3661:βregardless of the length of their service. The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The chief justice sits in the center on the bench, or at the head of the table during conferences. The other justices are seated in order of seniority. The senior-most associate justice sits immediately to the chief justice's right; the second most senior sits immediately to their left. The seats alternate right to left in order of seniority, with the most junior justice occupying the last seat. Therefore, since the October 2022 term, the court sits as follows from left to right, from the perspective of those facing the court: Barrett, Gorsuch, Sotomayor, Thomas (most senior associate justice), Roberts (chief justice), Alito, Kagan, Kavanaugh, and Jackson. Likewise, when the members of the court gather for official group photographs, justices are arranged in order of seniority, with the five most senior members seated in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (currently, from left to right, Sotomayor, Thomas, Roberts, Alito, and Kagan), and the four most junior justices standing behind them, again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (Barrett, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Jackson).
4261:, each of which is assigned a "circuit justice" from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, each justice was required to "ride circuit", or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who cited the difficulty of travel. Moreover, there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding ended in 1901, when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed, and circuit riding was officially abolished by Congress in 1911.
5857:
supermajority has created a monarchical presidency, awarding the chief executive near-insurmountable immunity from accountability for any and all crimes committed during a term in office. It has seized power from
Congress, strictly limiting lawmakers' ability to write broad laws that tackle the major crises of the moment. And it has hobbled federal agencies' authority to apply existing statutes to problems on the ground, substituting the expert opinions of civil servants with the (often partisan) preferences of unelected judges. All the while, the court has placed itself at the apex of the state, agreeing to share power only with a strongman president who seeks to govern in line with the conservative justices' vision.
2381:
3144:
805:
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1532:
2093:
2453:
5049:
2982:
1683:
3280:
817:
3406:
19457:
4693:
4245:(1974), the court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. However, the court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot. If an issue is "capable of repetition yet evading review", the court would address it even though the party before the court would not themselves be made whole by a favorable result. In
2165:
42:
21134:
20454:
5994:
391:
21873:
4659:"; if the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the case's final ruling. To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the court each year (of the more than 7,000 petitions the court receives each year, it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer), the court employs an internal case management tool known as the "
5031:
the court collecting about $ 750,000 annually. Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups. The group admission is held before the current justices of the
Supreme Court, wherein the chief justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys. Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library.
2525:
2237:
3140:
civil libertiesβand so did the justices. But since 1991, they argue, ideology has been much more important in choosing justicesβall
Republican appointees have been committed conservatives and all Democratic appointees have been liberals. As the more moderate Republican justices retired, the court has become more partisan. The Court became more divided sharply along partisan lines with justices appointed by Republican presidents taking increasingly conservative positions and those appointed by Democrats taking moderate liberal positions.
4710:, or "friends of the court", may also file briefs. The court holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument (the court may choose to give more time, although this is rare), and during that time, the justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. In 2019, the court adopted a rule generally allowing advocates to speak uninterrupted for the first two minutes of their argument. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to
1410:
2019:
383:
5457:, and Ketanji Brown Jackson for Stephen Breyer. Justices Gorsuch and Kavanaugh served under Kennedy during the same term. Gorsuch is the first justice to clerk for and subsequently serve alongside the same justice, serving alongside Kennedy from April 2017 through Kennedy's retirement in 2018. With the confirmation of Justice Kavanaugh, for the first time a majority of the Supreme Court was composed of former Supreme Court law clerks (Roberts, Breyer, Kagan, Gorsuch and Kavanaugh, now joined by Barrett and Jackson).
10285:, That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court's business.
5569:, an unusual amount of power over elected branches of government, and a difficult constitution to amend. These, among other factors, have been attributed by some critics to the Court's diminished stature abroad and lower approval ratings at home, which have dropped from the mid-60s in the late 1980s to around 40% in the early 2020s. Additional factors cited by critics include the polarization of national politics, ethics scandals, and specific controversial partisan rulings, including the relaxation of
18881:
4800:
539:
1094:
25765:
20091:
4525:, upon which the court grants a writ of certiorari. The court may review via this process any civil or criminal case in the federal courts of appeals. It may also review by certiorari a final judgment of the highest court of a state if the judgment involves a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. A case may alternatively come before the court as a direct appeal from a three-judge federal district court. The party that petitions the court for review is the
5642:
president if the
Presidency and Senate were selected directly by the popular vote. The three Trump appointees to the court were all nominated by a president who finished second in the popular vote and confirmed by Senators representing a minority of Americans. In addition, Clarence Thomas' confirmation in 1991 and Merrick Garland's blocked confirmation in 2016 were both decided by senators representing a minority of Americans. Greg Price also critiqued the Court as
25741:
20103:
25753:
22756:
20080:
4738:: this is the binding decision of the Supreme Court. An opinion that more than half of the justices join (usually at least five justices, since there are nine justices in total; but in cases where some justices do not participate it could be fewer) is known as "majority opinion" and creates binding precedent in American law. Whereas an opinion that fewer than half of the justices join is known as a "plurality opinion" and is only partially binding precedent.
22421:
3776:
4776:. For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices. If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case cannot be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the court had been evenly divided. For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the chief justice may order the case
5116:, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience. At one pole are those who view the federal judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being "the most separated and least checked of all branches of government." Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure "during good behavior", and their pay may "not be diminished" while they hold their position (
4249:(1973), and other abortion cases, the court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court. Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct, in which the court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff's need for relief.
25793:
25861:
3513:
25844:
3680:
4756:: a justice disagrees with the outcome the court reached and its reasoning. Justices who dissent from a decision may author their own dissenting opinions or, if there are multiple dissenting justices in a decision, may join another justice's dissent. Dissents do not create binding precedent. A justice may also join only part(s) of a particular decision, and may even agree with some parts of the outcome and disagree with others.
25878:
25827:
2309:
4727:
and the court sees which side has prevailed. One of the justices in the majority is then assigned to write the court's opinion, also known as the "majority opinion", an assignment made by the most senior justice in the majority, with the chief justice always being considered the most senior. Drafts of the court's opinion circulate among the justices until the court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case.
6140:
5872:
5066:, in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Many of the
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3346:
3206:
evidence that the court is of partisan importance to the Senate. In 2022, Simon
Lazarus of Brookings critiqued the U.S. Supreme Court as an increasingly partisan institution. A 2024 AP-NORC poll showed 7 in 10 respondents believed the court decides cases to "fit their own ideologies" as opposed to "acting as an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and impartial."
2600:
3199:, appointed by Democratic presidents, compose the court's liberal wing. Prior to Justice Ginsburg's death in 2020, the conservative Chief Justice Roberts was sometimes described as the court's 'median justice' (with four justices more liberal and four more conservative than he is). Darragh Roche argues that Kavanaugh as 2021's median justice exemplifies the rightward shift in the court.
5402:. A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. From 1882 to 1940, 62% of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School. Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the
10330:
business. The Senate met that standard here." Later, the opinion states: "For these reasons, we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session. But our deference to the Senate cannot be absolute. When the Senate is without the capacity to act, under its own rules, it is not in session even if it so declares."
3235:
and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the court is in recess and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office, to ensure that a like-minded successor would be appointed.
5780:
federal judges, let alone the legislature and the executive branch, while also lacking an enforcement mechanism. The Code's commentary denied past wrongdoing by saying that the
Justices have largely abided by these principles and are simply publishing them now. This has prompted some criticism that the court hopes to legitimize past and future scandals through this Code.
8912:...Buckley v. Valeo. The nation's political system has suffered ever since from that decision, which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech. The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers.
4231:(1821). The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although there are several devices that permit so-called "collateral review" of state cases. It has to be noted that this "collateral review" often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system.
9323:...the remedy was far more harmful than the problem. By stopping the recount, the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes, as defined by established Florida law, their constitutional right to have their votes counted. β¦ It cannot be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. β¦
4680:
topics outside their expertise (unlike in lower courts), with documented examples of falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. The lack of funding transparency and the lack of a requirement to submit them earlier in the process also make it more difficult to
418:. Creating a "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial matters had been treated as an aspect of royal (executive) authority. Early on, the delegates who were opposed to having a strong central government argued that national laws could be enforced by state courts, while others, including
3119:
legislative and executive branches, organizations such as the
Federalist Society do officially filter and endorse judges that have a sufficiently conservative view of the law. Jurists are often informally categorized in the media as being conservatives or liberal. Attempts to quantify the ideologies of jurists include the
5120:). Although subject to the process of impeachment, only one justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court justice has been removed from office. At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government.
6434:
Fifth
Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005. Chief Justice
5654:
rigid ideological dogma on a profession once known for intellectual freedom." Kate
Aronoff criticizes the donations from special interests like fossil fuel companies and other dark money groups to the Federalist Society and related organizations seeking to influence lawyers and Supreme Court Justices.
18469:
The Bush v. Gore majority, made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives, interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before, and have not since. And they stated that the interpretation was 'limited to the present circumstances,' words that suggest a raw exercise of
18267:
Fourteenth
Amendment. Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government. Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty. I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for
11541:
Springer said she doesn't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. "I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian, and likewise no evidence that he does not." Gorsuch's younger brother, J.J., said he too has "no idea how he would fill out a form.
9525:
When Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and his colleagues on the Supreme Court left for their summer break at the end of June, they marked a milestone: the Roberts court had just completed its fifth term. In those five years, the court not only moved to the right but also became the most conservative
8716:
Sixth Amendment's right to counsel (Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963). β¦ the court said flatly in 1904: 'The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts.' But in the light of Gideon β¦ ruled Black, statements 'generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states
8259:
Finally, as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation, as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people, can
7822:
Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court β¦ The Virginia court refused to obey this Court's Fairfax's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject's successor in interest. That refusal led to the Court's pathmarking decision in Martin v.
5824:
Thomas Keck argues that because the Court has historically not served as a strong bulwark for democracy, the Roberts Court has the opportunity to go down in history as a defender of democracy. However, he believes that if the court shields Trump from criminal prosecution (after ensuring his access to
5766:
that the court should address this by requiring disclosure of all funders of amicus briefs and the studies they cite, only admit briefs that stay within the expertise of the authors (as is required in lower courts), and require the briefs to be submitted much earlier in the process so the history and
5653:
acted as a filter for judicial nominations during the Trump administration, ensuring the latest conservative justices lean even further to the right. 86% of judges Trump appointed to circuit courts and the Supreme Court were Federalist Society members. David Litt critiques it as "an attempt to impose
4679:
articles, and other written works for their decisions. While law review article use has increased slightly with one article cited per decision on average, the use of amicus briefs has increased significantly. The use of amicus briefs has received criticism, including the ability of authors to discuss
1571:
must be affixed, before the appointee can take office. The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing-in date. After receiving their commission, the appointee must then take the two prescribed oaths before assuming their official duties. The
1559:
in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland, as the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was filled by
1448:
to nominate, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee. The Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, such as age, citizenship, residence or prior judicial experience, thus a president may nominate anyone to serve, and the Senate may not set any
18033:
The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation, which render the provision obscure and contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe the
12502:
One byproduct of the increased provisions , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have
9565:
The Court has gotten increasingly more conservative with each of the Republican-appointed chief justicesβWarren E. Burger (1969β1986), William H. Rehnquist (1986β2005), and John G. Roberts Jr. (2005βpresent). All told, Republican presidents have appointed 12 of the 16 most recent justices, including
8570:
The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, which overthrew the state's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy, and for the first time declared the "right of privacy" to be derived from the Constitution
8305:
In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment. At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the
8154:
The term 'substantive due process' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochnerβthe finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1960s, long after the Court repudiated
8089:
But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment. Justice Taney's coldly self-fulfilling statement in Dred Scott, that blacks had "no rights which the white man bound to
4316:
of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit. The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit (which includes
4264:
The circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that, by law and the rules of the court, may be addressed by a single justice. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it "granted" or "denied" or entering a standard
3748:
pm and reservations are not necessary. When the court is in session the public may attend oral arguments, which are held twice each morning (and sometimes afternoons) on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in two-week intervals from October through late April, with breaks during December and February.
3664:
In the justices' private conferences, current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority, beginning with the chief justice first and ending with the most junior associate justice. By custom, the most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the
1693:
of the Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior", which is understood to mean that they may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death; furthermore, the phrase is generally interpreted to mean that the only way justices can be removed from office is
18180:
I don't think there's any question at this point in our history that Congress' power under the commerce clause is quite broad, and I think that reflects a number of things, including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes
17998:
The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national control, would be multiplied
12557:
If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four-year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions
5030:
In order to plead before the court, an attorney must first be admitted to the court's bar. Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year. The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. The rest join for a one-time fee of $ 200, with
4094:
over cases between two or more states but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original but not exclusive jurisdiction to hear "all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the
12899:
On May 28, Moody did something unprecedented, then and now. He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp, six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court. The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter. ... May
9257:
The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men, whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex. And for the first time in their lives, thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal
8610:
In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale, the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools. 'It is no part of the business of government,' ruled the court, 'to compose official prayers for any group of the
4726:
At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the justices. After the oral argument is concluded, usually in the same week as the case was submitted, the justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied
4120:
granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob, aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded, and hanged from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson's body reading: "To
3234:
In recent times, justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal, institutional, ideological, partisan, and political factors playing a role. The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the court's strength
1970:
and eight associate justices. Among the current members of the court, Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of 12,025 days (32 years, 337 days) as of September 24, 2024; the most recent justice to join the court is Ketanji Brown Jackson, whose tenure began on June
1798:
One of the smallest Supreme Courts in the world, the US Supreme Court consists of nine members: one chief justice and eight associate justices. The U.S. Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court, nor does it specify any specific positions for the court's members. The Constitution
1624:
has made a recess appointment to the court, and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts. In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a "sense of the Senate" resolution that recess appointments to the court should only be made in
19205:, vol. LXX, no. 13 (August 17, 2023), pp. 50β54. "udicial supremacy is neither woven into the Constitution's text and structure nor discoverable in the history of its creation β a reality that today's supposedly 'textualist' or at times 'originalist' Court conveniently ignores." (p. 51.)
17655:
The Supreme Court's differing treatment of the traditional actors and the jury and the deference to traditional actors has contributed to the jury's declineβ¦The Court has failed to acknowledge any specific authority in the jury or any necessity to guard that authority...Moreover it has ultimately
13237:
Gradually, however, circuit riding lost support. The Court's increasing business in the nation's capital following the Civil War made the circuit riding seem anachronistic and impractical and a slow shift away from the practice began. The Judiciary Act of 1869 established a separate circuit court
12393:
For more than a decade after leaving the court in 2006, O'Connor kept up an active schedule: serving as a visiting federal appeals court judge, speaking on issues she cared about and founding her own education organization. But the 88-year-old, for more than two decades often the deciding vote in
10329:
The Court continued, "In our view, however, the pro forma sessions count as sessions, not as periods of recess. We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate
6433:
by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the
5641:
which confirms the justices, have selection biases that favor rural states that tend to vote Republican, resulting in a conservative Supreme Court. Ziblatt and Levitsky estimate that 3 or 4 of the seats held by conservative justices on the court would be held by justices appointed by a Democratic
5078:
wrote: "A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, and the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two,
4218:
simply affirming the lower court's decision without discussing the merits of the case, since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions. The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the
3214:
There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal
3134:
Devins and Baum argue that before 2010, the Court never had clear ideological blocs that fell perfectly along party lines. In choosing their appointments, Presidents often focused more on friendship and political connections than on ideology. Republican presidents sometimes appointed liberals and
13238:
judiciary. The justices retained nominal circuit riding duties until 1891 when the Circuit Court of Appeals Act was passed. With the Judicial Code of 1911, Congress officially ended the practice. The struggle between the legislative and judicial branches over circuit riding was finally concluded.
9903:
In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well-qualified jurist β and went on to lambaste President Trump's conduct in his first few months in office. And Murray added
7941:
The first Chief Justice, John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinionsβa practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case. (You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions). Marshall sought to do away with this
5856:
The Supreme Court's conservative supermajority has, in recent weeks, restructured American democracy in the Republican Party's preferred image, fundamentally altering the balance of power between the branches and the citizens themselves.... In the course of its most recent term that conservative
4760:
It is the court's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular term by the end of that term. Within that term, the court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the Supreme
3139:
designated as important and that had at least two dissenting votes in which the Justices divided along party lines, about one-half of one percent." Even in the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, Democratic and Republican elites tended to agree on some major issues, especially concerning civil rights and
1634:
limited the ability of the president to make recess appointments (including appointments to the Supreme Court); the court ruled that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session or in recess. Writing for the court, Justice Breyer stated, "We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments
18369:
Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court's involvement in that case, its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half-baked and strained decision that resulted...Toobin remains white-hot about it, calling it 'one of the lowest moments in the court's history,' one that
5779:
to set "ethics rules and principles that guide the conduct of the Members of the Court." The Code has been received by some as a significant first step but does not address the ethics concerns of many notable critics who found the Code was a significantly weakened version of the rules for other
5657:
The 2016 stonewalling of Merrick Garland's confirmation and subsequent filling with Neil Gorsuch has been critiqued as a 'stolen seat' citing precedent from the 20th century of confirmations during election years, while proponents cited three blocked nominations between 1844 and 1866. In recent
5100:
His contention was not that the court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. This decision was criticized by then-President
5039:
A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as "sittings" and "recesses"; justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings, and
4290:
Before 1990, the rules of the Supreme Court also stated that "a writ of injunction may be granted by any Justice in a case where it might be granted by the Court." However, this part of the rule (and all other specific mention of injunctions) was removed in the Supreme Court's rules revision of
3118:
Justices are nominated by the president in power, and receive confirmation by the Senate, historically holding many of the views of the nominating president's political party. While justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, as is accepted practice in the
8463:
Some prominent states' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn, a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress's power to legislate in the public interest. Supporters of states' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong
7978:
Congress tried the process again in 1804, when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct. As a judge, Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair β¦ But Chase never committed a crimeβhe was just incredibly bad at his job. The Senate acquitted him on every
6559:
sees flaws in the American system of having courts (and specifically the Supreme Court) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches; he argues that because the courts must wait, sometimes for years, for cases to navigate their way through the system, their ability to restrain other
6281:
writer Colm Quinn says that a criticism leveled at the court, as well as other American institutions, is that after two centuries they are beginning to look their age. He cites four features of the United States Supreme Court that make it different from high courts in other countries, and help
5549:, stated that the court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government. "We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives," Professor Garrow said. "Each side is putting forward only ideological purists." According to the
5266:
In addition, the other two branches can restrain the court through other mechanisms. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the president power to influence future decisions by appointments (as in Roosevelt's court-packing plan discussed above). Congress can pass legislation that
12453:
Had anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from
12213:
Based on what we know about measuring the ideology of justices and judges, the Supreme Court will soon take a hard and quick turn to the right. It's a new path that is likely to last for years. Chief Justice John Roberts, a George W. Bush appointee, will almost certainly become the new median
8645:
Public schools need not proselytizeβindeed, must notβin teaching students about the Good Book β¦ In Abington School District v. Schempp, decided in 1963, the Supreme Court stated that "study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education," was
8534:
On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This
6438:
asserted Congress's power over interstate commerce was "complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution." Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is "quite broad"; modern-day
4852:
are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports (or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations) to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily. As of January 2019, there are:
3205:
found the number of unanimous decisions dropped from the 20-year average of nearly 50% to nearly 30% in 2021 while party-line rulings increased from a 60-year average just above zero to a record high 21%. That year Ryan Williams pointed to the party-line votes for confirmations of justices as
1790:, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment.
8878:
Split almost exactly down the middle, the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise. It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden, but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities. It thus approved the
5723:
saying she would introduce impeachment articles when Congress is back in session. On July 10, 2024, she filed Articles of Impeachment against Thomas and Alito, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements." As of late July, 2024, nearly 1.4 million people had signed a
4730:
Justices are free to change their votes on a case up until the decision is finalized and published. In any given case, a justice is free to choose whether or not to author an opinion or else simply join the majority or another justice's opinion. There are several primary types of opinions:
9182:
Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts, Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress's will and protect state prerogatives, even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this
6528:'s book compared the Court to a cartel where its inner-workings are mostly unknown, arguing this lack of transparency reduces scrutiny which hurts ordinary Americans who know little about the nine extremely consequential Justices. A 2010 poll found that 61% of American voters agreed that
5611:
and permitted states to restrict abortion rights, Democrats and independents have increasingly lost trust in the court, seen the court as political, and expressed support for reforming the institution. Historically, the court had relatively more trust than other government institutions.
3749:
Visitors are seated on a first-come first-served basis. One estimate is there are about 250 seats available. The number of open seats varies from case to case; for important cases, some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night. The court releases opinions beginning at 10
7770:
The decision β¦ in Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question, in the highest court of a State, and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court
3753:
am on scheduled "non-argument days" (also called opinion days) These sessions, which typically last 15 to 30-minute, are also open to the public. From mid-May until the end of June, at least one opinion day is scheduled each week. Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions.
12176:
Erwin Chemerinsky, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, told Bloomberg that Roberts' recent voting record may indicate that he is taking his role as the median justice "very seriously" and that the recent period was "perhaps the beginning of his being the swing
4639:
cases and other cases in which the court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. The court grants a petition for cert only for "compelling reasons", spelled out in the court's Rule 10. Such reasons include:
17684:
as the jury continued to be more diverse in gender and race, the jury was less desirable to judges and corporationsβ¦this shift has occurred, particularly in the 1930sβ¦The Supreme Court likely has been influenced by legal elites as well as by corporations to reduce jury authority over
7905:, Marshall's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinionsβeach issuing oneβso that the court could speak in a single voice. Since the mid-1940s, however, there's been a significant increase in individual 'concurring' and 'dissenting' opinions.
1831:, an arduous process requiring long travel on horseback or carriage over harsh terrain that resulted in months-long extended stays away from home, Congress added justices to correspond with the growth such that the number of seats for associate justices plus the chief justice became
559:(1791), a case involving procedure. As the court initially had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two-thirds (voting four to two). However, Congress has always allowed less than the court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a
4703:
When the court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the court,
5532:
Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. "Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s," according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of
437:, vesting federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the judicial branch as a whole.
4495:
Five of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges: Chief Justice Roberts (D.C. Circuit), Justice Sotomayor (Second Circuit), Justice Alito (Third Circuit), Justice Barrett (Seventh Circuit), and Justice Gorsuch (Tenth Circuit).
17121:
This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects β¦ protects people who are captured β¦ at Guantanamo β¦ Wrong, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent. He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English
8016:
the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase, who had been impeached by the House of Representatives β¦ This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III" of the Constitution, Chief Justice Rehnquist
10624:
and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public justice and the public
6317:
argued that no other country gives its Supreme Court as much power. Warren E. Burger, before becoming Chief Justice, argued that since the Supreme Court has such "unreviewable power", it is likely to "self-indulge itself", and unlikely to "engage in dispassionate analysis."
9487:
It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared β¦ This was a more conservative court, sometimes muscularly so, sometimes more tentatively, its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and
1591:
administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, the process has taken much longer and some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past. According to the
4875:
have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. This figure does not reflect the number of cases the court has taken up, as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion (see, for example,
681:, which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in
9220:
The argument in this case, Alden v. Maine, No. 98-436, proceeded on several levels simultaneously. On the surface β¦ On a deeper level, the argument was a continuation of the Court's struggle over an even more basic issue: the Government's substantive authority over the
8842:
The shocker, however, came in 1973, when the Court, by a vote of 7 to 2, relied on Griswold's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional, invalidating the laws of most states. Relying on a woman's right to
7694:, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of 'checks and balances' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful...A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void.
5360:, and draft opinions. Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years.
6329:
Some members of Congress considered the results from the 2021β2022 term a shift of government power into the Supreme Court, and a "judicial coup". The 2021β2022 term of the court was the first full term following the appointment of three judges by Republican president
1942:
advocates for 19 justices, with the court being gradually expanded by two new members per presidential term, bringing the U.S. Supreme Court to a similar size as its counterparts in other developed countries. He says that a bigger court would reduce the power of the
3037:
justice, and in 2010 by Elena Kagan. After Ginsburg's death on September 18, 2020, Amy Coney Barrett was confirmed as the fifth woman in the court's history on October 26, 2020. Ketanji Brown Jackson is the sixth woman and first African-American woman on the court.
9144:
His (Rehnquist's) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision, City of Boerne v. Flores, in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, exceeded Congress's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the
8425:
He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s, when subsidies were brought in for farmers. With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could growβeven, Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn (1942), wheat grown on his modest
6346:β which created a six-strong conservative majority on the court. Subsequently, at the end of the term, the court issued a number of decisions that favored this conservative majority while significantly changing the landscape with respect to rights. These included
1460:
conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. The first nominee to appear before the committee was
1612:
hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice
9075:
United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher. The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law, the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a
7654:
From the beginning, Burns continues, the Court has established its "supremacy" over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall's "brilliant political coup" in Marbury v. Madison (1803): asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional
17556:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
14808:
A criticism leveled at the Supreme Court and U.S. institutions more generally is that after more than two centuries in operation, it's beginning to look its age, with questions of legitimacy, political interference, and power all combining to undermine the
9671:
The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self-defense. But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v.
4137:
to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the court are disputes between two or more states.
1858:
of 1866, providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. Soon after Johnson left office, the new president
499:
in New York City, then the U.S. capital. A second session was held there in August 1790. The earliest sessions of the court were devoted to organizational proceedings, as the first cases did not reach it until 1791. When the nation's capital was moved to
6462:. One critic wrote "the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law." Others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends "protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level."
9005:
Thirty-two years ago, Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous "never mind" ruling by the Supreme Court. Gregg v. Georgia, in 1976, overturned Furman v. Georgia, which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years
1546:
has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred with President George W. Bush's nomination of
4586:, a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court, and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval. Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of
17960:
In every State there have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, and reduce them in one general
8124:
The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision, as we know, later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War (p. 176)... his opinion (Taney's) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue... (p.
1652:
wrote: "The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench, produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day."
18109:
Purcell filed a $ 60-million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999, arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines. 'I'm disappointed,' Purcell
1647:
Lifetime tenure of justices can only be found for US Supreme Court Justices and the State of Rhode Island's Supreme Court justices, with all other democratic nations and all other US states having set term limits or mandatory retirement ages.
15807:
9449:
John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States, enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come, even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine-member
6635:
to its website that seemed to indicate that the court will temporarily allow abortions in medical emergencies in Idaho. The official opinion was posted the next day, which returned the case to the lower courts without a ruling on the merits.
10710:
5537:. "As law has moved closer to mere politics, political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts," former federal court of appeals judge
1898:
reported that it was "essential to the continuance of our constitutional democracy" that the proposal "be so emphatically rejected that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people of America."
17474:
6194:. However, those on both sides of the political aisle often level this accusation at the court. The debate around judicial activism typically involves accusing the other side of activism, whilst denying that your own side engages in it.
4768:
It is possible that through recusals or vacancies the court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the
12363:
an Associated Press-NORC poll showed that 7 out of 10 Americans think that the justices make their decisions 'to fit their own ideologies,' instead of serving as 'an independent check on other branches of government by being fair and
4125:
to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices, who found nine individuals guilty of contempt, sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail.
6619:
are often purported to harm the court's reputation. Chief Justice Roberts has previously described leaks as an "egregious breach of trust" that "undermine the integrity of our operations" in reference to the leaked draft opinion for
4196:). In the last case, an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal. For example, a decision rendered by one of the
452:
and would initially be composed of a chief justice and five associate justices. The act also divided the country into judicial districts, which were in turn organized into circuits. Justices were required to "ride circuit" and hold
1722:
were subjected to hearings from the Judiciary Committee, with Douglas being the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970 and Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969. On July 10, 2024, Representative
9040:
The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction
5553:
study, this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is "a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law."
3740:. Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half-hour informational film. When the court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9:30
1746:
left within days of each other, the shortest period of time between vacancies in the court's history. Sometimes a great length of time passes between vacancies, such as the 11-year span, from 1994 to 2005, from the retirement of
4750:: a justice agrees with the outcome the court reached but disagrees with its reasons for doing so. A justice in this situation does not join the majority opinion. Like regular concurrences, these do not create binding precedent.
5291:
On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; for example, in
3700:
from 1791 until 1800. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the court occupied various spaces in the Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home. The four-story building was designed by
4576:, such as when two states have a dispute against each other, or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. Examples of such cases include
1937:
At nine members, the U.S. Supreme Court is one of the smallest supreme courts in the world. David Litt argues the court is too small to represent the perspectives of a country the United States' size. Lawyer and legal scholar
11715:
1807:. The power to define the Supreme Court's size and membership has been assumed to belong to Congress, which initially established a six-member Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and five associate justices through the
9362:
Re-enter the Rehnquist court. Amid the chaos, somebody had to play Daddy. β¦ the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracksβand stayed its willfulness. By, mind you,
3491:, the justice may retire with a pension based on the same formula used for federal employees. As with other federal courts judges, their pension can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement according to the
16372:
1635:
Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business." This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of
5678:
admissions regarding the organization's long-term influence-peddling scheme, dubbed "Operation Higher Court", designed for wealthy donors among the religious right to gain access to the justices through events held by The
8260:
be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement.
6583:. Critics argue that the Court has acted slowly in order to delay this case until after the election. They point out that the Court can move quickly when it wants to, as it did when it disregarded typical procedures in
5755:
laws impacting branches beyond the judiciary and citing falsehoods in written opinions, often supplied to the justices by amicus briefs from groups advocating a particular outcome. Allison Orr Larsen, Associate Dean at
5275:
of Article Three, where the appellate jurisdiction is granted "with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make." The court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction Era case
15120:
Morris, G. Elliot; Burton, Cooper; Fuong, Holly; Groskopf, Christopher; King, Ritchie; Koeze, Ella; Mehta, Dhrumil; Mithani, Jasmine; et al. (February 25, 2024). Frostenson, Sarah; Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (eds.).
5809:
The lack of external enforcement of ethics or other conduct violations makes the Supreme Court an outlier in modern organizational best-practices. 2024 reform legislation has been blocked by congressional Republicans.
21837:
7194:
5783:
The ethics rules guiding the justices are set and enforced by the justices themselves, meaning the members of the court have no external checks on their behavior other than the impeachment of a justice by Congress.
5310:(1979), which effectively gave the presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress. The court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in
7150:
17925:
seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this
8750:
1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision. That's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer, and waived
1826:
promptly negated the 1801 act, restoring the court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation's boundaries grew across the continent and as Supreme Court justices in those days had to
9771:
19758:
17886:
Power being almost always the rival of power; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government; and these will have the same disposition toward the General
18074:
many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights, and federal officialsβespecially federal courtsβas the special guardians of those
12163:
9944:
After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump's nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority.
9747:
The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child, a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday β¦ The 5-to-4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other
5262:
in 2007). Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials.
4234:
Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain "cases" or "controversies", the Supreme Court cannot decide cases that are moot and it does not render
13825:
11250:
10348:
7231:
2663:
This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure (not seniority, as the chief justice has seniority over all associate justices regardless of tenure) on the court:
18202:
19897:
10807:
8501:
Justice Black developed his controversial theory, first stated in a lengthy, scholarly dissent in 1947, that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states.
3695:
The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants' Exchange Building in New York City. When Philadelphia became the capital, the court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in
4654:
When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals, lawyers call this situation a
1989:
19797:
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6547:
speculates that the decades-long decline in cases heard could be due to the increasing political makeup of judges, that he says might be more interested in settling political disputes than legal ones.
16336:
15799:
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5686:
Ethical controversies have grown during the 2020s, with reports of justices (and their close family members) accepting expensive gifts, travel, business deals, and speaking fees without oversight or
12809:
4627:
A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called conference. A conference is a private meeting of the nine justices by themselves; the public and the justices' clerks are excluded. The
422:, advocated for a national judicial authority consisting of tribunals chosen by the national legislature. It was proposed that the judiciary should have a role in checking the executive's power to
19748:
12297:
11283:
5252:
When the court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions (for example, in 2009 Congress passed the
21827:
19792:
4744:: a justice agrees with and joins the majority opinion but authors a separate concurrence to give additional explanations, rationales, or commentary. Concurrences do not create binding precedent.
3021:
justice. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the first Jewish woman on the Court, in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement
15734:
8226:β¦ of what eventually became the 'incorporation doctrine,' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection.
6576:
1706:. No constitutional mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. The only justice ever to be impeached was
23251:
11898:
9110:
Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress's reach under the Commerce Clause, Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5-to-4 majority in United States v. Morrison.
5062:
The federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The power of
4834:
is made available on the court's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of
21847:
21692:
20011:
19937:
8829:
7114:
5776:
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4718:
may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. The court advises counsel to assume that the justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case.
2770:
Three justices are from the state of New York, two are from Washington, D.C., and one each is from New Jersey, Georgia, Colorado, and Louisiana. Eight of the current justices received their
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19902:
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It is high-profile: the high court in the United States is one of the few courts in the world that can unilaterally strike down legislation passed by other politically accountable branches.
1404:
350:
15703:
14321:
9890:
7865:
Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter's lessee, in which the court asserted its authority to overrule, within certain limits, the decisions of the highest State courts.
5706:
cases where their spouses have taken public stances or been involved in efforts to overturn the election. In 2017, Neil Gorsuch sold a property he co-owned for $ 1.8 million to the CEO of
4121:
Justice Harlan. Come get your nigger now." The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. The court appointed its deputy clerk as
19763:
15310:
A longtime leader within the Federalist Society, Leo has had Donald Trump's ear on judicial appointments and has been the main curator of the president's list of Supreme Court candidates.
12266:
10237:, Justice Stevens observed that the case involved "the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century." 544 U.S. 942 (2005), Stevens, J., concurring in denial of
9627:
1474:
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Chief Justice Roberts refused to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee in April 2023, reasserting his desire for the Supreme Court to continue to monitor itself despite mounting
290:
over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of
24463:
11397:
6322:
wrote that the federal courts, and especially the Supreme Court, have excessive power. Suja A. Thomas argues the Supreme Court has taken most of the constitutionally-defined power from
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4338:
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2932:
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explicitly states that "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
3227:, the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court. The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken
2885:
1504:
as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President
12235:
11697:
5615:
After recording recent high approval ratings in the late 1980s around 66% approval, the court's ratings have declined to an average of around 40% between mid-2021 and February 2024.
