1074:
between systems; thus, active radar in one area could target NATO aircraft for SAMs and AAA in another area with no active radar, further limiting NATO's ability to target air defences. By focusing on its operational survival, Yugoslav air defenses ceded a certain amount of air superiority to NATO forces. Yet the persistence of their credible SAM threat forced NATO to allocate greater resources to continued SEAD operations rather than conducting other missions, while
Yugoslav AAA and MANPADS forced NATO aircraft to fly at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) or higher. NATO reportedly fired 743 HARMs during the course of the 78-day campaign, but could confirm the destruction of only three of the original 25 SA-6 batteries. At the same time, over 800 SAMs were fired by Yugoslav forces at NATO aircraft, including 477 SA-6s and 124 confirmed MANPADS, for the downing of only two aircraft and several more damaged. That one of the two aircraft shot down was an
40:
1279:(ARMs), which work by homing in on radio emission sources like radar antennae. These missiles are equipped with relatively small warheads, limiting collateral damage, but can easily destroy radar antennae and thus cripple an enemy's air defense system. Early examples of ARMs could be fooled by turning off the radar system, which would cease emitting radiation for the missile to track; more recent missiles are fitted with fire-control systems which "remember" where the source was and continue towards that location. Anti-radiation missiles proved particularly effective during the Vietnam War where, despite the small number carried relative to other munitions, they accounted for 46% of all SA-2 batteries destroyed.
1162:
543:
515:, Wild Weasel missions were both more and less effective. Tactics and technology had evolved which improved the suppression of individual SAM sites, however the American military still failed to consider the integrated nature of North Vietnam's air defense network. Not only did the network possess thousands of radar- and optical-guided AAA and SAM sites, it also consisted of early-warning radars, intelligence-gathering agencies, and hundreds of ground-controlled interceptors. Thus, while fewer American aircraft were lost to SAMs during Linebacker, many more were lost in air-to-air combat.
865:. Furthermore, the IADS was centralized to a fault. Although each IOC was datalinked to their respective SOC and in turn back to the ADOC, the defense sectors couldn't share information between each other. If a SOC was knocked out of action the attached air defense weapons lost all ability to coordinate their response; its respective SAM batteries would be forced to rely on their own radar systems while most AAA guns lacked any radar guidance. Training was also poor, with Iraqi pilots overly reliant on ground-control instructions such that if the IOCs were disabled they lost
1019:
960:
747:
702:. When the operation began, efficient coordination of jamming/deception efforts with attacks against air defense sites effectively neutralized the ground component of the Bekaa Valley IADS. In response to the attacks, the Syrians launched a large number of fighter aircraft, however without the aid of their radar and GCI facilities, these forces were "flying blind" and suffered crippling losses in the resulting air-to-air combat. So complete and disturbing was the Israeli dismantling of the Bekaa Valley IADS that the deputy commander of the
427:
729:. Suppressing the IADS through non-lethal means would help accomplish this mission and, just as important after the Vietnam War, reduce casualties suffered by the strike group. For this reason, electronic jamming played a more prominent role in the operation than at Bekaa Valley and was carried out by both EF-111A Ravens and EA-6B Prowlers in the first ever joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD operation. For several reasons, F-4G Wild Weasels could not take part in El Dorado Canyon, requiring the use of the Navy's carrier-borne
873:
1372:
888:. In its initial limited form, Instant Thunder called for three dedicated SEAD squadrons which would significantly degrade the IADS enough to allow decimating strikes against Iraq's military and political leadership and other strategic targets. This role for SEAD was further expanded as the mission grew in scope, involving a larger number of aircraft to completely destroy the air defenses protecting southern Iraq and Kuwait. Planning for this mission was helped when the
893:
Weasels and other aircraft capable of carrying HARM missiles would destroy air defense sites themselves, electronic warfare aircraft would disrupt radars and other systems, and additional targets would be struck in order to support this mission, such as temporarily knocking out Iraq's electrical infrastructure. In addition to traditional SEAD systems the
Persian Gulf War would also see the use of unconventional assets in knocking out Iraq's air defenses, in particular
628:, which could carry Soviet anti-radiation missiles. These aircraft would be organized into several strike groups whose mission was to lay down "chaff corridors" 40–50 kilometers across at intervals of 10 kilometers, including directly on top of suspected SAM sites. A small number of aircraft in these groups would be equipped with ARMs to physically destroy the sites. These missions were conducted against pre-planned targets which had been previously identified by
1093:
939:
Baghdad but which instead were fitted out with decoys, drones and HARMs to destroy air defenses protecting the city. With Kari degraded due to the disabling of the civilian electrical grid the Iraqi SAMs were forced to use their organic radar, producing what one pilot called "HARM Heaven". A total of 67 HARMs were fired over the course of twenty minutes, causing a significant reduction in Iraqi air defenses around the capital based on follow-up missions.
738:
Soviet advisers had also learned lessons from the Bekaa Valley campaign: their IADS was constructed with multiple redundancies (including overlapping radar coverage and hardened landlines between defense sites) and a wider array of both Soviet and
Western radar systems able to operate on multiple frequencies to avoid jamming. In the end, US forces succeeded in suppressing the Libyan IADS and conducted their punitive strike with minimal casualties suffered.
237:
suppression. Near the end of the Second World War, US Navy pilots developed a doctrine that could be considered the first example of SEAD. When attacking enemy warships, US Navy fighters would attack enemy warships with machine guns and rockets to distract and or kill the enemy anti aircraft gunners While the torpedo and dive bombers could move in and more accurately target the ship. While crude, these tactics were frequently effective for their time.
1355:(UAVs) play an increasingly vital role in conducting SEAD missions. Due to the dangerous nature of attacking air defenses, the use of UAVs can provide a more cost-effective and less risky method of conducting SEAD. This is especially true since the pilot is not directly at risk and so a commander may be more willing to sacrifice UAVs to accomplish the mission. The first UAVs used in the SEAD role occurred during the Vietnam War, when versions of the
1143:. While Iraq largely failed to shoot down many Coalition aircraft, the sheer numbers of their air defenses still made them dangerous until the final stages of the invasion. This was true in particular for its large number of short-range missile and AAA weapons, which made low-altitude missions deadly and were harder to suppress. Where possible, Coalition forces conducted stand-off strikes from outside the range of these defenses. The unsuccessful
1070:
SAM and AAA sites could be placed. Furthermore, according to a post-conflict US intelligence report, Yugoslavia had a spy in NATO's headquarters in
Brussels who in the early part of the conflict leaked flight plans and target details to the Yugoslav military, allowing Yugoslav military assets to be relocated to avoid detection; NATO responded by limiting the number of people with access to its plans, which appeared to be successful.
