 264: 263: 257: 250: 239: 232: 228: 225: 219: 214:this article by 205:inline citations 192: 191: 184: 177: 170: 166: 163: 157: 154:inline citations 130: 129: 122: 115: 108: 104: 101: 95: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6247: 6246: 6238: 6233: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5980: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5931:Karatani, Kōjin 5928: 5924: 5917: 5913: 5906:"Surplus Value" 5902: 5898: 5876: 5872: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5837: 5833: 5820: 5816: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5705:Cost of capital 5673: 5665:Austrian School 5617:justly deserved 5511: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5465:help improve it 5462: 5450: 5446: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5283:surplus product 5256: 5221:economic growth 5197:Joseph Gillmann 5161: 5048: 5024:Late Capitalism 5020:late capitalism 4968: 4967: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4938: 4888:profit realised 4853: 4804: 4753: 4732: 4697:investment fund 4678:surplus product 4638: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4562: 4561: 4535:Universal class 4426:Conflict theory 4406: 4398: 4397: 4373:New Left Review 4328: 4320: 4319: 3460: 3450: 3449: 3380: 3370: 3369: 3280:Budapest School 3204: 3203:Common variants 3196: 3195: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3083: 3073: 3072: 2976:Critical theory 2936: 2926: 2925: 2906:Surplus product 2834: 2824: 2823: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2644:Reading Capital 2509: 2474: 2472:Interpretations 2403: 2397: 2390: 2312: 2261: 2251: 2232:, completed by 2225: 2212: 2180:surplus product 2164: 2150: 2111: 2099:surplus product 2047:surplus product 2014: 1974: 1962: 1955: 1954: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1827:Post-capitalism 1732:Anti-capitalism 1727: 1719: 1718: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1338:State-sponsored 1216: 1208: 1207: 1073:Capital markets 1038: 1010: 965: 964: 963: 908: 900: 899: 898: 870: 867: 861: 858: 850: 842: 841: 840: 831:Stephen Resnick 730: 720: 719: 718: 714:Finance Capital 710: 707: 691: 688: 672: 669: 661: 653: 652: 651: 626: 618: 617: 616: 593: 590: 573:Kondratiev wave 517: 509: 508: 507: 473:Surplus product 297: 277: 258: 247: 246: 245: 240: 229: 223: 220: 210:Please help to 209: 193: 189: 178: 167: 161: 158: 143: 131: 127: 116: 105: 99: 96: 89: 79:which does not 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6275: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6236:External links 6234: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6215:Michał Kalecki 6212: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6140: 6135:. Phd Thesis, 6129: 6116: 6108: 6099: 6079: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6029: 6018: 6004: 5991: 5978: 5965: 5954: 5940: 5922: 5911: 5896: 5870: 5853: 5831: 5814: 5799: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5690:Character mask 5687: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5513: 5512: 5495: 5494: 5477:September 2019 5453: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5436: 5430:September 2019 5406: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5331:starting point 5314:surplus labour 5255: 5252: 5244:Moshé Machover 5233:rate of profit 5223:: the rate of 5160: 5157: 5062:also do this. 5047: 5044: 5028:United Kingdom 4937: 4934: 4852: 4849: 4845:class struggle 4841:social classes 4837: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4803: 4800: 4752: 4749: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4719: 4716:surplus-labour 4708: 4689: 4681: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4540:Vulgar Marxism 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405:Related topics 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4368:Monthly Review 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4348:Constellations 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3378:Other variants 3376: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3262:Third-worldist 3259: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3171:Historiography 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3088:Class struggle 3084: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3043:Metabolic rift 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2819:Marxist ethics 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664:Ways of Seeing 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2473: 2470: 2402: 2399: 2388: 2311: 2308: 2249: 2210: 2168:William Godwin 2148: 2110: 2107: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1972: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1935:Ordoliberalism 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1812:Market economy 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1726:Related topics 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1596:State monopoly 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153:Liberalization 1150: 