20034:
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8155:
its Lochner line of cases, substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy, the right to maintain intimate family relationships.
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on elderly judges, but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to "pack" the court with justices who would support Roosevelt's New Deal. The plan, usually called the "
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Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the elected branches of government. The
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UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as 'utterly lacking in any legal principle" and added that the court was "remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly.'
15776:
6629:
In addition to leaks, the Court has sometimes mistakenly released opinions before they are ready to be published. On June 26, 2024, the Court inadvertently posted an opinion for
5128:
The Supreme Court cannot directly enforce its rulings; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of
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Furman v. Georgia β¦ Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional.
6517:' facilitates the court making decisions in secret without knowing how each Justice came to their decision. In 2024, after comparing the analysis of shadow-docket decisions to
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But there is no guarantee that when the decision comes, it will end the matter. It may just set the stage for the next legal wrangle over compliance with the Court's decision.
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the ballot), then the risks that come with an anti-democratic status-quo of the current court will outweigh the dangers that come from court reform (including court packing).
4546:, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in
18136:
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The court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe. That is the precedent of the court and settled, in terms of the holding of the court.
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and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy.
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However, others argue that the court is too protective of some individual rights, particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention. For example, Chief Justice
5690:
from cases that present conflicts of interest. Spousal income and connections to cases has been redacted from the Justices' ethical disclosure forms while justices, such as
5337:
17:
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stated lifelong tenure has "produced a critical time lag, with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times." Proposals to solve these problems include
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Gonzales v. Carhartβin which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late-term abortion procedure opponents call "partial birth abortion"βto be settled law.
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4840:, the official series of books in which the final version of the court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of
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1906:
led to analysts calling the court the most conservative since the 1930s as well as calls for an expansion in the court's size to fix what some saw as an imbalance, with
1372:
625:, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshall's tenure, although beyond the court's control, the impeachment and
326:
18892:. The reason given is: Should have more recent books, as older books might be out of date and not contain the latest thinking, information and analysis about the court.
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24, 1909, stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court. On that day, the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history.
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Critics have accused the Court of "slow-walking" important cases relating to former President Donald Trump in order to benefit his election chances in the face of the
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1956:
357:, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before the court. When in the majority, the chief justice decides who writes the
14216:
11542:
He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years."
6495:, received scrutiny as political based on the controversial justifications used by the five conservative justices to elevate a fellow conservative to the presidency.
6289:
The United States Constitution is very difficult to amend: other countries allow for constitutional changes via referendum or with a supermajority in the legislature.
6203:(1973) as an example of liberal judicial activism. In its decision, the court legalized abortion on the basis of a "right to privacy" that they found inherent in the
5731:
President Biden proposed term limits for justices, an enforceable ethics code, and elimination of "immunity for crimes a former president committed while in office".
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justices may require as they convene alone, such as answering the door of their conference room, serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk.
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the chiefs. During Roberts's first decade as chief, the Court was the most conservative in more than a half-century and likely the most conservative since the 1930s.
8389:
casesβAdkins in particularβevince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers.
6589:, granting the petition on a Saturday, receiving briefs on Sunday, holding oral arguments on Monday, and issuing the final opinion on Tuesday. Author Sonja West, of
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3167:, the court is composed of six justices appointed by Republican presidents and three appointed by Democratic presidents. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice
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that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute."
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3231:, and eligibility of a Supreme Court justice to assume retired status (rather than simply resign from the bench) is governed by the same age and service criteria.
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for itself thanks in part to the influence of legal elites and companies that prefer judges over juries as well as the inability of the jury to defend its power.
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who said, "the Constitution, on this hypothesis, is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."
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that the decision should prompt the court to reconsider all of the court's past substantive due process decisions. Due process rights claimed to be at risk are:
4949:. In court documents, legal periodicals and other legal media, case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters; for example, citation to
4650:
Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the court.
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3104:
veterans. Samuel Alito is the only veteran currently serving on the court. Retired justices Stephen Breyer and Anthony Kennedy also served in the U.S. military.
12503:
bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute.
12380:
10803:
10134:
9908:, the landmark abortion-legalization decision, and his comments about the 'Hobby Lobby' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth-control coverage.
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1922:
introduced the Judiciary Act of 2021, a bill to expand the Supreme Court from nine to 13 seats. It met divided views within the party, and Speaker of the House
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to study possible reforms to the Supreme Court. The commission's December 2021 final report discussed but took no position on expanding the size of the court.
1444:, including justices of the Supreme Court. This clause is one example of the system of checks and balances inherent in the Constitution. The president has the
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WIPO International Patent Case Management Judicial Guide: United States. 2022. SSRN Electronic Journal. P.S. Menell, A.A. Schmitt. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4106648.
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attempted to expand the court in 1937. His proposal envisioned the appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70
1473:
in 1955. Once the committee reports out the nomination, the full Senate considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected
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of the country, rather than religious, ethnic, or gender diversity. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in the court increased in the late 20th century.
1714:
adopted eight articles of impeachment against him; however, he was acquitted by the Senate, and remained in office until his death in 1811. Two justices,
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Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative or tied vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by
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6306:, the relatively few updates to the constitution or the courts, the rightward shift of the court and the diminished stature of the United States abroad.
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Last week, in a 7 to 2 decision, the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decisionβMapp v. Ohio (1961).
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Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes they arise in quick succession, as in September 1971, when
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The Brown decision of 1954, desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia, awakened the nation to the court's new claim to power.
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United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly. It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial.
11772:
4108:. The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the court's history. The contempt proceeding arose from the
2812:
Previous positions or offices, judicial or federal government, prior to joining the court (by order of seniority following the Chief Justice) include:
1387:
1377:
948:
488:
as associate justices. All six were confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 1789; however, Harrison declined to serve, and Washington later nominated
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is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Presidents
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4161:
1625:"unusual circumstances"; such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress's views in the hope of guiding executive action.
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377:
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10522:"Supreme court prognosis β Ruth Bader Ginsburg's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices shouldn't serve life terms"
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on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up President
1417:
1332:
1164:
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6018:, some experts expressed concern that this may be the beginning of a rollback of individual rights that had been previously established under the
1755:, which was the second longest timespan between vacancies in the court's history. On average a new justice joins the court about every two years.
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held constitutional almost every modern procedure before and after the a jury deliberation that has eliminated or reduced jury authority. (75-77)
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6190:. This criticism is leveled by those who believe the court should not interpret the law in any way besides through the lens of past precedent or
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The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines; Democrats supported the resolution 48β4, and Republicans opposed it 33β0.
9617:
4765:". However, this practice has become passΓ© as the Court now posts electronic copies of the opinions on its website as they are being announced.
3728:
Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9
1596:, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (2.3 months).
563:
of four justices in 1789. The court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige, a situation not helped by the era's highest-profile case,
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she's 'deeply troubled' by Gorsuch's 'extreme conservative perspective on women's health', citing his 'inability' to state a clear position on
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argued that one benefit of lifetime tenure was that, "nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office."
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1354:
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Democratic presidents sometimes appointed conservatives. As a result, "... between 1790 and early 2010 there were only two decisions that the
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6521:, Matt Ford called this trend of secrecy "increasingly troubling", arguing the court's power comes entirely from persuasion and explanation.
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as activism on the part of the court's conservative majority because the court failed to respect past precedent, eschewing the principle of
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See also Arthur D. Hellman, "Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
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As of 2024, associate justices receive a yearly salary of $ 298,500 and the chief justice is paid $ 312,200 per year. Once a justice meets
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5924:(1857) decision that said people of African descent could not be U.S. citizens or enjoy constitutionally protected rights and privileges,
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1580:, Stanton died on December 24, prior to taking the prescribed oaths. He is not, therefore, considered to have been a member of the court.
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14993:"Has the Supreme Court become just another political branch? Public perceptions of court approval and legitimacy in a post- Dobbs world"
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11517:
Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic, but attends an Episcopalian church. It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant.
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10255:
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5585:. The continued consolidation of power by the court and, as a result of its rulings, the Republican Party, has sparked debate over when
1867:. This returned the number of justices to nine (where it has since remained), and allowed Grant to immediately appoint two more judges.
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13343:("The circuit justice, however, shall have precedence over all the circuit judges and shall preside at any session which he attends.").
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17576:(First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
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to fill the vacancy. This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.
1277:, remains especially controversial with debate ongoing over the rightful winner and whether or not the ruling should set a precedent.
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5019:. For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print, the volume and page numbers may be replaced with
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6475:", whereby a criminal defendant can be prosecuted in state court as well as federal court on separate charges for the same offense.
6221:(2022), ending the recognition of abortion access as a constitutional right and returning the issue of abortion back to the states.
5702:
including free vacations valued at as much as $ 500,000. In 2024, Justices Alito and Thomas refused calls to recuse themselves from
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historic decision marked the end of the "separate but equal" β¦ and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement...
8171:
5171:
Supreme Court decisions can be purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, something that has happened on six occasions:
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to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there. This has only occurred once in U.S. history, in the case of
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But Brandeis's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law: that the states should be free to serve as
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5802: (1776) establishes that the justices hold their office during good behavior. Thus far only one justice (Associate Justice
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Court Building, the delivery of the decision to the media has historically been done via paper copies in what was known as the "
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Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute"
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United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens."
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Comiskey, Michael (2008). "The Supreme Court Appointment Process: Lessons from Filling the Rehnquist and O'Connor Vacancies".
3713:, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the
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Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige.
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4644:
Resolving a conflict between circuit courts in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution
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too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the
6400:
There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as
5795:
according to the 1973 Code of Conduct for U.S. judges which is enforced by the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980.
1538:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 1993 hearings on her nomination to be an associate justice
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The court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view. For example, the increasing use of a '
6378:
6150:
5882:
5840:
movement as evidence that the Supreme Court has created a "permanent minority" incapable of being defeated democratically.
5662:
of hypocrisy, as they were instrumental in blocking the nomination of Merrick, but then rushing through the appointment of
5253:
3807:
3674:
2673:
2353:
1947:, ensure the court has "a greater diversity of views", and make confirmation of new justices less politically contentious.
1882:
months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices. The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the
1295:
809:
581:
330:
291:
18746:
Tomkins, Adam (2002). "In Defence of the Political Constitution". United Kingdom: 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157.
18311:
17985:
17912:
16050:
10611:
4082:
Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction.
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3223:
of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice. In recent years, Justice Souter has frequently sat on the
2676:
25781:
25614:
25602:
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25297:
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24687:
24284:
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23839:
23723:
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20691:
20679:
18383:
17432:
16116:
12114:
10378:
9793:
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7350:
New York's Legal Landmarks: A Guide to Legal Edifices, Institutions, Lore, History, and Curiosities on the City's Streets
7182:
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6808:
6097:
5674:
SCOTUS justices have come under greater scrutiny since 2022, following public disclosures that began with the founder of
4177:
2960:
1568:
1452:
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which
1028:
1023:
18159:
17848:"The Federalist Papers/No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered"
16266:
11867:
11124:
10168:
9921:
9650:
9428:
7626:
6414:
that their then-proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments, others argue that expansive
5918:
Some of the most notable historical decisions that were criticized for failing to protect individual rights include the
5562:
The following are some of the criticisms and controversies about the Court that are not discussed in previous sections.
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25528:
25413:
25408:
25345:
25107:
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20163:
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19493:
16227:
15471:
15237:
13997:
13982:
13718:
13491:
13425:
13406:
13391:
13335:
13084:
13066:
13051:
13036:
13021:
12831:
12778:
12094:
9972:
9708:
His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case, Baze v. Rees, was likewise low key and undramatic.
6675:
6564:
that has original jurisdiction on constitutional claims brought by persons or political institutions; for example, the
6454:, have also criticized the court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice
6082:
4279:
4192:), and "final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had" (through
3977:
3843:
1175:
885:
322:
222:
18538:
17947:
16803:
16373:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Bold Plan to Reform the Supreme Court and Ensure No President Is Above the Law"
15382:
14991:
Levendusky, Matthew; Patterson, Shawn; Margolis, Michele; Pasek, Josh; Winneg, Kenneth; Jamieson, Kathleen H. (2024).
13250:
10741:
8927:
8242:
7612:, (1796), wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain.
7138:
2767:. In recent years the historical situation has reversed, as most recent justices have been either Catholic or Jewish.
1456:
senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group's views. The
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25609:
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25418:
25340:
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25277:
25141:
25131:
25008:
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24348:
24138:
23864:
23246:
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22452:
19380:
19043:
19024:
18951:
15523:"Senate Judiciary Committee to vote to authorize subpoenas to Harlan Crow, Leonard Leo in Supreme Court ethics probe"
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8358:
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1818:
of 1801 which would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy (as federal judges have
763:
585:
279:
180:
18766:
18687:
15623:
12486:
12190:
11921:
10968:
10417:
9763:
8322:
5792:
3488:
1576:. Although confirmed by the Senate on December 20, 1869, and duly commissioned as an associate justice by President
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25634:
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25302:
24778:
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24255:
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20739:
20083:
16609:
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15923:
12719:
10774:
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would "be good for democracy", and 50% of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised.
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3148:
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2419:
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2131:
2059:
1891:
1775:
1774:) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the
923:
774:
16414:
15980:
15604:
11554:
8891:
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Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals: John Roberts for Judge
4561:
The court also hears questions submitted to it by appeals courts themselves via a process known as certification.
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2674:
1567:
Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the
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25398:
25307:
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19401:
17699:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17670:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
17641:
The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
16507:
15271:
14860:
13815:
13713:
11826:
11486:
10994:
8105:
A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution
6109:
5634:
5411:
4147:
3838:
3216:
2778:
1702:. The Framers of the Constitution chose good behavior tenure to limit the power to remove justices and to ensure
898:
18631:
16702:
13221:
11740:
11154:
8632:
7595:
The court's prestige has been hard-won. In the early 1800s, Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected
4974:
4295:
are sometimes directed to the circuit justice. In the past, circuit justices also sometimes granted motions for
3570:
25651:
25325:
25272:
25188:
25178:
25146:
25075:
25063:
25018:
24905:
24803:
24665:
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23921:
23879:
23822:
23596:
23507:
22805:
22594:
21180:
20499:
19963:
19473:
18818:"Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts orders investigation into 'egregious' leak of draft abortion opinion"
18088:
13778:
9853:
7718:
7622:
7219:
6946:
5089:
4867:: 21 volumes (565β585 for 2011β2017 terms, three two-part volumes each), plus part 1 of volume 586 (2018 term).
4615:
4313:
4258:
4018:
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1593:
1433:
1364:
1300:
1067:
739:
496:
481:
346:
163:
14461:
12430:
11208:
10589:
Brian Opeskin, "Models of Judicial Tenure: Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges",
6458:, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be
5271:
of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases: this is suggested by language in
3653:
For the most part, the day-to-day activities of the justices are governed by rules of protocol based upon the
3143:
707:
Courts (1864β1910) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of
25403:
25267:
25183:
25114:
25085:
25023:
24913:
24885:
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22740:
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20133:
17193:
17100:
14966:
11576:
9622:
7050:
6885:
6302:
wrote in 2008 that the court has declined in relevance in other constitutional courts. He cites factors like
5983:
5715:
5108:
Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the
4109:
4043:
3972:
1551:
in 2005. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. President
1149:
849:
595:
21149:
18262:
17377:'An activist court is a court that makes a decision you don't like.' - Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy
11762:
6162:
5894:
3187:, and Barrett, appointed by Republican presidents, compose the court's conservative wing, and that Justices
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25691:
25624:
25487:
25370:
25292:
25282:
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13502:
11183:
6113:
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5699:
4588:
4317:
Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia), and since it was established, the
4221:
4169:
3722:
3697:
3147:
Balance of the US Supreme Court since 2020, shaded by party of the nominating president: Blue represents a
1915:
804:
743:
600:
395:
121:
109:
14432:
14347:
14120:
13871:
13528:
12989:"Discretionary Gatekeeping: The Supreme Court's Management of Its Original Jurisdiction Docket Since 1961"
11335:"Op-Ed: Battling over Neil Gorsuch is beside the point: The Supreme Court needs an institutional overhaul"
7287:
6603:
and should therefore be treated as expeditiously, but the Court seems to be taking the opposite approach.
5015:
is 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of
4608:. Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in
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21742:
20553:
20029:
19830:
19372:
18513:"In the shadows: Why the Supreme Court's lack of transparency may cost it in the long run | CNN Politics"
18131:
17025:
Chief Justice Taney stating in his opinion that: ' no rights which the white man was bound to respect...'
17007:
15865:
13754:"Opinion: The Supreme Court Decisions on Guns and Abortion Relied Heavily on History. But Whose History?"
11072:
11019:
10021:
8141:
8060:(page 115)... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts' jurisdiction.
7838:
7743:
7731:
More than 200 years after the high court ruled, the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate.
7672:
6788:
6360:
6323:
6238:
3942:
3828:
3220:
1832:
1263:
979:
430:
275:
18590:
15605:"'Operation Higher Court': Inside the religious right's efforts to wine and dine Supreme Court justices"
12874:
9279:
25731:
25523:
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25225:
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25003:
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24675:
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24193:
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23710:
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23695:
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23212:
22931:
22352:
22196:
22186:
22151:
21862:
21807:
21697:
19488:
19394:
19131:
The Shadow Docket: How the Supreme Court Uses Stealth Rulings to Amass Power and Undermine The Republic
19101:
17853:
the States will retain, under the proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active sovereignty
16117:"Justice Neil Gorsuch's property sale to prominent lawyer raises more ethical questions | CNN Politics"
15350:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It is Easier Than You Think
15152:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
11307:
Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
10572:, "Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds.,
8521:
8484:
8090:
respect," has ensured his place in historyβnot as a brilliant jurist, but as among the most insensitive
7677:
7572:
4157:
3101:
1903:
1425:
928:
314:
17723:
17500:
17074:
11632:
5096:
stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the
4592:, parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a
2452:
1531:
25102:
24408:
24213:
24208:
23770:
23224:
23003:
22865:
22436:
22231:
22141:
22106:
22081:
22046:
22016:
21842:
21817:
21792:
21737:
21707:
20789:
20118:
19973:
19840:
18280:
15122:
8729:
6986:
6459:
6242:, which banned racial segregation in public schools was also criticized as activist by conservatives
6064:
5624:
5368:
5300:
5048:
2092:
1840:
1657:
has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity.
1217:
1205:
768:
17790:
14790:
13353:
11801:
11795:
9990:
8557:
8476:
5710:, who was not listed on his ethics form when reporting a profit of between $ 250,000 and $ 500,000.
3041:
There have been six foreign-born justices in the court's history: James Wilson (1789β1798), born in
25215:
24595:
24565:
24560:
24550:
24316:
24272:
24113:
23874:
23660:
23524:
23338:
23278:
22958:
22699:
22389:
22236:
22136:
22026:
21986:
21857:
21797:
21762:
21717:
20721:
20523:
20126:
18659:
18348:
17543:
17221:
16350:
14150:
12882:
12570:
12154:"Chief Justice Roberts' recent votes raise doubts about 'conservative revolution' on Supreme Court"
9376:
7965:
7322:
6962:
5720:
5158:. More recently, many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the court's order in
5011:
is used to "pinpoint" to a specific page number within the opinion. For instance, the citation for
4777:
4210:
4201:
3714:
3054:
2692:
The court currently has five male and four female justices. Among the nine justices, there are two
1724:
1342:
1247:
1211:
283:
19331:
Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court
18716:
12354:
9349:
8865:
8703:
8668:
8597:
24709:
24445:
24203:
23170:
23013:
22820:
22561:
22246:
22201:
22121:
22096:
22071:
22036:
21802:
21727:
21722:
21712:
21653:
20973:
20961:
20655:
20649:
20547:
18943:
18937:
18160:"U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court"
13806:
took place over three days and lasted over six hours, covering several issues; the arguments for
13302:. And "Injunction, writ of" was removed from the index. Compare 445 U.S. 1064 with 493 U.S. 1172.
12596:
Sandra Day O'Connor: How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice
11422:
10714:
10577:
10557:
9724:
9582:
9578:
9244:
8964:
8438:
8407:
7923:
7227:
7190:
7146:
6970:
6832:
6467:
6303:
6166:
6090:
6036:
6019:
5898:
5546:
5113:
4635:. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. Except in
4013:
3967:
3523:
1926:
did not bring it to the floor for a vote. Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President
1758:
Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice.
1743:
1556:
1470:
1310:
1011:
970:
914:
853:
708:
509:
17284:
17002:
13144:
11520:
8109:
8103:
6392:
which weakened the power of executive branch agencies to interpret their congressional mandate.
5282:(1869), although it rejected Congress' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in
3279:
25707:
25161:
24511:
24321:
24301:
24103:
23958:
23753:
23700:
23685:
23529:
23217:
23008:
22209:
22164:
22116:
22091:
22066:
22021:
22011:
22001:
21918:
21787:
21732:
21035:
20967:
20839:
20517:
20307:
19326:
18919:
15981:"Jamie Raskin: How to Force Justices Alito and Thomas to Recuse Themselves in the Jan. 6 Cases"
15419:
14715:
14158:
14054:
13811:
13280:
Supreme Court Rule 23 (1989) (titled "Stays"; moved from Rule 44), published at 493 U.S. 1097,
12849:
11602:
11458:
10306:
9089:
9019:
7401:"Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2β107 (1791β82)"
7121:
to exclude suits against states that are brought by persons who are not citizens of that state.
6954:
6900:
6724:
6631:
5920:
5830:
5586:
5395:
5324:
5284:
5268:
5188:
5160:
5151:
4923:
4782:
4762:
4663:"; currently, all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool.
4610:
4113:
4104:
4038:
3869:
3709:, and is clad in marble. The building includes the courtroom, justices' chambers, an extensive
3405:
3360:
3300:
3010:
2998:
2227:
1759:
1695:
1199:
1122:
908:
857:
719:
683:
495:
The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the
299:
267:
19266:
19155:. New York ; London ; Toronto ; Sydney ; New Delhi: Simon & Schuster.
17310:
17285:"THE HIGHER LAW BACKGROUND OF THE PRIVILEGES OR IMMUNITIES CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT"
14531:
14525:
14391:
14385:
11675:
10830:
10451:
10202:
10194:
9466:
8276:
8197:
8033:
4580:, a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas, and
4129:
In all other cases, the court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue
1516:'s death was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, only Democratic senators voted against
361:; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion.
25360:
25043:
24158:
23715:
23680:
23675:
23618:
23601:
23331:
22755:
22280:
22251:
22226:
22156:
22111:
22051:
21996:
21822:
21747:
21113:
20863:
20770:
20715:
20685:
20673:
20595:
20303:
20050:
19850:
19845:
19825:
19815:
19582:
19498:
19180:
Nine black robes: inside the Supreme Court's drive to the right and the historic consequences
19087:
17764:
17198:
17049:
13839:
13511:
12693:
11891:"Ketanji Brown Jackson's Historic Rise Leaves Just One Military Veteran on the Supreme Court"
10910:
10266:
9547:
8782:
8359:"Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden"
8238:
7400:
7055:
6708:
6410:
5949:
5501:
4914:, which are a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the
4836:
4582:
4355:
3646:
3196:
3128:
3120:
2981:
2954:
2806:
2701:
2609:
1907:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1823:
1808:
1703:
1666:
1658:
889:
727:
634:
606:
445:
399:
318:
201:
22344:
18195:"Editorial Observer; Brandeis's Views on States' Rights, and Ice-Making, Have New Relevance"
16906:
16478:"The Supreme Court says it is adopting a code of ethics, but it has no means of enforcement"
16415:"The Supreme Court rules that state officials can engage in a little corruption, as a treat"
16313:
14747:
14055:"Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 2012 β March 26 through June 13, 2013"
13678:
13641:
13640:
11594:
9685:
7467:
6487:
decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election, awarding
4647:
Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings
1665:
for justices, as proposed by Levinson and Sabato and a mandatory retirement age proposed by
25769:
25712:
24840:
24714:
24605:
23983:
23415:
23395:
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21991:
20869:
20814:
20807:
20751:
20709:
20335:
20095:
19876:
19676:
15004:
14493:"'Shall Not be Construed': Reversal of Supreme Court Decisions by Constitutional Amendment"
13450:
12954:
12521:
12035:
11278:
11099:"Some Democrats Want to Make the Supreme Court Bigger. Here's the History of Court Packing"
10804:"Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito"
10230:
10102:
9543:"A new era for the Supreme Court: the transformative potential of a shift in even one seat"
7432:
Shugerman, Jed. "A Six-Three Rule: Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court".
7216:
6978:
6892:
6824:
6761:
6561:
6388:
6383:
6055:
5638:
5228:
5138:
5133:
4117:
3718:
1690:
1621:
1348:
1043:
996:
933:
888:, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President
873:
829:
791:
662:
594:) and making several important constitutional rulings that gave shape and substance to the
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19215:"A General Approach for Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States"
14754:"The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship: Its Rise, Fall, and Reincarnation?"
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11155:"Analysis: The Supreme Court hasn't been this conservative since the 1930s | CNN Politics"
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7839:"Decisions of the Supreme Court β Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred and Eleven Years"
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4324:
As of September 28, 2022, the allotment of the justices among the circuits is as follows:
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The court lacked its own building until 1935. From 1791 to 1801, it met in Philadelphia's
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16610:"Analysis: Why the Supreme Court says ethics controversies are just a 'misunderstanding'"
16329:"Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law"
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15696:"Supreme Court Justice Sotomayor's staff prodded colleges and libraries to buy her books"
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12036:"Split definitive: How party polarization turned the Supreme Court into a partisan court"
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The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law
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4287:. Each justice also decides routine procedural requests, such as for extensions of time.
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313:, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were originally established by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
18717:"Our Canadian Republic β Do we display too much deference to authority β¦ or not enough?"
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9979:. If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence.
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4957:, 585 U.S. 50, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753 (2010), with "S. Ct." representing the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Substantive due process has also been the primary vehicle used by the Supreme Court to
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16080:"How the US supreme court could be a key election issue: 'They've grown too powerful'"
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13959:"Court will resume opinion announcements from the bench, but won't provide live audio"
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9824:"Frequently Asked Questions: General Information β Supreme Court of the United States"
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4550:. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the
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15324:"We Don't Talk About Leonard: The Man Behind the Right's Supreme Court Supermajority"
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Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk
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12355:"Supreme Court's Roberts turns court to the right as Barrett emerges as a key player"
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11241:"Is the Supreme Court confirmation process irreparably broken? Some senators say yes"
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branches is severely weakened. In contrast, various other countries have a dedicated
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form of order; however, the justice may elect to write an opinion, referred to as an
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The Rehnquist Court (1986β2005) was known for its revival of judicial enforcement of
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18836:"SCOTUS appears to post opinion allowing Idaho to offer emergency medical abortions"
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Kaplan, Joshua; Elliot, Justin; Murphy, Brett; Mierjeski, Alex (November 13, 2023).
14935:"The Supreme Court's gerrymandering decision reveals a profound threat to democracy"
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12782:
11698:"Biden's court pick Ketanji Brown Jackson has navigated a path few Black women have"
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4861:: 569 volumes, covering cases through June 13, 2013 (part of the October 2012 term).
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2743:. Historically, most justices have been Protestants, including 36 Episcopalians, 19
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17311:"A Distinction with a Difference: Rights, Privileges, and the Fourteenth Amendment"
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15862:"Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side"
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14909:"The Supreme Court's new voting rights decision is a love letter to gerrymandering"
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12377:"Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman on the Supreme Court, withdraws from public life"
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which made public possession of guns a protected right under the Second Amendment,
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In 1906, the court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for
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over acts of Congress, including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the
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113:
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A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other
16351:"Biden calls for term limits, enforceable ethics rules for Supreme Court justices"
15727:"Opinion: Why Supreme Court justices should not be signing $ 2 million book deals"
15322:
Kroll, Andy; Bernstein, Andrea; Marritz, Ilya; Sweitzer, Nate (October 11, 2023).
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Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court
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Supreme Court Rule 44 (1980 revised) (titled "Stays"), published at 445 U.S. 985,
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Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court
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one in living memory, based on an analysis of four sets of political science data.
7668:"The People's Vote: 100 Documents that Shaped America β Marbury v. Madison (1803)"
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16300:"Move-On petition to impeach Justice Clarence Thomas gets 1.4 million signatures"
16014:"Samuel Alito's refusal to recuse himself in Trump v US is another ethics breach"
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Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters:
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Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the court's history, by its rulings in
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in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and
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believed it to be unconstitutional. It was defeated 70β20 in the Senate, and the
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assumes the existence of the office of the chief justice, because it mentions in
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11125:"How FDR lost his brief war on the Supreme Court β National Constitution Center"
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The Supreme Court established its own power to declare laws unconstitutional in
448:. The Supreme Court, the country's highest judicial tribunal, was to sit in the
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15893:"Justices shield spouses' work from potential conflict of interest disclosures"
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11390:"Senate confirms Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Supreme Court in historic vote"
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The expansion of a 5β4 conservative majority to a 6β3 supermajority during the
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1215:). It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (
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The Warren Court (1953β1969) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional
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700:
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The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion
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The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal
386:
The Royal Exchange, New York City, the first meeting place of the Supreme Court
19170:
17222:"LibGuides: Constitutional Law: Reconstruction Era Amendments (XIII, XIV, XV)"
16922:
15498:"McConnell fends off accusations of hypocrisy over holding Supreme Court vote"
15367:
14592:. Stanford University Press. pp. 195, 1, 20, 22, and 22β24 respectively.
11557:. adherents.com. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001
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in 1804) has ever been impeached, and none has ever been removed from office.
5150:
has made his decision; now let him enforce it!" Some state governments in the
5058:, in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review
1850:, and in an attempt by the Republican Congress to limit the power of Democrat
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for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down
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18508:
18449:"Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden, With His Mind on Bush v. Gore"
17728:
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16966:"The Supreme Court Is Fully MAGA-Pilled. The Time for Action Is Now or Never"
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3219:. Such assignments are formally made by the chief justice, on request of the
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16051:"Alito says the Supreme Court's fake ethics code allows him to be unethical"
15060:"A majority of Americans no longer trust the Supreme Court. Can it rebuild?"
11209:"Pelosi has "no plans" to bring bill expanding Supreme Court to House floor"
10229:, 387 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2004), which concerned the recess appointment of
7744:"The Constitution in Law: Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court"
1197:, emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (
723:). The size of the court was last changed in 1869, when it was set at nine.
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17336:"Judicial activism | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
16441:"Supreme Court ruling on Indiana mayor is latest to weaken corruption laws"
16395:
16243:"Ocasio-Cortez seeks US House impeachment of Supreme Court's Thomas, Alito"
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15044:
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13842:, in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962.
13680:"Gorsuch, in Sign of Independence, Is Out of Supreme Court's Clerical Pool"
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10969:"Why does the Supreme Court have nine Justices? | Constitution Center"
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The United States Supreme Court lacks term limits or mandatory retirements.
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5953:(1873) that all but undermined civil rights legislation enacted during the
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at oral argument presents his case and answers questions from the justices.
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1071:) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories.
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232:
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17042:"Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?"
15574:"Advocate tells lawmakers of 'stealth' efforts to influence Supreme Court"
15537:"A Charity Tied to the Supreme Court Offers Donors Access to the Justices"
15184:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
13316:"Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court"
12228:"Brett Kavanaugh Is Supreme Court's Ideological Median as New Term Begins"
11763:"Influential Judge, Loyal Friend, Conservative Warrior β and D.C. Insider"
8345:
The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935.
7606:
The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case
6034:
The right to privacy, including a right to contraceptives. Established in
5154:
also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment
1583:
Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid. From the
1051:), and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by
341:, meaning they remain on the court until they die, retire, resign, or are
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20021:
19694:
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19562:
19240:
18565:"PolitiFact β The Supreme Court's 'shadow docket': What you need to know"
18484:"Opinion: The Supreme Court shrouds itself in secrecy. That needs to end"
17786:
17755:
17496:
17246:
17165:""Everything is on the table" after Supreme Court rulings: Law professor"
16727:
16665:
16568:"US supreme court announces ethics code amid pressure over gift scandals"
15756:
15420:"Opinion: Sorry, Neil Gorsuch. The Supreme Court Seat Was Already Filled"
15084:
14824:
14710:
13714:"An empirical Assessment of the Supreme Court's use of legal scholarship"
13674:
13636:
12795:
12467:
12110:
11758:
10418:"It's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country"
10095:
9500:
9403:"So, who really won? What the Bush v. Gore studies showed | CNN Politics"
8583:
8386:
8385:
I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins.
7919:"Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty: A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled"
7706:
6880:
6354:
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6247:
6199:
6071:, have claimed that protections for interracial marriage, established in
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1735:, citing their "widely documented financial and personal entanglements."
1501:
1478:
1466:
1154:
772:), and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee (
654:
650:
646:
25799:
25752:
17395:, edited by Kermit Hall; article written by Gary McDowell. 1992. p. 454.
17361:"The Associated Press: Justice questions way court nominees are grilled"
16703:"Supreme Court, under pressure, issues ethics code specific to justices"
16636:"The Supreme Court Has Adopted a Conduct Code, but Who Will Enforce It?"
15051:
10889:
10661:
10158:"Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote"
8443:"What's New in the Legal World? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal"
7511:"The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts"
6044:
The right to privacy with regard to private sexual acts. Established in
5414:
had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice.
4515:
Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of
2985:
The first four female justices: O'Connor, Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and Kagan
1778:, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the
1141:
The Burger Court (1969β1986) saw a conservative shift. It also expanded
410:
between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the
25745:
23758:
23564:
23390:
23385:
23303:
20997:
20895:
20323:
20107:
19682:
18688:"The Supreme Court: The most powerful, least busy people in Washington"
16887:
16868:
12800:"Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado's Marijuana Laws"
12534:
12083:
The company they keep: How partisan divisions came to the Supreme Court
7542:
6222:
6191:
5752:
5725:
5407:
5403:
5376:
5348:
4946:
4771:
4676:
4527:
4517:
4274:
4033:
3537: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2994:
2775:
2732:
1944:
1763:
1739:
1719:
1662:
1497:
1489:
1194:
1062:
884:
courts (1930β1953), the court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and
666:
20148:
13822:"'Obamacare' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever"
12917:"Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court: The Strange Case of Ed Johnson"
11496:
10998:
10640:; Smith, Steven D. (2006). "(Mis)Understanding Good-Behavior Tenure".