1265:
1116:, Iraq's IADS was a fraction of what it had been during the Gulf War, though it was still one of the densest defense networks in the world. Over 200 SAM systems were still operational, mainly the older SA-2s, SA-3s and SA-6s, along with over 2,000 MANPADS and large numbers of AA guns. Improvements had been made to Kari, including greater usage of fiber optic cables, and more advanced equipment such as
511:, the EF-4C Phantom Wild Weasel IV. The first thirty-six of these were delivered to Southeast Asia in 1969 and so missed taking part in Rolling Thunder. While carrying the same electronics as in the F-105G, the dense internal structure of the F-4 Phantom prevented the EF-4C from efficiently mounting this equipment, which meant it could not carry the superior AGM-78 Standard missile. By the start of
655:. The RAF Avro Vulcan B.Mk-2 was initially planned to be retired in early 1982 but the outbreak of the Falklands War, in April that year postponed it. The Falklands conflict was the only time that the Vulcan performed SEAD missions, flying very long-range missions against Port Stanley, armed with AGM-45 Shrike missiles mounted on makeshift underwing pylons and carrying a AN/ALQ-101 pod for jamming.
492:(ARMs). These fighter-bombers became very adept at tracking down and destroying ground-based air defense weapons, such that it became common for a vast majority of NVA SAM operators to turn off their radars whenever an F-105G was spotted. While this prevented the SAM from physically being destroyed, it essentially accomplished the same mission of suppressing air defenses around the target.
1682:
678:; during the first three days of the war alone, the IAF lost 50 aircraft in about 1,220 sorties, a loss rate of four percent. The IAF found it challenging to provide air support to ground forces. Shortly after the conflict's end, the service stated a multiyear project, active between 1973 and 1978, specifically to devise an effective counter to the SAM threat. By 1982, the
504:. By the end of Rolling Thunder these changes had caused a significant degradation in the effectiveness of SAMs: only one SA-2 missile out of every forty-eight fired resulted in a hit. In spite of these changes, SEAD remained a primarily tactical function throughout Rolling Thunder, with American leadership either unaware or unappreciative of North Vietnam's IADS.
393:, jets were much faster, could climb more steeply, were more resistant to damage and were quieter in operation. They were thus able to more effectively attack ground targets and escape, and while both jet- and propeller-driven aircraft participated in the Korean War the latter suffered heavier losses and were largely phased out by the end of the conflict.
202:, the Coalition's aerial attacks at the start of the conflict; Iraqi SAM operators regularly resorted to firing missiles with minimal or no guidance due to fears that radar use brought quick retaliation. All Iraqi air defenses in the south were destroyed, although the skies remained unsafe for low altitude flight. In the 1999
3093:
219:, while many Ukrainian air defence facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of the war by Russian air strikes, Russia may not have been able to gain aerial superiority; it has been alleged that Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites have forced planes to fly low, but this makes them vulnerable to
3801:
3168:"Moscow’s main objective — toppling the Kyiv government and replacing it with Kremlin-friendly leadership — remains elusive, and its overall offensive has been slowed by an array of failings, including a lack of coordination between air and ground forces and an inability to fully dominate Ukraine’s skies."
1229:
SAM batteries near
Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Crimea. Earlier in the Summer, multiple Russian SAM batteries had been hit and the remains of AGM-88 missiles had been found on site. The U.S. government acknowledged the previously undisclosed transfer of AGM-88 missiles to Ukraine on August 8, 2022.
1073:
Yugoslavia had a much smaller IADS than Iraq during the Gulf War, but took greater steps at preserving it from NATO's bombing campaign. The
Yugoslav integrated air defence system (IADS) was extensive, including underground command sites and buried landlines, which allowed for information to be shared
942:
Throughout the rest of the first night additional air-defense targets were hit by
Coalition aircraft with varying levels of success while strikes against other targets consisted of a high ratio of SEAD and escort to strike aircraft. This pace of attack against air-defense and other targets continued
892:
contacted the French engineer responsible for designing the Kari IADS and passed along information about its vulnerabilities and limitations. In its final form, Phase II of the Desert Storm air campaign sought to decimate the southern Iraqi IADS within two days of the start of hostilities. F-4G Wild
819:
SAM systems in their sector, which meant the SAMs did not have to turn on their own radar and reveal their position, or an IOC could direct local interceptors to engage the targets. Baghdad itself was one of the most heavily defended cities in the world – more heavily defended several times over than
463:
using crude homing equipment to locate and bomb radar-guided SAM and AAA sites, but these missions incurred heavy losses and the threat to
American aircraft continued to grow. In 1966 a task force was put together to analyze the challenges presented by the NVA's air defense network and recommend ways
596:
to become part of the USAF's "triad" of electronic combat aircraft. Each aircraft performed its own role in the overall mission of SEAD: the F-4G with seeking out and destroying enemy air defenses, the EC-130 with degrading the enemy's C capabilities, and the EF-111A with jamming enemy early-warning
972:
operation, this was done so in an unorganized manner, with the
Coalition continuing to bomb any reactivated sites. In effect, combined with the failure of Iraq's air force to defend its airspace, the Coalition had gained air supremacy in the skies over Iraq from nearly the outset of the conflict.