1145: 1143:Invisible hand 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058:Businessperson 1055: 1053:Business cycle 1050: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1001: 994: 986: 983: 982: 981: 980: 978:Marxism portal 975: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 910: 909: 907:Related topics 906: 905: 902: 901: 897: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 874:Monthly Review 871: 864: 862: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 839: 838: 836:Michał Kalecki 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 751:Rosa Luxemburg 748: 746:Vladimir Lenin 743: 738: 732: 731: 726: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 711: 704: 702: 697: 692: 685: 683: 678: 673: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 650: 649: 644: 639: 634: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 591:interpretation 587: 585: 580: 575: 570: 568:Overproduction 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 468:Surplus labour 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 418:Rate of profit 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 343:Exchange value 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 282: 281: 273: 272: 260: 259: 242: 241: 196: 194: 187: 180: 179: 134: 132: 125: 118: 117: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6274: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6199:Paul A. Baran 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189:Ernest Mandel 6187: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5958: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5915: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5866: 5865: 5864:Die Neue Zeit 5857: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840:Menger, Anton 5835: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5653:social system 5650: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591:, desire and 5590: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5557:justification 5555: 5551: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5519:Lester Thurow 5509: 5506: 5491: 5488: 5480: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5454:This section 5452: 5443: 5442: 5433: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5407:This section 5405: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5339:social change 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260:Paul A. Baran 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225:surplus-value 5222: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5156: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095:underestimate 5092: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5077:represents a 5074: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5011:Ernest Mandel 5008: 5003: 5000: 4999:redistributed 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4965:Stock buyback 4958: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4917:fixed capital 4914: 4913:mechanisation 4908: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769:labor process 4766: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650:value product 4647: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4513:Revolutionary 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Authoritarian 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:Moufawad-Paul 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3405:Eurocommunism 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390:Austromarxism 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3336:Communization 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3310:Praxis School 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3068:Working class 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2849:Crisis theory 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2438:value product 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:surplus labor 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2144:surplus value 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:§ Origin 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:surplus labor 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2026:surplus value 2023: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1925:Neoliberalism 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1870:Authoritarian 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:Globalization 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:Crisis theory 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613:Intellectuals 1610: 1609: 1602: 1601:Technological 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393:Institutional 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1252:Laissez-faire 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226:Authoritarian 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1193:Surplus value 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173:Privatization 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 969: 