10341:"Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week"
9922:"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch"
8514:"100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education (1954)"
8140:. Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. October 31, 2009. Archived from
8074:"Sotomayor's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense"
5777:
Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
4321:. Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits.
1966:
There are currently nine justices on the Supreme Court: Chief Justice
1543:
1280:
The Roberts Court (2005βpresent) is regarded as more conservative and
1031:
most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states, prominently
580:
Court (1801β1835). Under Marshall, the court established the power of
504:
in 1790, the Supreme Court did so as well. After initially meeting at
25247:
25240:
20703:
20179:
19628:
19294:
The Puzzle of Unanimity: Consensus on the United States Supreme Court
18623:
15891:
Fuchs, Hailey; Gerstein, Josh; Canellos, Peter (September 29, 2022).
15298:"Trump's Judge Whisperer Promised to Take Our Laws Back to the 1930s"
11737:
10711:"How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?"
10653:
10031:. Arlington, Virginia: Federal Bar Association. pp. 5β9, 76β77.
9055:"William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80"
8327:
7804:
6612:
6544:
6292:
The United States Supreme Court has a politicized nominating process.
4660:
4564:
The Supreme Court relies on the record assembled by lower courts for
3775:
3654:
2752:
2626:
2551:
1927:
1803:
that "the Chief Justice" must preside over impeachment trials of the
1405:
Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
1184:), but later that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional (
753:
626:
521:
441:
25884:
25740:
20102:
18089:"Justices Swat Down Texans' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law"
16267:"AOC's Move on Thomas and Alito Has All the Right Historical Echoes"
16169:"Gorsuch property sale renews calls for Supreme Court ethics reform"
14670:. New York City: Simon & Schuster (published 1998). p. 44.
13315:
8959:
History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (eds.)
7710:
7526:
5852:
and Mark Joseph Stern criticizing several recent decisions, stating:
5146:, who sided with the Georgia courts, is supposed to have remarked, "
3512:
433:
compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary in
23430:
23380:
21872:
20175:
19001:
18800:"Explainer: The Leak of Supreme Court's Draft Roe v. Wade Reversal"
17823:
17791:"Gridlock in Congress Has Amplified the Power of the Supreme Court"
16902:
15207:
12158:
12051:
11274:"Biden Supreme Court study panel unanimously approves final report"
11245:
11213:
7290:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate.
5762:
5719:
decision granted broad immunity to presidents, with Representative
5601:
Public trust in the court peaked in the late 1980s. Since the 2022
5486:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
4711:
3679:
3030:
2973:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2933:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2853:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2833:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2763:
in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice,
2756:
2705:
1453:
1441:
1284:
than the Rehnquist Court. Some of its major rulings have concerned
1015:), limited the role of religion in public school, most prominently
893:
621:
569:(1793), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the
465:
19231:
16911:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
15446:"Empty Supreme Court seat is being 'stolen' by GOP, senator warns"
13905:
I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases
13642:"A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The 'Cert. Pool'"
13207:"On the road: The Supreme Court and the history of circuit riding"
12259:"Just How Sharp Was The Supreme Court's Rightward Turn This Term?"
11364:"Op-Ed: Make the Supreme Court bigger, but not the Democrats' way"
10265:. Congressional Research Service (RL31112): CRS-18. Archived from
7996:"Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence"
5417:
Ten Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices:
3074:
2886:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
2308:
1416:
giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the
1101:(center-right) in October 2005. The justices (left to right) are:
18312:"Supreme Court agrees to hear 'double jeopardy' case in the fall"
17643:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75β77, 109.
17138:"Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade puts other rights at risk"
16247:
16203:"Supreme Court Gives Trump Substantial Immunity From Prosecution"
11487:"Growing up Italian in Jersey: Alito reflects on ethnic heritage"
6920:(1984, most cited administrative law case, overturned in 2024 by
6492:
6282:
explain why polarization is an issue in the United States court:
6053:
The right to marry an individual of the same sex. Established in
5687:
3034:
2728:
1608:, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies.
364:
On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 petitions for
295:
21948:
21620:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
18539:"The Supreme Court 'Shadow Docket' | Brennan Center for Justice"
18412:
18236:"Altering 14th Amendment would curb court's activist tendencies"
17864:
14990:
12115:"Judge Jackson's Rulings: Detailed, Methodical and Leaning Left"
8184:
No. 293 Argued: October 29, 30, 1907 β Decided: January 27, 1908
6661:
List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments
5637:(which elects the President who nominates the justices) and the
5565:
Unlike in most high courts, the United States Supreme Court has
4291:
December 1989. Nevertheless, requests for injunctions under the
3613:
The Roberts Court (since June 2022): Front row (left to right):
1449:
qualifications or otherwise limit who the president can choose.
18591:"The Supreme Court's Silent Rulings Are Increasingly Troubling"
17603:. United States of America: Simon & Schuster. p. 541.
17485:– via University of Chicago Law School β Chicago Unbound.
17075:"The Road to 'Separate But Equal' (U.S. National Park Service)"
16838:"Chief Justice Roberts declines to testify before Senate panel"
15212:"American democracy is cracking. These forces help explain why"
14017:. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. pp. 11β12.
13176:"Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys: 3.3 Mootness"
12517:"Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices"
9583:"Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It's Not Settled"
8822:"Roe v. Wade: On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight"
8202:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 245.
6681:
Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
6597:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
6581:
Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
5829:
points to the blocking progress of democratizing institutions,
4714:
the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded.
4239:, as the supreme courts of some states may do. For example, in
3090:
3066:
2403:
1766:) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise,
1222:
1052:
922:, the court continued to favor government power, upholding the
560:
553:(1789β1801), the court heard few cases; its first decision was
18960:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
17392:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
16907:"The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding"
16228:"AOC Moves to Impeach Supreme Court Justices Thomas and Alito"
14667:
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
14527:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
14387:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
11650:
He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court.
9881:"Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court"
9200:"Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism"
8961:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
8028:
5410:
board. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a
5383:-secretary." Most law clerks are recent law school graduates.
4979:
Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form "
4269:. Congress has specifically authorized one justice to issue a
3345:
2667:
25775:
22374:
21313:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
17760:"The Supreme Court's Conservatives Have Asserted Their Power"
17501:"Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89"
15321:
13872:"Supreme Court gives lawyers 2 minutes with no interruptions"
9090:"The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States' Rights Legacy"
6813:
6646:
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
5338:
Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
5168:. Nixon ultimately complied with the Supreme Court's ruling.
4830:
The court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a
3050:
1910:
having appointed 14 of the 18 justices immediately preceding
576:
The court's power and prestige grew substantially during the
19060:
17701:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 92β93.
15352:(First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 334.
14310:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 117β118.
12868:
12866:
12864:
10687:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center.
10125:"The Stakes of the 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher"
6686:
6568:, which can declare a law unconstitutional when challenged.
6367:
New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen
5666:, even though both vacancies occurred close to an election.
5629:
United States Electoral College Β§ Impacts and reception
5092:. In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice
4146:
The court's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from
3114:
Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
2997:. Diversity concerns focused on geography, to represent all
2989:
For much of the court's history, every justice was a man of
2599:
1572:
importance of the oath taking is underscored by the case of
1398:
19292:
Corley, Pamela C.; Steigerwalt, Amy; Ward, Artemus (2013).
16670:"Supreme Court's New Ethics Code Is Toothless, Experts Say"
16633:
15924:"What to know about the Supreme Court and ethical concerns"
15800:"Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort"
14013:
Pepall, Lynne; Richards, Daniel L.; Norman, George (1999).
10574:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
10554:
Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices
7782:
5498:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
5052:
Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from
4593:
4296:
423:
212:
18854:"What Overruling Chevron Could Mean for Environmental Law"
17819:"The conservative Supreme Court is just getting warmed up"
16804:"Supreme Court Ethics Reform | Brennan Center for Justice"
16798:
16796:
16794:
16534:"The Supreme Court's code of conduct is a good first step"
15383:"This Supreme Court Was Designed to Kill Climate Policies"
14348:"The Supreme Court Was Never Meant to Be Kings and Queens"
13838:
The longest modern-day oral arguments were in the case of
12635:. US Senator John McCain. October 24, 2009. Archived from
10199:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
9124:"Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally"
8623:
Mattox, William R. Jr; Trinko, Katrina (August 17, 2009).
7903:
Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
6615:
or inadvertently released before they are published. Such
6443:
suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today.
5453:, Brett Kavanaugh also for Kennedy, Amy Coney Barrett for
4888:
was also decided in the same opinion; by a similar logic,
4570:
the question of how the law applies to the facts presented
4554:, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes
1971:
30, 2022, after being confirmed by the Senate on April 7.
1957:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1762:
died a month after taking office, although his successor (
675:
Court (1836β1864) made several important rulings, such as
19276:
Uncertain Justice: The Roberts Court and the Constitution
18655:"Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court"
17672:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
16694:
16314:"Clarence Thomas must be removed from the Supreme Court!"
15119:
15089:"Approval Rating for Supreme Court Hits Just 44% in Poll"
14015:
Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice
12861:
11524:
10832:
John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court
10344:
7315:"February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session"
6126:, Thomas has received little support for this viewpoint.
5658:
years, Democrats have accused Republican leaders such as
5573:
rules, increased gerrymandering, weakened voting rights,
3657:
of justices. The chief justice always ranks first in the
3459:
3454:
3422:
3393:
3388:
3356:
3333:
3328:
3296:
2967:
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
2648:
2617:
2584:
2543:
2508:
2471:
2436:
2399:
2364:
2327:
2292:
2255:
2220:
2183:
2148:
2111:
2076:
2039:
1465:
in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to
812:, current home of the Supreme Court, which opened in 1935
19153:
The Supermajority: How the Supreme Court Divided America
17574:
The supermajority: how the Supreme Court divided America
15831:"Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors"
15525:
CBS News November 1, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
15272:"Kavanaugh Fourth Justice Picked By Unpopular President"
15238:"Analysis | The minoritarian third of the Supreme Court"
13926:"Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?"
12257:
Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia; Bronner, Laura (July 5, 2022).
11429:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
11184:"The Supreme Court is the most conservative in 90 years"
7376:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
7261:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
6651:
List of courts which publish audio or video of arguments
2606:
18980:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
17596:
17382:
16791:
14307:
Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
13779:"It's a Fact: Supreme Court Errors Aren't Hard to Find"
13517: (1794), in which the Court conducted a jury trial.
13102:"Confronting a PCA: Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall"
9427:
Babington, Charles; Baker, Peter (September 30, 2005).
7942:
practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch.
6364:
in recognizing abortion is not a constitutional right,
5098:
duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.
5007:
is the year in which the case was decided. Optionally,
4975:
Case citation Β§ Supreme Court of the United States
1890:", failed in Congress after members of Roosevelt's own
1770:
died 16 months after taking office, but his successor (
19416:
19351:
The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court
18914:
Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States
17846:
16391:"Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court"
14716:"A Sign of the Court's Polarization: Choice of Clerks"
14380:
Mendelson, Wallace (1992). "Separation of Powers". In
14247:. The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from
13382:
13075:
12666:. Supreme Court of the United States. March 18, 2010.
12256:
11924:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court Historical Society.
10099:"The passionate intensity of the confirmation process"
8195:
8034:"The Court vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion"
6186:
The Supreme Court has been criticized for engaging in
5775:
On November 13, 2023, the court issued its first-ever
5445:, John Roberts for William Rehnquist, Elena Kagan for
3100:
Since 1789, about one-third of the justices have been
2947:
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
2688:
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
1178:, ruling first that most applications were defective (
464:
nominated the following people to serve on the court:
460:
Immediately after signing the act into law, President
25729:
19310:
The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court
19208:
18537:
Black, Harry Isaiah; Bannon, Alicia (July 19, 2022).
18034:
legislative right of any State within its own limits.
17132:
17130:
17101:"Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions"
16964:
Lithwick, Dahlia; Stern, Mark Joseph (July 3, 2024).
16701:
Barnes, Robert; Marimow, Ann E. (November 13, 2023).
16115:
Schneider, Jessica; Sneed, Tierney (April 25, 2023).
15890:
13846:"Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years"
12214:
justice, defining the court's new ideological center.
11597:
The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
9651:"Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights"
9505:"Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades"
6693:
List of landmark court decisions in the United States
6606:
6418:
is good and consistent with the Framers' wishes. The
5466:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
4938:
United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition
4631:
permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of
4200:
can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if (a) the
3683:
From the 1860s until the 1930s, the court sat in the
2892:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
2866:
United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey
1988:
1203:) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (
18624:"Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy"
14433:"Supreme Court hears case of United States v. Nixon"
14097:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
14012:
13711:
11797:
Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics
11674:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from
10775:"Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804β05"
9725:"Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape"
8477:"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years"
7465:
7019:
New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen
5746:
Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court
5514:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
5506:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5478:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
5375:
were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent
5003:
is the page number on which the opinion begins, and
4574:
situations where the court has original jurisdiction
4506:
Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States
4116:
in Chattanooga, Tennessee the evening after Justice
2919:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
2872:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
2532:
1492:
once debate had begun in the full Senate. President
1469:, and the modern practice of questioning began with
345:
and removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the
18920:
The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States
18370:
revealed the worst of just about everyone involved.
18238:. University of Texas School of Law. Archived from
18127:"The Commerce Clause; The Expanding Economic Vista"
17534:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
17251:"The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Clarence Thomas"
16869:"The U.S. Supreme Court and Democratic Backsliding"
15603:Canellos, Peter S.; Gerstein, Josh (July 8, 2022).
14791:"For a Less Politicized Supreme Court, Look Abroad"
14217:"For lawyers, the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip"
14184:Glazer, Eric M.; Zachary, Michael (February 1997).
13291:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
13262:
Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1980 revised
13260:. Also available at the Supreme Court's website at
12955:"United States v. Shipp (U.S. Supreme Court, 1909)"
12858: (Supreme Court of the United States 1906).
12604:
Rookie on the Bench: The Role of the Junior Justice
12514:
11800:(6th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p.
11756:
11521:"What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated"
9467:"In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right"
8243:"Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366"
6260:was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in
6077:(1967), may also be at risk. Other experts such as
5728:petition asking Congress to remove Justice Thomas.
5363:The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice
4166:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
598:between the federal government and states, notably
21675:
19133:. New York, NY: Basic Books, Hachette Book Group.
18916:, 5 vols., Detroit Macmillan Reference USA, 2008
18413:CQ Transcriptions (Senator Kohl) (July 14, 2009).
18051:"The Bill of Rights β Creation and Reconstruction"
17127:
16143:"It's Neil Gorsuch's Turn for a Financial Scandal"
15761:"Justices Disclose Privately Paid Trips and Gifts"
15289:
14752:; I. Scott Messinger; Michael Jo (November 2009).
14714:
13802:See the arguments on the constitutionality of the
13182:. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law.
12515:Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (May 2010).
11043:"February 5, 1937: FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan"
9794:"Qualifications To Become A Supreme Court Justice"
8694:"The Supreme Court: Now Comes the Sixth Amendment"
7468:"Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall"
5040:discuss cases and write opinions during recesses.
4968:
3286:
3013:became the first female justice in 1981. In 1986,
2460:
2244:
2100:
949:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
457:twice a year in their assigned judicial district.
21124:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
18978:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
18711:
17817:Gerstein, Josh; Ward, Alexander (June 30, 2022).
17724:"The Supreme Court's Shock-and-Awe Judicial Coup"
16241:Warburton, Moira; Brice, Makini (July 10, 2024).
15798:Berman, Mark; Markon, Jerry (February 17, 2016).
14304:Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005).
14151:"How to Cite Cases: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions"
13099:
11854:
11852:
11761:; Savage, Charlie; Protess, Ben (July 15, 2018).
11417:
11415:
9269:
8928:"Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist's Key Decisions"
7352:. New York: Attorney Street Editions. p. 7.
6656:List of pending United States Supreme Court cases
6420:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4684:and understand the credibility of amicus briefs.
3412:
1440:) of the United States Senate, to appoint public
1074:
633:from 1804 to 1805 helped cement the principle of
378:History of the Supreme Court of the United States
25895:
24459:Native American recognition in the United States
19225:(4). Social Science Research Network: e0174698.
19199:, "Constrain the Court β Without Crippling It",
16226:Robinson, Kimberly Strawbridge (July 11, 2024).
15602:
12321:"How to rein in partisan Supreme Court justices"
12046:(1). University of Chicago Law School: 301β365.
11511:
10307:"National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al"
9272:"Retire the 'Ginsburg rule' β The 'Roe' recital"
7183:"Essays on Article III: Judicial Vesting Clause"
6478:
5767:facts have time to be challenged and uncovered.
5751:Other criticisms of the Court include weakening
3483:Supreme Court of the United States Β§ Ethics
3305:
2712:). One of the justices was born to at least one
1281:
1165:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
19209:Katz, Daniel Martin; Bommarito, Michael James;
18982:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
18120:
18118:
18045:
16769:"The Supreme Court's new ethics code is a joke"
16732:"The Supreme Court's Self-Excusing Ethics Code"
15694:Slodysko, Bryan; Tucker, Eric (July 11, 2023).
15174:
14819:
14817:
14581:
14579:
14577:
14575:
14573:
13387:
13385:
13180:Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys
13080:
13078:
12658:
12656:
12654:
12627:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12619:
12073:
11738:Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity?
10369:
9531:
8356:
7406:. Library, Supreme Court of the United States.
7253:
7251:
7249:
6772:(1942, federal regulation of economic activity)
6012:overturned nearly 50 years of precedent set by
4885:Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education
4252:
4214:, or (b) the district court of appeal issued a
3431:
2556:
2480:
2408:
2388:
2336:
2264:
2172:
2028:
1814:The size of the court was first altered by the
1727:filed Articles of Impeachment against justices
1686:The interior of the United States Supreme Court
1273:, which ended the electoral recount during the
759:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States
435:Article Three of the United States Constitution
311:Article Three of the United States Constitution
19182:. New York, NY: William Morrow & Company.
19055:Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook
18339:
18337:
17035:
17033:
16240:
16114:
15969:
15693:
14967:"Justices Sotomayor and Kagan must retire now"
13712:Petherbridge, Lee; Schwartz, David L. (2012).
12910:
12908:
12029:
12027:
12025:
11988:Harris, Allison P.; Sen, Maya (May 11, 2019).
11849:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11412:
10777:. Washington, D.C.: Senate Historical Office.
9686:"Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment"
9426:
9011:
8922:
8920:
6860:(1971, religious activities in public schools)
6257:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
5557:
5527:
4951:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
3065:(1889β1910), born to American missionaries in
2316:
1631:National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning
1355:Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
886:changed its interpretation of the Constitution
24856:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
23040:
22684:
22360:
21934:
21661:
21637:
21165:
20134:
19402:
16963:
16700:
15535:Becker, Jo; Tate, Julie (December 30, 2022).
15472:"The History of 'Stolen' Supreme Court Seats"
15145:
15143:
15083:
14705:
14703:
14701:
14699:
14299:
14297:
14295:
14183:
12454:Alzheimer's disease, needed her care at home.
12191:"How Kavanaugh will change the Supreme Court"
11757:Shane, Scott; Eder, Steve; Ruiz, Rebecca R.;
10408:
10406:
10404:
9400:
9328:
9263:
9226:
9046:
7875:
7873:
7833:
7831:
7139:"Essays on Article III: Good Behavior Clause"
7075:
6744:(1896, separate but equal treatment of races)
6425:The court has been criticized for giving the
5700:failed to disclose many large financial gifts
4600:remains the only case in which the court has
4063:
1097:Justices of the Supreme Court with President
18:Supreme Court of the United States of America
22698:
20035:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
18157:
18115:
18004:
17966:
17931:
17892:
17816:
15797:
15657:"Can America's Supreme Court police itself?"
14814:
14570:
14556:"United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. 128 (1871)"
13520:
12708:
12682:
12651:
12616:
10924:National Archives and Records Administration
10636:
10596:
10474:
10249:
10247:
9919:
9493:
9258:were free to be gay without being criminals.
9150:
8977:
8819:
8622:
7246:
7011:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6623:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6349:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
6009:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
5618:
5295:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
5088:(1803), consummating the American system of
4312:A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the
1323:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
734:Courts (1910β1930), the court held that the
22626:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
18977:
18705:
18536:
18481:
18440:
18406:
18375:
18334:
18254:
18224:
18186:
18151:
18080:
18039:
17858:
17838:
17489:
17424:
17092:
17030:
16991:
16471:
16469:
15859:
15567:
15565:
14618:
14430:
14303:
14186:"Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court"
13443:"Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials"
13325:, 76 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1159, 1168β70 (2008).
13293:Historical Rules of the Supreme Court, 1989
13100:Brannock, Steven; Weinzierl, Sarah (2003).
12905:
12692:. docstoc. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12022:
11793:
11655:
11589:
10798:
10796:
10769:
10767:
10510:
10440:
10379:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
9991:"Facts about Supreme Court oath ceremonies"
9764:"Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause"
9334:
9188:
9115:
9081:
8917:
8884:
8848:
8813:
8722:
8686:
8651:
8616:
8576:
8540:
8506:
8469:
8431:
8394:
8350:
8265:
8196:Bodenhamer, David J.; James W. Ely (1993).
8160:
7705:
6233:that usually guides the court's decisions.
6215:was overturned nearly fifty years later by
5820:Democratic backsliding in the United States
5379:graduates as clerks, rather than hiring "a
5259:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
5070:accepted the notion of judicial review; in
4257:The United States is divided into thirteen
3477:Federal judge salaries in the United States
3403:
3365:
3343:
3277:
2797:, Sonia Sotomayor and Clarence Thomas from
2522:
2450:
2378:
2306:
2234:
2162:
2120:
2090:
2016:
1496:'s nomination of sitting associate justice
1308:), voting rights and federal preclearance (
321:. The court consists of nine justices: the
23054:
23047:
23033:
22691:
22677:
22367:
22353:
21941:
21927:
21668:
21654:
21172:
21158:
20141:
20127:
19409:
19395:
19084:The Supreme Court in United States History
19002:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
18739:
18446:
18260:
17590:
16565:
16011:
15534:
15140:
14696:
14657:
14624:
14520:Vile, John R. (1992). "Court curbing". In
14500:University of North Carolina School of Law
14417:by Horace Greeley (1873), p. 106; also in
14292:
14087:
13804:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
13773:
12425:
12079:
12033:
10682:
10446:
10401:
9719:
9683:
9461:
9374:
9297:
9194:
9121:
9087:
9052:
9017:
8130:
8065:
8022:
7990:
7984:
7947:
7910:
7870:
7828:
7776:
7736:
7699:
7660:
7615:
7561:
7459:
7366:
6844:(1966, rights of those detained by police)
6671:Lists of United States Supreme Court cases
6611:Sometimes draft opinions are deliberately
6273:
5990:should be limited to sovereign territory.
5522:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
4070:
4056:
2805:did not; she received her Juris Doctor at
2598:
2192:
2048:
1225:as violations of substantive due process (
24469:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
22526:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force
22375:United States Military Judicial Authority
19274:Tribe, Laurence H.; Matz, Joshua (2014).
19273:
19248:
19230:
18685:
18381:
18343:
18261:Hornberger, Jacob C. (November 1, 2005).
16886:
16832:
16763:
16409:
16045:
15624:"The Oily Truth About This Supreme Court"
15206:
15034:
15016:
14961:
14932:
14903:
14851:
14849:
14829:"U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations"
14431:Brokaw, Tom; Stern, Carl (July 8, 1974).
14379:
13976:
13310:
13308:
12542:
12349:
12005:
11987:
11964:
11919:
11787:
11178:
10828:
10452:"New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure"
10244:
10155:
9753:
9713:
9677:
9642:
9571:
9455:
9429:"Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice"
9420:
8189:
8108:. United States: Penguin Books. pp.
7288:"Supreme Court Nominations: presentβ1789"
6687:Selected landmark Supreme Court decisions
6509:List of United States Supreme Court leaks
6263:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6197:Conservatives often cite the decision in
5813:
5713:The criticism intensified after the 2024
5342:Each Supreme Court justice hires several
4955:Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n
4141:
3597:Learn how and when to remove this message
1399:Nomination, confirmation, and appointment
302:for violating either the Constitution or
25914:Courts and tribunals established in 1789
25909:1789 establishments in the United States
19494:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted
19177:
18562:
18507:
18415:"Key Excerpt: Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore"
17972:
17460:
17430:
17309:Aceves, William J. (September 9, 2019).
17188:
16604:
16466:
16438:
16261:
16225:
15725:Gerber, Scott Douglas (April 23, 2021).
15562:
14342:
14047:
13956:
13810:were 90 minutes long; oral arguments in
12983:
12872:
12288:Williams, Ryan C. (September 19, 2021).
12287:
11824:
11149:
11073:"TSHA | Court-Packing Plan of 1937"
10867:
10835:. Oxford University Press. p. 334.
10793:
10764:
10742:"Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice"
10733:
10602:
10516:
10480:
10156:McMillion, Barry J. (October 19, 2015).
9401:Payson-Denney, Wade (October 31, 2015).
9377:"Why Bush v. Gore Still Matters in 2020"
9232:
8953:
8317:
8311:
7470:. New York University Press. p. 3.
7282:
7280:
6573:2024 United States presidential election
6498:
6165:by adding descriptive text and removing
5992:
5897:by adding descriptive text and removing
5449:, Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and
5205:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
5136:ignored the Supreme Court's decision in
5047:
4691:
4085:
3678:
3608:
3502:
3142:
2980:
1681:
1530:
1436:to nominate and, with the confirmation (
1408:
1275:2000 United States presidential election
1092:
815:
803:
549:Under chief justices Jay, Rutledge, and
537:
389:
381:
24520:List of counties and county equivalents
22567:Military tribunals in the United States
22411:Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
20017:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
19974:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19147:
19125:
19013:A People's History of the Supreme Court
18745:
18482:Chemerinsky, Erwin (October 17, 2019).
18384:"Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore"
18322:from the original on September 27, 2018
18309:
18291:from the original on September 28, 2018
18230:
18125:Reich, Robert B. (September 13, 1987).
18010:
17937:
17898:
17844:
17597:Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979).
17568:
17194:"Justice Thomas and Loving v. Virginia"
17162:
16475:
16110:
16108:
15822:
15675:from the original on September 21, 2023
15621:
15571:
15496:Levine, Marianne (September 22, 2020).
15380:
15210:; Morse, Clara Ence (August 18, 2023).
14585:
13819:
13617:from the original on September 30, 2007
13526:
13370:from the original on September 28, 2022
12914:
12743:
12741:
12563:
12318:
12219:
11888:
11827:"Clarence Thomas' Supreme Court legacy"
11484:
11018:. University of Houston. Archived from
10683:Garnett, Richard W.; Strauss, David A.
10389:from the original on September 20, 2023
10256:"Recess Appointments of Federal Judges"
9878:
9737:from the original on September 13, 2019
9053:Greenhouse, Linda (September 4, 2005).
8762:
8375:from the original on September 30, 2015
8281:. Transaction Publishers. p. 146.
8170:. Cornell University Law School. 1908.
8095:
7953:
7505:
7454:A People's History of the Supreme Court
7398:
7081:"When Did the Constitution Become Law?"
7027:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
6566:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
5848:published an op-ed on July 3, 2024, by
5833:in wealth and power, and empowering an
5256:, superseding the limitations given in
5043:
4618:states upstream of navigable waters in
4538:Case names before the court are styled
3736:pm weekdays but closed on weekends and
2847:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2781:: Neil Gorsuch, Ketanji Brown Jackson,
1424:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the
1061:). At the same time, the court limited
27:Highest court of jurisdiction in the US
14:
25896:
21185:federal judiciary of the United States
20472:
19348:
19307:
19102:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
18760:
18758:
18756:
18727:from the original on November 11, 2009
18394:from the original on February 25, 2016
18382:McConnell, Michael W. (June 1, 2001).
18263:"Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment"
17950:from the original on February 15, 2009
17785:
17754:
17696:
17667:
17638:
17617:from the original on November 18, 2020
17600:The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
17495:
17308:
17282:
17098:
17039:
16997:
16814:from the original on December 22, 2022
16779:from the original on November 15, 2023
16726:
16682:from the original on November 14, 2023
16664:
16646:from the original on November 14, 2023
16586:from the original on November 13, 2023
16514:from the original on November 13, 2023
16488:from the original on November 13, 2023
16200:
16073:
16071:
15975:
15828:
15779:from the original on February 13, 2020
15755:
15724:
15706:from the original on November 13, 2023
15495:
15443:
14957:
14955:
14885:from the original on February 17, 2021
14846:
14823:
14709:
14684:from the original on November 18, 2020
14472:from the original on November 25, 2016
14439:from the original on February 21, 2019
14324:from the original on November 17, 2020
14245:"How The Court Works; Library Support"
14214:
14031:. Supreme Court of the United States.
14021:
13878:from the original on November 20, 2022
13828:from the original on November 16, 2011
13769:
13767:
13751:
13747:
13745:
13743:
13741:
13673:
13655:from the original on December 11, 2008
13635:
13415:Adequate and independent state grounds
13305:
13003:from the original on February 17, 2022
12794:
12492:from the original on February 17, 2021
12443:from the original on November 25, 2020
12394:important cases, is now fully retired.
12188:
12166:from the original on November 18, 2020
12109:
11625:
11451:
11358:
11329:
11271:
10975:from the original on December 14, 2021
10849:from the original on November 16, 2023
10534:from the original on September 6, 2013
10486:"Appointees Who Really Govern America"
10412:
10319:from the original on December 12, 2020
10253:
10174:from the original on December 28, 2015
10137:from the original on February 14, 2016
10019:
9768:The Heritage Guide To The Constitution
9698:from the original on December 11, 2008
9648:
9577:
9537:
9499:
9303:
8646:permissible under the First Amendment.
8415:from the original on December 19, 2013
8403:"All the News That's Fit to Subsidize"
8400:
8357:Justice Roberts (September 21, 2005).
8295:from the original on February 20, 2021
8271:
8216:from the original on November 18, 2020
7916:
7760:from the original on December 17, 2020
7711:"Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters"
7585:from the original on November 26, 2020
7347:
7220:"Essays on Article III: Supreme Court"
6471:, the Court examined the doctrine of "
6093:grounds than substantive due process.
3239:Retired justices of the Supreme Court
2905:Solicitor General of the United States
1975:Current justices of the Supreme Court
1779:
1599:
1477:Supreme Court nominees, most recently
1352:), and the Bill of Rights, such as in
939:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
264:federal judiciary of the United States
23028:
22672:
22649:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
22621:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
22406:United States Constitution, Article I
22348:
21922:
21649:
21636:
21153:
20471:
20161:
20122:
19836:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
19592:
19390:
18963:. New York: Oxford University Press.
18652:
18192:
18170:from the original on October 19, 2008
18124:
18099:from the original on January 12, 2012
17988:from the original on February 3, 2010
17915:from the original on October 27, 2009
17721:
17632:
17531:
17477:from the original on December 4, 2020
17245:
17040:Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008).
16945:from the original on January 30, 2023
16326:
16140:
16077:
15921:
15584:from the original on February 9, 2023
15414:
15295:
15269:
15123:"Supreme Court : Approval Polls"
14855:
14788:
14663:
14625:Weiden, David; Ward, Artemus (2006).
14606:from the original on November 7, 2020
13852:from the original on February 4, 2014
13843:
13820:Christy, Andrew (November 15, 2011).
13752:Larsen, Allison Orr (July 26, 2022).
13607:"Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party"
13604:
13571:
13529:"Special Juries in the Supreme Court"
13440:
13204:
13145:"Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989)"
12602:, Harper Collins, 2005, p. 105. Also
12331:from the original on February 8, 2023
12300:from the original on February 8, 2023
12269:from the original on February 9, 2023
12238:from the original on October 30, 2021
12225:
12203:from the original on December 7, 2020
12080:Baum, Lawrence; Devins, Neal (2019).
12034:Devins, Neal; Baum, Lawrence (2017).
12007:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051617-090650
11966:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051317-125141
11946:
11928:from the original on October 10, 2022
11825:de Vogue, Ariane (October 22, 2016).
11518:
11495:. Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from
11105:from the original on February 1, 2021
11040:
11009:
10949:from the original on November 3, 2020
10942:. U.S. Courts Library β 8th Circuit.
10739:
10614:from the original on January 11, 2010
10351:from the original on December 3, 2020
9988:
9854:"United States Senate. "Nominations""
9630:from the original on January 25, 2010
9555:from the original on February 2, 2019
9439:from the original on January 16, 2010
9172:from the original on October 14, 2008
9018:Greenhouse, Linda (January 8, 2009).
8582:
8491:from the original on October 15, 2009
8437:
8168:"Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161"
8101:
8071:
7954:Suddath, Claire (December 19, 2008).
7855:from the original on December 5, 2020
7823:Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304 (1816).
7800:"Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore"
7709:; McKean, David (February 21, 2009).
7621:
7431:
7380:from the original on December 5, 2020
7329:from the original on December 3, 2020
7312:
7294:from the original on December 9, 2020
7277:
7265:from the original on December 7, 2020
7095:from the original on October 26, 2020
6100:against state and local governments.
5734:Yale professor of constitutional law
5625:United States Senate Β§ Criticism
4789:
4186:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
3243:
2681:
1979:
1628:The Supreme Court's 2014 decision in
999:must be roughly equal in population (
958:restricted the pro-government trend.
640:
368:each year, but only grants about 80.
25782:
22505:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy
22489:Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division
22468:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army
22453:Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)
19278:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
18956:
18874:
18764:
18588:
18563:Jacobson, Louis (October 18, 2021).
18265:. The Future of Freedom Foundation.
18086:
17938:Madison, James (February 16, 1788).
17404:
16866:
16566:Pilkington, Ed (November 13, 2023).
16339:from the original on August 1, 2024.
16166:
16105:
15903:from the original on October 5, 2022
15841:from the original on January 7, 2021
15572:Marimow, Ann E. (December 8, 2022).