529:
resulted in the loss of a number of B-52s to SA-2 missiles, enough to force a rethink in how to counteract the enemy's air defenses. The latter part of
Linebacker II finally saw a concerted effort made to suppress the entire North Vietnamese IADS and significantly reduced the losses suffered. Only
128:
launched in the first week of combat and continue at a reduced rate through the rest of a campaign. One quarter of American combat sorties in recent conflicts have been SEAD missions. Despite generally being associated with aircraft, SEAD missions may be performed using any means, including through
1069:
limited where NATO aircraft could fly and what targets they could hit, leaving some air defense systems untouched. Kosovo's mountainous terrain also made it difficult for NATO to locate and target Yugoslav air defenses, while at the same time the region's poor infrastructure limited where Yugoslav
999:
estimated Kari was operating at 25% its original capacity, and that it would take at least ten years to rebuild the system and another five to retrain the personnel needed to operate it. In total, the SEAD campaign by the Coalition was an unequivocal success, allowing Coalition aircraft to fly at
971:
By the end of the first forty-eight hours of Desert Storm, the Coalition had achieved its goal of significantly degrading Kari, including the destruction of all air defenses in the south. Although the Iraqis would replace most destroyed radars and bring back many IOCs and SOCs to at least partial
840:
straight to Baghdad, and attacking aircraft would be able to approach their target from multiple directions. Much of the Iraqi air defense equipment was also quite outdated: Iraqi SA-2 and SA-3 systems were nearing the end of their operational lifespan and their countermeasures well known at this
737:
to attack Libyan SAM sites. Their lack of the Wild Weasel's specialized equipment required these fighters to fire their HARMs preemptively at Libyan SAM sites, a costly and wasteful method which nevertheless was effective due to the limited nature of the raid. For their part, the Libyans and their
1197:
While several early air strikes on Yavoriv in Western Ukraine were performed by Russian bombers, their munitions were firing from a distance while flying within Russian air space, rather than entering Ukrainian air space; on 13 March 2022, dozens of air-launched cruise missiles were launched from
947:
were used to attack early-warning radars and similar sites along the border in operations known humorously as "Wart Weaseling" (a play on the Wild Weasel and the A-10 "Warthog" nicknames). Unable to use Kari and fearful of turning their own radars on, Iraqi SAM operators resorted to firing their
938:
decoys which would both "take the hit" for the manned airplanes and cause the Iraqis to reveal their position when they tracked or fired upon the lure. The first night's largest sortie was a joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD mission consisting of fifty aircraft designed to look like a bombing raid on
814:
to cover the recently conquered Kuwait. Each SOC oversaw the local airspace and commanded anywhere from two to five Intercept Operations Centers (IOCs) per sector. The IOCs were located in bunkers constructed at Iraqi Air Force bases and tied into local radar systems, whose information they could
983:
inside Iraq were now free to operate at medium altitudes of 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and higher with no danger of SAM activity. This also put them beyond the effective range of most of Iraq's AAA pieces, which remained a threat. Baghdad's heavy AAA defenses also continued to make it a
236:
Prior to the Vietnam War, SEAD was an undefined mission: although attempts to destroy enemy air defense sites were undertaken, they were done so on an individual aircraft basis and in relation to specific targets or operations rather than as part of an overall strategy or doctrine of defense
1064:
However, a number of deficiencies in NATO's SEAD operations were revealed during the course of the bombing campaign. The US Air Force had allowed its electronic warfare branch to atrophy in the years after the Gulf War, resulting in greater response times to engaging a SAM threat. Airspace
769:
in order to counter its – at least on paper – formidable IADS. By 1990 Iraq was protected by approximately 3,700 SAMs, organized into 105 firing batteries, and approximately 7,000 AAA pieces, supported by hundreds of overlapping early warning, search and acquisition radars. In the air the
3101:
464:
to counter it. One of these was for aircraft to operate at low altitudes (below 500 meters) where the missiles were less effective. This also put the aircraft well within range of AAA, which would account for nearly 85% of all American aircraft losses during Rolling Thunder.
904:
The opening shots of Operation Desert Storm were fired on January 17 in pursuit of defense-suppression: at 2:20AM local time Task Force Normandy, a group of twelve American helicopters, infiltrated into Iraq with the goal of destroying two early-warning radar sites. Three
400:(GCI) and AAA. The potency of this network compelled UNC bombers to conduct bombing missions at altitudes beyond the reach of ground-based weapons, although this impacted the accuracy of their bombs. The UNC also possessed an effective air defense network, but the
686:
with a modern Soviet-style air defense network consisting of multiple radar installations, GCI facilities, SAM and AAA sites, and a redundant C network. Prior to the start of the operation, Israel conducted an extensive intelligence-gathering effort, consisting of
929:
filled with carbon fiber bundles to short-circuit the network. For the next several hours dozens of Coalition aircraft poured into Iraq. Those which weren't specifically directed to suppress air defenses had significant SEAD escort, including the use of
1045:, was an overall success for NATO forces, but the mission to suppress Yugoslav air defenses proved to be more difficult than prior operations during the Gulf War. SEAD operations for NATO were principally carried out by the US Air Force, with fifty
458:
SAM sites by the end of 1965 which, though only accomplishing one hit for every thirteen missiles fired, were responsible for shooting down nearly 15% of American aircraft lost that year. Early attempts to counter this system consisted of modified
214:
of the 2000s, coalition aircraft repeatedly targeted Iraqi SAMs during the opening phase of the conflict, despite this, aerial strikes were usually performed from stand-off distances to avoid these defenses, and low level flight was avoided. In the
2076:. A program for a new missile is ongoing (look at the section "Missiles" below). Some structural modifications were needed to integrate sensors and the new munition planned. Those modifications were applied to the Lots 14 in 15 of F-35 production.
1198:
within Russia to reach Western Ukraine, because it was allegedly too dangerous for the Russian Air Force to fly over Ukrainian space due to Ukrainian air defenses. Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites forced planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to
2141:
that are in competition. During the Phase 1, the USAF is aligning the capabilities of the missile systems to the needs of the air force and to the technical requirements of the F-35. The end goal is 3,000 SiAW missiles for USD $ 8.6 billion.
1290:
is a valuable SEAD weapon due to its fairly long standoff range which allows the launching aircraft to avoid being threatened by all but the longest-range missiles, and its relatively large area of destruction against lightly armored targets.
1132:. Starting on March 1, aggressive "enforcement" of the no-fly zones accounted for the destruction of as many as a third of Iraq's missile launchers and radars by the time the invasion commenced on March 20. Numerous aircraft, such as the
706:
was sent to investigate what had gone wrong. Part of Israel's success was due to extensive reconnaissance and preparations prior to the battle, incompetence on the part of the Syrians, and desert conditions conducive to SEAD operations.
308:
in particular was chosen for this task due to its ability to survive enemy fire. The effect of these missions varied, with losses suffered by fighter-bombers much higher—up to 40% in some cases—on account of their low-altitude attacks.
2208:"During Russia’s participation in the Syrian Civil War, only one of its aircraft, the Su-34 fighter-bomber, regularly used precision-guided munitions, Bronk explained, and even that aircraft often used unguided bombs and rockets."
2569:
2108:
designed for SEAD missions. It is targeting integrated ground air defence (static and mobile), as well as the radar systems of ships. It uses next-gen miniature electronic warfare payloads (jammer and decoy). It is based on the
815:
pass on to their SOC and thence on to Baghdad. In this way a SOC was capable of simultaneously tracking 120 aircraft and selecting for the appropriate weapon system to engage them. The SOC could automatically target for SA-2 and
530:
one SA-2 missile for every sixty-eight fired resulted in a hit, the lowest ratio of the entire war. The SEAD tactics displayed at the end of Linebacker II, involving the combination of traditional understanding of SEAD with
2160:
Lockheed is starting the program from scratch with a new digital design. Lockheed leverages the advanced digital solutions developed by Skunk Works for other programs in this project. The concept is an open, agile, digital
827:
However, the Iraqi IADS had several fatal flaws of which Coalition air forces were able to take advantage. The system was primarily oriented towards defending against much smaller attacks from Iraq's most likely enemies –
3240:
failure to secure air superiority has been reflected by their slow and ponderous actions on the ground. Conversely, the Ukrainian air force performing better than expected has been a big boost to the morale of the entire
1120:
guidance jammers were acquired. In addition to the ADOC and four original SOCs, a fifth SOC was created in Baghdad and specifically assigned to defend Saddam's palaces, the Republican Guards, and key security facilities.