968: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 904: 903: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 869: 863: 860: 854: 853: 846: 845: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:Paul A. Baran 824: 822: 821:David Laibman 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 806:Nobuo Okishio 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 786:Andrew Kliman 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 771:Ernest Mandel 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 724: 723: 715: 712: 709: 706:The Theory of 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 690: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 671: 665: 664: 657: 656: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 622: 621: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 592: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 528:Crisis theory 526: 524: 521: 520: 513: 512: 504: 501: 499: 498:Value product 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 463:Surplus value 461: 459: 456: 454: 453:Socialization 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318:Class process 316: 314: 311: 308: 304: 301: 300: 293: 292: 288: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 270: 266: 265: 256: 253: 238: 235: 227: 217: 213: 207: 206: 200: 195: 186: 185: 176: 173: 165: 155: 151: 147: 141: 140: 135:This article 133: 124: 123: 114: 111: 103: 93: 88: 86: 82: 78: 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 6218: 6208: 6205:Piero Sraffa 6182:Ian Wright, 6176: 6166: 6165:Steve Keen, 6143: 6132: 6131:Shane Mage, 6122: 6111:Anwar Shaikh 6105: 6102:Anwar Shaikh 6082: 6074: 6066: 6049:Liberty Fund 6044: 6032: 6021: 6007: 5999: 5994: 5989:, pp. 75–76. 5986: 5981: 5973: 5968: 5957: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5914: 5899: 5882: 5879:Spargo, John 5873: 5862: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5802: 5791: 5777: 5767: 5762: 5744: 5715:Law of value 5682: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5584: 5582: 5578:depreciation 5570: 5561: 5547: 5525: 5523: 5516: 5501: 5483: 5474: 5455: 5427: 5416:Please help 5408: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5370:Please help 5367: 5342: 5335:social order 5330: 5320: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5287:distribution 5286: 5280: 5276:Piero Sraffa 5271: 5257: 5247: 5237: 5213: 5209:Anwar Shaikh 5201:Edward Wolff 5186: 5177: 5175: 5164: 5162: 5146: 5134: 5131: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5049: 5023: 5014: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4983: 4977: 4971:S&P 500 4963:S&P 500 4924: 4921: 4912: 4909: 4901: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4877:valorisation 4872: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4838: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4777:valorisation 4764: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4723:productivity 4696: 4692: 4643: 4478:Municipalism 4290:Bhattacharya 3435:Situationist 3410:Instrumental 3063:State theory 3028:Immiseration 3023:Human nature 3013:Exploitation 2843:accumulation 2465: 2462:World War II 2446: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2365: 2364: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2318:as follows: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234:Karl Kautsky 2227: 2217: 2214:Anton Menger 2205: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2188:Anton Menger 2183: 2172:Charles Hall 2166: 2155: 2143: 2140: 2122: 2112: 2091:productivity 2086: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2058: 2031:labour power 2025: 2019: 1847:Wage slavery 1787:Evergreening 1498:Mercantilism 1445:Neoclassical 1273:Mercantilist 1250: 1192: 1183:Rent seeking 1148:Visible hand 811:Ian Steedman 781:János Kornai 766:Karl Kautsky 761:Leon Trotsky 488:Wage slavery 462: 433:Reproduction 368:Law of value 353:Labour power 348:Exploitation 307:accumulation 248: 230: 224:January 2014 221: 202: 168: 162:January 2014 159: 136: 106: 100:January 2014 97: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 6119:G. A. Cohen 5885:. pp. 5772:(1821), by 5735:Superprofit 5589:competition 5550:explanation 5268:Paul Sweezy 5189:Eugen Varga 5166:Das Kapital 5159:Measurement 5152:free market 5147:inefficient 5052:Das Kapital 4992:aristocracy 4988:bourgeoisie 4984:tax revolts 4905:competition 4827:labor power 4788:conditional 4757:Das Kapital 4654:labor costs 4441:Communalism 3840:Wallerstein 3430:Revisionist 3161:Film theory 3141:Criminology 3136:Archaeology 3048:Proletariat 3033:Imperialism 2946:Bourgeoisie 2921:Wage labour 2814:Reification 2609:On Practice 2458:World War I 2333:labor power 2279:by Engels. 