15528:
15347:
15235:
15149:
15057:
14645:from the original on January 1, 2016
14519:
14165:from the original on August 22, 2012
14131:from the original on August 22, 2012
14035:from the original on January 8, 2019
13527:Shelfer, Lochlan F. (October 2013).
13473:from the original on August 18, 2013
12738:
12465:
12151:
11922:"In Celebration of Armed Forces Day"
11870:from the original on August 20, 2016
11640:from the original on August 24, 2017
11485:DeMarco, Megan (February 14, 2008).
11304:
11286:from the original on October 8, 2022
11053:from the original on August 15, 2011
10752:from the original on August 27, 2009
10201:. Oxford University Press. pp.
10192:
9934:from the original on October 2, 2018
9920:Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017).
9774:from the original on August 22, 2020
9759:
9684:Greenhouse, Linda (April 18, 2008).
9515:from the original on August 24, 2021
9375:MacDougall, Ian (November 1, 2020).
9156:
9122:Greenhouse, Linda (March 22, 2005).
8995:from the original on August 24, 2017
8820:O'Connor, Karen (January 22, 2009).
8199:The Bill of Rights in modern America
8072:Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (May 27, 2009).
7931:from the original on August 14, 2020
7644:from the original on August 14, 2020
7567:
7234:from the original on August 22, 2020
7197:from the original on August 22, 2020
7153:from the original on August 22, 2020
7129:
7127:
7039:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
6923:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
6395:
6379:Kennedy v. Bremerton School District
6133:
6129:
5865:
5861:
5313:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
5254:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
5025:
4793:
3675:United States Supreme Court Building
3546:"Supreme Court of the United States"
3535:adding citations to reliable sources
3506:
3107:
1863:, a Republican, signed into law the
1793:
22631:Court of Military Commission Review
22616:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
18753:
18359:from the original on April 11, 2009
18064:from the original on April 16, 2009
18011:Madison, James (January 22, 1788).
17899:Madison, James (January 25, 1788).
17433:"The judges war: an issue of power"
17111:from the original on April 13, 2010
16901:
16476:Sherman, Mark (November 13, 2023).
16361:from the original on July 31, 2024.
16068:
15737:from the original on March 26, 2023
15469:
15444:Cahill, Petra (November 11, 2016).
15087:; Kopicki, Allison (June 7, 2012).
14952:
14865:and conservative judicial activism"
14530:. Oxford University Press. p.
14390:. Oxford University Press. p.
14192:. Florida Bar Journal. p. 63.
14075:from the original on March 31, 2021
13938:from the original on March 25, 2017
13923:
13907:, Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256,
13764:
13738:
13186:from the original on April 27, 2017
13124:from the original on August 4, 2016
12965:from the original on April 27, 2017
12931:from the original on April 27, 2017
12915:Hindley, Meredith (November 2014).
12889:from the original on April 27, 2017
12670:from the original on March 22, 2010
11901:from the original on April 15, 2022
11889:Preston, Matthew (April 15, 2022).
11718:from the original on April 30, 2021
11131:from the original on March 29, 2021
10740:Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009).
10691:from the original on April 29, 2022
10254:Fisher, Louis (September 5, 2001).
10076:from the original on April 15, 2010
9893:from the original on April 10, 2017
9661:from the original on April 23, 2018
9477:from the original on April 17, 2009
9270:Justice Sotomayor (July 16, 2009).
9134:from the original on March 26, 2014
9088:Greenhouse, Linda (June 12, 2005).
8832:from the original on March 26, 2009
8659:"The Law: The Retroactivity Riddle"
8174:from the original on April 24, 2012
7721:from the original on August 2, 2009
6865:New York Times Co. v. United States
6809:Abington School District v. Schempp
6792:(1954, school segregation of races)
6026:wrote in his concurring opinion in
6022:principle, in part because Justice
5596:
4671:The Court also relies on and cites
4666:
4548:State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda
4178:Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands
4092:original and exclusive jurisdiction
3209:
2961:United States Sentencing Commission
2739:considers himself a Catholic or an
1961:
1168:) and campaign finance regulation (
1024:Abington School District v. Schempp
762:), upheld the constitutionality of
515:
414:established the parameters for the
24:
25904:Supreme Court of the United States
25778:Supreme Court of the United States
21968:Supreme Court of the United States
21132:
20452:
20162:
20151:Supreme Court of the United States
19418:Supreme Court of the United States
19118:
19061:Supreme Court Historical Society.
18940:'s Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
18767:"SCOTUS Is Slow-Walking for Trump"
17736:from the original on June 30, 2022
17513:from the original on March 7, 2013
17463:"What Judge Bork Should Have Said"
17219:
17099:Savage, David G. (July 13, 2008).
16439:Jouvenal, Justin (June 26, 2024).
16215:from the original on July 1, 2024.
15952:
15872:from the original on July 12, 2017
15829:Lipton, Eric (February 26, 2016).
15810:from the original on June 24, 2017
15381:Aronoff, Kate (October 14, 2020).
15101:from the original on June 16, 2019
14729:from the original on July 13, 2012
14281:from the original on June 26, 2022
14275:Supreme Court of the United States
14215:Gresko, Jessica (March 24, 2013).
14196:from the original on April 5, 2014
13719:Northwestern University Law Review
13553:from the original on June 30, 2017
13361:Supreme Court of the United States
13354:"Miscellaneous Order (09/28/2022)"
13173:
12952:
12759:from the original on June 24, 2023
12722:. October 24, 2009. Archived from
12409:(University Press of Kansas 1999)
12383:from the original on June 30, 2022
12226:Roche, Darragh (October 5, 2021).
12189:Roeder, Oliver (October 6, 2018).
11994:Annual Review of Political Science
11953:Annual Review of Political Science
11947:Hasen, Richard L. (May 11, 2019).
11837:from the original on April 2, 2017
11775:from the original on July 16, 2018
11672:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
11531:from the original on June 25, 2017
11452:Walthr, Matthew (April 21, 2014).
11433:from the original on July 21, 2011
11387:
11253:from the original on June 25, 2022
11221:from the original on June 25, 2022
10870:PS: Political Science and Politics
10810:from the original on July 10, 2024
10462:from the original on July 26, 2010
10094:
10070:Supreme Court of the United States
10046:from the original on June 22, 2022
10020:Satola, James W. (December 2017).
9860:from the original on April 7, 2019
9649:Barnes, Robert (October 1, 2009).
9065:from the original on April 2, 2015
8892:"Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo"
8879:principle of 'affirmative action'β¦
8810:(University Press of Kansas; 2016)
8717:can no longer be regarded as law.'
8453:from the original on March 7, 2013
7549:from the original on July 16, 2019
7466:Scott Douglas Gerber, ed. (1998).
7413:from the original on July 23, 2011
7313:Hodak, George (February 1, 2011).
7224:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7215:
7187:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7180:
7143:Heritage Guide to the Constitution
7133:
6800:(1962, state-sponsored prayers in
6676:Models of judicial decision making
6607:Leaks and inadvertent publications
6089:actually relied more heavily upon
6083:South Texas College of Law Houston
5770:
5516:, and Amy Coney Barrett for Judge
1148:s right to privacy to strike down
323:chief justice of the United States
252:Supreme Court of the United States
223:Chief Justice of the United States
35:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
25930:
23865:Director of National Intelligence
18667:from the original on July 5, 2010
18310:Vazquez, Maegan (June 28, 2018).
18205:from the original on May 11, 2011
18158:FDCH e-Media (January 10, 2006).
18139:from the original on May 12, 2011
18023:from the original on July 9, 2009
17911:. No. 44 (quote: 8th para).
17876:from the original on July 9, 2009
17439:from the original on May 13, 2011
17015:from the original on May 12, 2011
16867:Keck, Thomas M. (February 2024).
15993:from the original on May 29, 2024
15236:Bump, Philip (December 2, 2021).
14933:Beauchamp, Zack (June 27, 2019).
14872:University of Illinois Law Review
13586:from the original on June 2, 2009
13574:"Roberts Dips Toe into Cert Pool"
13155:from the original on June 2, 2018
12812:from the original on May 31, 2017
12319:Lazarus, Simon (March 23, 2022).
11920:Shurtleff, Kathy (May 12, 2021).
11601:. Cambridge Univ. Press. p.
11474:– via The ANNOTICO Reports.
11400:from the original on May 15, 2022
11272:Kruzel, John (December 7, 2021).
10498:from the original on May 12, 2011
10428:from the original on May 31, 2010
10001:from the original on May 17, 2022
9834:from the original on July 8, 2023
9804:from the original on July 8, 2023
9595:from the original on May 11, 2011
9210:from the original on May 11, 2011
9030:from the original on May 12, 2011
8938:from the original on May 25, 2010
8902:from the original on May 11, 2011
8740:from the original on May 11, 2011
8401:Lipsky, Seth (October 22, 2009).
8335:from the original on June 5, 2009
8237:
8050:from the original on May 11, 2011
8006:from the original on May 11, 2011
7887:. October 2, 2000. Archived from
7484:from the original on May 11, 2011
7124:
6666:List of supreme courts by country
6450:, such as constitutional scholar
6386:separating church and state, and
5997:Protestors in support of keeping
5800:Constitution of the United States
4510:
4198:Florida District Courts of Appeal
2759:. The first Catholic justice was
1261:s restrictions on abortion laws (
545:, chief justice from 1801 to 1835
25876:
25859:
25842:
25825:
25808:
25791:
25763:
25751:
25739:
24021:Government Accountability Office
22754:
22419:
21871:
21838:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
20101:
20089:
20079:
20078:
19979:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
19455:
19049:Skifos, Catherine Hetos (1976).
18879:
18846:
18828:
18810:
18792:
18679:
18646:
18634:from the original on May 1, 2011
18616:
18582:
18556:
18530:
18501:
18475:
18388:University of Chicago Law Review
18303:
18273:
18193:Cohen, Adam (December 7, 2003).
17866:Alexander Hamilton (aka Publius)
17810:
17779:
17748:
17715:
17690:
17661:
17562:
17525:
17454:
17398:
17353:
17328:
17302:
17276:
17239:
17213:
17182:
17163:Stanton, Andrew (July 2, 2023).
17156:
17067:
16957:
16895:
16860:
16848:from the original on May 6, 2023
16826:
16757:
16720:
16658:
16627:
16598:
16559:
16526:
16500:
16432:
16403:
16383:
16365:
16343:
16320:
16306:
16292:
16255:
16234:
16219:
16194:
16160:
16134:
16039:
16005:
15946:
15934:from the original on May 5, 2023
15915:
15884:
15860:O'Brien, Reity (June 20, 2014).
15853:
15791:
15749:
15718:
15687:
15649:
15615:
15596:
15515:
15489:
15463:
15437:
15408:
15374:
15341:
15315:
15263:
15229:
15200:
15168:
15113:
15077:
14984:
14926:
14897:
14782:
14741:
14548:
14513:
14490:
14484:
14454:
14424:
14408:
14373:
14336:
14263:
14237:
14208:
14177:
14143:
14113:
14006:
13991:
13950:
13917:
13890:
13864:
13796:
13705:
13693:from the original on May 2, 2017
13667:
13629:
13598:
13572:Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005).
13565:
13485:
13434:
13419:
13400:
13346:
13328:
13274:
13243:
13198:
13167:
13136:
13093:
13060:
13045:
13030:
13015:
12977:
12946:
12841:
12824:
12788:
12771:
12720:Supreme Court Historical Society
12608:Journal of Supreme Court History
12588:
12508:
12459:
12419:
12399:
12369:
12343:
12312:
12281:
12250:
12182:
12152:Betz, Bradford (March 2, 2019).
12145:
12133:from the original on May 3, 2023
12103:
11981:
11949:"Polarization and the Judiciary"
11940:
11913:
11882:
11818:
11750:
11730:
11690:
11619:
11583:
11547:
11519:Burke, Daniel (March 22, 2017).
11478:
11445:
11381:
11352:
11323:
11298:
11265:
11233:
11201:
11172:
11143:
11117:
11091:
11079:from the original on May 6, 2021
11065:
11034:
11003:
10987:
10961:
10929:
10904:
10861:
10822:
10781:from the original on May 3, 2022
10703:
10676:
10630:
10583:
10563:
10546:
9100:from the original on May 5, 2011
8702:. April 16, 1965. Archived from
8278:The Supreme Court's Constitution
8249:from the original on May 1, 2011
7956:"A Brief History of Impeachment"
6535:
6138:
5870:
5681:Supreme Court Historical Society
5535:Vanderbilt University Law School
5346:to review petitions for writ of
5132:came in 1832, when the state of
4961:, and "L. Ed." representing the
4798:
4687:
3774:
3511:
3404:
3344:
3278:
2523:
2451:
2379:
2307:
2235:
2163:
2091:
2017:
1776:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
1617:was not subsequently confirmed.
924:internment of Japanese Americans
868:, who opposed New Deal policies.
828:. Members include Chief Justice
278:cases that turn on questions of
40:
22595:Guantanamo military commissions
22335:(federal and state, all levels)
20066:United States Solicitor General
19793:Justices who served in Congress
19051:"The Supreme Court Gets a Home"
18870:
18589:Ford, Matt (January 25, 2024).
16012:Pilkington, Ed (May 31, 2024).
15622:Aronoff, Kate (June 18, 2024).
15270:Price, Greg (October 6, 2018).
14421:(2001) by Robert Vincent Remini
13818:was given a two-hour argument.
12873:Curriden, Mark (June 2, 2009).
11555:"Religion of the Supreme Court"
10363:
10333:
10299:
10290:
10219:
10186:
10149:
10117:
10088:
10058:
10013:
9982:
9966:
9949:
9913:
9879:Brunner, Jim (March 24, 2017).
9872:
9846:
9816:
9786:
9610:
9394:
9368:
9235:"The Court's Gay Rights Legacy"
9020:"The Chief Justice on the Spot"
8864:. July 10, 1978. Archived from
8800:
8756:
8667:. June 18, 1965. Archived from
8556:. July 15, 1966. Archived from
8231:
7600:
7499:
7446:
7425:
7392:
7341:
6816:readings and recitation of the
6555:British constitutional scholar
6110:Privileges or Immunities Clause
5398:, was hired in 1948 by Justice
4969:Citations to published opinions
4309:granting permission to appeal.
3757:
3522:needs additional citations for
3497:Article III of the Constitution
3217:United States Courts of Appeals
3137:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court
1846:At the behest of Chief Justice
1418:2005 hearings on his nomination
899:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
781:
687:, which helped precipitate the
329:, and the justices meet at the
25664:Separation of church and state
23880:National Reconnaissance Office
23823:President of the United States
22611:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
21676:Supreme Courts of the Americas
19995:Article III, U.S. Constitution
18686:Millhiser, Ian (May 3, 2024).
17722:Klein, Naomi (June 30, 2022).
17431:Buchanan, Pat (July 6, 2005).
17363:. June 5, 2010. Archived from
16201:Levien, Simon (July 1, 2024).
16141:Stieb, Matt (April 25, 2023).
16078:Smith, David (June 15, 2024).
15058:Gass, Henry (April 24, 2024).
14763:. p. 1749. Archived from
14271:"The Court and Its Procedures"
14121:"Supreme Court Research Guide"
13957:Amy Howe (December 12, 2022).
13844:Bobic, Igor (March 26, 2012).
10926:, retrieved September 12, 2017
10829:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1992).
10165:Congressional Research Service
9989:Mears, Bill (August 6, 2010).
8548:"Essay: In defense of privacy"
8520:. May 17, 1954. Archived from
8306:District of Columbia. (p. 146)
7917:Slater, Dan (April 18, 2008).
7306:
7209:
7174:
7165:
7107:
7069:
6947:District of Columbia v. Heller
6098:incorporate the Bill of Rights
5798:Article III, Section I of the
5545:, professor of history at the
5394:. The first African-American,
5123:
3159:Following the confirmation of
1805:President of the United States
1801:Article I, Section 3, Clause 6
1594:Congressional Research Service
1393:
1075:Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts
1068:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
412:1787 Constitutional Convention
294:, the ability to invalidate a
13:
1:
22741:Bill (United States Congress)
21200:All Supreme Court nominations
19964:Royal Exchange, New York City
19846:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
19367:McCloskey, Robert G. (2005).
19296:. Stanford University Press.
18957:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
18765:West, Sonja (March 1, 2024).
18653:Mauro, Tony (March 9, 2010).
18447:Adam Cohen (March 21, 2004).
18087:Gold, Scott (June 14, 2005).
17405:Litt, David (July 24, 2022).
16881:(2). Rochester, NY: 197β218.
16167:Wang, Amy B. (May 11, 2023).
15922:Jones, Dustin (May 5, 2023).
15064:The Christian Science Monitor
14789:Quinn, Colm (March 8, 2024).
14229:. pp. 2A. Archived from
10193:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
9623:The Christian Science Monitor
9340:"The Winner in Bush v. Gore?"
9304:Kamiya, Gary (July 5, 2001).
8323:"Supreme Court gets makeover"
7399:Ashmore, Anne (August 2006).
7259:"The Court as an Institution"
7063:
7051:Trump v. United States (2024)
6934:(2000, presidential election)
6575:. The Court is considering a
6479:Ruling on political questions
5791:. Lower courts, by contrast,
5758:William & Mary Law School
5331:
4910:). A more unusual example is
4044:Common good constitutionalism
3668:
3464:27 years, 331 days
3398:18 years, 263 days
3338:30 years, 163 days
2720:'s father was born in Italy.
2224:18 years, 237 days
2152:32 years, 337 days
2080:18 years, 361 days
1950:
1526:nomination of Merrick Garland
967:segregation in public schools
775:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
24026:Government Publishing Office
23494:Technological and industrial
22296:United States Virgin Islands
21585:G. H. W. Bush
21520:G. H. W. Bush
21271:G. H. W. Bush
20012:Code of Conduct for Justices
19202:The New York Review of Books
16327:Biden, Joe (July 29, 2024).
15296:Green, Jamal (May 7, 2019).
13605:Mauro, Tony (July 4, 2006).
13205:Glick, Joshua (April 2003).
12875:"A Supreme Case of Contempt"
12431:"An Invisible Chief Justice"
11593:; Spaeth, Harold J. (2002).
11049:. American Bar Association.
10912:Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
8826:U.S. News & World Report
8625:"Teach the Bible? Of course"
8518:U.S. News & World Report
8078:U.S. News & World Report
8032:; Randall K. Miller (1989).
7673:U.S. News & World Report
6868:(1971, freedom of the press)
6852:(1967, interracial marriage)
6828:(1963, right to an attorney)
6599:is of similar importance to
5500:, Brett Kavanaugh for Judge
4898:but also three other cases:
4848:. The individual volumes of
4339:District of Columbia Circuit
4299:in criminal cases, writs of
4253:Justices as circuit justices
4170:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
3633:. Back row (left to right):
3489:age and service requirements
2588:3 years, 333 days
2512:5 years, 354 days
2440:7 years, 167 days
2368:14 years, 48 days
2296:15 years, 47 days
1914:. In April 2021, during the
508:, the court established its
7:
25498:Women's reproductive health
24464:Federally recognized tribes
24327:Public utilities commission
24231:Public Health Service Corps
24134:Code of Federal Regulations
24016:Congressional Budget Office
23870:Central Intelligence Agency
23776:Water supply and sanitation
23203:Declaration of Independence
22333:Courts of the United States
20030:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
19969:Old City Hall, Philadelphia
19831:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
19447:Nomination and confirmation
19373:University of Chicago Press
19030:Rehnquist, William (1987).
18132:The New York Times Magazine
17532:Quinn, Colm (May 4, 2022).
17407:"A Court Without Precedent"
17008:The New York Times Magazine
15866:Center for Public Integrity
14435:. NBC Universal Media LLC.
12265:. Graphics by Elena MejΓa.
12089:. Oxford University Press.
8611:American people to recite.'
8487:(UPI). September 25, 1971.
7117:. This was narrowed by the
6904:(1974, executive privilege)
6789:Brown v. Board of Education
6720:(1824, interstate commerce)
6639:
6577:Presidential immunity claim
6550:
6361:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
6324:juries in the United States
6239:Brown v. Board of Education
6225:criticized the decision in
5788:
5558:Criticism and controversies
5528:Politicization of the court
5390:, hired in 1944 by Justice
5386:The first female clerk was
5244:(1970) β overturned by the
5232:(1937) β overturned by the
5220:(1875) β overturned by the
5208:(1895) β overturned by the
5192:(1857) β overturned by the
5180:(1793) β overturned by the
5156:Brown v. Board of Education
4871:As of March 2012, the
4721:
4614:, and water rights between
3938:Right to keep and bear arms
3482:
3163:in 2020 after the death of
2993:descent, and almost always
2652:2 years, 86 days
1512:to the seat left vacant by
1267:). The court's decision in
1264:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1005:). It recognized a general
980:Brown v. Board of Education
810:U.S. Supreme Court Building
190:
10:
25935:
24676:Red states and blue states
24581:City commission government
24576:Councilβmanager government
22542:Coast Guard Legal Division
21624:Supreme Court demographics
19453:
19369:The American Supreme Court
19312:. New York: Anchor books.
18470:power, not legal analysis.
17461:Sunstein, Carl R. (1991).
17226:libguides.law.illinois.edu
14419:The Life of Andrew Jackson
14127:. Georgetown Law Library.
13321:November 16, 2023, at the
12379:. CNBC. October 22, 2018.
11794:O'Brien, David M. (2003).
10685:"Article III, Section One"
10066:"Justices 1789 to Present"
8768:"The Antitrust Revolution"
8485:United Press International
6690:
6502:
5817:
5622:
5335:
5301:Dames & Moore v. Regan
5269:restricts the jurisdiction
5118:Section 1 of Article Three
4972:
4894:actually decided not only
4748:Concurring in the judgment
4596:determine issues of fact.
4521:, commonly referred to as
4503:
4499:
4168:(through certiorari), the
4158:certiorari before judgment
3948:Criminal procedural rights
3672:
3480:
3474:
3111:
2723:At least six justices are
2685:
1954:
1904:presidency of Donald Trump
1896:Senate Judiciary Committee
1458:Senate Judiciary Committee
1426:United States Constitution
1402:
1174:). It also wavered on the
1078:
1049:right to appointed counsel
992:Green v. County School Bd.
929:Korematsu v. United States
785:
644:
519:
406:It was while debating the
375:
371:
25685:
25511:
25384:
25316:
24969:
24965:
24956:
24904:
24769:
24760:
24656:
24627:
24604:
24543:
24510:
24501:
24444:
24432:Comparison of governments
24407:
24370:
24347:
24263:
24243:
24174:
24112:
24034:
23957:
23815:
23806:
23802:
23793:
23515:
23506:
23451:
23411:Post-Cold War (1991β2008)
23252:drafting and ratification
23225:Articles of Confederation
23138:
23072:
23063:
22889:
22866:Law School Admission Test
22851:
22829:
22774:
22763:
22752:
22706:
22639:
22603:
22582:
22575:
22554:
22534:
22518:
22497:
22481:
22460:
22451:
22437:Manual for Courts-Martial
22428:
22417:
22398:
22380:
22325:
22304:
22260:
21977:
21957:
21880:
21869:
21681:
21643:
21638:Links to related articles
21617:
21554:Appointment controversies
21553:
21475:F. D. Roosevelt
21304:
21226:F. D. Roosevelt
21191:
21130:
20480:
20467:
20450:
20170:
20157:
20074:
19987:
19948:
19859:
19841:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
19806:
19798:Burial places of justices
19734:
19619:
19591:
19521:
19464:
19424:
18888:This section needs to be
18721:Literary Review of Canada
18281:"Gamble v. United States"
17982:No. 22 (quote: 4th para)"
17944:No. 56 (quote: 6th para)"
17283:Thomas, Clarence (1989).
16923:10.1177/00027162211061124
14586:Peppers, Todd C. (2006).
13441:James, Robert A. (1998).
12606:by Clare Cushman (2008).
12475:. SUNY Press. p. 9.
11575:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11012:"The New Deal in Decline"
10918:November 5, 2020, at the
10882:10.1017/S1049096508080542
10717:. fjc.gov. Archived from
9618:"A Bad Day for Democracy"
9233:Lindenberger, Michael A.
8856:"Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose"
8036:. Duke University Press.
7634:by James MacGregor Burns)
7004:tribal reservation rights
6990:(2020, discrimination on
6987:Bostock v. Clayton County
6982:(2015, same-sex marriage)
6966:(2013, same-sex marriage)
6530:televising Court hearings
6460:laboratories of democracy
6270:applies to corporations.
5669:
5619:Composition and selection
5369:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
4904:Westover v. United States
4807:This section needs to be
4531:and the non-mover is the
4259:circuit courts of appeals
4222:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
3470:
3427:San Francisco, California
3254:
3251:
3248:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1642:
1481:, nominated by President
1218:United States v. Virginia
1206:Seminole Tribe v. Florida
1065:suits by public figures (
824:in 1937, photographed by
769:Selective Draft Law Cases
752:), grappled with the new
601:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
238:
228:
221:
207:
196:
186:
176:
159:
120:
104:
86:
52:
48:
39:
34:
25451:Prescription drug prices
24571:Mayorβcouncil government
24561:Coterminous municipality
24551:Consolidated city-county
24317:Agriculture commissioner
23967:House of Representatives
23875:National Security Agency
23525:Contiguous United States
22700:Law of the United States
22390:Law of the United States
22286:Northern Mariana Islands
21192:Supreme Court candidates
20096:United States portal
20040:Supreme Court in fiction
19349:Toobin, Jeffrey (2007).
19308:Toobin, Jeffrey (2013).
18660:The National Law Journal
17851:– via Wikisource.
17697:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17668:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
17639:Thomas, Suja A. (2016).
13874:. CNN. October 3, 2019.
13816:the Pentagon papers case
13814:lasted three hours; and
12883:American Bar Association
12040:The Supreme Court Review
11743:August 14, 2020, at the
11454:"Sam Alito: A Civil Man"
10233:Concurring in denial of
10101:. Jurist. Archived from
7456:, p. 101 (Penguin 2006).
7323:American Bar Association
6963:United States v. Windsor
6958:(2010, campaign finance)
6912:(1976, campaign finance)
6736:(1883, civil rights law)
6382:which both weakened the
6309:
5831:increasing the disparity
5721:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
5480:, Elena Kagan for Judge
5412:federal court of appeals
5164:(1974) to surrender the
4211:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4202:Supreme Court of Florida
4148:federal courts of appeal
4019:Political process theory
3717:, but maintains its own
3715:Architect of the Capitol
3255:Tenure (active service)
2735:. It is unclear whether
1920:House of Representatives
1918:, some Democrats in the
1725:Alexandria Ocasia-Cortez
1712:House of Representatives
1691:Article Three, Section 1
1620:No U.S. president since
1542:Not every Supreme Court
1343:United States v. Windsor
1248:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1212:City of Boerne v. Flores
1158:) but divided deeply on
25919:National supreme courts
25536:Criticism of government
24881:Social welfare programs
24474:State-recognized tribes
23459:Outline of U.S. history
23171:Continental Association
22555:Non-judicial punishment
21950:Highest judicial bodies
21560:L. B. Johnson
21495:L. B. Johnson
21246:L. B. Johnson
19353:. New York: Doubleday.
19327:Greenburg, Jan Crawford
19178:Biskupic, Joan (2023).
18944:Congressional Quarterly
18938:Congressional Quarterly
18935:and Elder Witt (1997).
17946:. Independent Journal.
17872:. Independent Journal.
17845:Madison, James (1789).
17390:"Judicial activism" in
13848:. Talking Points Memo.
12690:"Visiting-Capitol-Hill"
12571:"Judicial Compensation"
11864:Smithsonian Institution
11633:Encyclopædia Britannica
10715:Federal Judicial Center
10610:. Independent Journal.
10608:"The Federalist No. 78"
10578:Carolina Academic Press
10558:Carolina Academic Press
10263:CRS Report for Congress
9770:. Heritage Foundation.
8989:The Wall Street Journal
8965:Oxford University Press
8408:The Wall Street Journal
7924:The Wall Street Journal
7573:"Don't Do It, Justices"
7348:Pigott, Robert (2014).
7228:The Heritage Foundation
7191:The Heritage Foundation
7147:The Heritage Foundation
7079:; Seidman, Guy (2001).
6971:Shelby County v. Holder
6833:Griswold v. Connecticut
6820:in U.S. public schools)
6704:(1803, judicial review)
6468:Gamble v. United States
6304:American exceptionalism
6274:Outdated and an outlier
6167:less pertinent examples
6091:Equal Protection Clause
6037:Griswold v. Connecticut
6020:substantive due process
5899:less pertinent examples
5607:ruling that overturned
5547:University of Cambridge
5304:(1981), and notably in
5234:Twenty-fourth Amendment
5034:
4857:Final bound volumes of
4604:a jury, in this case a
4305:, and applications for
4014:Substantive due process
3171:and associate justices
2332:New York City, New York
2260:New York City, New York
1932:presidential commission
1744:John Marshall Harlan II
1557:John Marshall Harlan II
1555:'s first nomination of
1471:John Marshall Harlan II
1012:Griswold v. Connecticut
971:Equal Protection Clause
915:United States v. Butler
742:some guarantees of the
709:substantive due process
398:, before moving to the
300:presidential directives
92:; 235 years ago
25598:Environmental movement
25441:Health insurance costs
25336:Educational attainment
24861:Federal Reserve System
24819:Science and technology
24322:Insurance commissioner
23860:Intelligence Community
23555:minor outlying islands
23318:Civil rights movement
21194:and nomination results
21137:
20457:
19956:Supreme Court Building
18347:(September 23, 2007).
17467:Connecticut Law Review
16810:. September 24, 2019.
15955:"Friends of the Court"
15018:10.1126/sciadv.adk9590
14827:(September 17, 2008).
14161:University Libraries.
14159:University of Maryland
13812:United States v. Nixon
13639:(September 25, 2008).
12850:United States v. Shipp
12466:Ward, Artemus (2003).
11459:The American Spectator
11153:(September 26, 2020).
11041:Hodak, George (2007).
10591:Oxford J Legal Studies
10450:(September 10, 2007).
10416:(September 26, 2007).
8985:"A Supreme Revelation"
8239:White, Edward Douglass
8138:"Liberty of Contract?"
7676:. 2003. Archived from
7181:Pushaw, Robert J. Jr.
7115:Article III, Section 2
6955:Citizens United v. FEC
6901:United States v. Nixon
6725:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6712:(1819, implied powers)
6632:Moyle v. United States
6116:. However, outside of
6112:for incorporating the
6003:
5934:under the doctrine of
5859:
5814:Democratic backsliding
5716:Trump v. United States
5587:democratic backsliding
5396:William T. Coleman Jr.
5325:United States v. Nixon
5285:United States v. Klein
5246:Twenty-sixth Amendment
5189:Dred Scott v. Sandford
5161:United States v. Nixon
5059:
4999:is the volume number,
4959:Supreme Court Reporter
4924:Supreme Court Reporter
4783:United States v. Alcoa
4763:Running of the Interns
4700:
4611:New Jersey v. Delaware
4578:United States v. Texas
4568:and deals solely with
4142:Appellate jurisdiction
4105:United States v. Shipp
4090:The Supreme Court has
4039:Strict constructionism
3943:Right to trial by jury
3933:Freedom of association
3692:
3650:
3361:Melrose, Massachusetts
3301:Sacramento, California
3156:
3025:was joined in 2009 by
2986:
1854:, Congress passed the
1760:William Henry Harrison
1687:
1604:When the Senate is in
1539:
1421:
1200:United States v. Lopez
1138:
909:United States v. Darby
869:
858:James Clark McReynolds
813:
720:Adair v. United States
684:Dred Scott v. Sandford
546:
468:for chief justice and
403:
387:
331:Supreme Court Building
268:appellate jurisdiction
25424:Immigrant health care
24939:Transportation safety
24934:Transportation policy
24924:Public transportation
23994:President pro tempore
23850:Executive departments
23619:National Park Service
23274:Territorial evolution
21828:Saint Kitts and Nevis
21344:J. Q. Adams
21307:judicial appointments
21136:
20456:
20304:Edward Douglass White
20051:United States Reports
20000:original jurisdiction
19884:Reporter of Decisions
19851:Judiciary Act of 1869
19826:Judiciary Act of 1802
19821:Judiciary Act of 1801
19816:Judiciary Act of 1789
19583:Ketanji Brown Jackson
19499:Grant, vacate, remand
19489:Cert. before judgment
19213:(January 19, 2017) .
19088:Little, Brown and Co.
19086:(3 volumes). Boston:
18925:June 5, 2017, at the
18543:www.brennancenter.org
18511:(September 1, 2021).
18015:The Federalist Papers
17976:(December 14, 1787).
17199:The Volokh Conspiracy
16808:www.brennancenter.org
16767:(November 14, 2023).
16730:(November 21, 2023).
16668:(November 14, 2023).
16608:(November 14, 2023).
15663:. September 7, 2023.
15182:(2023). "Chapter 6".
15154:. Ecco. p. 345.
14761:Vanderbilt Law Review
14713:(September 7, 2010).
14664:Chace, James (2007).
14415:The American Conflict
14062:United States Reports
13840:California v. Arizona
13503:Georgia v. Brailsford
13298:May 10, 2023, at the
13287:May 11, 2023, at the
13267:May 10, 2023, at the
13256:May 11, 2023, at the
13227:on September 25, 2018
12716:"How The Court Works"
12429:(September 9, 2010).
12113:(February 25, 2022).
11309:. Ecco. p. 352.
10937:"Judges on Horseback"
10721:on September 15, 2012
10377:(September 5, 2023).
10022:"Mr. Justice Stanton"
9548:The American Prospect
9338:(December 18, 2000).
9162:"Casing John Roberts"
8898:. November 12, 1998.
8730:"Guilt and Mr. Meese"
8441:(December 14, 2004).
8102:Irons, Peter (2006).
7798:(December 13, 2000).
7753:. February 27, 1893.
7690:With his decision in
7680:on September 20, 2003
7627:"Black Robe Politics"
7321:. Chicago, Illinois:
7217:Watson, Bradley C. S.