1000:
medium and high altitudes over Kuwait and Iraq with impunity. The only losses Coalition aircraft suffered to Iraqi air defenses after the first two days occurred when they operated at low altitudes, primarily conducting
1328:
the American military developed a joint definition of SEAD responsibilities, with the Army responsible for all SEAD missions within the range of observable fire and the Air Force for all missions further away. The
356:
were fitted with radar-homing devices to conduct "ferret" missions to locate and identify radar transmissions. The information brought back from these missions was used to outfit other B-29s with radar jammers and
268:
directing Britain's air defenses. After initial optimism regarding the radar sites' destruction, it was eventually decided to halt these attacks altogether except for exceptional circumstances. As the air war in
277:, the Germans relied heavily on their AAA to defend against bombing attacks. This was borne out in Allied aircraft losses between 1943 and 1944, where losses to enemy fighters were cut in half but losses to
717:, employed lessons learned from the Bekaa Valley campaign, including extensive planning and practice runs. In contrast to the Israeli mission though the goal of El Dorado Canyon was not the destruction of
292:. A change in tactics saw bomber formations flying higher and more spread out to avoid the effects of flak. Bombing missions were also carried out to accomplish the physical destruction of AAA sites, using
140:) is used to reference physical destruction of air defense targets, while SEAD applies to sorties which discourage enemy use of their air-defense radar assets out of fear of placing the assets in jeopardy.
2164:
L3 Communications, part of L3 Harris acquired a radar / sensor supplier back in 2017, Mustang Technology Group LP, and with the new consolidated competence center, it is developing its new offer for this
3473:"A valuable Russian 48Ya6-K1 Podlet-K1 low-altitude S-band surveillance radar was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket strike on Nova Kakhovka, Kherson Oblast. It appears that M31A1 guided rockets were used"
698:
Israel's attack on the SAMs was inadvertently assisted by the Syrians, who often placed their sites in sub-optimal positions and failed to relocate their equipment, use dummy radars or maintain active
120:(C) functions, while also marking other targets to be destroyed by an air strike. Suppression can be accomplished both by physically destroying the systems or by disrupting and deceiving them through
1206:, while a lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots allegedly rendered them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces. On 18 May 2022, near
377:, many of the tactics for dealing with enemy air defenses remained the same. For aircraft performing missions at low altitudes, AAA remained a constant danger; in fact, it was less dangerous for a
790:(Kari in turn is the French spelling of Iraq backwards). Kari tied the entire IADS to a single location, the national Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC) located in an underground bunker in
3694:
171:
intentionally incorporated SEAD actions to improve the survivability of bombers and increase overall effectiveness. Other early conflicts that saw SEAD missions conducted included the 1982
147:, during which multiple participants made attempts to degrade enemy ground radar stations. However, SEAD missions performed by dedicated aircraft first undertook combat missions during the
2113:
physical and electrical systems, but the seeker is replaced, the warhead is smaller, it embarks more fuel, and a modular EW payload with loitering capabilities. It will equip the British
2557:
4380:
1497:(two-seat variant), operational from 1965 to early 1984 It was known as the "Thud" by the crew. It was a well performing variant. It is the first SEAD dedicated platform of the USAF.
4162:
917:
IOC, further widening the gap, although their next attack against the H-3 SOC was unsuccessful. Among the first targets hit by F-117As attacking into Baghdad, bombs damaged the
632:
and other reconnaissance efforts, rather than having aircraft seek out targets of opportunity. The closest the Soviets came to dedicated SEAD platforms were modified stand-off
4354:
1140:
344:
had made only limited progress in developing radar for air defense and what systems they did have were primitive and easy to avoid. Nevertheless, as the Americans began the
3253:
3566:
333:
were fired over the course of twenty-two minutes at some one hundred targets, the mission was unsuccessful due to inaccurate targeting data and insufficient firepower.
3966:
1523:
1504:
known as the EF-4C An order for the modification of 36 Phantom II in Wild Weasel IV dedicated variants was made because of the attrition of the F-105 Wild Weasel III.
1046:
695:(RPVs) and electronic surveillance aircraft, to paint an expansive picture of where Syrian air defense sites were located and which radar frequencies they were using.
3622:
3509:
365:
were also outfitted with radar-homing equipment and used to lead "hunter-killer" teams of other B-25s in locating and destroying Japanese early-warning radar sites.
2592:
4497:
580:. After a series of tests, the new F-4G 'Wild Weasel V' first took flight in 1975 and became operational in 1978. Built on the F-4E airframe, the F-4G removed the
616:
did not treat SEAD as an independent air operation but as a tactical role to be performed as part of a larger mission, namely an overwhelming air assault against
4463:
1194:
that the Russian Air Force had not achieved air superiority, noting that supposedly vulnerable Ukrainian drones had continued to operate against Russian forces.
1128:'s dominance of Iraqi airspace, which had not only succeeded in suppressing Iraqi defenses during the Gulf War but continued to do so during the enforcement of
956:– possessed inadequate SAM defenses by NATO or Soviet standards. This allowed Coalition aircraft to attack them from the relative safety of higher altitudes.
3057:
751:
995:
By January 27, no C activity was detected at the SOC level by Coalition forces, and only limited activity at the IOC level. At the end of the conflict, the
568:
With the phase-out of the F-105G, the US Air Force was in need of a new SEAD-dedicated aircraft This effort was given more urgency in 1973 when, during the
525:
bombers in the defense-suppression role. During the early part of the operation, a combination of poor tactical employment and overconfidence on the part of
3347:"The Ukrainian Air Force has released video showing for the first time ever US-supplied AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missiles being fired from their MiG-29 jets"
2622:
1176:
Many Ukrainian air defence facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of the invasion by Russian air strikes. On 5 March 2022, the
913:
to the targets, which the gunships destroyed, opening a hole in the Iraqi IADS for the initial wave of aircraft to exploit. Two F-117As knocked out the
3937:
1298:. This is due to the fact many SAM sites are dispersed over a fairly wide area (in order to increase the difficulty of inflicting serious damage on the
206:, the defender's air defences proved to be less vulnerable and more effective; although only two aircraft were reportedly lost to Yugoslavian SAMs, the
3075:
187:. The tactical awareness, or lack thereof, of air defense operators proved to be a decisive factor in the success rate of these missions. During the
17:
288:, the Allies directed attacks against these installations and introduced new technology to counteract the effects of radar-directed AAA, including
3870:
3717:
3690:
2680:
4303:
2153:
that is being developed for the US Navy after having been selected. Its low rate initial production started, and it is being integrated to the
317:
the first to develop what became known as counterflak or "Apple Pie" missions. These missions were first employed to limited effect during the
4015:
3882:
2978:
1282:
However, a weapon need not be designed specifically for SEAD missions to be used to damage or destroy a component of an air defense system. A
1136:
fighter-bomber, penetrated Iraqi airspace to conduct bombing raids during the opening phase of the conflict, striking at Iraqi installations.