2253:John Spargo 2202:Das Kapital 2123:net product 2119:physiocrats 2063:value added 1930:Objectivism 1915:Libertarian 1832:Speculation 1752:Consumerism 1586:Progressive 1525:Development 1508:Physiocracy 1455:Supply-side 1263:Libertarian 1241:Free-market 1221:Anglo-Saxon 1203:Wage labour 1158:Marginalism 1128:Free market 1083:Corporation 816:John Roemer 801:Paul Sweezy 676:Das Kapital 543:Imperialism 483:Wage labour 216:introducing 6251:Categories 6085:, Volume 1 6059:References 5657:definition 5524:There are 5373:improve it 5291:production 5205:Shane Mage 5182:empiricist 5178:indicators 5139:parasitism 5126:Samir Amin 5091:alienation 5032:Income tax 4869:value-form 4867:(see also 4773:use-values 4761:Grundrisse 4498:Democratic 4363:Mediations 3975:Przeworski 3915:Poulantzas 3765:Sivanandan 3720:Bettelheim 3620:Horkheimer 3615:Mariátegui 3590:Pashukanis 3515:Liebknecht 3445:Wertkritik 3385:Analytical 3245:Trotskyism 3220:Autonomist 3211:Structural 3191:Philosophy 3131:Aesthetics 2916:Value-form 2884:Capitalist 2789:Alienation 2782:Philosophy 2539:Grundrisse 2452:(See also 2401:Definition 2200:Cf. Marx, 2127:Adam Smith 1910:Liberalism 1895:Humanistic 1880:Democratic 1859:Ideologies 1694:Schumpeter 1440:Monetarist 1371:Chartalism 1318:Regulatory 1293:Neoliberal 1246:Humanistic 1029:Capitalism 681:Grundrisse 493:Value-form 199:references 146:improve it 39:improve it 6148:(Moscow: 6041:"Profits" 5842:(1899) . 5379:talk page 5143:extortion 4973:Dividends 4771:creating 4668:used up ( 4545:Economism 4508:Reformist 4488:Socialism 4436:Communism 4416:Anarchism 4270:Coulthard 4195:McDonnell 4155:Screpanti 4065:Rowbotham 3930:Harnecker 3740:Althusser 3680:Deutscher 3520:Kollontai 3510:Luxemburg 3490:Plekhanov 3420:Nkrumaism 3331:Classical 3305:Political 3230:Guevarism 3186:Sociology 3166:Geography 2986:Democracy 2934:Sociology 2889:Socialist 2854:Commodity 2434:licensing 2430:royalties 2257:Socialism 2137:in 1824: 2074:Karl Marx 2051:Karl Marx 1950:Third Way 1940:Privatism 1900:Inclusive 1885:Dirigisme 1679:von Mises 1566:Illiberal 1546:Corporate 1541:Community 1488:Feudalism 1398:Keynesian 1388:Classical 1231:Corporate 1043:Austerity 859:Economics 736:Karl Marx 478:Use value 323:Commodity 150:verifying 92:talk page 45:talk page 6152:), 1987. 6121:(1988), 6093:Volume 3 6089:Volume 2 6039:(2008). 6002:, p. 77. 5881:(1906). 5811:. Sec.II 5671:See also 5645:ideology 5597:increase 5585:maintain 5295:produced 5184:manner. 5110:realised 5106:produced 5079:transfer 4980:taxation 4873:produced 4863:and the 4755:Both in 4738:Vol. 3: 4676:and the 4471:Old Left 4466:New Left 4333:Antipode 4327:Journals 4230:Heinrich 4205:Roediger 4200:Douzinas 4190:Hennessy 4145:Holloway 4060:Hartsock 4050:Eagleton 4035:Federici 4010:Bannerji 3985:Therborn 3965:Rancière 3960:Easthope 3940:Anderson 3935:Altvater 3835:O'Connor 3830:Mészáros 3825:Guattari 3780:Thompson 3770:Miliband 3750:Williams 3735:Hobsbawm 3710:Emmanuel 3690:Beauvoir 3655:Lefebvre 3600:Benjamin 3565:Bukharin 3545:Zinoviev 3540:Grossman 3525:Bogdanov 3500:Connolly 3480:Lafargue 3425:Orthodox 3395:Centrist 3346:Leninism 3341:Feminist 3290:Humanist 3271:Hegelian 2799:Ideology 2481:a series 2479:Part of 2418:interest 2389:— 2375:absolute 2366:Relative 2356:Proudhon 2306:(1867). 2250:— 2220:(1886), 2211:— 2184:produces 2158:(1824), 2149:— 2082:Mehrwert 2078:Mehrwert 2059:Mehrwert 1777:Cronyism 1689:Rothbard 1664:Marshall 1649:Friedman 1581:Merchant 1536:Consumer 1531:Advanced 1366:Austrian 1361:American 1288:National 1283:Monopoly 1236:Dirigist 1138:Investor 1048:Business 1037:Concepts 1021:a series 1019:Part of 849:Journals 625:Variants 296:Concepts 269:a series 267:Part of 6139:, 1963. 6113:papers 6083:Capital 5463:Please 5327:society 5306:Kapital 5071:outside 4881:selling 4879:), but 4736:Capital 4688:income. 4570:Outline 4523:Utopian 4300:Srnicek 4285:Toscano 4280:Seymour 4235:Prashad 4185:Sankara 4180:Berardi 4165:Hampton 4140:Burawoy 4110:Panitch 4105:Haraway 4095:Cleaver 4080:Brenner 4045:Balibar 4000:Postone 3990:Losurdo 3920:Vattimo 3890:Gonzalo 3885:Jameson 3875:Parenti 3815:Liebman 3810:Guevara 3700:Nkrumah 3695:Sombart 3670:Padmore 3640:Kalecki 3635:Marcuse 3595:Bordiga 3580:Gramsci 3535:Trotsky 3495:Du Bois 3485:Kautsky 3361:Western 3240:Titoism 3125:Aspects 3081:History 3001:Radical 2839:Capital 2544:Capital 2489:Marxism 2393:Capital 2113:By the 2067:cognate 1905:Liberal 1865:Anarcho 1802:History 1634:Malthus 1629:Ricardo 1591:Rentier 1576:Marxist 1556:Finance 1467:Origins 1435:Marxist 1383:Chicago 1343:Welfare 1303:Private 1258:Liberal 1078:Company 1063:Capital 924:Marxism 305: ( 303:Capital 212:improve 144:Please 6195:1957). 6077:(1865) 6069:(1863) 5661:theory 5633:income 5605:profit 5593:market 5411:review 5231:, the 5227:, the 5135:access 5007:values 4969: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4775:and a 4518:Social 4503:Market 4305:Horvat 4260:Fisher 4255:Linera 4250:Lordon 4240:Kelley 4225:Marcos 4220:Ghandy 4210:Foster 4135:Fraser 4130:Wright 4120:Jessop 4115:Clarke 4100:Bishop 4090:Massey 4070:Mouffe 4020:Newton 4015:Spivak 4005:Rodney 3970:Berman 3925:Badiou 3905:Laclau 3900:Harvey 3895:Dussel 3855:Debord 3850:Tronti 3820:Heller 3805:Castro 3800:Berger 3785:Bauman 3775:Cabral 3760:Mandel 3755:Freire 3745:Hinton 3725:Draper 3705:Sweezy 3675:Sartre 3665:Adorno 3630:Brecht 3585:Galiev 3560:Korsch 3555:Lukács 3530:Stalin 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