7085:Notre Dame Law Review
7056:Presidential immunity
6974:(2013, voting rights)
6876:(1972, contraception)
6836:(1965, contraception)
6709:McCulloch v. Maryland
6503:Further information:
6499:Secretive proceedings
6411:The Federalist Papers
6063:Some experts such as
5996:
5950:Slaughter-House Cases
5854:
5551:Vanderbilt Law Review
5441:, Stephen Breyer for
5336:Further information:
5051:
4973:Further information:
4908:California v. Stewart
4846:Reporter of Decisions
4837:United States Reports
4695:
4598:Georgia v. Brailsford
4589:Georgia v. Brailsford
4583:Virginia v. Tennessee
4488:Chief Justice Roberts
4392:Chief Justice Roberts
4344:Chief Justice Roberts
4086:Original jurisdiction
3682:
3647:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3612:
3503:Seniority and seating
3475:Further information:
3146:
3129:Judicial Common Space
3089:(1939β1962), born in
3081:(1922β1939), born in
3057:(1793β1806), born in
3049:(1790β1799), born in
2991:Northwestern European
2984:
2955:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2793:; plus Samuel Alito,
2610:Ketanji Brown Jackson
1985:Appointed by (party)
1872:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1865:Judiciary Act of 1869
1856:Judicial Circuits Act
1824:Judiciary Act of 1802
1809:Judiciary Act of 1789
1704:judicial independence
1685:
1659:James MacGregor Burns
1569:Department of Justice
1534:
1412:
1096:
997:legislative districts
946:was soon repudiated (
890:Franklin D. Roosevelt
819:
807:
764:military conscription
635:judicial independence
607:McCulloch v. Maryland
541:
446:Judiciary Act of 1789
393:
385:
319:Judiciary Act of 1789
288:original jurisdiction
144:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
71:38.89056Β°N 77.00444Β°W
25593:Environmental issues
25258:Political ideologies
25157:Indigenous languages
24357:List of legislatures
24154:separation of powers
23855:Independent agencies
23781:World Heritage Sites
23416:September 11 attacks
23339:SpanishβAmerican War
23279:MexicanβAmerican War
23235:Confederation period
23166:Continental Congress
22876:Admission to the bar
22726:Separation of powers
22276:District of Columbia
21979:State supreme courts
21952:in the United States
21595:G. W. Bush
21530:G. W. Bush
21281:G. W. Bush
20336:Charles Evans Hughes
19877:Supreme Court Police
19442:Ideological leanings
19371:(4th ed.). Chicago:
19241:10.2139/ssrn.2463244
19063:"The Court Building"
18942:. Washington, D.C.:
18715:(November 1, 2008).
18181:place β Samuel Alito
15476:Smithsonian Magazine
15418:(February 1, 2017).
15348:Litt, David (2020).
15150:Litt, David (2020).
14251:on February 21, 2014
13777:(October 17, 2017).
13117:: 368β369, 387β390.
12985:McKusick, Vincent L.
12856:203 U.S. 563
12664:"Visiting the Court"
12575:United States Courts
11866:. October 21, 2015.
11427:www.supremecourt.gov
11333:(February 1, 2017).
11305:Litt, David (2020).
11101:. October 17, 2019.
10642:The Yale Law Journal
10520:(February 9, 2009).
10231:William H. Pryor Jr.
10105:on December 18, 2007
9828:www.supremecourt.gov
9626:. January 22, 2010.
9541:(October 10, 2016).
9352:on November 22, 2010
9336:Krauthammer, Charles
8736:. January 31, 1987.
8588:"America's Holy War"
8586:(December 9, 1991).
8144:on November 22, 2009
7968:on December 19, 2008
7848:. February 3, 1901.
7784:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
7571:(October 24, 2004).
7226:. Washington, D.C.:
7189:. Washington, D.C.:
7145:. Washington, D.C.:
6979:Obergefell v. Hodges
6893:Miller v. California
6825:Gideon v. Wainwright
6762:forced sterilization
6562:constitutional court
6491:the presidency over
6389:West Virginia v. EPA
6384:Establishment Clause
6209:Fourteenth Amendment
6069:N.Y.U. School of Law
6056:Obergefell v. Hodges
5708:a prominent law firm
5229:Breedlove v. Suttles
5222:Nineteenth Amendment
5198:Fourteenth Amendment
5194:Thirteenth Amendment
5139:Worcester v. Georgia
5044:Institutional powers
4736:Opinion of the court
4572:. There are however
4135:writs of prohibition
4118:John Marshall Harlan
3988:Comprehensible rules
3958:Freedom from slavery
3918:Freedom of the press
3862:Government structure
3824:Separation of powers
3768:of the United States
3721:, separate from the
3719:Supreme Court Police
3531:improve this article
3246:Birthdate and place
3215:courts, usually the
3151:president and red a
1982:birthdate and place
1622:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1564:of President Trump.
1349:Obergefell v. Hodges
1333:Massachusetts v. EPA
1044:Gideon v. Wainwright
975:Fourteenth Amendment
934:Pledge of Allegiance
932:) and the mandatory
830:Charles Evans Hughes
746:against the states (
736:Fourteenth Amendment
408:separation of powers
359:opinion of the court
25436:Health care finance
24929:Rail transportation
24695:Imperial presidency
24417:State constitutions
24362:List of legislators
24312:Auditor/Comptroller
24285:Lieutenant governor
24011:Library of Congress
23902:Diplomatic Security
23545:Indian reservations
23208:American Revolution
22816:International Trade
22443:Convening authority
21848:Trinidad and Tobago
21693:Antigua and Barbuda
20320:William Howard Taft
20045:Supreme Court leaks
19511:In-chambers opinion
19127:Vladeck, Stephen I.
18451:. Opinion section.
18419:The Washington Post
18349:"Meet the Supremes"
18242:on December 4, 2010
18164:The Washington Post
18019:. New York Packet.
17984:. New York Packet.
17974:Hamilton, Alexander
17909:Independent Journal
17870:"Federalist No. 28"
17756:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
17052:on October 23, 2008
16728:Gersen, Jeannie Suk
16333:The Washington Post
15804:The Washington Post
15186:. New York: Crown.
15009:2024SciA...10K9590L
14748:William E. Nelson;
14466:The Washington Post
12749:"Calendar Info/Key"
12726:on February 3, 2014
12639:on October 30, 2009
12405:David N. Atkinson,
11860:"The Four Justices"
11703:The Washington Post
11626:Schumacher, Alvin.
10746:The Huffington Post
10638:Prakash, Saikrishna
10604:Hamilton, Alexander
10422:The Huffington Post
10312:. pp. 34, 35.
10130:The Huffington Post
9655:The Washington Post
9433:The Washington Post
8932:The Washington Post
8868:on October 14, 2010
8781:(3). Archived from
8600:on November 2, 2007
8560:on October 13, 2009
8524:on November 6, 2009
8366:The Washington Post
7885:The Washington Post
7638:The Washington Post
7578:The Washington Post
7113:U.S. Constitution,
6917:Chevron v. N.R.D.C.
6873:Eisenstadt v. Baird
6782:Japanese internment
6749:Lochner v. New York
6473:separate sovereigns
6163:improve the article
6104:referred to it as '
6081:, law professor at
6067:, law professor at
5986:detainees, arguing
5930:(1896) that upheld
5895:improve the article
5738:wrote an op-ed for
5589:becomes entrenched
5423:Frederick M. Vinson
5406:or a member of the
5307:Goldwater v. Carter
5217:Minor v. Happersett
5210:Sixteenth Amendment
5177:Chisholm v. Georgia
5090:checks and balances
4912:The Telephone Cases
4900:Vignera v. New York
4566:the facts of a case
4552:state supreme court
4267:in-chambers opinion
4242:DeFunis v. Odegaard
4216:per curiam decision
4162:certified questions
4004:Living Constitution
3923:Freedom of assembly
3908:Freedom of religion
3707:Library of Congress
3659:order of precedence
3493:Compensation Clause
3240:
3165:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3011:Sandra Day O'Connor
2821:Position or office
2696:justices (Justices
2188:Trenton, New Jersey
1976:
1816:Midnight Judges Act
1700:impeachment process
1600:Recess appointments
1536:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1430:Appointments Clause
1420:to be chief justice
1317:Gonzales v. Carhart
1238:Clinton v. New York
1123:Sandra Day O'Connor
1103:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
866:Willis Van Devanter
838:Benjamin N. Cardozo
714:Lochner v. New York
566:Chisholm v. Georgia
402:in Washington, D.C.
366:writs of certiorari
280:U.S. constitutional
197:Number of positions
149:38.89056; -77.00444
140: /
76:38.89056; -77.00444
67: /
25546:affirmative action
25519:Capital punishment
25478:Poverty and health
25473:Physician shortage
25446:Health care prices
25376:Standard of living
25059:standard of living
24866:Financial position
24493:Hawaiian home land
24481:Indian reservation
24454:Tribal sovereignty
24297:Secretary of state
24166:United States Code
24082:Territorial courts
24054:Associate Justices
23939:Inspector generals
23426:War in Afghanistan
23289:Reconstruction era
23156:Stamp Act Congress
22912:Child sexual abuse
22902:Administrative law
22746:United States Code
22708:Constitutional law
22317:Philippine Islands
21758:Dominican Republic
21138:
20474:Associate justices
20458:
19807:Statutes affecting
19749:Associate justices
19543:Associate justices
19437:Court demographics
19197:Tribe, Laurence H.
19082:, Charles (1924).
18997:Harvard Law Review
18628:PublicMind.fdu.edu
18453:The New York Times
18353:The New York Times
18199:The New York Times
18056:The New York Times
17796:The New York Times
17506:The New York Times
17340:www.britannica.com
17001:(April 24, 2005).
16888:10.1111/lapo.12237
16836:(April 25, 2023).
16675:The New York Times
16208:The New York Times
15986:The New York Times
15835:The New York Times
15765:The New York Times
15541:The New York Times
15416:Stone, Geoffrey R.
15094:The New York Times
14859:(March 26, 2012).
14857:Stone, Geoffrey R.
14833:The New York Times
14722:The New York Times
14233:on March 23, 2013.
14227:Melbourne, Florida
14190:Volume LXXI, No. 2
14155:lib.guides.umd.edu
14125:law.georgetown.edu
13901:Tushnet, Mark, ed.
13686:The New York Times
13648:The New York Times
13214:Cardozo Law Review
13110:Stetson Law Review
12805:The New York Times
12798:(March 21, 2016).
12696:on August 21, 2016
12535:10.1353/dem.0.0100
12436:The New York Times
12119:The New York Times
11990:"Bias and Judging"
11768:The New York Times
11217:. April 15, 2021.
11010:Mintz, S. (2007).
10491:The New York Times
10456:The New York Times
10029:The Federal Lawyer
9927:The New York Times
9798:The Law Dictionary
9730:The New York Times
9691:The New York Times
9588:The New York Times
9509:The New York Times
9471:The New York Times
9282:on August 22, 2009
9204:The New York Times
9166:The New York Times
9158:Amar, Vikram David
9128:The New York Times
9094:The New York Times
9059:The New York Times
9024:The New York Times
8991:. April 19, 2008.
8896:The New York Times
8734:The New York Times
8635:on August 20, 2009
8481:The New York Times
8447:The New York Times
8321:(March 29, 2005).
8273:Siegan, Bernard H.
8000:The New York Times
7994:(April 10, 1996).
7881:"The Supreme Quiz"
7846:The New York Times
7751:The New York Times
7692:Marbury v. Madison
7435:Georgia Law Review
7374:"Building History"
7119:Eleventh Amendment
7032:affirmative action
6999:McGirt v. Oklahoma
6950:(2008, gun rights)
6849:Loving v. Virginia
6841:Miranda v. Arizona
6769:Wickard v. Filburn
6741:Plessy v. Ferguson
6733:Civil Rights Cases
6701:Marbury v. Madison
6595:, argues that the
6465:More recently, in
6427:federal government
6406:Alexander Hamilton
6205:Due Process Clause
6108:,' preferring the
6074:Loving v. Virginia
6004:
5975:Boumediene v. Bush
5955:Reconstruction era
5944:Civil Rights Cases
5937:separate but equal
5927:Plessy v. Ferguson
5651:Federalist Society
5518:Laurence Silberman
5392:William O. Douglas
5319:Steel Seizure Case
5241:Oregon v. Mitchell
5182:Eleventh Amendment
5085:Marbury v. Madison
5076:Alexander Hamilton
5060:
5055:Marbury v. Madison
4891:Miranda v. Arizona
4879:Parents v. Seattle
4790:Published opinions
4701:
4621:Kansas v. Colorado
4556:Miranda v. Arizona
4228:Cohens v. Virginia
4204:declined to grant
4024:Judicial restraint
3983:Right to candidacy
3870:Legislative branch
3766:Constitutional law
3693:
3685:Old Senate Chamber
3651:
3357:September 17, 1939
3238:
3157:
3125:Martin-Quinn score
3097:(now in Austria).
2987:
2959:Vice Chair of the
2682:Court demographics
2618:September 14, 1970
2116:Pin Point, Georgia
2077:September 29, 2005
2000:length of service
1974:
1888:court-packing plan
1716:William O. Douglas
1688:
1671:Alexander Hamilton
1637:pro-forma sessions
1540:
1463:Harlan Fiske Stone
1438:advice and consent
1422:
1286:federal preemption
1160:affirmative action
1139:
1058:Miranda v. Arizona
955:Steel Seizure Case
903:Wickard v. Filburn
896:(most prominently
870:
814:
749:Gitlow v. New York
693:Reconstruction era
689:American Civil War
641:From Taney to Taft
591:Marbury v. Madison
571:Eleventh Amendment
547:
478:Robert H. Harrison
416:national judiciary
404:
388:
351:advice and consent
327:associate justices
272:U.S. federal court
266:. It has ultimate
243:September 29, 2005
160:Composition method
90:March 4, 1789
25727:
25726:
25721:
25720:
25681:
25680:
25677:
25676:
25647:National security
25356:Income inequality
25236:Statue of Liberty
25039:income inequality
24952:
24951:
24944:Trucking industry
24756:
24755:
24752:
24751:
24683:Foreign relations
24671:Electoral College
24652:
24651:
24440:
24439:
24392:District attorney
24239:
24238:
24066:Courts of appeals
23789:
23788:
23502:
23501:
23443:COVID-19 pandemic
23396:Feminist Movement
23242:American frontier
23161:Thirteen Colonies
23022:
23021:
22847:
22846:
22802:
22666:
22665:
22662:
22661:
22550:
22549:
22342:
22341:
22312:Panama Canal Zone
21916:
21915:
21630:
21629:
21445:T. Roosevelt
21147:
21146:
21143:
21142:
20463:
20462:
20416:William Rehnquist
20116:
20115:
19735:Lists of justices
19578:Amy Coney Barrett
19360:978-0-385-51640-2
19319:978-0-307-39071-4
19302:978-0-8047-8472-6
19285:978-0-8050-9909-6
19189:978-0-06-305278-9
19162:978-1-6680-0606-1
19140:978-1-5416-0263-2
19111:978-0-7432-7402-9
19032:The Supreme Court
18989:978-0-19-530917-1
18970:978-0-19-505835-2
18929:(2013 ed.) (PDF).
18909:
18908:
18713:Christopher Moore
18630:. March 9, 2010.
18488:Los Angeles Times
18234:(July 19, 2005).
18093:Los Angeles Times
17708:978-1-316-61803-5
17679:978-1-107-05565-0
17650:978-1-316-61803-5
17610:978-0-7432-7402-9
17583:978-1-6680-0606-1
17192:(June 28, 2022).
17105:Los Angeles Times
17046:Los Angeles Times
16413:(June 26, 2024).
16357:. July 29, 2024.
16265:(July 12, 2024).
15759:(June 22, 2016).
15359:978-0-06-287936-3
15193:978-0-593-44307-1
15161:978-0-06-287936-3
14965:(June 10, 2024).
14677:978-0-684-80843-7
14638:978-0-8147-9404-3
14599:978-0-8047-5382-1
14541:978-0-19-505835-2
14401:978-0-19-505835-2
14346:(June 27, 2024).
14317:978-0-19-530917-1
13924:Kessler, Robert.
13913:978-0-8070-0036-6
13758:Politico Magazine
13174:Gutman, Jeffrey.
12953:Linder, Douglas.
12482:978-0-7914-5651-4
12427:Greenhouse, Linda
12407:Leaving the Bench
11811:978-0-393-93218-8
11678:on March 20, 2017
11612:978-0-521-78971-4
11591:Segal, Jeffrey A.
11423:"Current Members"
11368:Los Angeles Times
11362:(April 4, 2019).
11339:Los Angeles Times
11316:978-0-06-287936-3
11249:. April 2, 2022.
10806:. July 10, 2024.
10606:(June 14, 1788).
10593:2015 35: 627β663.
10518:Levinson, Sanford
10482:Kakutani, Michiko
10448:Greenhouse, Linda
10272:on April 17, 2020
10227:Evans v. Stephens
10212:978-0-19-505835-2
9886:The Seattle Times
9761:McGinnis, John O.
9723:(June 26, 2008).
9721:Greenhouse, Linda
9581:(July 14, 2009).
9503:(July 24, 2010).
9463:Greenhouse, Linda
9306:"Against the Law"
9198:(April 1, 1999).
9196:Greenhouse, Linda
9160:(July 27, 2005).
8934:. June 29, 1972.
8671:on April 23, 2008
8464:federal action...
8288:978-0-88738-671-8
8209:978-0-253-35159-3
8119:978-0-14-303738-5
7992:Greenhouse, Linda
7901:According to the
7891:on April 29, 2011
7632:Packing the Court
7359:978-0-61599-283-9
7044:Chevron deference
7042:(2024, overruled
6939:Lawrence v. Texas
6896:(1973, obscenity)
6857:Lemon v. Kurtzman
6777:Korematsu v. U.S.
6752:(1905, labor law)
6524:A 2007 review of
6396:Federalism debate
6352:which overturned
6344:Amy Coney Barrett
6254:. More recently,
6188:judicial activism
6184:
6183:
6130:Judicial activism
6120:'s commentary in
6047:Lawrence v. Texas
5982:of the rights of
5966:exclusionary rule
5916:
5915:
5862:Individual rights
5838:white nationalist
5664:Amy Coney Barrett
5635:electoral college
5591:single-party rule
5539:J. Michael Luttig
5494:David B. Sentelle
5447:Thurgood Marshall
5439:Robert H. Jackson
5435:William Rehnquist
5427:John Paul Stevens
5400:Felix Frankfurter
5358:bench memorandums
5279:ex parte McCardle
5110:democratic ideals
5072:Federalist No. 78
5026:Supreme Court bar
4941:(simply known as
4844:is issued by the
4828:
4827:
4493:
4492:
4440:Justice Kavanaugh
4416:Justice Kavanaugh
4368:Justice Sotomayor
4237:advisory opinions
4131:writs of mandamus
4100:contempt of court
4080:
4079:
3928:Right to petition
3913:Freedom of speech
3900:Individual rights
3854:Tiers of scrutiny
3829:Individual rights
3635:Amy Coney Barrett
3607:
3606:
3599:
3581:
3468:
3467:
3329:February 18, 1988
3161:Amy Coney Barrett
3121:SegalβCover score
3108:Judicial leanings
3087:Felix Frankfurter
3079:George Sutherland
3017:became the first
3009:justice in 1967.
3005:became the first
3003:Thurgood Marshall
2979:
2978:
2941:Amy Coney Barrett
2803:Amy Coney Barrett
2708:justice (Justice
2661:
2660:
2536:Amy Coney Barrett
2472:February 12, 1965
2044:Buffalo, New York
1912:Amy Coney Barrett
1794:Size of the court
1780:size of the court
1753:William Rehnquist
1610:Recess appointees
1560:Neil Gorsuch, an
1553:Dwight Eisenhower
1508:'s nomination of
1494:Lyndon B. Johnson
1338:same-sex marriage
1228:Lawrence v. Texas
1181:Furman v. Georgia
1115:John Paul Stevens
1039:exclusionary rule
986:Bolling v. Sharpe
942:). Nevertheless,
862:George Sutherland
506:Independence Hall
462:George Washington
248:
247:
187:Judge term length
181:U.S. Constitution
16:(Redirected from
25926:
25889:
25881:
25880:
25879:
25872:
25864:
25863:
25862:
25855:
25847:
25846:
25845:
25838:
25830:
25829:
25828:
25821:
25813:
25812:
25811:
25804:
25796:
25795:
25794:
25784:
25768:
25767:
25766:
25756:
25755:
25744:
25743:
25735:
25701:
25694:
25581:African American
25463:Health insurance
25351:Household income
25221:National symbols
25152:American English
25125:Federal holidays
25034:household income
24967:
24966:
24963:
24962:
24767:
24766:
24705:Anti-Americanism
24629:Special district
24556:Independent city
24525:County executive
24508:
24507:
24302:Attorney general
24261:
24260:
24250:Federal District
23833:Executive Office
23813:
23812:
23804:
23803:
23800:
23799:
23560:populated places
23540:federal enclaves
23535:federal district
23513:
23512:
23376:American Century
23359:Great Depression
23354:Roaring Twenties
23314:Women's suffrage
23193:Halifax Resolves
23186:Founding Fathers
23181:military history
23146:Pre-colonial era
23070:
23069:
23049:
23042:
23035:
23026:
23025:
22922:Conflict of laws
22796:
22772:
22771:
22758:
22693:
22686:
22679:
22670:
22669:
22580:
22579:
22458:
22457:
22423:
22422:
22385:Military justice
22369:
22362:
22355:
22346:
22345:
21943:
21936:
21929:
21920:
21919:
21875:
21670:
21663:
21656:
21647:
21646:
21634:
21633:
21435:
21427:B. Harrison
21422:
21305:All presidential
21174:
21167:
21160:
21151:
21150:
21126:
21026:
20880:
20818:
20774:
20490:
20469:
20468:
20400:Warren E. Burger
20208:Oliver Ellsworth
20159:
20158:
20149:Justices of the
20143:
20136:
20129:
20120:
20119:
20106:
20105:
20094:
20093:
20092:
20082:
20081:
20058:Lawyers' Edition
19593:Retired justices
19459:
19458:
19411:
19404:
19397:
19388:
19387:
19364:
19343:978-168217-180-6
19323:
19289:
19270:
19252:
19234:
19193:
19174:
19149:Waldman, Michael
19144:
19097:Armstrong, Scott
19076:
19074:
19072:
19067:
19011:, Peter (1999).
18993:
18974:
18904:
18901:
18895:
18883:
18882:
18875:
18865:
18864:
18862:
18860:
18850:
18844:
18843:
18832:
18826:
18825:
18814:
18808:
18807:
18804:Voice of America
18796:
18790:
18789:
18787:
18785:
18762:
18751:
18750:
18743:
18737:
18736:
18734:
18732:
18709:
18703:
18702:
18700:
18698:
18683:
18677:
18676:
18674:
18672:
18650:
18644:
18643:
18641:
18639:
18620:
18614:
18613:
18611:
18609:
18595:The New Republic
18586:
18580:
18579:
18577:
18575:
18560:
18554:
18553:
18551:
18549:
18534:
18528:
18527:
18525:
18523:
18505:
18499:
18498:
18496:
18494:
18479:
18473:
18472:
18466:
18464:
18455:. Archived from
18444:
18438:
18437:
18432:
18430:
18421:. Archived from
18410:
18404:
18403:
18401:
18399:
18379:
18373:
18372:
18366:
18364:
18345:Margolick, David
18341:
18332:
18331:
18329:
18327:
18307:
18301:
18300:
18298:
18296:
18277:
18271:
18270:
18258:
18252:
18251:
18249:
18247:
18228:
18222:
18221:
18212:
18210:
18190:
18184:
18183:
18177:
18175:
18155:
18149:
18148:
18146:
18144:
18122:
18113:
18112:
18106:
18104:
18084:
18078:
18077:
18071:
18069:
18043:
18037:
18036:
18030:
18028:
18008:
18002:
18001:
17995:
17993:
17970:
17964:
17963:
17957:
17955:
17935:
17929:
17928:
17922:
17920:
17896:
17890:
17889:
17883:
17881:
17862:
17856:
17855:
17850:
17842:
17836:
17835:
17833:
17831:
17814:
17808:
17807:
17805:
17803:
17789:(July 2, 2022).
17783:
17777:
17776:
17774:
17772:
17758:(July 3, 2022).
17752:
17746:
17745:
17743:
17741:
17719:
17713:
17712:
17694:
17688:
17687:
17665:
17659:
17658:
17636:
17630:
17629:
17624:
17622:
17594:
17588:
17587:
17570:Waldman, Michael
17566:
17560:
17559:
17553:
17551:
17546:on March 2, 2024
17542:. Archived from
17529:
17523:
17522:
17520:
17518:
17499:(May 29, 1998).
17493:
17487:
17486:
17484:
17482:
17458:
17452:
17451:
17446:
17444:
17435:. Townhall.com.
17428:
17422:
17421:
17419:
17417:
17402:
17396:
17388:See for example
17386:
17380:
17379:
17374:
17372:
17357:
17351:
17350:
17348:
17346:
17332:
17326:
17325:
17323:
17321:
17315:Texas Law Review
17306:
17300:
17299:
17297:
17295:
17280:
17274:
17273:
17271:
17269:
17249:(July 9, 2022).
17243:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17232:
17220:Scully, Conrad.
17217:
17211:
17210:
17208:
17206:
17186:
17180:
17179:
17177:
17175:
17160:
17154:
17153:
17151:
17149:
17134:
17125:
17124:
17118:
17116:
17096:
17090:
17089:
17087:
17085:
17071:
17065:
17064:
17059:
17057:
17048:. Archived from
17037:
17028:
17027:
17022:
17020:
16995:
16989:
16988:
16986:
16984:
16961:
16955:
16954:
16952:
16950:
16905:(January 2022).
16899:
16893:
16892:
16890:
16874:Law & Policy
16864:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16853:
16830:
16824:
16823:
16821:
16819:
16800:
16789:
16788:
16786:
16784:
16761:
16755:
16754:
16752:
16750:
16724:
16718:
16717:
16715:
16713:
16698:
16692:
16691:
16689:
16687:
16662:
16656:
16655:
16653:
16651:
16631:
16625:
16624:
16622:
16620:
16602:
16596:
16595:
16593:
16591:
16563:
16557:
16556:
16554:
16552:
16530:
16524:
16523:
16521:
16519:
16504:
16498:
16497:
16495:
16493:
16473:
16464:
16463:
16461:
16459:
16436:
16430:
16429:
16427:
16425:
16407:
16401:
16400:
16387:
16381:
16380:
16379:. July 29, 2024.
16369:
16363:
16362:
16347:
16341:
16340:
16324:
16318:
16317:
16310:
16304:
16303:
16302:. July 26, 2024.
16296:
16290:
16289:
16287:
16285:
16271:The New Republic
16259:
16253:
16252:
16238:
16232:
16231:
16223:
16217:
16216:
16198:
16192:
16191:
16189:
16187:
16164:
16158:
16157:
16155:
16153:
16138:
16132:
16131:
16129:
16127:
16112:
16103:
16102:
16100:
16098:
16075:
16066:
16065:
16063:
16061:
16049:(May 29, 2024).
16043:
16037:
16036:
16034:
16032:
16009:
16003:
16002:
16000:
15998:
15979:(May 29, 2024).
15973:
15967:
15966:
15964:
15962:
15953:Kaplan, Joshua.
15950:
15944:
15943:
15941:
15939:
15919:
15913:
15912:
15910:
15908:
15888:
15882:
15881:
15879:
15877:
15857:
15851:
15850:
15848:
15846:
15826:
15820:
15819:
15817:
15815:
15795:
15789:
15788:
15786:
15784:
15753:
15747:
15746:
15744:
15742:
15722:
15716:
15715:
15713:
15711:
15691:
15685:
15684:
15682:
15680:
15653:
15647:
15646:
15644:
15642:
15628:The New Republic
15619:
15613:
15612:
15600:
15594:
15593:
15591:
15589:
15569:
15560:
15559:
15557:
15555:
15532:
15526:
15519:
15513:
15512:
15510:
15508:
15493:
15487:
15486:
15484:
15482:
15470:Trickey, Erick.
15467:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15456:
15441:
15435:
15434:
15432:
15430:
15412:
15406:
15405:
15403:
15401:
15387:The New Republic
15378:
15372:
15371:
15345:
15339:
15338:
15336:
15334:
15319:
15313:
15312:
15307:
15305:
15293:
15287:
15286:
15284:
15282:
15267:
15261:
15260:
15258:
15256:
15233:
15227:
15226:
15224:
15222:
15204:
15198:
15197:
15176:Levitsky, Steven
15172:
15166:
15165:
15147:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15133:
15117:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15081:
15075:
15074:
15072:
15070:
15055:
15049:
15048:
15038:
15020:
15003:(10): eadk9590.
14997:Science Advances
14988:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14977:
14959:
14950:
14949:
14947:
14945:
14930:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14919:
14907:(May 23, 2024).
14901:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14890:
14884:
14869:
14853:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14839:
14821:
14812:
14811:
14805:
14803:
14786:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14775:
14770:on July 27, 2010
14769:
14758:
14745:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14734:
14718:
14707:
14694:
14693:
14691:
14689:
14661:
14655:
14654:
14652:
14650:
14622:
14616:
14615:
14613:
14611:
14583:
14568:
14567:
14565:
14563:
14552:
14546:
14545:
14517:
14511:
14510:
14508:
14506:
14497:
14488:
14482:
14481:
14479:
14477:
14458:
14452:
14451:
14446:
14444:
14428:
14422:
14412:
14406:
14405:
14377:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14366:
14352:The New Republic
14340:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14329:
14301:
14290:
14289:
14288:
14286:
14267:
14261:
14260:
14258:
14256:
14241:
14235:
14234:
14212:
14206:
14205:
14203:
14201:
14181:
14175:
14174:
14172:
14170:
14147:
14141:
14140:
14138:
14136:
14117:
14111:
14110:
14108:
14106:
14101:on April 6, 2017
14091:
14085:
14084:
14082:
14080:
14074:
14059:
14051:
14045:
14044:
14042:
14040:
14025:
14019:
14018:
14010:
14004:
13995:
13989:
13980:
13974:
13973:
13971:
13969:
13954:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13943:
13921:
13915:
13894:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13868:
13862:
13861:
13859:
13857:
13837:
13835:
13833:
13800:
13794:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13775:Gabrielson, Ryan
13771:
13762:
13761:
13749:
13736:
13735:
13709:
13703:
13702:
13700:
13698:
13682:
13671:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13644:
13633:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13602:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13534:Yale Law Journal
13524:
13518:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13478:
13472:
13447:
13438:
13432:
13423:
13417:
13404:
13398:
13389:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13375:
13369:
13358:
13350:
13344:
13342:
13332:
13326:
13312:
13303:
13278:
13272:
13247:
13241:
13240:
13234:
13232:
13226:
13220:. Archived from
13211:
13202:
13196:
13195:
13193:
13191:
13171:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13160:
13140:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13129:
13123:
13106:
13097:
13091:
13082:
13073:
13064:
13058:
13049:
13043:
13034:
13028:
13019:
13013:
13012:
13010:
13008:
12993:Maine Law Review
12981:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12970:
12950:
12944:
12943:
12938:
12936:
12912:
12903:
12902:
12896:
12894:
12870:
12859:
12853:
12845:
12839:
12838:
12828:
12822:
12821:
12819:
12817:
12792:
12786:
12785:
12775:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12753:SupremeCourt.gov
12745:
12736:
12735:
12733:
12731:
12712:
12706:
12705:
12703:
12701:
12686:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12675:
12660:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12633:"Plan Your Trip"
12629:
12614:
12594:See for example
12592:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12581:
12567:
12561:
12560:
12546:
12512:
12506:
12505:
12499:
12497:
12491:
12474:
12463:
12457:
12456:
12450:
12448:
12423:
12417:
12403:
12397:
12396:
12390:
12388:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12353:(July 6, 2024).
12347:
12341:
12340:
12338:
12336:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12305:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12274:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12223:
12217:
12216:
12210:
12208:
12186:
12180:
12179:
12173:
12171:
12149:
12143:
12142:
12140:
12138:
12107:
12101:
12100:
12088:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12031:
12020:
12019:
12009:
11985:
11979:
11978:
11968:
11944:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11933:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11906:
11886:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11856:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11842:
11822:
11816:
11815:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11754:
11748:
11734:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11694:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11683:
11668:
11653:
11652:
11647:
11645:
11628:"Roger B. Taney"
11623:
11617:
11616:
11600:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11574:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11551:
11545:
11544:
11538:
11536:
11515:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11499:on July 30, 2017
11482:
11476:
11475:
11473:
11471:
11462:. Archived from
11449:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11419:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11405:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11360:Turley, Jonathan
11356:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11345:
11331:Turley, Jonathan
11327:
11321:
11320:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11269:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11226:
11205:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11182:(July 5, 2022).
11176:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11147:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11121:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11095:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11084:
11069:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11058:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11027:
11007:
11001:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10965:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10948:
10941:
10933:
10927:
10908:
10902:
10901:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10815:
10800:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10771:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10757:
10737:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10707:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10654:10.2307/20455716
10634:
10628:
10627:
10621:
10619:
10600:
10594:
10587:
10581:
10580:, 2006), p. 415.
10567:
10561:
10560:, 2006), p. 291.
10550:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10514:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10503:
10484:(July 6, 2009).
10478:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10410:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10394:
10375:Levitsky, Steven
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10337:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10318:
10311:
10303:
10297:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10279:
10277:
10271:
10260:
10251:
10242:
10223:
10217:
10216:
10190:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10173:
10162:
10153:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10121:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10062:
10056:
10055:
10053:
10051:
10045:
10026:
10017:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10006:
9986:
9980:
9970:
9964:
9953:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9939:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9900:
9898:
9876:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9865:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9790:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9757:
9751:
9750:
9744:
9742:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9705:
9703:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9668:
9666:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9602:
9600:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9562:
9560:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9522:
9520:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9465:(July 1, 2007).
9459:
9453:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9348:. Archived from
9332:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9318:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9287:
9278:. Archived from
9267:
9261:
9260:
9254:
9252:
9247:on June 29, 2008
9243:. Archived from
9230:
9224:
9223:
9217:
9215:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9179:
9177:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9105:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9072:
9070:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9037:
9035:
9015:
9009:
9008:
9002:
9000:
8981:
8975:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8943:
8924:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8907:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8875:
8873:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8839:
8837:
8817:
8811:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8788:on June 21, 2017
8787:
8772:
8766:(October 2008).