3397:"Apparently, the Ukrainian army may have received American AGM-88 anti-radar missiles – fragments were reportedly found at Russian positions"
3165:
1241:
1363:
which loiters over areas with potential SAM activity, searches for SAM activity, and then crashes (with in-built warhead) into the target.
1286:
for example is not a SEAD-specific munition, but when used to destroy a radar antenna it still achieves the desired effect. The American
1013:
4225:
3205:
396:
As the war progressed, the Communists developed a highly centralized integrated air defense network, incorporating early-warning radars,
4450:
4277:
4405:
1333:
placed less emphasis on using artillery to conduct SEAD missions, although where possible artillery would be used to clear a path for
3027:
2073:
1359:
were adapted to carry chaff and other electronic countermeasures. Modern examples of SEAD-specific loitering munitions include the
637:
1203:
314:
220:
1854:
No aircraft in the French military is currently equipped with an anti-radiation missile, there is no proper SEAD capable aircraft.
1184:. However, that same day, Russia lost at least ten aircraft. On 11 March 2022, retired United States Air Force Lieutenant General
321:
but matured as the war progressed. The largest SEAD mission in history took place on March 24, 1945, when artillery forces of the
4137:
4029:
3846:
3447:
992:. A variety factors, including the threat of AAA and ballistic SAMs, resulted in the strike's failure and loss of two aircraft.
39:
2129:
A new program of the US Air Force for a new SEAD / DEAD weapon. Contracts have been issued to fund the initial development with
1139:
During the course of the invasion, there were 1,660 reports of SAM launches and similar numbers of AAA firings, for the loss of
3497:
2032:
is the leading company for the development of the aircraft. In the SEAD/DEAD configuration it is planned to be equipped with:
1324:
nature of warfare meant an increased role in ground forces performing SEAD missions in support of air operations. During the
4430:
4251:
3563:
1903:
1412:
1396:
191:, while Libya's integrated air defense network was not destroyed, it was damaged without major losses incurred by US forces.
3308:
4194:
3619:
3279:
964:
794:, and in turn divided the country into four defense sectors each overseen by a Sector Operations Center (SOC) located at
562:
188:
1078:
marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft and typified some of the issues NATO faced during the campaign.
836:
rather than area defense. This meant there were significant gaps in its coverage, particularly on the orientation from
584:
pod to make room for specialized detection and jamming equipment and could carry the latest anti-radiation missile, the
1572:
1342:
853:
systems they possessed weren't much younger either. Likewise a majority of Iraq's interceptor force were less-capable
438:
The Vietnam War saw the evolution of what would become known as SEAD over the course of the conflict. At the start of
117:
4460:
3551:
3231:
2536:
2188:
2058:
1936:
758:
471:
156:
4502:
4482:
1487:
1476:
1156:
989:
270:
216:
4381:"USAF Awards Contracts for Next Phase of Stand-in Attack Weapon to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and L3Harris"
4487:
1889:
and electronic warfare capabilities, operational since 1990. Germany manufactured 35 new Tornado for this mission
1567:
1545:
1480:
1125:
714:
431:
337:
4455:
2247:
3871:
https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2023-08-21/australia-invests-powerful-new-high-tech-missiles
1038:
620:. This role was not carried out by SEAD-specific aircraft but normal bombers and fighter aircraft, such as the
397:
3826:
3510:(7 Mar 2023) In Ukraine fight, integrated air defense has made many aircraft 'worthless': US Air Force general
521:
started off similarly to Linebacker I with regards to SEAD tactics but was remarkable for the introduction of
4163:"HAF acquires advanced AGM-88E AARGM anti-radar missiles and AGM-84L Harpoon II anti-ship missiles for F-16V"
2720:
2176:
1982:
1287:
1049:, and the US Navy and Marines, with 30 EA-6B Prowlers; additional support was provided by Italian and German
3309:(19 May 2022) Video shows Ukraine blowing up a sophisticated radar-jamming machine that Russia tried to hide
3043:
2232:
The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
1303:
1180:(VVS) declared that it had achieved air superiority, 11 days after the beginning of the invasion, but not
3181:"It is clear to us that Russia is losing aircraft and helicopters at a damaging rate." —Justin Bronk, RUSI
446:'s air defenses were only dealt with in a piecemeal fashion, in spite of intelligence indicating that the
381:
pilot to engage in air-to-air combat than it was to attack ground targets. The terrain and weather of the
4492:
2883:
2184:
996:
493:
3991:
1161:
884:, the preliminary air campaign plan against Iraq which served as the basis for Operation Desert Storm's
3724:
3072:
2183:. The Australian government approved the purchase of 60 missiles for $ 431 million in August 2023. The
710:
261:
203:
4112:
3004:
Cordesman, Anthony H. "The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons" CSIS, 2003. pp. 32–36.
1214:
electronic warfare apparatus was detected, located, and disabled by Ukraine's ground and air forces.
922:
881:
703:
659:
439:
385:
also contributed to the dangers associated with ground-attack missions. Nevertheless, the advent of
348:
there was concern over the large number of radar sites located on the home islands. For this purpose
199:
3178:
2970:
2265:
Setting the Context – Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and Joint War Fighting in an Uncertain World
3908:
2029:
1519:
692:
198:
of the early 1990s. Intense aerial attacks of Iraq's integrated air defenses were conducted during
862:
2527:
Burden, Rodney A.; Draper, Michael A.; Rough, Douglas A.; Smith, Colin A.; Wilton, David (1986).
2065:
1926:
and electronic warfare capabilities, operational since 1990. taly modified 16 of its Tornado IDS.
1456:
1352:
1225:
missiles against Russian air defenses, one day after an alleged attack on Russian radar site for
953:
943:
into the first day, involving a variety of different aircraft, and spread to targets in Kuwait.
925:
strikes that disabled the electrical grid upon which Kari depended; reportedly some used special
688:
518:
468:
152:
109:
54:
3371:
478:
164:
3723:(Report) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Aeronautics and Space Institute. p. 67. Archived from
3546:, Volume 6, Autumn/Fall 2002, pp. 120–155. Norwalk, Connecticut, USA: AIRtime Publishing.