8764:Graglia, Lino A.
8760:
8754:
8753:
8747:
8745:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8713:
8711:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8678:
8676:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8642:
8640:
8631:. Archived from
8620:
8614:
8613:
8607:
8605:
8596:. Archived from
8580:
8574:
8573:
8567:
8565:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8531:
8529:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8496:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8460:
8458:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8422:
8420:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8382:
8380:
8374:
8363:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8340:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8302:
8300:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8256:
8254:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8221:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8179:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8086:
8084:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8055:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8013:
8011:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7964:. Archived from
7951:
7945:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7898:
7896:
7877:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7860:
7854:
7843:
7835:
7826:
7825:
7819:
7817:
7808:. Archived from
7788:Stevens, John P.
7780:
7774:
7773:
7767:
7765:
7759:
7748:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7726:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7687:
7685:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7635:
7630:(book review of
7625:(July 5, 2009).
7619:
7613:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7521:(8): 1663β1750.
7515:Yale Law Journal
7507:Manning, John F.
7503:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7489:
7463:
7457:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7405:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7284:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7255:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7178:
7172:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7135:Turley, Jonathan
7131:
7122:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7073:
7022:(2022, firearms)
7014:(2022, abortion)
6909:Buckley v. Valeo
6717:Gibbons v. Ogden
6266:(1978) that the
6236:The decision in
6218:Dobbs v. Jackson
6179:
6176:
6170:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6123:Timbs v. Indiana
5911:
5908:
5902:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5676:Faith and Action
5597:Approval ratings
5576:Dobbs v. Jackson
5571:campaign finance
5502:Walter Stapleton
5474:Leonard I. Garth
5103:Thomas Jefferson
5068:Founding Fathers
4963:Lawyers' Edition
4953:is presented as
4945:), published by
4943:Lawyers' Edition
4823:
4820:
4814:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4667:Written evidence
4471:Eleventh Circuit
4327:
4326:
4314:Court of Appeals
4286:
4072:
4065:
4058:
3968:Equal protection
3953:Right to privacy
3892:Local government
3887:State government
3875:Executive branch
3778:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3621:, Chief Justice
3602:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3539:
3515:
3507:
3461:
3456:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3395:
3390:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3335:
3330:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3241:
3237:
3210:Retired justices
3055:William Paterson
3019:Italian-American
3007:African-American
2815:
2814:
2694:African American
2650:
2622:Washington, D.C.
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2586:
2585:October 27, 2020
2564:
2563:
2562:
2545:
2544:January 28, 1972
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2510:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:Washington, D.C.
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2438:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:Denver, Colorado
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2366:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2294:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2222:
2221:January 31, 2006
2200:
2199:
2198:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2150:
2149:October 23, 1991
2128:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2078:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2040:January 27, 1955
2036:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2021:
1992:
1977:
1973:
1962:Current justices
1892:Democratic Party
1881:
1877:
1861:Ulysses S. Grant
1829:ride the circuit
1772:Millard Fillmore
1751:to the death of
1669:, among others.
1655:Sanford Levinson
1578:Ulysses S. Grant
1574:Edwin M. Stanton
1388:Eighth Amendment
1378:Second Amendment
1260:
1221:), laws against
1187:Gregg v. Georgia
1171:Buckley v. Valeo
1147:
1007:right to privacy
1002:Reynolds v. Sims
613:Gibbons v. Ogden
596:balance of power
516:Early beginnings
450:nation's capital
429:Eventually, the
426:or revise laws.
400:Capitol Building
335:Washington, D.C.
274:cases, and over
217:
214:
166:nomination with
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
114:Washington, D.C.
108:1 First Street,
100:
98:
93:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
44:
32:
31:
21:
25934:
25933:
25929:
25928:
25927:
25925:
25924:
25923:
25894:
25893:
25892:
25882:
25877:
25875:
25871:from Wikisource
25865:
25860:
25858:
25848:
25843:
25841:
25831:
25826:
25824:
25814:
25809:
25807:
25803:from Wiktionary
25797:
25792:
25790:
25787:
25783:sister projects
25780:at Knowledge's
25774:
25764:
25762:
25750:
25738:
25730:
25728:
25723:
25722:
25717:
25704:
25697:
25690:
25673:
25659:Opioid epidemic
25576:Native American
25556:intersex rights
25507:
25503:Life expectancy
25493:Medical deserts
25483:Race and health
25380:
25366:Personal income
25312:
25216:National anthem
25049:personal income
25014:Economic issues
24948:
24900:
24748:
24648:
24637:School district
24623:
24606:Minor divisions
24600:
24539:
24497:
24436:
24422:Statutory codes
24403:
24366:
24343:
24253:
24248:
24235:
24170:
24127:civil liberties
24108:
24099:Other tribunals
24078:District courts
24030:
23989:current members
23972:current members
23953:
23887:Law enforcement
23785:
23498:
23447:
23438:Great Recession
23309:Progressive Era
23299:Native genocide
23230:Perpetual Union
23218:Treaty of Paris
23176:United Colonies
23134:
23059:
23053:
23023:
23018:
22917:Civil procedure
22885:
22843:
22825:
22766:
22759:
22750:
22736:Act of Congress
22710:
22702:
22697:
22667:
22658:
22641:
22635:
22599:
22571:
22562:UCMJ Article 15
22546:
22530:
22514:
22493:
22477:
22447:
22424:
22420:
22415:
22394:
22376:
22373:
22343:
22338:
22321:
22300:
22256:
21973:
21953:
21947:
21917:
21912:
21890:Central America
21876:
21867:
21684:
21677:
21674:
21639:
21631:
21626:
21613:
21549:
21433:
21432:Cleveland
21420:
21419:Cleveland
21394:A. Johnson
21306:
21300:
21193:
21187:
21178:
21148:
21139:
21128:
21127:
21121:
21119:
21021:
20962:J. M. Harlan II
20875:
20813:
20769:
20485:
20476:
20459:
20448:
20447:
20352:Harlan F. Stone
20288:Melville Fuller
20256:Salmon P. Chase
20166:
20153:
20147:
20117:
20112:
20100:
20090:
20088:
20084:Other countries
20070:
19983:
19944:
19855:
19808:
19802:
19781:All nominations
19736:
19730:
19719:Rehnquist Court
19641:Ellsworth Court
19615:
19601:Anthony Kennedy
19587:
19573:Brett Kavanaugh
19558:Sonia Sotomayor
19548:Clarence Thomas
19522:Current members
19517:
19460:
19456:
19451:
19420:
19415:
19385:
19361:
19320:
19286:
19190:
19163:
19141:
19121:
19119:Further reading
19116:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19036:Alfred A. Knopf
18990:
18971:
18927:Wayback Machine
18905:
18899:
18896:
18893:
18884:
18880:
18873:
18868:
18858:
18856:
18852:
18851:
18847:
18834:
18833:
18829:
18816:
18815:
18811:
18798:
18797:
18793:
18783:
18781:
18763:
18754:
18744:
18740:
18730:
18728:
18710:
18706:
18696:
18694:
18684:
18680:
18670:
18668:
18651:
18647:
18637:
18635:
18622:
18621:
18617:
18607:
18605:
18587:
18583:
18573:
18571:
18561:
18557:
18547:
18545:
18535:
18531:
18521:
18519:
18506:
18502:
18492:
18490:
18480:
18476:
18462:
18460:
18459:on May 11, 2011
18445:
18441:
18428:
18426:
18425:on May 13, 2011
18411:
18407:
18397:
18395:
18380:
18376:
18362:
18360:
18342:
18335:
18325:
18323:
18308:
18304:
18294:
18292:
18279:
18278:
18274:
18259:
18255:
18245:
18243:
18229:
18225:
18208:
18206:
18191:
18187:
18173:
18171:
18156:
18152:
18142:
18140:
18123:
18116:
18102:
18100:
18085:
18081:
18067:
18065:
18047:Akhil Reed Amar
18044:
18040:
18026:
18024:
18009:
18005:
17991:
17989:
17971:
17967:
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17784:
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17716:
17709:
17695:
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17680:
17666:
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17611:
17595:
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17584:
17567:
17563:
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17530:
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17514:
17494:
17490:
17480:
17478:
17459:
17455:
17442:
17440:
17429:
17425:
17415:
17413:
17403:
17399:
17387:
17383:
17370:
17368:
17367:on June 5, 2010
17359:
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17147:
17145:
17144:. June 26, 2022
17136:
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17016:
16999:Safire, William
16996:
16992:
16982:
16980:
16962:
16958:
16948:
16946:
16900:
16896:
16865:
16861:
16851:
16849:
16834:Totenberg, Nina
16831:
16827:
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16802:
16801:
16792:
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16709:
16707:Washington Post
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16527:
16517:
16515:
16508:"DocumentCloud"
16506:
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16491:
16489:
16474:
16467:
16457:
16455:
16445:Washington Post
16437:
16433:
16423:
16421:
16408:
16404:
16399:. July 2, 2024.
16389:
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16173:Washington Post
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15597:
15587:
15585:
15578:Washington Post
15570:
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15533:
15529:
15521:Quinn, Melissa
15520:
15516:
15506:
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15242:Washington Post
15234:
15230:
15220:
15218:
15216:Washington Post
15205:
15201:
15194:
15180:Ziblatt, Daniel
15173:
15169:
15162:
15148:
15141:
15131:
15129:
15127:FiveThirtyEight
15118:
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14867:
14863:Citizens United
14854:
14847:
14837:
14835:
14822:
14815:
14801:
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14787:
14783:
14773:
14771:
14767:
14756:
14750:Harvey Rishikof
14746:
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14708:
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14678:
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14609:
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14584:
14571:
14561:
14559:
14554:
14553:
14549:
14542:
14522:Hall, Kermit L.
14518:
14514:
14504:
14502:
14495:
14489:
14485:
14475:
14473:
14462:"Nixon Resigns"
14460:
14459:
14455:
14442:
14440:
14429:
14425:
14413:
14409:
14402:
14382:Hall, Kermit L.
14378:
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14092:
14088:
14078:
14076:
14072:
14057:
14053:
14052:
14048:
14038:
14036:
14029:"Bound Volumes"
14027:
14026:
14022:
14011:
14007:
13996:
13992:
13981:
13977:
13967:
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13853:
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13797:
13787:
13785:
13772:
13765:
13750:
13739:
13726:(3): 995β1032.
13710:
13706:
13696:
13694:
13677:(May 1, 2017).
13672:
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13367:
13356:
13352:
13351:
13347:
13334:
13333:
13329:
13323:Wayback Machine
13313:
13306:
13300:Wayback Machine
13289:Wayback Machine
13279:
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13269:Wayback Machine
13258:Wayback Machine
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12446:
12444:
12424:
12420:
12404:
12400:
12386:
12384:
12375:
12374:
12370:
12351:Totenberg, Nina
12348:
12344:
12334:
12332:
12317:
12313:
12303:
12301:
12286:
12282:
12272:
12270:
12263:FiveThirtyEight
12255:
12251:
12241:
12239:
12224:
12220:
12206:
12204:
12196:FiveThirtyEight
12187:
12183:
12169:
12167:
12150:
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12134:
12108:
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12097:
12086:
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12064:
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11788:
11778:
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11745:Wayback Machine
11735:
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11588:
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11552:
11548:
11534:
11532:
11516:
11512:
11502:
11500:
11483:
11479:
11469:
11467:
11466:on May 22, 2017
11450:
11446:
11436:
11434:
11421:
11420:
11413:
11403:
11401:
11388:Cathey, Libby.
11386:
11382:
11372:
11370:
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11353:
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11328:
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11207:
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11192:
11190:
11180:Totenberg, Nina
11177:
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11144:
11134:
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11118:
11108:
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11082:
11080:
11071:
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11066:
11056:
11054:
11039:
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11025:
11023:
11016:Digital History
11008:
11004:
10992:
10988:
10978:
10976:
10967:
10966:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10946:
10939:
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10920:Wayback Machine
10909:
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10722:
10709:
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10704:
10694:
10692:
10681:
10677:
10635:
10631:
10617:
10615:
10601:
10597:
10588:
10584:
10570:Richard Epstein
10568:
10564:
10551:
10547:
10537:
10535:
10515:
10511:
10501:
10499:
10479:
10475:
10465:
10463:
10445:
10441:
10431:
10429:
10411:
10402:
10392:
10390:
10371:Ziblatt, Daniel
10368:
10364:
10354:
10352:
10339:
10338:
10334:
10322:
10320:
10316:
10309:
10305:
10304:
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10191:
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10175:
10171:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10140:
10138:
10123:
10122:
10118:
10108:
10106:
10096:Balkin, Jack M.
10093:
10089:
10079:
10077:
10064:
10063:
10059:
10049:
10047:
10043:
10024:
10018:
10014:
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10002:
9987:
9983:
9971:
9967:
9954:
9950:
9937:
9935:
9918:
9914:
9896:
9894:
9877:
9873:
9863:
9861:
9852:
9851:
9847:
9837:
9835:
9822:
9821:
9817:
9807:
9805:
9792:
9791:
9787:
9777:
9775:
9758:
9754:
9740:
9738:
9718:
9714:
9701:
9699:
9682:
9678:
9664:
9662:
9647:
9643:
9633:
9631:
9616:
9615:
9611:
9598:
9596:
9579:Savage, Charlie
9576:
9572:
9558:
9556:
9539:Caplan, Lincoln
9536:
9532:
9518:
9516:
9498:
9494:
9480:
9478:
9460:
9456:
9442:
9440:
9425:
9421:
9411:
9409:
9399:
9395:
9385:
9383:
9373:
9369:
9355:
9353:
9333:
9329:
9316:
9314:
9302:
9298:
9285:
9283:
9268:
9264:
9250:
9248:
9231:
9227:
9213:
9211:
9193:
9189:
9175:
9173:
9155:
9151:
9137:
9135:
9120:
9116:
9103:
9101:
9086:
9082:
9068:
9066:
9051:
9047:
9033:
9031:
9016:
9012:
8998:
8996:
8983:
8982:
8978:
8958:
8954:
8941:
8939:
8926:
8925:
8918:
8905:
8903:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8871:
8869:
8854:
8853:
8849:
8835:
8833:
8818:
8814:
8806:Earl M. Maltz,
8805:
8801:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8770:
8761:
8757:
8743:
8741:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8709:
8707:
8706:on May 28, 2010
8692:
8691:
8687:
8674:
8672:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8638:
8636:
8621:
8617:
8603:
8601:
8581:
8577:
8563:
8561:
8546:
8545:
8541:
8527:
8525:
8512:
8511:
8507:
8494:
8492:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8456:
8454:
8436:
8432:
8418:
8416:
8399:
8395:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8361:
8355:
8351:
8338:
8336:
8316:
8312:
8298:
8296:
8289:
8270:
8266:
8252:
8250:
8236:
8232:
8219:
8217:
8210:
8194:
8190:
8177:
8175:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8147:
8145:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8120:
8100:
8096:
8082:
8080:
8070:
8066:
8053:
8051:
8044:
8027:
8023:
8009:
8007:
7989:
7985:
7971:
7969:
7952:
7948:
7934:
7932:
7915:
7911:
7894:
7892:
7879:
7878:
7871:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7829:
7815:
7813:
7812:on May 25, 2010
7796:Breyer, Stephen
7781:
7777:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7724:
7722:
7704:
7700:
7683:
7681:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7647:
7645:
7629:
7620:
7616:
7605:
7601:
7588:
7586:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7550:
7527:10.2307/4135780
7504:
7500:
7487:
7485:
7478:
7464:
7460:
7451:
7447:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7383:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7346:
7342:
7332:
7330:
7311:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7286:
7285:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7257:
7256:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7166:
7156:
7154:
7132:
7125:
7112:
7108:
7098:
7096:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7061:
6797:Engel v. Vitale
6728:(1857, slavery)
6695:
6689:
6642:
6609:
6579:as part of the
6553:
6538:
6511:
6501:
6481:
6441:Robert B. Reich
6431:Commerce Clause
6398:
6373:Carson v. Makin
6340:Brett Kavanaugh
6315:Michael Waldman
6312:
6276:
6268:First Amendment
6252:Barry Goldwater
6180:
6174:
6171:
6160:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6102:Clarence Thomas
6024:Clarence Thomas
5964:criticized the
5912:
5906:
5903:
5892:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5850:Dahlia Lithwick
5822:
5816:
5789:ethics scandals
5773:
5771:Code of Conduct
5736:Akhil Reed Amar
5696:Clarence Thomas
5672:
5660:Mitch McConnell
5631:
5623:Main articles:
5621:
5599:
5567:lifetime tenure
5560:
5543:David J. Garrow
5530:
5451:Anthony Kennedy
5443:Arthur Goldberg
5340:
5334:
5196:(1865) and the
5166:Watergate tapes
5130:nonacquiescence
5126:
5064:judicial review
5046:
5037:
5028:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4933:Thomson Reuters
4931:(now a part of
4927:, published by
4824:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4724:
4690:
4669:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4483:Federal Circuit
4464:Justice Gorsuch
4428:Justice Barrett
4423:Seventh Circuit
4356:Justice Jackson
4319:Federal Circuit
4278:
4255:
4144:
4088:
4076:
3882:Judicial branch
3808:Judicial review
3767:
3760:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3677:
3671:
3643:Brett Kavanaugh
3619:Clarence Thomas
3615:Sonia Sotomayor
3603:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3540:
3538:
3528:
3516:
3505:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3423:August 15, 1938
3421:
3414:
3413:
3389:October 9, 1990
3374:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3290:Anthony Kennedy
3288:
3287:
3245:
3212:
3203:FiveThirtyEight
3116:
3110:
3095:Austria-Hungary
3085:, England; and
3083:Buckinghamshire
3027:Sonia Sotomayor
2970:
2964:
2927:Brett Kavanaugh
2889:
2880:Sonia Sotomayor
2869:
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2841:Clarence Thomas
2795:Brett Kavanaugh
2725:Roman Catholics
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2025:(Chief Justice)
1999:
1981:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1940:Jonathan Turley
1879:
1875:
1796:
1729:Clarence Thomas
1710:, in 1804. The
1667:Richard Epstein
1645:
1602:
1432:, empowers the
1428:, known as the
1407:
1401:
1396:
1360:First Amendment
1296:civil procedure
1291:Wyeth v. Levine
1258:
1243:school vouchers
1145:
1131:Clarence Thomas
1127:Anthony Kennedy
1091:
1085:Rehnquist Court
1079:Main articles:
1077:
1018:Engel v. Vitale
965:. It held that
963:civil liberties
802:
786:Main articles:
784:
678:Sheldon v. Sill
669:
645:Main articles:
643:
582:judicial review
536:
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520:Main articles:
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474:William Cushing
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24380:Supreme courts
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21116:(2022βpresent)
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21110:(2020βpresent)
21105:
21104:(2018βpresent)
21099:
21098:(2017βpresent)
21093:
21092:(2010βpresent)
21087:
21086:(2009βpresent)
21081:
21080:(2006βpresent)
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21069:
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21062:(1991βpresent)
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20269:
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20240:Roger B. Taney
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20205:
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19727:(2005βpresent)
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19698:
19692:
19686:
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19647:Marshall Court
19644:
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19635:Rutledge Court
19632:
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19617:
19616:
19614:
19613:
19611:Stephen Breyer
19608:
19603:
19597:
19595:
19589:
19588:
19586:
19585:
19580:
19575:
19570:
19565:
19560:
19555:
19550:
19538:
19537:
19525:
19523:
19519:
19518:
19516:
19515:
19514:
19513:
19503:
19502:
19501:
19496:
19491:
19479:
19470:
19468:
19462:
19461:
19454:
19452:
19450:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19432:Lists of cases
19428:
19426:
19422:
19421:
19414:
19413:
19406:
19399:
19391:
19384:
19383:
19365:
19359:
19346:
19324:
19318:
19305:
19290:
19284:
19271:
19211:Blackman, Josh
19206:
19194:
19188:
19175:
19161:
19145:
19139:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19114:
19090:
19077:
19058:
19047:
19028:
19006:
18999:Assn. (2000).
18994:
18988:
18975:
18969:
18954:
18933:Biskupic, Joan
18930:
18917:
18910:
18907:
18906:
18887:
18885:
18878:
18872:
18869:
18867:
18866:
18845:
18827:
18824:. May 3, 2022.
18809:
18806:. May 4, 2022.
18791:
18752:
18738:
18704:
18678:
18645:
18615:
18581:
18555:
18529:
18509:Biskupic, Joan
18500:
18474:
18439:
18405:
18374:
18333:
18302:
18272:
18253:
18223:
18185:
18150:
18114:
18079:
18038:
18003:
17980:The Federalist
17965:
17942:The Federalist
17930:
17903:The Federalist
17891:
17857:
17837:
17809:
17778:
17747:
17714:
17707:
17689:
17678:
17660:
17649:
17631:
17609:
17589:
17582:
17561:
17539:Foreign Policy
17524:
17488:
17453:
17423:
17397:
17381:
17352:
17327:
17301:
17275:
17255:The New Yorker
17238:
17212:
17190:Blackman, Josh
17181:
17155:
17126:
17091:
17066:
17029:
16990:
16956:
16894:
16859:
16825:
16790:
16765:Millhiser, Ian
16756:
16736:The New Yorker
16719:
16693:
16657:
16626:
16606:Biskupic, Joan
16597:
16558:
16525:
16499:
16465:
16431:
16411:Millhiser, Ian
16402:
16382:
16377:Whitehouse.gov
16364:
16342:
16319:
16305:
16291:
16263:Hartmann, Thom
16254:
16233:
16218:
16193:
16159:
16133:
16104:
16067:
16047:Millhiser, Ian
16038:
16004:
15968:
15945:
15914:
15883:
15852:
15821:
15790:
15748:
15717:
15686:
15648:
15614:
15595:
15561:
15527:
15514:
15488:
15462:
15436:
15407:
15373:
15358:
15340:
15314:
15288:
15262:
15228:
15199:
15192:
15167:
15160:
15139:
15112:
15076:
15050:
14983:
14963:Millhiser, Ian
14951:
14925:
14905:Millhiser, Ian
14896:
14878:(2): 485β500.
14845:
14813:
14796:Foreign Policy
14781:
14740:
14695:
14676:
14656:
14637:
14617:
14598:
14569:
14547:
14540:
14512:
14491:Orth, John V.
14483:
14453:
14423:
14407:
14400:
14372:
14344:Hartmann, Thom
14335:
14316:
14291:
14262:
14236:
14207:
14176:
14142:
14112:
14086:
14046:
14020:
14005:
13998:28 U.S.C.
13990:
13983:28 U.S.C.
13975:
13949:
13916:
13889:
13863:
13795:
13763:
13737:
13704:
13666:
13628:
13597:
13564:
13541:(1): 208β252.
13519:
13492:28 U.S.C.
13484:
13433:
13426:28 U.S.C.
13418:
13407:28 U.S.C.
13399:
13392:28 U.S.C.
13381:
13345:
13327:
13314:Daniel Gonen,
13304:
13273:
13242:
13197:
13166:
13135:
13092:
13085:28 U.S.C.
13074:
13067:28 U.S.C.
13059:
13052:28 U.S.C.
13044:
13037:28 U.S.C.
13029:
13022:28 U.S.C.
13014:
12976:
12945:
12904:
12860:
12840:
12836:Β§ 1251(b)
12823:
12787:
12783:Β§ 1251(a)
12770:
12737:
12707:
12681:
12650:
12615:
12587:
12562:
12529:(2): 269β298.
12507:
12481:
12458:
12418:
12398:
12368:
12342:
12311:
12280:
12249:
12218:
12181:
12144:
12102:
12096:978-0190278052
12095:
12072:
12052:10.1086/691096
12021:
12000:(1): 241β259.
11980:
11959:(1): 261β276.
11939:
11912:
11881:
11848:
11817:
11810:
11786:
11771:. p. A1.
11749:
11747:(May 1, 2010).
11736:Mark Sherman,
11729:
11689:
11654:
11618:
11611:
11582:
11546:
11510:
11477:
11444:
11411:
11380:
11351:
11322:
11315:
11297:
11264:
11232:
11200:
11171:
11151:Biskupic, Joan
11142:
11116:
11090:
11064:
11047:ABAjournal.com
11033:
11022:on May 5, 2008
11002:
10986:
10960:
10928:
10903:
10876:(2): 355β358.
10860:
10841:
10821:
10792:
10763:
10732:
10702:
10675:
10648:(1): 159β169.
10629:
10595:
10582:
10562:
10545:
10530:. Manchester.
10509:
10473:
10439:
10400:
10362:
10332:
10298:
10289:
10243:
10218:
10211:
10195:"Appendix Two"
10185:
10148:
10116:
10087:
10057:
10012:
9981:
9973:28 U.S.C.
9965:
9948:
9912:
9871:
9845:
9815:
9785:
9752:
9712:
9676:
9641:
9609:
9570:
9530:
9492:
9454:
9419:
9393:
9367:
9327:
9296:
9262:
9225:
9187:
9149:
9114:
9080:
9045:
9010:
8976:
8952:
8916:
8883:
8847:
8812:
8799:
8755:
8721:
8685:
8650:
8615:
8575:
8539:
8505:
8468:
8430:
8393:
8349:
8319:Biskupic, Joan
8310:
8287:
8264:
8230:
8208:
8188:
8159:
8129:
8118:
8094:
8064:
8042:
8021:
7983:
7946:
7909:
7869:
7827:
7775:
7735:
7698:
7659:
7623:Rosen, Jeffrey
7614:
7609:Ware v. Hylton
7599:
7560:
7498:
7476:
7458:
7452:Irons, Peter.
7445:
7424:
7391:
7365:
7358:
7340:
7319:abajournal.com
7305:
7276:
7245:
7208:
7173:
7164:
7123:
7106:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7047:
7035:
7023:
7015:
7007:
6995:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6942:(2003, sodomy)
6935:
6927:
6913:
6905:
6897:
6889:
6877:
6869:
6861:
6853:
6845:
6837:
6829:
6821:
6805:
6802:public schools
6793:
6785:
6773:
6765:
6760:(1927, upheld
6753:
6745:
6737:
6729:
6721:
6713:
6705:
6696:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6638:
6608:
6605:
6552:
6549:
6537:
6534:
6526:Jeffrey Toobin
6500:
6497:
6489:George W. Bush
6480:
6477:
6448:states' rights
6397:
6394:
6311:
6308:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6279:Foreign Policy
6275:
6272:
6182:
6181:
6146:
6144:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6114:Bill of Rights
6085:, argued that
6065:Melissa Murray
6061:
6060:
6051:
6042:
5980:too protective
5968:, and Justice
5914:
5913:
5878:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5818:Main article:
5815:
5812:
5772:
5769:
5671:
5668:
5649:Moreover, the
5620:
5617:
5598:
5595:
5559:
5556:
5529:
5526:
5482:Abner J. Mikva
5462:Henry Friendly
5455:Antonin Scalia
5431:Wiley Rutledge
5373:Louis Brandeis
5356:them, prepare
5333:
5330:
5250:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5213:
5201:
5185:
5144:Andrew Jackson
5125:
5122:
5114:egalitarianism
5045:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4826:
4825:
4806:
4804:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4723:
4720:
4697:Seth P. Waxman
4689:
4686:
4668:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4512:
4511:Case selection
4509:
4504:Main article:
4501:
4498:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:Justice Thomas
4473:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:Eighth Circuit
4431:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4387:Fourth Circuit
4383:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4363:Second Circuit
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4307:writs of error
4284:Β§ 2101(f)
4254:
4251:
4143:
4140:
4123:special master
4087:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3759:
3756:
3723:Capitol Police
3673:Main article:
3670:
3667:
3605:
3604:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3455:August 3, 1994
3452:
3449:
3446:
3429:
3416:Stephen Breyer
3410:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3363:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3303:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3211:
3208:
3112:Main article:
3109:
3106:
3071:Ottoman Empire
3015:Antonin Scalia
2977:
2976:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2765:Louis Brandeis
2686:Main article:
2683:
2680:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2624:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2554:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2478:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:April 10, 2017
2434:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2406:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2365:August 7, 2010
2362:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2334:
2328:April 28, 1960
2313:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:August 8, 2009
2290:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2262:
2241:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2190:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2118:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2046:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1930:established a
1916:117th Congress
1852:Andrew Johnson
1795:
1792:
1768:Zachary Taylor
1749:Harry Blackmun
1644:
1641:
1601:
1598:
1514:Antonin Scalia
1403:Main article:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1328:climate change
1233:line-item veto
1135:Stephen Breyer
1111:Antonin Scalia
1099:George W. Bush
1076:
1073:
834:Louis Brandeis
783:
780:
744:Bill of Rights
642:
639:
556:West v. Barnes
534:Marshall Court
526:Rutledge Court
517:
514:
512:at City Hall.
497:Royal Exchange
492:in his place.
486:John Blair Jr.
376:Main article:
373:
370:
337:Justices have
286:. It also has
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
219:
218:
209:
205:
204:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
161:
157:
156:
124:
118:
117:
106:
102:
101:
88:
84:
83:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
25931:
25920:
25917:
25915:
25912:
25910:
25907:
25905:
25902:
25901:
25899:
25888:from Wikidata
25887:
25886:
25874:
25870:
25869:
25857:
25853:
25852:
25840:
25837:from Wikinews
25836:
25835:
25823:
25819:
25818:
25806:
25802:
25801:
25789:
25788:
25785:
25779:
25771:
25770:United States
25761:
25759:
25754:
25749:
25747:
25742:
25737:
25736:
25733:
25714:
25711:
25709:
25706:
25705:
25700:
25696:
25693:
25689:
25688:
25684:
25670:
25667:
25665:
25662:
25660:
25657:
25653:
25650:
25649:
25648:
25645:
25641:
25638:
25637:
25636:
25633:
25631:
25628:
25626:
25623:
25621:
25618:
25616:
25613:
25611:
25608:
25604:
25601:
25599:
25596:
25595:
25594:
25591:
25589:
25588:Energy policy
25586:
25582:
25579:
25577:
25574:
25572:
25569:
25567:
25564:
25562:
25559:
25557:
25554:
25552:
25549:
25547:
25544:
25543:
25542:
25539:
25537:
25534:
25530:
25529:incarceration
25527:
25526:
25525:
25522:
25520:
25517:
25516:
25514:
25510:
25504:
25501:
25499:
25496:
25494:
25491:
25489:
25486:
25484:
25481:
25479:
25476:
25474:
25471:
25469:
25466:
25464:
25461:
25459:
25456:
25452:
25449:
25447:
25444:
25442:
25439:
25438:
25437:
25434:
25430:
25427:
25425:
25422:
25420:
25417:
25415:
25414:Prenatal care
25412:
25410:
25409:Birth control
25407:
25405:
25402:
25401:
25400:
25397:
25395:
25392:
25391:
25389:
25387:
25383:
25377:
25374:
25372:
25369:
25367:
25364:
25362:
25359:
25357:
25354:
25352:
25349:
25347:
25346:Homeownership
25344:
25342:
25339:
25337:
25334:
25332:
25329:
25327:
25324:
25323:
25321:
25319:
25315:
25309:
25306:
25304:
25301:
25299:
25296:
25294:
25291:
25289:
25286:
25284:
25281:
25279:
25276:
25274:
25271:
25269:
25266:
25264:
25261:
25259:
25256:
25254:
25251:
25249:
25246:
25242:
25239:
25237:
25234:
25232:
25229:
25227:
25224:
25223:
25222:
25219:
25217:
25214:
25212:
25209:
25207:
25204:
25200:
25197:
25195:
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25180:
25177:
25176:
25175:
25172:
25170:
25167:
25163:
25160:
25158:
25155:
25153:
25150:
25149:
25148:
25145:
25143:
25140:
25138:
25135:
25133:
25130:
25126:
25123:
25122:
25121:
25118:
25116:
25113:
25109:
25106:
25105:
25104:
25101:
25099:
25096:
25094:
25091:
25087:
25084:
25082:
25079:
25078:
25077:
25074:
25070:
25069:working class
25067:
25065:
25062:
25060:
25057:
25055:
25052:
25050:
25047:
25045:
25042:
25040:
25037:
25035:
25032:
25030:
25029:homeownership
25027:
25025:
25022:
25020:
25017:
25016:
25015:
25012:
25010:
25007:
25005:
25002:
25000:
24997:
24995:
24992:
24990:
24987:
24985:
24982:
24980:
24977:
24976:
24974:
24972:
24968:
24964:
24961:
24959:
24955:
24945:
24942:
24940:
24937:
24935:
24932:
24930:
24927:
24925:
24922:
24920:
24917:
24915:
24912:
24911:
24909:
24907:
24903:
24897:
24894:
24892:
24889:
24887:
24884:
24882:
24879:
24877:
24874:
24872:
24869:
24867:
24864:
24862:
24859:
24857:
24854:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24842:
24839:
24835:
24832:
24830:
24827:
24825:
24822:
24820:
24817:
24815:
24812:
24810:
24809:Manufacturing
24807:
24805:
24802:
24800:
24797:
24795:
24792:
24790:
24787:
24785:
24782:
24780:
24777:
24776:
24775:
24772:
24771:
24768:
24765:
24763:
24759:
24745:
24742:
24738:
24737:Third parties
24735:
24733:
24730:
24728:
24725:
24724:
24723:
24720:
24716:
24713:
24711:
24708:
24706:
24703:
24702:
24701:
24698:
24696:
24693:
24689:
24686:
24685:
24684:
24681:
24677:
24674:
24672:
24669:
24668:
24667:
24664:
24662:
24659:
24658:
24655:
24643:
24640:
24639:
24638:
24635:
24634:
24632:
24630:
24626:
24620:
24617:
24615:
24612:
24611:
24609:
24607:
24603:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24552:
24549:
24548:
24546:
24542:
24536:
24533:
24531:
24528:
24526:
24523:
24521:
24518:
24517:
24515:
24513:
24509:
24506:
24504:
24500:
24494:
24491:
24487:
24484:
24483:
24482:
24479:
24475:
24472:
24470:
24467:
24465:
24462:
24461:
24460:
24457:
24455:
24452:
24451:
24449:
24447:
24443:
24433:
24430:
24428:
24425:
24423:
24420:
24418:
24415:
24414:
24412:
24410:
24406:
24398:
24395:
24394:
24393:
24390:
24386:
24383:
24382:
24381:
24378:
24377:
24375:
24373:
24369:
24363:
24360:
24358:
24355:
24354:
24352:
24350:
24346:
24338:
24335:
24334:
24333:
24330:
24328:
24325:
24323:
24320:
24318:
24315:
24313:
24310:
24308:
24305:
24303:
24300:
24298:
24295:
24291:
24288:
24287:
24286:
24283:
24279:
24276:
24275:
24274:
24271:
24270:
24268:
24266:
24262:
24259:
24257:
24251:
24246:
24242:
24232:
24229:
24227:
24224:
24220:
24217:
24215:
24212:
24210:
24207:
24205:
24202:
24200:
24197:
24195:
24192:
24190:
24187:
24186:
24185:
24182:
24181:
24179:
24177:
24173:
24167:
24164:
24160:
24157:
24155:
24152:
24150:
24147:
24145:
24142:
24141:
24140:
24137:
24135:
24132:
24128:
24125:
24124:
24123:
24120:
24119:
24117:
24115:
24111:
24105:
24104:U.S. attorney
24102:
24100:
24097:
24093:
24090:
24088:
24085:
24084:
24083:
24079:
24076:
24072:
24069:
24068:
24067:
24064:
24060:
24057:
24055:
24052:
24050:
24049:Chief Justice
24047:
24046:
24045:
24044:Supreme Court
24042:
24041:
24039:
24037:
24033:
24027:
24024:
24022:
24019:
24017:
24014:
24012:
24009:
24007:
24004:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23986:
23985:
23982:
23978:
23975:
23973:
23970:
23969:
23968:
23965:
23964:
23962:
23960:
23956:
23950:
23949:Public policy
23947:
23945:
23944:Civil service
23942:
23940:
23937:
23933:
23930:
23928:
23925:
23923:
23920:
23918:
23915:
23913:
23910:
23908:
23905:
23903:
23900:
23898:
23895:
23893:
23890:
23889:
23888:
23885:
23881:
23878:
23876:
23873:
23871:
23868:
23866:
23863:
23862:
23861:
23858:
23856:
23853:
23851:
23848:
23846:
23843:
23841:
23838:
23834:
23831:
23829:
23826:
23825:
23824:
23821:
23820:
23818:
23814:
23811:
23809:
23805:
23801:
23798:
23796:
23792:
23782:
23779:
23777:
23774:
23772:
23769:
23765:
23762:
23760:
23757:
23755:
23752:
23750:
23747:
23745:
23742:
23740:
23737:
23735:
23732:
23730:
23727:
23726:
23725:
23721:
23717:
23714:
23712:
23709:
23707:
23704:
23702:
23699:
23697:
23694:
23692:
23689:
23687:
23684:
23682:
23679:
23677:
23674:
23672:
23669:
23667:
23664:
23662:
23659:
23657:
23654:
23652:
23649:
23647:
23644:
23642:
23639:
23637:
23634:
23633:
23632:
23629:
23625:
23622:
23621:
23620:
23617:
23613:
23612:Sierra Nevada
23610:
23608:
23605:
23603:
23600:
23598:
23595:
23593:
23590:
23589:
23588:
23585:
23583:
23580:
23578:
23575:
23573:
23570:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23550:insular zones
23548:
23546:
23543:
23541:
23538:
23536:
23533:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23523:
23522:
23521:
23518:
23517:
23514:
23511:
23509:
23505:
23495:
23492:
23490:
23487:
23485:
23482:
23480:
23477:
23475:
23472:
23470:
23467:
23465:
23462:
23460:
23457:
23456:
23454:
23450:
23444:
23441:
23439:
23436:
23432:
23429:
23427:
23424:
23423:
23422:
23421:War on Terror
23419:
23417:
23414:
23412:
23409:
23407:
23404:
23402:
23401:LGBT Movement
23399:
23397:
23394:
23392:
23389:
23387:
23384:
23382:
23379:
23377:
23374:
23370:
23367:
23366:
23365:
23362:
23360:
23357:
23355:
23352:
23350:
23347:
23345:
23342:
23340:
23337:
23333:
23330:
23328:
23325:
23323:
23320:
23319:
23317:
23315:
23312:
23310:
23307:
23305:
23302:
23300:
23297:
23295:
23292:
23290:
23287:
23285:
23282:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23272:
23270:
23267:
23265:
23262:
23258:
23255:
23253:
23250:
23249:
23248:
23245:
23243:
23240:
23236:
23233:
23231:
23228:
23227:
23226:
23223:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23211:
23210:
23209:
23206:
23204:
23201:
23199:
23196:
23194:
23191:
23187:
23184:
23182:
23179:
23177:
23174:
23172:
23169:
23167:
23164:
23162:
23159:
23157:
23154:
23153:
23152:
23149:
23147:
23144:
23143:
23141:
23137:
23131:
23128:
23126:
23123:
23121:
23118:
23116:
23113:
23111:
23108:
23106:
23103:
23101:
23098:
23096:
23093:
23091:
23088:
23086:
23083:
23081:
23078:
23077:
23075:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23062:
23057:
23056:United States
23050:
23045:
23043:
23038:
23036:
23031:
23030:
23027:
23015:
23012:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23002:
23000:
22997:
22995:
22992:
22989:
22985:
22982:
22980:
22977:
22975:
22972:
22970:
22967:
22965:
22962:
22960:
22957:
22953:
22950:
22949:
22948:
22945:
22943:
22940:
22938:
22935:
22933:
22930:
22928:
22925:
22923:
22920:
22918:
22915:
22913:
22910:
22908:
22907:Child custody
22905:
22903:
22900:
22898:
22895:
22894:
22892:
22888:
22882:
22879:
22877:
22874:
22872:
22869:
22867:
22864:
22862:
22859:
22858:
22856:
22854:
22850:
22840:
22839:State supreme
22837:
22836:
22834:
22832:
22828:
22822:
22819:
22817:
22814:
22812:
22809:
22807:
22804:
22800:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22781:
22779:
22777:
22773:
22770:
22768:
22767:United States
22765:Courts of the
22762:
22757:
22747:
22744:
22742:
22739:
22737:
22734:
22732:
22729:
22727:
22724:
22722:
22719:
22718:
22716:
22714:
22709:
22705:
22701:
22694:
22689:
22687:
22682:
22680:
22675:
22674:
22671:
22655:
22654:Supreme Court
22652:
22650:
22647:
22646:
22644:
22640:Discretionary
22638:
22632:
22629:
22627:
22624:
22622:
22619:
22617:
22614:
22612:
22609:
22608:
22606:
22602:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22587:
22585:
22581:
22578:
22576:Court systems
22574:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22559:
22557:
22553:
22543:
22540:
22539:
22537:
22533:
22527:
22524:
22523:
22521:
22517:
22510:
22506:
22503:
22502:
22500:
22496:
22490:
22487:
22486:
22484:
22480:
22473:
22469:
22466:
22465:
22463:
22459:
22456:
22454:
22450:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22438:
22434:
22433:
22431:
22427:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22404:
22403:
22401:
22397:
22391:
22388:
22386:
22383:
22382:
22379:
22370:
22365:
22363:
22358:
22356:
22351:
22350:
22347:
22334:
22331:
22330:
22328:
22326:Complete list
22324:
22318:
22315:
22313:
22310:
22309:
22307:
22303:
22297:
22294:
22292:
22289:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22272:
22269:
22268:
22266:
22263:
22259:
22253:
22250:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22242:West Virginia
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22216:
22213:
22211:
22208:
22207:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22198:
22195:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22171:
22168:
22166:
22163:
22162:
22160:
22158:
22155:
22153:
22150:
22148:
22145:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22127:New Hampshire
22125:
22123:
22120:
22118:
22115:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22093:
22090:
22088:
22087:Massachusetts
22085:
22083:
22080:
22078:
22075:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
22058:
22055:
22053:
22050:
22048:
22045:
22043:
22040:
22038:
22035:
22033:
22030:
22028:
22025:
22023:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22010:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21984:
21982:
21980:
21976:
21970:
21969:
21965:
21964:
21962:
21960:
21956:
21951:
21944:
21939:
21937:
21932:
21930:
21925:
21924:
21921:
21909:
21908:
21907:South America
21904:
21902:
21900:
21898:
21896:
21893:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21885:North America
21883:
21882:
21879:
21874:
21864:
21861:
21859:
21856:
21854:
21853:United States
21851:
21849:
21846:
21844:
21841:
21839:
21836:
21834:
21831:
21829:
21826:
21824:
21821:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21799:
21796:
21794:
21791:
21789:
21786:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21776:
21774:
21771:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21754:
21751:
21749:
21746:
21744:
21741:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21729:
21726:
21724:
21721:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21711:
21709:
21706:
21704:
21701:
21699:
21696:
21694:
21691:
21690:
21688:
21686:
21680:
21671:
21666:
21664:
21659:
21657:
21652:
21651:
21648:
21642:
21635:
21625:
21621:
21616:
21611:
21608:
21606:
21603:
21601:
21598:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21581:
21578:
21576:
21573:
21571:
21568:
21566:
21563:
21561:
21558:
21556:
21552:
21546:
21543:
21541:
21538:
21536:
21533:
21531:
21528:
21526:
21523:
21521:
21518:
21516:
21513:
21511:
21508:
21506:
21503:
21501:
21498:
21496:
21493:
21491:
21488:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21476:
21473:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21448:
21446:
21443:
21441:
21438:
21436:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21417:
21415:
21412:
21410:
21407:
21405:
21402:
21400:
21397:
21395:
21392:
21390:
21387:
21385:
21382:
21380:
21377:
21375:
21372:
21370:
21367:
21365:
21362:
21360:
21357:
21355:
21352:
21350:
21347:
21345:
21342:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21324:J. Adams
21322:
21320:
21317:
21316:
21315:
21314:
21309:
21303:
21297:
21294:
21292:
21289:
21287:
21284:
21282:
21279:
21277:
21274:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21207:
21204:
21203:
21202:
21201:
21196:
21190:
21186:
21182:
21175:
21170:
21168:
21163:
21161:
21156:
21155:
21152:
21135:
21125:
21115:
21112:
21109:
21106:
21103:
21100:
21097:
21094:
21091:
21088:
21085:
21082:
21079:
21076:
21073:
21070:
21067:
21064:
21061:
21058:
21055:
21052:
21049:
21046:
21043:
21040:
21037:
21034:
21031:
21028:
21025:* (1972β1986)
21024:
21020:
21017:
21014:
21011:
21008:
21005:
21002:
20999:
20996:
20993:
20990:
20987:
20984:
20981:
20978:
20975:
20972:
20969:
20966:
20963:
20960:
20957:
20954:
20951:
20948:
20945:
20942:
20939:
20936:
20933:
20930:
20927:
20924:
20921:
20918:
20915:
20912:
20909:
20906:
20903:
20900:
20897:
20894:
20891:
20888:
20885:
20882:
20879:* (1925β1941)
20878:
20874:
20871:
20868:
20865:
20862:
20859:
20856:
20853:
20850:
20847:
20844:
20841:
20838:
20835:
20832:
20829:
20826:
20823:
20820:
20817:* (1910β1916)
20816:
20812:
20809:
20806:
20803:
20800:
20797:
20794:
20791:
20788:
20785:
20782:
20779:
20776:
20773:* (1894β1910)
20772:
20768:
20765:
20762:
20759:
20756:
20753:
20750:
20747:
20744:
20741:
20738:
20735:
20732:
20729:
20726:
20723:
20720:
20717:
20714:
20711:
20708:
20705:
20702:
20699:
20696:
20693:
20690:
20687:
20684:
20681:
20678:
20675:
20672:
20669:
20666:
20663:
20660:
20657:
20654:
20651:
20648:
20645:
20642:
20639:
20636:
20633:
20630:
20627:
20624:
20621:
20618:
20615:
20612:
20609:
20606:
20603:
20600:
20597:
20594:
20591:
20588:
20585:
20582:
20579:
20576:
20573:
20570:
20567:
20564:
20561:
20558:
20555:
20552:
20549:
20546:
20543:
20540:
20537:
20534:
20531:
20528:
20525:
20522:
20519:
20516:
20513:
20510:
20507:
20504:
20501:
20498:
20495:
20492:
20489:* (1790β1791)
20488:
20484:
20483:
20479:
20475:
20470:
20466:
20455:
20443:
20442:
20437:
20433:
20430:
20427:
20426:
20421:
20417:
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20224:John Marshall
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20206:
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20192:John Rutledge
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19898:Chief Justice
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19860:Functionaries
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19725:Roberts Court
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19530:Chief justice
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19506:Shadow docket
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19475:Amicus curiae
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19381:0-226-55682-4
19378:
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19335:Penguin Press
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19093:Woodward, Bob
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19048:
19045:
19044:0-375-40943-2
19041:
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19026:
19025:0-670-87006-4
19022:
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18900:February 2024
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18326:September 28,
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18295:September 28,
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18232:Graglia, Lino
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17729:The Intercept
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17014:
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17009:
17004:
17003:"Dog Whistle"
17000:
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16547:
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16539:
16538:The Economist
16535:
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16148:
16147:Intelligencer
16144:
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16089:
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16074:
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16042:
16027:
16023:
16019:
16015:
16008:
15992:
15988:
15987:
15982:
15978:
15977:Raskin, Jamie
15972:
15956:
15949:
15933:
15929:
15925:
15918:
15902:
15898:
15894:
15887:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15856:
15845:September 15,
15840:
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15805:
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15721:
15705:
15701:
15697:
15690:
15679:September 21,
15674:
15670:
15666:
15662:
15661:The Economist
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15329:
15325:
15318:
15311:
15299:
15292:
15281:September 21,
15277:
15273:
15266:
15255:September 22,
15251:
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15243:
15239:
15232:
15221:September 20,
15217:
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14704:
14702:
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14683:
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14669:
14668:
14660:
14644:
14640:
14634:
14631:. NYU Press.
14630:
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14228:
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14223:
14222:Florida Today
14218:
14211:
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14191:
14187:
14180:
14164:
14160:
14156:
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14146:
14130:
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13999:
13994:
13988:
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13953:
13937:
13933:
13932:
13927:
13920:
13914:
13910:
13906:
13902:
13898:
13897:See generally
13893:
13877:
13873:
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13851:
13847:
13841:
13827:
13823:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13805:
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13536:
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13523:
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13513:
13509:
13505:
13504:
13500:
13497:
13493:
13488:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13453:
13452:
13451:The Green Bag
13444:
13437:
13431:
13427:
13422:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13403:
13397:
13393:
13388:
13386:
13374:September 28,
13366:
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13337:
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13286:
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13270:
13266:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13252:
13246:
13239:
13231:September 24,
13223:
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13027:
13023:
13018:
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12986:
12980:
12964:
12960:
12959:Famous Trials
12956:
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12922:
12918:
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12628:
12626:
12624:
12622:
12620:
12613:(3): 282β296.
12612:
12609:
12605:
12601:
12600:Joan Biskupic
12597:
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12470:
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12428:
12422:
12416:
12415:0-7006-0946-6
12412:
12408:
12402:
12395:
12382:
12378:
12372:
12365:
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12352:
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11999:
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10842:0-19-506090-3
10838:
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10483:
10477:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10443:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10414:Sabato, Larry
10409:
10407:
10405:
10393:September 20,
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10366:
10350:
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10000:
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9969:
9962:
9958:
9957:5 U.S.C.
9952:
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8986:
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8973:0-19-505835-6
8970:
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8111:
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8098:
8091:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8049:
8045:
8043:0-8223-0968-8
8039:
8035:
8031:
8030:Edward Keynes
8025:
8018:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7980:
7967:
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7957:
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7866:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7824:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7792:Souter, David
7789:
7785:
7779:
7772:
7756:
7752:
7745:
7739:
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7720:
7716:
7712:
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7624:
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7610:
7603:
7596:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7570:
7569:Epps, Garrett
7564:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7495:
7483:
7479:
7477:0-8147-3114-7
7473:
7469:
7462:
7455:
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7441:
7437:
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7402:
7395:
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7057:
7053:
7052:
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7040:
7036:
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7029:
7028:
7024:
7021:
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7016:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7005:
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7000:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6981:
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6964:
6960:
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6898:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6818:Lord's Prayer
6815:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:Ian Millhiser
6536:Too few cases
6533:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:shadow docket
6510:
6506:
6505:Shadow docket
6496:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6452:Kevin Gutzman
6449:
6446:Advocates of
6444:
6442:
6437:
6436:John Marshall
6432:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:federal power
6413:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6402:James Madison
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6231:Stare decisis
6228:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6178:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6147:This section
6145:
6136:
6135:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6106:legal fiction
6103:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6079:Josh Blackman
6076:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6002:
6001:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5988:habeas corpus
5985:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:Warren Burger
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5910:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5879:This section
5877:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:authoritarian
5832:
5828:
5821:
5811:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5645:
5644:minority rule
5640:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5510:Alex Kozinski
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5148:John Marshall
5145:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5094:John Marshall
5091:
5087:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5014:
4976:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4874:
4866:
4865:Slip opinions
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4822:
4810:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4694:
4688:Oral argument
4685:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4673:amicus briefs
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:circuit split
4649:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:death penalty
4634:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4507:
4497:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Tenth Circuit
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:Justice Kagan
4450:
4448:
4447:Ninth Circuit
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Sixth Circuit
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:Justice Alito
4402:
4400:
4399:Fifth Circuit
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:Justice Alito
4378:
4376:
4375:Third Circuit
4373:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:First Circuit
4349:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4302:habeas corpus
4298:
4294:
4293:All Writs Act
4288:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:
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3520:This section
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3369:G. H. W. Bush
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3334:July 31, 2018
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2718:Justice Alito
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2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1958:
1948:
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1945:swing justice
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1933:
1929:
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1314:), abortion (
1313:
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1311:Shelby County
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1089:Roberts Court
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863:
859:
855:
854:Pierce Butler
851:
850:Four Horsemen
847:
843:
839:
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827:
826:Erich Salomon
823:
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543:John Marshall
540:
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523:
513:
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490:James Iredell
487:
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470:John Rutledge
467:
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455:circuit court
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420:James Madison
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51:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
25883:
25866:
25849:
25832:
25820:from Commons
25815:
25798:
25777:
25630:Human rights
25610:Gun politics
25561:Islamophobia
25551:antisemitism
25419:Hospice care
25361:Middle class
25341:Homelessness
25318:Social class
25278:Social class
25142:Human rights
25132:Homelessness
25044:middle class
25009:Demographics
24984:Architecture
24891:Unemployment
24871:Labor unions
24619:Town meeting
24596:City council
24591:City manager
24332:State police
24194:Marine Corps
24184:Armed Forces
24159:civil rights
24139:Constitution
24043:
23711:Southwestern
23706:Southeastern
23696:Northwestern
23691:Northeastern
23656:Mid-Atlantic
23646:Great Plains
23364:World War II
23247:Constitution
23151:Colonial era
23130:2008βpresent
22969:Human rights
22890:Types of law
22831:State courts
22783:
22731:Civil rights
22653:
22482:Marine Corps
22435:
22197:South Dakota
22187:Rhode Island
22182:Pennsylvania
22152:North Dakota
21967:
21966:
21905:
21852:
21311:
21198:
21123:
20822:Van Devanter
20710:J. M. Harlan
20439:
20436:2005βpresent
20432:John Roberts
20423:
20407:
20391:
20375:
20359:
20343:
20327:
20311:
20295:
20279:
20263:
20247:
20231:
20215:
20199:
20183:
20150:
20056:
20049:
20022:
19786:unsuccessful
19754:All justices
19737:and nominees
19713:Burger Court
19707:Warren Court
19701:Vinson Court
19689:Hughes Court
19671:Fuller Court
19606:David Souter
19568:Neil Gorsuch
19553:Samuel Alito
19541:
19535:John Roberts
19528:
19482:
19474:
19417:
19368:
19350:
19333:. New York:
19330:
19309:
19293:
19275:
19222:
19218:
19200:
19179:
19152:
19130:
19100:
19083:
19071:February 13,
19069:. Retrieved
19054:
19034:. New York:
19031:
19017:Viking Press
19015:. New York:
19012:
19000:
18979:
18959:
18936:
18913:
18897:
18889:
18871:Bibliography
18857:. Retrieved
18848:
18839:
18830:
18821:
18812:
18803:
18794:
18782:. Retrieved
18770:
18748:Bush v. Gore
18747:
18741:
18729:. Retrieved
18720:
18707:
18695:. Retrieved
18691:
18681:
18671:December 18,
18669:. Retrieved
18658:
18648:
18638:December 14,
18636:. Retrieved
18627:
18618:
18608:February 17,
18606:. Retrieved
18594:
18584:
18572:. Retrieved
18568:
18558:
18546:. Retrieved
18542:
18532:
18522:February 21,
18520:. Retrieved
18516:
18503:
18493:February 21,
18491:. Retrieved
18487:
18477:
18468:
18461:. Retrieved
18457:the original
18452:
18442:
18434:
18427:. Retrieved
18423:the original
18418:
18408:
18398:February 16,
18396:. Retrieved
18387:
18377:
18368:
18361:. Retrieved
18352:
18324:. Retrieved
18315:
18305:
18293:. Retrieved
18284:
18275:
18266:
18256:
18244:. Retrieved
18240:the original
18226:
18219:of democracy
18217:laboratories
18216:
18214:
18207:. Retrieved
18198:
18188:
18179:
18172:. Retrieved
18163:
18153:
18141:. Retrieved
18130:
18108:
18101:. Retrieved
18092:
18082:
18073:
18066:. Retrieved
18054:
18041:
18032:
18025:. Retrieved
18014:
18006:
17997:
17990:. Retrieved
17979:
17968:
17959:
17952:. Retrieved
17941:
17933:
17924:
17917:. Retrieved
17908:
17902:
17894:
17885:
17878:. Retrieved
17860:
17852:
17840:
17828:. Retrieved
17822:
17812:
17800:. Retrieved
17794:
17787:Liptak, Adam
17781:
17769:. Retrieved
17763:
17750:
17738:. Retrieved
17727:
17717:
17698:
17692:
17683:
17669:
17663:
17654:
17640:
17634:
17626:
17619:. Retrieved
17599:
17592:
17573:
17564:
17555:
17548:. Retrieved
17544:the original
17537:
17527:
17515:. Retrieved
17504:
17497:Clymer, Adam
17491:
17479:. Retrieved
17470:
17466:
17456:
17448:
17441:. Retrieved
17426:
17414:. Retrieved
17411:The Atlantic
17410:
17400:
17391:
17384:
17376:
17369:. Retrieved
17365:the original
17355:
17343:. Retrieved
17339:
17330:
17318:. Retrieved
17314:
17304:
17292:. Retrieved
17288:
17278:
17266:. Retrieved
17254:
17247:Robin, Corey
17241:
17229:. Retrieved
17225:
17215:
17203:. Retrieved
17197:
17184:
17172:. Retrieved
17168:
17158:
17146:. Retrieved
17142:PBS NewsHour
17141:
17120:
17113:. Retrieved
17104:
17094:
17082:. Retrieved
17078:
17069:
17061:
17054:. Retrieved
17050:the original
17045:
17024:
17017:. Retrieved
17006:
16993:
16981:. Retrieved
16969:
16959:
16947:. Retrieved
16917:(1): 50β65.
16914:
16910:
16903:Huq, Aziz Z.
16897:
16878:
16872:
16862:
16850:. Retrieved
16841:
16828:
16818:December 22,
16816:. Retrieved
16807:
16783:November 15,
16781:. Retrieved
16772:
16759:
16749:November 23,
16747:. Retrieved
16735:
16722:
16712:November 14,
16710:. Retrieved
16706:
16696:
16686:November 14,
16684:. Retrieved
16673:
16666:Liptak, Adam
16660:
16650:November 14,
16648:. Retrieved
16639:
16629:
16619:November 16,
16617:. Retrieved
16613:
16600:
16590:November 13,
16588:. Retrieved
16572:The Guardian
16571:
16561:
16549:. Retrieved
16537:
16528:
16518:November 13,
16516:. Retrieved
16502:
16492:November 13,
16490:. Retrieved
16481:
16456:. Retrieved
16444:
16434:
16422:. Retrieved
16418:
16405:
16396:The Atlantic
16394:
16385:
16376:
16367:
16354:
16345:
16332:
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16308:
16294:
16282:. Retrieved
16270:
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16196:
16184:. Retrieved
16172:
16162:
16150:. Retrieved
16146:
16136:
16124:. Retrieved
16120:
16095:. Retrieved
16084:The Guardian
16083:
16058:. Retrieved
16054:
16041:
16029:. Retrieved
16018:The Guardian
16017:
16007:
15995:. Retrieved
15984:
15971:
15961:February 11,
15959:. Retrieved
15957:. ProPublica
15948:
15936:. Retrieved
15927:
15917:
15905:. Retrieved
15896:
15886:
15874:. Retrieved
15855:
15843:. Retrieved
15834:
15824:
15812:. Retrieved
15803:
15793:
15783:February 13,
15781:. Retrieved
15764:
15757:Liptak, Adam
15751:
15739:. Retrieved
15730:
15720:
15710:November 13,
15708:. Retrieved
15699:
15689:
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3627:Samuel Alito
3623:John Roberts
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3524:verification
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3063:David Brewer
3045:, Scotland;
3040:
3029:, the first
2988:
2975:(2021β2022)
2949:(2017β2020)
2935:(2006β2018)
2921:(2006β2017)
2913:Neil Gorsuch
2907:(2009β2010)
2894:(1998β2009)
2874:(1990β2006)
2861:Samuel Alito
2855:(1990β1991)
2835:(2003β2005)
2827:John Roberts
2811:
2787:John Roberts
2772:Juris Doctor
2769:
2741:Episcopalian
2737:Neil Gorsuch
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2392:Neil Gorsuch
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2099:
2032:John Roberts
2027:
1998:Start date /
1968:John Roberts
1965:
1936:
1924:Nancy Pelosi
1901:
1869:
1845:
1837:nine in 1837
1813:
1797:
1788:James Monroe
1784:Jimmy Carter
1757:
1737:
1733:Samuel Alito
1708:Samuel Chase
1689:
1674:
1650:Larry Sabato
1646:
1629:
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1603:
1582:
1566:
1541:
1522:Barack Obama
1510:Neil Gorsuch
1506:Donald Trump
1487:
1451:
1423:
1414:John Roberts
1383:Baze v. Rees
1381:
1363:
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1270:Bush v. Gore
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1081:Burger Court
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1034:Mapp v. Ohio
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1029:incorporated
1022:
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213:supremecourt
171:confirmation
164:Presidential
29:
25800:Definitions
25635:Immigration
25566:LGBT rights
25468:Food safety
25303:Video games
24896:Wall Street
24876:Public debt
24779:Agriculture
24715:nationalism
24427:Uniform act
24349:Legislative
24256:Territorial
24214:Coast Guard
24209:Space Force
23959:Legislative
23754:Red (South)
23744:Mississippi
23666:New England
23602:Appalachian
23572:Earthquakes
23469:Discoveries
23464:Demographic
23406:Vietnam War
23349:World War I
23344:Imperialism
23294:Indian Wars
23269:War of 1812
22881:Reading law
22713:legislation
22535:Coast Guard
22291:Puerto Rico
22262:Territorial
22102:Mississippi
22017:Connecticut
21833:Saint Lucia
21768:El Salvador
21074:(1994β2022)
21068:(1993β2020)
21056:(1990β2009)
21050:(1988β2018)
21044:(1986β2016)
21038:(1981β2006)
21032:(1975β2010)
21018:(1972β1987)
21012:(1970β1994)
21006:(1967β1991)
21004:T. Marshall
21000:(1965β1969)
20994:(1962β1965)
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20982:(1958β1981)
20976:(1957β1962)
20970:(1956β1990)
20964:(1955β1971)
20958:(1949β1956)
20952:(1949β1967)
20946:(1945β1958)
20940:(1943β1949)
20938:W. Rutledge
20934:(1941β1954)
20928:(1941β1942)
20922:(1940β1949)
20916:(1939β1975)
20910:(1939β1962)
20908:Frankfurter
20904:(1938β1957)
20898:(1937β1971)
20892:(1932β1938)
20886:(1930β1945)
20872:(1923β1930)
20866:(1923β1939)
20860:(1922β1938)
20854:(1916β1922)
20848:(1916β1939)
20842:(1914β1941)
20836:(1912β1922)
20830:(1911β1916)
20824:(1911β1937)
20810:(1910β1914)
20804:(1906β1910)
20798:(1903β1922)
20792:(1902β1932)
20786:(1898β1925)
20780:(1896β1909)
20766:(1893β1895)
20760:(1892β1903)
20754:(1891β1906)
20748:(1890β1910)
20742:(1888β1893)
20736:(1882β1893)
20730:(1882β1902)
20724:(1881β1889)
20718:(1881β1887)
20712:(1877β1911)
20706:(1873β1882)
20700:(1870β1892)
20694:(1870β1880)
20688:(1863β1897)
20682:(1862β1877)
20676:(1862β1890)
20670:(1862β1881)
20664:(1858β1881)
20658:(1853β1861)
20652:(1851β1857)
20646:(1846β1870)
20640:(1845β1851)
20634:(1845β1872)
20628:(1842β1860)
20622:(1838β1852)
20616:(1837β1865)
20610:(1836β1841)
20604:(1835β1867)
20598:(1830β1844)
20592:(1829β1861)
20586:(1826β1828)
20580:(1823β1843)
20574:(1812β1845)
20568:(1811β1835)
20562:(1807β1826)
20556:(1807β1823)
20550:(1804β1834)
20544:(1800β1804)
20538:(1798β1829)
20532:(1796β1811)
20526:(1793β1806)
20520:(1792β1793)
20514:(1790β1799)
20508:(1790β1795)
20502:(1789β1798)
20496:(1790β1810)
20487:J. Rutledge
20384:Earl Warren
19721:(1986β2005)
19715:(1969β1986)
19709:(1953β1969)
19703:(1946β1953)
19697:(1941β1946)
19695:Stone Court
19691:(1930β1941)
19685:(1921β1930)
19679:(1910β1921)
19677:White Court
19673:(1888β1910)
19667:(1874β1888)
19665:Waite Court
19661:(1864β1873)
19659:Chase Court
19655:(1836β1864)
19653:Taney Court
19649:(1801β1835)
19643:(1796β1800)
19631:(1789β1795)
19563:Elena Kagan
19005:, 17th ed.
18731:October 23,
18574:February 8,
18569:@politifact
18548:February 8,
18463:October 23,
18429:October 23,
18363:October 23,
18246:October 23,
18209:October 30,
18174:October 30,
18143:October 27,
18068:October 24,
18027:October 27,
17992:October 27,
17954:October 27,
17926:discretion.
17919:October 27,
17887:Government.
17880:October 24,
17621:October 29,
17517:October 22,
17481:November 8,
17443:October 23,
17115:October 30,
17079:www.nps.gov
17056:October 23,
17019:October 22,
16949:January 30,
16551:December 2,
15333:October 20,
15304:February 5,
14944:January 30,
14688:October 29,
14610:October 29,
14328:October 29,
14255:February 3,
14200:February 3,
14095:"Sliplists"
14002:Β§ 2109
13856:January 31,
13659:October 17,
13621:October 31,
13611:Legal Times
13590:October 31,
13579:Legal Times
13496:Β§ 1872
13477:February 5,
13430:Β§ 1253
13413:; see also
13411:Β§ 1257
13396:Β§ 1254
13159:October 31,
13089:Β§ 1257
13071:Β§ 1260
13056:Β§ 1258
13041:Β§ 1259
13026:Β§ 1254
12879:ABA Journal
12730:January 31,
12700:October 24,
12643:October 24,
12496:January 31,
12364:impartial.'
12335:February 8,
12304:February 8,
12273:February 8,
12242:October 30,
11932:October 12,
11905:October 12,
11437:October 21,
11057:January 29,
11026:October 27,
10618:October 28,
10538:October 10,
10502:October 27,
10466:October 10,
10432:October 23,
10355:January 25,
9961:Β§ 2902
9906:Roe v. Wade
9741:November 1,
9702:November 1,
9665:November 1,
9634:January 22,
9599:November 1,
9559:February 1,
9519:February 1,
9481:November 1,
9443:November 1,
9356:October 31,
9286:October 31,
9251:October 31,
9214:October 31,
9176:October 31,
9138:October 31,
9104:October 31,
9069:October 31,
9041:amendments.