1763:
1745:
1732:
1714:
1550:
1468:
1276:
1144:
1042:
1023:
507:
Losses suffered by F-105 Wild Weasels spurred on the development of a new variant based on the
489:
378:
358:
289:
274:
105:
100:" and (initially) "Iron Hand" operations, are military actions to suppress enemy surface-based
3498:(15 Feb 2023) Russian Air Force 'Has Lot of Capability Left' One Year On From Ukraine Invasion
1124:
Still, the defense network was relatively outdated and thus unable to seriously challenge the
542:
2616:
2180:
1657:
1589:
1555:
1434:
1087:
1075:
1054:
885:
811:
602:
597:
and target-acquisition radars. Additional aircraft often part of SEAD missions included the
526:
207:
101:
47:
31:
1018:
651:
The first example of a post-Vietnam SEAD campaign was by the United Kingdom during the 1982
3472:
3421:
3396:
3346:
2079:
1738:
1666:
775:
633:
629:
593:
512:
293:
168:
2662:
1294:
Possibly the most effective type of unguided ("dumb") weapon used during SEAD strikes are
1147:
exemplifies the dangers faced by aircraft operating at low altitudes around air defenses.
824:
during the Vietnam War – protected by 65% of Iraq's SAMs and over half of its AAA pieces.
8:
3256:
From 24 February to 14 March 2022, Russia has launched more than 900 missiles at Ukraine.
2936:
2017:
2008:
1971:
1919:
1882:
1858:
1790:
1249:
1218:
1101:
1066:
944:
866:
783:
722:
683:
551:
522:
486:
430:
An F-105G Thunderchief 'Wild Weasel' carrying AGM-45 and AGM-78 missiles taking off from
113:
3322:"One of the 🇺🇦 pilots has made a footage of the MiG-29 fighter jets combat operations"
3321:
3179:(3 Mar 2022) Where is the Russian Air Force? Experts break down why they might be hiding
1348:
1269:
1190:
1129:
959:
547:
531:
475:
447:
390:
353:
345:
160:
121:
3838:
1237:
rocket artillery been used by Ukrainian military against Russian air defense systems.
746:
3825:
The F-16C is the only aircraft in the Air Force current inventory to use the AGM-88.
3547:
3448:"Pentagon acknowledges sending previously undisclosed anti-radar missiles to Ukraine"
3254:(14 Mar 2022) Russians Pounding Ukraine Cities With Long-Range Fires, Says Official
2532:
2035:
2 GaN Escort Jammer Pods from Saab, based on the Arexis system, with a 360° coverage
1334:
1299:
1245:
1177:
1001:
976:
699:
675:
671:
613:
577:
460:
326:
322:
246:
4461:
A 1976 discussion of differing opinions on (then) future threats to western aircraft
3787:
1057:
designed to lure away any missiles fired at them, and reportedly for the first time
645:
2663:"U.S. Jets Hit 'Terrorist Centers' in Libya; Reagan Warns of New Attacks If Needed"
2175:: It is the latest variant of the AGM-88, and is being integrated to the US Navy
2171:
2146:
2138:
2021:
1986:
1869:
1862:
1755:
1742:
1724:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1597:
1376:
1338:
1307:
985:
980:
898:
850:
663:
426:
382:
318:
305:
264:
failed to realize the efficiency of not only the radar stations themselves but the
180:
144:
70:
4355:"Air Force program for new F-35 missile will knock out at least one prime in FY24"
3967:"This May Be Our First Glimpse Of China's New Air-Launched Anti-Radiation Missile"
4467:
4328:
3626:
3570:
3124:
3079:
2251:
2130:
1817:
1698:
1526:
and operational since 1991, and it remains the dedicated SEAD variant, using the
1515:, operational from 1978 until 1996. 134 F-4E were modified for the SEAD mission.
1512:
1501:
1379:
1314:
general-purpose cluster munition are typical examples of these types of weapons.
1253:
1133:
1105:
906:
799:
787:
730:
726:
670:
of 1973, Egyptian and Syrian SAM batteries proved to be costly to attack for the
641:
508:
497:
409:
349:
341:
330:
4084:
3665:
4202:
3267:(14 Mar 2022) Where things stand for the Russian military in the war in Ukraine
3150:
1751:
1490:
It was a very short period as it wasn't a performant platform for this mission.
1356:
1211:
1199:
894:
872:
807:
771:
667:
625:
569:
455:
301:
285:
265:
4304:"Lockheed Martin to retrofit F-35 Joint Strike Fighters for SEAD/DEAD mission"
3266:
3194:
DEAD=Destruction of enemy air defenses, SEAD=Suppression of enemy air defenses
3191:
3153:
1371:
984:
difficult target to attack, as Coalition forces found out during an attempted
496:
were also used to suppress air defenses by jamming NVA radars, with first the
4476:
3285:
1842:
The Turkısh 151.Tunc Fleet’s F-16 aircraft was equipped with AGM-88 missiles.
1644:
1624:
1540:
1321:
1185:
1181:
1053:, a purpose-developed SEAD model. Many NATO aircraft were furnished with new
926:
833:
734:
652:
621:
606:
589:
558:
501:
482:
443:
362:
297:
260:
radar stations in order to degrade the British air defense network. However,
172:
4182:
3232:"Over Ukraine, Lumbering Turkish-Made Drones Are an Ominous Sign for Russia"
2245:"Military Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs."
3827:
https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104574/agm-88-harm/
2738:
On Target: Organizing and Executing the Strategic Air Campaign Against Iraq
1807:
1661:
1634:
1330:
1295:
1058:
935:
910:
837:
795:
679:
386:
250:
184:
176:
325:
attempted to knock out the local German air defense network in support of
194:
During the 1990s, extensive use of SEAD was made, particularly during the
3166:(9 Mar 2022) Ukraine war at 2-week mark: Russians slowed but not stopped
2150:
2069:
1957:
1670:
1593:
1527:
1462:
1416:
1400:
1234:
1222:
1050:
918:
585:
421:
373:
While there were some technological changes between World War II and the
361:
to confuse Japanese air defense radars as they conducted their missions.
148:
97:
51:
3693:(Press release). US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. July 11, 2008.
2028:). It is planned to reach its IOC by 2029. It is a 2-seat Eurofighter.
1092:
786:
system developed by Iraq and built by French contractors in the wake of
124:. In modern warfare, SEAD missions can constitute as much as 30% of all
4055:
4016:
UK-Supplied Precision Weapons Prove Popular in Saudi-Led Yemen Campaign
1027:
949:
598:
581:
481:, which mounted more sophisticated detection equipment and carried the
451:
374:
257:
2963:
2882:
Lambeth, Dr. Benjamin S. "Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge."
2302:, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, Air University, May 1992, p. 5.
2244:
3655:, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astornautics 2004, pp. 83–86.
2651:, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, pp. 243–250.
2508:
1720:
1360:
1317:
1170:
310:
253:
3192:(Mar 11, 2022) Why Russia is INCAPABLE of Air Superiority in Ukraine
2754:
Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power
1233:
There are also suspicions of M31A1 GMLRS guided rockets firing from
1014:
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia § Air Defence Suppression Operations
450:
was developing an integrated air defense system (IADS) dedicated to
3129:
2134:
1940:
1325:
1113:
857:, with fewer more modern variants including export versions of the
762:
534:
and C countermeasures, laid the groundwork for future development.
211:
195:
3013:
Michael Smith, "RAF Bombing Raids Tried to Goad Saddam into War,"
1264:
4278:"Saab's Arexis EW Suite Selected for Luftwaffe's Eurofighter EKs"
4252:"The Eurofighter ECR and the Luftwaffe Electronic Attack concept"
3422:"Another wrecks of the American AGM-88 HARM was found in Ukraine"
2431:
Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam
2110:
2105:
2083:
2042:
1909:
Modernised F-16V to be equipped with AARGM that have been ordered
1611:
1283:
948:
missiles with minimal or no guidance. Furthermore, units of the
914:
791:
44:
3372:"Russian coastal radar site burning south of Sevastopol, Crimea"
2082:
The F-35B will fulfil the SEAD role with the integration of the
1839:
There is one fleet that equipped with an anti radiation missile.
1647:
BS (2-seat variant) equipped with CM-102 anti-radiation missiles
210:
marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft. In the
3716:
Morais, Ana; Filho, José; Mallaco, Lais; Brito, Márcia (2011).
3542:
Davis, Larry. "Warplane Classic: Republic F-105 Thunderchief".
1494:
1320:
is also used to conduct SEAD missions. After World War II, the
1311:
1031:
931:
858:
854:
779:
313:
also played a major role in suppressing air defenses, with the
125:
3653:
Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
2287:
The Battle of Britain: The Greatest Air Battle of World War II
79:
2154:
2114:
1990:
1975:
1953:
1923:
1886:
1821:
1811:
1794:
1777:
1759:
1728:
1710:
1638:
1628:
1438:
1226:
1207:
1166:
821:
718:
573:
405:
4138:"Neue Anti-Radar-Lenkflugkörper AGM-88E2 für Luftwaffe -..."
3206:"The Russian Air Force Just Had A Terrible Day Over Ukraine"
2503:
Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar
467:
Eventually new SEAD-dedicated aircraft were introduced, the
4431:"Nieuwe munitie F-35's vergroot slagkracht – Nieuwsbericht"
3597:
Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning
3154:(5 March 2022) War in Ukraine: A week that shook the world
2649:
Aerospace Power in the Twenty-First Century: A Basic Primer
2289:, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989, pp. 138–143, 220.
2187:
announced the purchase of the missile in June 2023 for its
1681:
1508:
1459:, the aircraft designed for these missions is known as the
846:
842:
829:
816:
803:
766:
617:
401:
278:
4113:"Panavia Tornado ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance)"
3229:
2335:
World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945
1471:. Several platforms have fulfilled this role by the past.
1061:
was used to target Yugoslav air defense computer systems.
774:
was the sixth largest in the world, including hundreds of
4226:"Air Force: Number of ECR Eurofighters to increase to 30"
3691:"Morocco – Weapons and Related Support for F-16 Aircraft"
2603:(June 2002). Archived from the original on March 14, 2012
1117:
889:
880:
Suppression of the Iraqi IADS played a prominent role in
782:. At the center of the Iraqi IADS was Kari, an automated
85:
4085:"Martel AS-37(Armat) antiradar missile | Missilery.info"
1302:) and the relative "softness" of the targets (unarmored
1275:
The weapons most often associated with this mission are
4223:
3883:"Weapons to Support F-16 Block 70/F-16V Aircraft Fleet"
3715:
1843:
1467:. It describes aircraft tasked with SEAD missions with
2935:
Little, Alan; Norton-Taylor, Richard (March 9, 2000).
2526:
2514:
2300:
Planting the Seeds of SEAD: The Wild Weasel in Vietnam
2026:"Luftgestätze Wirkung im Elektromagnetischen Spektrum"
1669:(F-16AM/BM Block 20 and F-16V Block 70) equipped with
576:
employed a Soviet-built IADS that severely mauled the
4056:"'Sát thủ' diệt hạm và rada - tên lửa KH-31 Việt Nam"
3058:"Missile alerts at Tornado base after bombing raids."
1345:
are the ideal weapon for conducting SEAD operations.
143:
Primitive operations akin to SEAD emerged during the
76:
4030:"Kh-25 - Tên lửa đối đất chủ lực của Su-22 Việt Nam"
3938:"YJ-91 anti-radiation missile Aegis destroyer kille"
2117:, 4 missiles will be able to fit in the missile bay.
1221:(KpsZSU) released a video of its MiG-29 jets firing
404:
had been largely destroyed early in the war and the
88:
3992:"JF-17 – LD-10 Anti-Radiation Missile – UOAF Codex"
3666:"Al Quwwat al Jawwiya Ilmisriya/Egyptian Air Force"
2934:
1483:
based in Thailand, for missions over North Vietnam.
1150:
901:, which would be used to attack sensitive targets.
73:
3278:
3073:Deadly Scourge of the US Helicopter Pilots in Iraq
2433:, Texas A&M University Press, 2002, pp. 85–86.
2072:" of the Air Force, it will therefore replace the
3531:Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile
2937:"Nato spy leaked bombing raid plans to the Serbs"
876:An F-117A Nighthawk flying over the Persian Gulf.
408:was almost exclusively focused on the mission of
4474:
3490:
3280:"The curious case of Russia's missing air force"
2621:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1892:Eurofighter T2, T3 and T4 equipped with AGM-88E
778:which were housed and protected within hardened
4498:Military operations involving the United States
3806:National Museum of the United States Air Force™
3445:
3230:Dave Phillipps; Eric Schmitt (March 11, 2022).
2466:
2464:
2337:, Courier Dover Publications, 2012, pp. 274–275
3771:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2634:
2632:
2555:
2285:Hough, Richard Alexander and Denis Richards,
1872:missile, but the missile was retired in 1997.
1651:
1242:International Institute for Strategic Studies
761:forces made extensive use of SEAD during the
2782:
2780:
2748:
2746:
2711:Parks, W. Hays (1986). "Crossing the Line".
2531:. Twickenham, UK: British Air Review Group.
2461:
2412:
2410:
2024:. The program is known in Germany as LUWES (
1906:equipped with AGM-88B Block IIIA and ADM-88E
1479:The first Wild Weasel squadron ever was the
963:An Iraqi radar site destroyed by the French
112:(AAA) but also interrelated systems such as
4456:Description of SEAD environment over Kosovo
4406:"Starting a Program from (Digital) Scratch"
4329:"SPEAR-EW | Air Dominance, TACTICAL STRIKE"
4224:ES&T editorial team (January 4, 2023).
3960:
3958:
3125:"Ukraine's battle for control of its skies"
2894:
2892:
2878:
2876:
2839:
2837:
2732:
2730:
2393:
1081:
1004:or other missions to assist ground forces.