9034:October 31,
8999:October 31,
8942:October 31,
8906:October 31,
8872:October 31,
8836:October 31,
8792:February 6,
8744:October 31,
8710:October 31,
8675:October 31,
8639:October 31,
8604:October 31,
8564:October 31,
8528:October 31,
8495:October 31,
8457:October 31,
8439:Cohen, Adam
8419:October 31,
8387:Lochner era
8379:October 31,
8339:October 31,
8299:October 31,
8220:October 29,
8178:October 31,
8148:October 31,
8083:October 31,
8054:October 31,
8010:October 31,
7972:October 31,
7935:October 31,
7895:October 31,
7859:October 31,
7816:December 8,
7764:October 31,
7725:October 31,
7684:October 31,
7648:October 31,
7589:October 31,
7488:October 31,
7099:October 23,
6881:Roe v. Wade
6355:Roe v. Wade
6300:Adam Liptak
6248:Robert Bork
6213:Roe v. Wade
6200:Roe v. Wade
6015:Roe v. Wade
6000:Roe v. Wade
5972:criticized
5947:(1883) and
5932:segregation
5827:Aziz Z. Huq
5760:, wrote in
5704:January 6th
5639:U.S. Senate
5609:Roe v. Wade
5419:Byron White
5365:Horace Gray
5124:Constraints
5013:Roe v. Wade
4819:August 2021
4247:Roe v. Wade
4225:(1816) and
4029:Purposivism
4009:Originalism
3973:Citizenship
3963:Due process
3834:Rule of law
3711:law library
3631:Elena Kagan
3221:chief judge
3077:, Turkey);
3061:, Ireland;
3053:, England;
2969:(2013β2021)
2963:(2010β2014)
2900:Elena Kagan
2888:(1992β1998)
2868:(1987β1990)
2849:(1982β1990)
2783:Elena Kagan
2761:Roger Taney
2548:New Orleans
2320:Elena Kagan
1908:Republicans
1841:ten in 1863
1822:), but the
1820:life tenure
1663:term limits
1502:Earl Warren
1500:to succeed
1479:Robert Bork
1467:Wall Street
1394:Composition
1155:Roe v. Wade
995:) and that
952:), and the
872:During the
848:, and the "
792:Stone Court
663:White Court
655:Waite Court
651:Chase Court
647:Taney Court
629:of Justice
349:, with the
284:federal law
276:state court
191:Life tenure
147: /
122:Coordinates
87:Established
74: /
25898:Categories
25851:Quotations
25669:Xenophobia
25458:Disability
25399:Healthcare
25308:Visual art
25253:Philosophy
25199:television
25189:newspapers
25179:journalism
25169:Literature
25081:attainment
24732:Republican
24727:Democratic
24700:Ideologies
24661:Corruption
24226:NOAA Corps
24149:preemption
24144:federalism
23759:Rio Grande
23661:Midwestern
23641:West Coast
23636:East Coast
23479:Inventions
23391:Space Race
23386:Korean War
23369:home front
23304:Gilded Age
22861:Law school
22806:Bankruptcy
22721:Federalism
22237:Washington
22137:New Mexico
22132:New Jersey
22007:California
21743:Costa Rica
21485:Eisenhower
21319:Washington
21236:Eisenhower
21181:Presidents
21114:K. Jackson
20932:R. Jackson
20884:O. Roberts
20858:Sutherland
20840:McReynolds
20764:H. Jackson
20734:Blatchford
20554:Livingston
20548:W. Johnson
20536:Washington
20518:T. Johnson
19809:court size
19683:Taft Court
19483:Certiorari
19466:Procedures
19171:1380786442
18285:ScotusBlog
17765:New Yorker
17289:HeinOnline
16640:ProPublica
16186:August 23,
16152:August 23,
16126:August 23,
15907:October 5,
15368:1120147424
15328:ProPublica
14169:August 22,
14135:August 22,
14105:January 1,
14079:January 9,
14039:January 9,
13963:SCOTUSblog
13783:ProPublica
13557:October 2,
13458:(4): 378.
13149:Justia Law
12921:Humanities
12522:Demography
11290:October 8,
10756:August 23,
10239:certiorari
10235:certiorari
9381:ProPublica
8843:privacy...
7064:References
6691:See also:
6408:argued in
6223:David Litt
6192:Textualism
6175:March 2024
6155:irrelevant
5984:Guantanamo
5978:for being
5921:Dred Scott
5907:March 2024
5887:irrelevant
5793:discipline
5753:corruption
5726:moveon.org
5508:and Judge
5492:for Judge
5472:for Judge
5468:, Justice
5408:moot court
5404:law review
5377:law school
5349:certiorari
5344:law clerks
5332:Law clerks
4995:)", where
4947:LexisNexis
4772:status quo
4742:Concurring
4682:fact-check
4677:law review
4633:certiorari
4544:respondent
4540:petitioner
4533:respondent
4528:petitioner
4518:certiorari
4275:certiorari
4206:certiorari
4194:certiorari
4190:certiorari
4182:certiorari
4174:certiorari
4153:certiorari
4114:Ed Johnson
4034:Textualism
3839:Federalism
3816:Principles
3796:Amendments
3744:am to 3:30
3732:am to 4:30
3669:Facilities
3557:newspapers
3481:See also:
3266:Start date
3260:Retirement
3153:Republican
3149:Democratic
2995:Protestant
2807:Notre Dame
2779:law school
2776:Ivy League
2753:Methodists
2749:Unitarians
2733:Protestant
2704:) and one
2196:G. W. Bush
2052:G. W. Bush
2003:Succeeded
1955:See also:
1951:Membership
1870:President
1764:John Tyler
1740:Hugo Black
1720:Abe Fortas
1498:Abe Fortas
1490:filibuster
1253:reaffirmed
1231:) and the
1195:federalism
1063:defamation
918:). During
832:(center),
756:statutes (
726:Under the
667:Taft Court
325:and eight
202:by statute
135:77Β°00β²16β³W
132:38Β°53β²26β³N
97:1789-03-04
62:77Β°00β²16β³W
59:38Β°53β²26β³N
25652:Terrorism
25429:Rationing
25326:Affluence
25273:Sexuality
25241:Uncle Sam
25147:Languages
25076:Education
25019:affluence
24979:Americana
24906:Transport
24804:Insurance
24794:Companies
24774:By sector
24666:Elections
24307:Treasurer
24265:Executive
24204:Air Force
24176:Uniformed
23999:President
23816:Executive
23587:Mountains
23520:Territory
23508:Geography
23332:1954β1968
23327:1896β1954
23322:1865β1896
23284:Civil War
23125:1991β2008
23120:1980β1991
23115:1964β1980
23110:1945β1964
23105:1917β1945
23100:1865β1917
23095:1849β1865
23090:1815β1849
23085:1789β1815
23080:1776β1789
23073:By period
22952:Procedure
22942:Corporate
22853:Education
22519:Air Force
22429:Standards
22399:Authority
22247:Wisconsin
22202:Tennessee
22161:Oklahoma
22097:Minnesota
22072:Louisiana
21895:Caribbean
21863:Venezuela
21808:Nicaragua
21778:Guatemala
21698:Argentina
21683:Sovereign
21354:Van Buren
21329:Jefferson
21102:Kavanaugh
21084:Sotomayor
21023:Rehnquist
20974:Whittaker
20420:1986β2005
20404:1969β1986
20388:1953β1969
20372:1946β1953
20356:1941β1946
20340:1930β1941
20324:1921β1930
20308:1910β1921
20292:1888β1910
20276:1874β1888
20260:1864β1873
20244:1836β1864
20228:1801β1835
20212:1796β1800
20180:1789β1795
19889:Law clerk
19764:education
19629:Jay Court
19425:The court
19232:1407.6333
18859:March 27,
18779:1091-2339
18603:0028-6583
18103:March 24,
17416:March 18,
17371:March 25,
17345:March 20,
17320:March 27,
17294:March 27,
17268:March 27,
17263:0028-792X
17231:March 27,
17205:March 27,
17174:March 27,
17148:March 20,
17122:territory
17084:March 27,
16978:1091-2339
16939:247499952
16931:0002-7162
16744:0028-792X
16580:0261-3077
16546:0013-0613
16453:0190-8286
16279:0028-6583
16181:0190-8286
16092:0261-3077
16026:0261-3077
15773:0362-4331
15741:March 26,
15669:0013-0613
15636:0028-6583
15549:0362-4331
15507:March 27,
15481:March 28,
15455:March 28,
15429:March 28,
15395:0028-6583
15250:0190-8286
15208:Balz, Dan
15069:April 26,
15027:2375-2548
14562:April 20,
14505:April 20,
14360:0028-6583
13942:March 24,
13832:March 31,
13732:0029-3571
13547:0044-0094
13464:1095-5216
13336:28 U.S.C.
13190:April 27,
13128:April 27,
12969:April 27,
12935:April 27,
12893:April 27,
12832:28 U.S.C.
12816:April 27,
12779:28 U.S.C.
12674:March 19,
12325:Brookings
12290:"Opinion"
12207:April 20,
12177:justice."
12170:April 20,
12127:0362-4331
12060:142355294
12016:1094-2939
11975:1094-2939
11895:USA Today
11712:0190-8286
11492:The Times
11193:March 19,
11164:March 20,
10898:154590128
10853:April 12,
10785:April 29,
10725:March 18,
10695:April 29,
10625:security.
10276:August 6,
10037:1080-675X
9672:Heller...
9412:March 18,
9386:March 18,
9276:USA Today
8629:USA Today
8328:USA Today
8253:March 30,
7805:USA Today
7535:0044-0094
7417:April 26,
6439:theorist
6151:excessive
5883:excessive
5367:in 1882.
5273:Section 2
4661:cert pool
4602:empaneled
4280:28 U.S.C.
4188:(through
4180:(through
4172:(through
4150:(through
3655:seniority
3189:Sotomayor
3185:Kavanaugh
3155:president
2727:, one is
2714:immigrant
2710:Sotomayor
2552:Louisiana
2084:Rehnquist
1980:Justice /
1928:Joe Biden
1562:appointee
1485:in 1987.
1442:officials
1434:president
754:antitrust
691:. In the
627:acquittal
551:Ellsworth
522:Jay Court
442:judiciary
396:City Hall
347:president
343:impeached
270:over all
258:) is the
229:Currently
25758:Politics
25708:Category
25404:Abortion
25268:Religion
25226:Columbia
25184:internet
25120:Holidays
25115:Folklore
25086:literacy
25024:eviction
24914:Aviation
24886:Taxation
24841:Currency
24834:by state
24744:Scandals
24614:Township
24372:Judicial
24273:Governor
24036:Judicial
23922:Marshals
23795:Politics
23749:Missouri
23739:Columbia
23734:Colorado
23729:Arkansas
23722:Longest
23701:Southern
23686:Northern
23530:counties
23484:Military
23474:Economic
23452:By topic
23431:Iraq War
23381:Cold War
23139:By event
22974:Juvenile
22947:Criminal
22937:Property
22932:Contract
22897:Abortion
22794:District
22509:Navy JAG
22472:Army JAG
22305:Obsolete
22232:Virginia
22215:criminal
22170:criminal
22142:New York
22117:Nebraska
22107:Missouri
22092:Michigan
22082:Maryland
22067:Kentucky
22047:Illinois
22022:Delaware
22012:Colorado
22002:Arkansas
21843:Suriname
21818:Paraguay
21793:Honduras
21753:Dominica
21738:Colombia
21708:Barbados
21465:Coolidge
21440:McKinley
21409:Garfield
21384:Buchanan
21374:Fillmore
21216:Coolidge
21183:and the
21066:Ginsburg
21036:O'Connor
21010:Blackmun
20992:Goldberg
20986:B. White
20846:Brandeis
20828:J. Lamar
20771:E. White
20740:L. Lamar
20722:Matthews
20662:Clifford
20656:Campbell
20638:Woodbury
20620:McKinley
20578:Thompson
20530:S. Chase
20524:Paterson
20176:John Jay
19962:Former:
19949:Location
19329:(2007).
19259:28403140
19219:PLOS ONE
19151:(2023).
19129:(2023).
19099:(1979).
18923:Archived
18822:PBS News
18784:June 18,
18725:Archived
18665:Archived
18632:Archived
18392:Archived
18357:Archived
18320:Archived
18289:Archived
18268:freedom.
18203:Archived
18168:Archived
18137:Archived
18097:Archived
18062:Archived
18049:(1998).
18021:Archived
17986:Archived
17948:Archived
17913:Archived
17874:Archived
17868:(1789).
17824:Politico
17740:June 30,
17734:Archived
17615:Archived
17572:(2023).
17550:March 2,
17511:Archived
17475:Archived
17437:Archived
17169:Newsweek
17109:Archived
17013:Archived
16943:Archived
16846:Archived
16812:Archived
16777:Archived
16680:Archived
16644:Archived
16584:Archived
16512:Archived
16486:Archived
16359:Archived
16337:Archived
16284:July 14,
16213:Archived
16097:June 15,
15991:Archived
15932:Archived
15901:Archived
15897:POLITICO
15876:July 24,
15870:Archived
15839:Archived
15814:July 24,
15808:Archived
15777:Archived
15735:Archived
15731:The Hill
15704:Archived
15673:Archived
15641:June 19,
15609:Politico
15588:March 2,
15582:Archived
15502:Politico
15450:NBC News
15400:June 19,
15276:Newsweek
15105:June 28,
15099:Archived
15045:38457495
15036:10923515
14976:June 19,
14880:Archived
14802:March 2,
14727:Archived
14682:Archived
14643:Archived
14604:Archived
14558:. Justia
14470:Archived
14437:Archived
14322:Archived
14285:June 27,
14279:archived
14194:Archived
14163:Archived
14129:Archived
14070:Archived
14068:. 2018.
14033:Archived
13987:Β§ 1
13968:April 2,
13936:Archived
13876:Archived
13850:Archived
13826:Archived
13691:Archived
13653:Archived
13615:Archived
13584:Archived
13551:Archived
13468:Archived
13365:Archived
13319:Archived
13296:Archived
13285:Archived
13265:Archived
13254:Archived
13184:Archived
13153:Archived
13119:Archived
13001:Archived
12987:(1993).
12963:Archived
12929:Archived
12887:Archived
12810:Archived
12757:Archived
12668:Archived
12553:20608097
12487:Archived
12441:Archived
12387:June 30,
12381:Archived
12329:Archived
12298:Archived
12294:NBC News
12267:Archived
12236:Archived
12232:Newsweek
12201:Archived
12164:Archived
12159:Fox News
12131:Archived
11926:Archived
11899:Archived
11868:Archived
11835:Archived
11779:July 16,
11773:Archived
11741:Archived
11716:Archived
11638:Archived
11571:cite web
11535:April 7,
11529:Archived
11503:June 15,
11470:June 15,
11431:Archived
11404:April 7,
11398:Archived
11394:ABC News
11284:Archived
11279:The Hill
11257:June 25,
11251:Archived
11246:NBC News
11225:June 25,
11219:Archived
11214:CBS News
11135:April 4,
11129:Archived
11109:April 4,
11103:Archived
11083:April 4,
11077:Archived
11051:Archived
10993:16
10973:Archived
10953:April 4,
10944:Archived
10916:Archived
10890:20452185
10847:Archived
10814:July 10,
10808:Archived
10779:Archived
10750:Archived
10689:Archived
10670:52212217
10662:20455716
10612:Archived
10532:Archived
10496:Archived
10460:Archived
10426:Archived
10387:Archived
10349:Archived
10323:June 27,
10314:Archived
10283:Resolved
10169:Archived
10135:Archived
10074:Archived
10041:Archived
9999:Archived
9977:Β§ 4
9938:April 7,
9932:Archived
9897:April 9,
9891:Archived
9858:Archived
9832:Archived
9802:Archived
9778:June 19,
9772:Archived
9735:Archived
9696:Archived
9659:Archived
9628:Archived
9593:Archived
9553:Archived
9513:Archived
9475:Archived
9437:Archived
9208:Archived
9170:Archived
9132:Archived
9098:Archived
9063:Archived
9028:Archived
9006:earlier.
8993:Archived
8967:, 1992,
8936:Archived
8900:Archived
8830:Archived
8738:Archived
8489:Archived
8451:Archived
8413:Archived
8370:Archived
8333:Archived
8293:Archived
8275:(1987).
8247:Archived
8214:Archived
8172:Archived
8048:Archived
8004:Archived
7929:Archived
7850:Archived
7755:Archived
7719:Archived
7715:Newsweek
7642:Archived
7583:Archived
7553:July 16,
7547:Archived
7509:(2004).
7482:Archived
7408:Archived
7378:Archived
7327:Archived
7292:Archived
7263:Archived
7232:Archived
7195:Archived
7151:Archived
7093:Archived
7091:: 1β37.
6886:abortion
6640:See also
6617:releases
6551:Too slow
6456:Brandeis
6157:examples
5889:examples
5763:Politico
5688:recusals
5354:research
5328:(1974).
5298:(1936),
5288:(1871).
4882:, where
4786:(1945).
4778:remanded
4722:Decision
4616:riparian
4333:Justice
4273:pending
4110:lynching
3791:Articles
3783:Overview
3738:holidays
3269:End date
3043:Caskardy
3031:Hispanic
3023:Ginsburg
2818:Justice
2774:from an
2757:Baptists
2755:, and 3
2716:parent:
2706:Hispanic
2592:Ginsburg
2228:O'Connor
2156:Marshall
2011:Present
1698:via the
1696:Congress
1587:through
1369:McDonald
1143:Griswold
894:New Deal
622:seriatim
578:Marshall
510:chambers
466:John Jay
105:Location
25732:Portals
25692:Outline
25640:illegal
25625:Smoking
25488:Obesity
25371:Poverty
25293:Theater
25283:Society
25137:Housing
25098:Fashion
25054:poverty
24999:Cuisine
24971:Culture
24958:Society
24919:Driving
24846:Exports
24824:Tourism
24784:Banking
24762:Economy
24722:Parties
24566:Charter
24530:Sheriff
23977:Speaker
23845:Cabinet
23808:Federal
23716:Western
23681:Eastern
23676:Central
23671:Pacific
23631:Regions
23582:Islands
23065:History
22984:Privacy
22979:Martial
22789:Appeals
22784:Supreme
22252:Wyoming
22227:Vermont
22112:Montana
22052:Indiana
22032:Georgia
22027:Florida
21997:Arizona
21987:Alabama
21858:Uruguay
21798:Jamaica
21773:Grenada
21763:Ecuador
21718:Bolivia
21703:Bahamas
21590:Clinton
21525:Clinton
21490:Kennedy
21460:Harding
21389:Lincoln
21349:Jackson
21334:Madison
21276:Clinton
21241:Kennedy
21211:Harding
21108:Barrett
21096:Gorsuch
21048:Kennedy
21030:Stevens
20980:Stewart
20968:Brennan
20914:Douglas
20890:Cardozo
20870:Sanford
20784:McKenna
20778:Peckham
20698:Bradley
20608:Barbour
20596:Baldwin
20584:Trimble
20512:Iredell
20494:Cushing
20023:Lochner
19988:Related
19938:Seat 10
19872:Marshal
19621:History
19267:2463244
19250:5389610
18890:updated
18840:npr.org
18075:rights.
18058:: Books
17830:July 3,
17802:July 3,
17771:July 3,
16983:July 5,
16482:AP News
16458:July 2,
16424:July 2,
16248:Reuters
16060:June 6,
16031:June 6,
15997:May 29,
15700:AP News
15300:. Slate
15005:Bibcode
14918:May 29,
14889:May 13,
14838:June 7,
14649:May 28,
14524:(ed.).
14384:(ed.).
14365:July 2,
13903:(2008)
13824:. NPR.
13788:July 2,
12999:: 185.
12763:July 6,
12544:3000028
11722:July 8,
11561:July 9,
10203:965β971
10080:May 17,
10050:May 17,
10005:May 17,
9838:July 8,
9808:July 8,
9748:states.
9221:states.
9183:result.
9145:states.
9076:school.
8571:itself.
8110:176β177
7543:4135780
7030:(2023,
7002:(2020,
6884:(1973,
6812:(1963,
6780:(1942,
6493:Al Gore
6207:of the
6059:(2015).
6050:(2003).
5744:titled
5520:of the
5512:of the
5504:of the
5496:of the
5484:of the
5476:of the
5464:of the
5134:Georgia
4935:), and
4896:Miranda
4809:updated
4754:Dissent
4500:Process
4330:Circuit
4208:, e.g.
4184:), the
4176:), the
4164:), the
3803:History
3687:of the
3571:scholar
3435:Clinton
3272:Length
3263:Present
3252:Age at
3244:Justice
3197:Jackson
3181:Gorsuch
3169:Roberts
3131:score.
2999:regions
2801:. Only
2791:Harvard
2702:Jackson
2516:Kennedy
2372:Stevens
1995:Age at
1878:years 6
1544:nominee
1518:cloture
1380:), and
1301:Twombly
973:of the
944:Gobitis
431:framers
372:History
353:of the
296:statute
262:in the
208:Website
95: (
25713:Portal
25620:Hunger
25571:racism
25512:Issues
25386:Health
25288:Sports
25248:People
25093:Family
25064:wealth
24989:Cinema
24814:Mining
24799:Energy
24544:Cities
24512:County
24446:Tribal
23984:Senate
23828:powers
23724:rivers
23597:ranges
23565:states
23489:Postal
22999:Sports
22959:Energy
22871:US bar
22811:Claims
22642:review
22604:Appeal
22206:Texas
22177:Oregon
22122:Nevada
22062:Kansas
22037:Hawaii
21992:Alaska
21813:Panama
21803:Mexico
21783:Guyana
21728:Canada
21723:Brazil
21713:Belize
21685:states
21580:Reagan
21575:Carter
21515:Reagan
21510:Carter
21480:Truman
21470:Hoover
21455:Wilson
21414:Arthur
21379:Pierce
21369:Taylor
21339:Monroe
21266:Reagan
21261:Carter
21231:Truman
21221:Hoover
21206:Wilson
21072:Breyer
21060:Thomas
21054:Souter
21042:Scalia
21016:Powell
20998:Fortas
20956:Minton
20944:Burton
20926:Byrnes
20920:Murphy
20864:Butler
20852:Clarke
20834:Pitney
20815:Hughes
20808:Lurton
20790:Holmes
20758:Shiras
20746:Brewer
20692:Strong
20674:Miller
20668:Swayne
20650:Curtis
20632:Nelson
20626:Daniel
20614:Catron
20590:McLean
20566:Duvall
20500:Wilson
19933:Seat 9
19928:Seat 8
19923:Seat 6
19918:Seat 4
19913:Seat 3
19908:Seat 2
19903:Seat 1
19637:(1795)
19379:
19357:
19341:
19316:
19300:
19282:
19265:
19257:
19247:
19186:
19169:
19159:
19137:
19109:
19080:Warren
19042:
19023:
18986:
18967:
18950:
18842:. npr.
18777:
18697:May 4,
18601:
17705:
17676:
17647:
17607:
17580:
17557:court.
17261:
16976:
16937:
16929:
16852:May 6,
16742:
16578:
16544:
16451:
16277:
16179:
16090:
16024:
15938:May 5,
15771:
15667:
15634:
15547:
15393:
15366:
15356:
15248:
15190:
15158:
15043:
15033:
15025:
14809:court.
14674:
14635:
14596:
14538:
14398:
14358:
14314:
14000:
13985:
13911:
13730:
13697:May 2,
13545:
13494:
13462:
13454:. 2d.
13428:
13409:
13394:
13338:
13087:
13069:
13054:
13039:
13024:
12854:,
12834:
12781:
12718:. The
12551:
12541:
12479:
12413:
12137:May 3,
12125:
12093:
12058:
12014:
11973:
11874:May 3,
11841:May 3,
11808:
11710:
11682:May 3,
11644:May 3,
11609:
11313:
10997:
10896:
10888:
10839:
10668:
10660:
10209:
10035:
9975:
9959:
9488:small.
9450:court.
8971:
8775:Engage
8285:
8206:
8116:
8040:
7979:count.
7541:
7533:
7474:
7442:: 893.
7356:
6613:leaked
6342:, and
6087:Loving
6041:1965).
6006:After
5970:Scalia
5670:Ethics
5627:, and
5541:said.
5248:(1971)
5236:(1964)
5224:(1920)
5212:(1913)
5200:(1868)
5184:(1795)
4906:, and
4282:
4160:, and
3996:Theory
3751:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3645:, and
3629:, and
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3471:Salary
3309:Reagan
3195:, and
3173:Thomas
3127:, and
3091:Vienna
3067:Smyrna
3035:Latina
2729:Jewish
2698:Thomas
2656:Breyer
2444:Scalia
2300:Souter
1884:docket
1880:
1876:
1839:, and
1643:Tenure
1606:recess
1585:Truman
1475:twelve
1365:Heller
1251:) and
1223:sodomy
1133:, and
1087:, and
1053:police
1041:) and
989:, and
912:, and
882:Vinson
880:, and
874:Hughes
864:, and
798:, and
705:Fuller
703:, and
695:, the
665:, and
610:, and
561:quorum
532:, and
484:, and
355:Senate
309:Under
256:SCOTUS
168:Senate
116:, U.S.
25868:Texts
25817:Media
25699:Index
25524:Crime
25394:Aging
25211:Names
25206:Music
25194:radio
25174:Media
25004:Dance
24994:Crime
24829:Trade
24586:Mayor
24535:Clerk
24503:Local
24245:State
23764:Yukon
23607:Rocky
23592:peaks
23014:Trust
23004:State
22988:State
22583:Trial
22210:civil
22165:civil
22077:Maine
22042:Idaho
21788:Haiti
21733:Chile
21610:Biden
21605:Trump
21600:Obama
21565:Nixon
21545:Biden
21540:Trump
21535:Obama
21500:Nixon
21404:Hayes
21399:Grant
21359:Tyler
21296:Biden
21291:Trump
21286:Obama
21251:Nixon
21090:Kagan
21078:Alito
20950:Clark
20896:Black
20877:Stone
20802:Moody
20752:Brown
20716:Woods
20686:Field
20680:Davis
20644:Grier
20602:Wayne
20572:Story
20542:Moore
20506:Blair
20441:cases
20425:cases
20409:cases
20393:cases
20377:cases
20361:cases
20345:cases
20329:cases
20313:cases
20297:cases
20281:cases
20265:cases
20249:cases
20233:cases
20217:cases
20201:cases
20185:cases
19894:lists
19867:Clerk
19759:court
19477:brief
19227:arXiv
19066:(PDF)
19009:Irons
18771:Slate
18110:said.
17685:time.
17473:: 2.
16970:Slate
16935:S2CID
14883:(PDF)
14868:(PDF)
14768:(PDF)
14757:(PDF)
14496:(PDF)
14073:(PDF)
14058:(PDF)
13510:
13471:(PDF)
13446:(PDF)
13368:(PDF)
13357:(PDF)
13225:(PDF)
13210:(PDF)
13122:(PDF)
13115:XXXII
13105:(PDF)
12927:(6).
12598:, by
12490:(PDF)
12473:(PDF)
12087:(PDF)
12056:S2CID
10995:Stat.
10947:(PDF)
10940:(PDF)
10894:S2CID
10886:JSTOR
10666:S2CID
10658:JSTOR
10317:(PDF)
10310:(PDF)
10270:(PDF)
10259:(PDF)
10172:(PDF)
10161:(PDF)
10044:(PDF)
10025:(PDF)
9311:Salon
8786:(PDF)
8771:(PDF)
8426:farm.
8373:(PDF)
8362:(PDF)
7853:(PDF)
7842:(PDF)
7758:(PDF)
7747:(PDF)
7655:laws.
7539:JSTOR
7411:(PDF)
7404:(PDF)
6814:Bible
6764:laws)
6592:Slate
6310:Power
6227:Dobbs
6028:Dobbs
5845:Slate
5604:Dobbs
5152:South
4983:U.S.
4712:rebut
3578:JSTOR
3564:books
3193:Kagan
3177:Alito
3075:Δ°zmir
3073:(now
3051:Lewes
2789:from
2747:, 10
2638:53β47
2627:Biden
2574:52β48
2560:Trump
2498:50β48
2484:Trump
2426:54β45
2412:Trump
2354:63β37
2340:Obama
2282:68β31
2268:Obama
2210:58β42
2138:52β48
2066:78β22
2008:Start
1848:Chase
1589:Nixon
1454:lobby
1373:Bruen
1305:Iqbal
1259:'
1146:'
1037:(the
878:Stone
728:White
701:Waite
697:Chase
673:Taney
239:Since
25885:Data
25834:News
25263:Race
25108:list
25103:Flag
24642:list
24486:list
24397:list
24337:list
24290:list
24278:list
24254:and
24199:Navy
24189:Army
24059:list
23771:Time
23651:Gulf
23009:Tort
22994:Race
22799:list
22711:and
22498:Navy
22461:Army
22281:Guam
22222:Utah
22157:Ohio
22057:Iowa
21823:Peru
21748:Cuba
21570:Ford
21505:Ford
21450:Taft
21434:(II)
21364:Polk
21256:Ford
20902:Reed
20728:Gray
20704:Hunt
20560:Todd
20196:1795
19769:seat
19377:ISBN
19355:ISBN
19339:ISBN
19314:ISBN
19298:ISBN
19280:ISBN
19263:SSRN
19255:PMID
19184:ISBN
19167:OCLC
19157:ISBN
19135:ISBN
19107:ISBN
19095:and
19073:2008
19040:ISBN
19021:ISBN
18984:ISBN
18965:ISBN
18948:ISBN
18861:2024
18786:2024
18775:ISSN
18733:2009
18699:2024
18673:2010
18640:2010
18610:2024
18599:ISSN
18576:2023
18550:2023
18524:2023
18495:2023
18465:2009
18431:2009
18400:2016
18365:2009
18328:2018
18297:2018
18248:2009
18211:2009
18176:2009
18145:2009
18105:2012
18070:2009
18029:2009
17994:2009
17961:act.
17956:2009
17921:2009
17882:2009
17832:2022
17804:2022
17773:2022
17742:2022
17703:ISBN
17674:ISBN
17645:ISBN
17623:2020
17605:ISBN
17578:ISBN
17552:2024
17519:2009
17483:2021
17445:2009
17418:2024
17373:2024
17347:2024
17322:2024
17296:2024
17270:2024
17259:ISSN
17233:2024
17207:2024
17176:2024
17150:2024
17117:2009
17086:2024
17058:2009
17021:2009
16985:2024
16974:ISSN
16951:2023
16927:ISSN
16854:2023
16820:2022
16785:2023
16751:2023
16740:ISSN
16714:2023
16688:2023
16652:2023
16621:2023
16592:2023
16576:ISSN
16553:2023
16542:ISSN
16520:2023
16494:2023
16460:2024
16449:ISSN
16426:2024
16286:2024
16275:ISSN
16188:2024
16177:ISSN
16154:2024
16128:2024
16099:2024
16088:ISSN
16062:2024
16033:2024
16022:ISSN
15999:2024
15963:2024
15940:2023
15909:2022
15878:2016
15847:2017
15816:2016
15785:2020
15769:ISSN
15743:2023
15712:2023
15681:2023
15665:ISSN
15643:2024
15632:ISSN
15590:2023
15556:2022
15545:ISSN
15509:2024
15483:2024
15457:2024
15431:2024
15424:TIME
15402:2024
15391:ISSN
15364:OCLC
15354:ISBN
15335:2023
15306:2023
15283:2023
15257:2023
15246:ISSN
15223:2023
15188:ISBN
15156:ISBN
15134:2024
15107:2019
15071:2024
15041:PMID
15023:ISSN
14978:2024
14946:2023
14920:2024
14891:2020
14876:2012
14840:2018
14804:2024
14776:2010
14735:2010
14690:2020
14672:ISBN
14651:2013
14633:ISBN
14612:2020
14594:ISBN
14564:2024
14536:ISBN
14507:2024
14478:2022
14445:2019
14396:ISBN
14367:2024
14356:ISSN
14330:2020
14312:ISBN
14287:2022
14257:2014
14202:2014
14171:2012
14137:2012
14107:2019
14081:2019
14041:2019
13970:2023
13944:2017
13909:ISBN
13884:2022
13858:2014
13834:2011
13790:2024
13728:ISSN
13699:2017
13661:2008
13623:2007
13592:2007
13559:2018
13543:ISSN
13512:U.S.
13479:2013
13460:ISSN
13376:2022
13282:1125
13251:1038
13233:2018
13192:2017
13161:2020
13130:2017
13009:2022
12971:2017
12937:2017
12895:2017
12818:2017
12765:2023
12732:2014
12702:2009
12676:2010
12645:2009
12582:2021
12549:PMID
12498:2013
12477:ISBN
12449:2010
12411:ISBN
12389:2022
12337:2023
12306:2023
12275:2023
12244:2021
12209:2019
12172:2019
12139:2023
12123:ISSN
12091:ISBN
12067:2022
12044:2016
12012:ISSN
11971:ISSN
11934:2022
11907:2022
11876:2017
11843:2017
11806:ISBN
11781:2018
11724:2022
11708:ISSN
11684:2017
11646:2017
11607:ISBN
11577:link
11563:2010
11537:2017
11505:2017
11472:2017
11439:2018
11406:2022
11375:2023
11346:2023
11311:ISBN
11292:2022
11259:2022
11227:2022
11195:2024
11166:2024
11137:2021
11111:2021
11085:2021
11059:2009
11028:2009
10981:2021
10955:2021
10855:2022
10837:ISBN
10816:2024
10787:2022
10758:2009
10727:2012
10697:2022
10620:2009
10540:2009
10504:2009
10468:2009
10434:2009
10395:2023
10357:2017
10325:2017
10278:2010
10225:See
10207:ISBN
10180:2016
10143:2016
10111:2008
10082:2022
10052:2022
10033:ISSN
10007:2022
9955:See
9940:2017
9899:2017
9866:2018
9840:2023
9810:2023
9780:2019
9743:2009
9704:2009
9667:2009
9636:2010
9601:2009
9561:2019
9521:2019
9483:2009
9445:2009
9414:2024
9388:2024
9358:2009
9345:Time
9319:2012
9288:2009
9253:2009
9240:Time
9216:2009
9178:2009
9140:2009
9106:2009
9071:2009
9036:2009
9001:2009
8969:ISBN
8944:2009
8908:2009
8874:2009
8861:Time
8838:2009
8794:2016
8746:2009
8712:2009
8699:Time
8677:2009
8664:Time
8641:2009
8606:2009
8593:Time
8566:2009
8553:Time
8530:2009
8497:2009
8459:2009
8421:2009
8381:2009
8341:2009
8301:2009
8283:ISBN
8255:2011
8222:2020
8204:ISBN
8180:2009
8150:2009
8125:177)
8114:ISBN
8085:2009
8056:2009
8038:ISBN
8017:said
8012:2009
7974:2009
7961:Time
7937:2009
7897:2009
7861:2009
7818:2019
7766:2009
7727:2009
7686:2009
7650:2009
7591:2009
7555:2019
7531:ISSN
7490:2009
7472:ISBN
7419:2009
7386:2018
7354:ISBN
7335:2018
7300:2018
7271:2018
7240:2018
7203:2018
7159:2018
7101:2017
6507:and
6404:and
6376:and
6358:and
6250:and
5941:the
5694:and
5633:The
5579:and
5437:for
5429:for
5421:for
5371:and
5035:Term
5005:year
5001:page
4993:year
4985:page
4929:West
4774:ante
4594:jury
4523:cert
4297:bail
4271:stay
4133:and
3550:news
3033:and
2799:Yale
2785:and
2751:, 5
2700:and
1742:and
1731:and
1718:and
1346:and
1320:and
1021:and
820:The
808:The
738:had
732:Taft
730:and
671:The
424:veto
250:The
215:.gov
25746:Law
25162:ASL
24409:Law
24114:Law
23932:TSA
23917:ICE
23912:FBI
23907:DEA
23897:CBP
23892:ATF
23213:War
22964:Gun
22821:Tax
21421:(I)
20796:Day
20025:era
19245:PMC
19237:doi
18692:Vox
18517:CNN
18316:CNN
16919:doi
16915:699
16883:doi
16842:NPR
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