454:. This included the construction of sixty
30:"SEAD" redirects here. For other uses, see
4027:
3536:
2629:
2551:
2549:
2520:
2441:
2439:
588:. The F-4G Wild Weasel was then joined by
4249:
4187:
4183:https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/AARGM
3091:
2777:
2743:
2418:F-105 Wild Weasel vs SA-2 'Guideline' SAM
2407:
1997:
1204:shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles
1007:
412:rather than attacking UNC ground forces.
296:to locate the weapons and employing both
221:shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles
3955:
3935:
3184:
2971:"Serb discusses 1999 downing of stealth"
2954:
2901:
2889:
2873:
2834:
2756:, Naval Institute Press, 2005, pp. 25–27
2727:
2681:"1986 Year in Review: Strike on Qaddafi"
2660:
2305:
2267:, Air University Press, June 1994, p. 7.
2226:
2224:
2050:2 short range air-to-air missiles IRIS-T
1680:
1370:
1263:
1160:
1091:
1017:
958:
871:
745:
541:
425:
389:brought about many changes. Compared to
38:
3964:
3613:
3502:
3259:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2928:
2546:
2436:
2104:It is a new missile being developed by
2047:4 long-range air-to-air missiles Meteor
921:IOC and Talil SOC, shortly followed by
96:), also known in the United States as "
14:
4475:
4352:
4250:Valpolini, Paolo (November 16, 2019).
4178:
4176:
4107:
4105:
4079:
4077:
3931:
3929:
3866:
3864:
3697:from the original on February 20, 2018
3301:
3246:
3203:
2314:
4451:U.S. Department of Defense definition
4378:
4301:
4195:"Spain buying HARMs for use on EF-18"
3849:from the original on January 20, 2024
3599:, Air University Press, 2000, p. 265.
3171:
3122:
3028:"Iraq fires missiles at RAF Tornado."
2740:, DIANE Publishing, 2002, pp. 172–179
2710:
2584:
2447:USAF McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
2324:, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 76.
2221:
1306:, exposed radar antennas, etc.). The
713:, the United States' response to the
256:attempted to destroy Great Britain's
3965:Newdick, Thomas (November 9, 2020).
3802:"McDonnell Douglas F-4G Wild Weasel"
3767:LeMieux, Lawrence. "SoWW Historian".
2993:
2661:Weinraub, Bernard (April 15, 1986).
2254:CRS Report for Congress, 2005, p. 5.
2202:
1868:The Mirage F1 was equipped with the
1337:. Because of their superior range,
1310:anti-armor cluster munition and the
832:, Syria and Israel – and focused on
537:
4275:
4173:
4102:
4074:
3926:
3901:
3887:Defense Security Cooperation Agency
3861:
3766:
2704:
2363:, Potomac Books, Inc., 2010, p. 89.
754:played a major role during the war.
682:had been heavily reinforced by the
189:1986 United States bombing of Libya
24:
4353:Marrow, Michael (March 17, 2023).
4018:– Defensenews.com, 17 October 2016
3705:– via Defense-Aerospace.com.
3446:Oren Liebermann (August 9, 2022).
3164:ROBERT BURNS and LOLITA C. BALDOR
3123:Beale, Jonathan (April 14, 2022).
2572:from the original on July 12, 2009
2505:, Artech House, 2009, pp. 578–584.
2350:, Pacifica Military History, 2011.
1573:McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
1561:
231:
118:command, control and communication
25:
4514:
4444:
3620:The Multiple Launch Rocket System
3533:, Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 19.
3094:"Choppers on the Chopping Block?"
3092:Schechter, Erik (June 13, 2003).
2981:from the original on May 18, 2007
2590:
2449:, Osprey Publishing, 2013, p. 17.
2420:, Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 71.
2145:Northrop Grumman is offering the
1964:
134:Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses
61:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
18:Suppression of enemy air defenses
4423:
4398:
4379:Wolfe, Frank (August 26, 2022).
4372:
4346:
4321:
4295:
4269:
4243:
4217:
4155:
4130:
4048:
4021:
4009:
3984:
3875:
3831:
3819:
3794:
3780:
3777:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 60–61.
3520:Tucker, Spencer C., pp. 115–116.
2333:Norman Polmar, Thomas B. Allen,
1445:
1157:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1151:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1047:F-16CJ Block 50 Fighting Falcons
990:Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center
721:'s IADS itself but to conduct a
658:Shortly afterwards was Israel's
329:. Although twenty-four thousand
284:Understanding the importance of
217:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
69:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3709:
3683:
3658:
3645:
3636:
3604:
3589:
3576:
3557:
3523:
3514:
3465:
3439:
3414:
3389:
3364:
3339:
3314:
3271:
3223:
3197:
3158:
3144:
3116:
3085:
3066:
3050:
3046:. News Statesman. May 30, 2005.
3036:
3020:
3007:
2919:
2910:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2768:
2759:
2695:
2673:
2654:
2641:
2495:
2486:
2473:
2452:
2423:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2353:
2340:
1814:MP/MPU anti-radiation missiles.
1784:
1481:354th Tactical Fighter Squadron
715:1986 Berlin discotheque bombing
662:, launched at the start of the
432:Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base
240:
4201:. May 25, 1990. Archived from
4062:(in Vietnamese). April 2, 2013
3942:Thai Military and Asian Region
3936:nonothai (November 20, 2016).
3544:International Air Power Review
2327:
2292:
2279:
2270:
2257:
2237:
2068:The F-35A will be the future "
1978:missile for its SEAD missions.
1930:
1493:Wild Weasel III, based on the
1244:(IISS) wrote that neither the
1217:On 30 August 2022, Command of
1039:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
975:Coalition aircraft conducting
967:during Operation Desert Storm.
415:
398:ground-controlled interception
346:bombing campaign against Japan
208:downing of an F-117A Nighthawk
167:being amongst these pioneers;
13:
1:
4302:Leone, Dario (June 3, 2020).
3718:Relatório de Atividades: 2010
2721:United States Naval Institute
2322:Field Artillery and Firepower
2230:Tucker, Spencer C. (Editor),
2215:
2121:Stand-in Attack Weapon (SiAW)
1983:British Aerospace Sea Harrier
1614:, refurbished from 50 AGM-88B
1518:Wild Weasel VI, based on the
1500:Wild Weasel IV, based on the
1486:Wild Weasel II, based on the
1366:
1288:AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon
368:
4028:Quang Minh (June 10, 2014).
3909:"Contracts for May 23, 2019"
3839:"EA-18G Growler | Air Force"
3788:"McDonnell EF-4C Phantom II"
2234:, ABC-CLIO, 2010, pp. 61–62.
2149:, the latest variant of the
2086:missiles as describes below.
1610:F-16 Block 70 equipped with
1583:
1507:Wild Weasel V, based on the
1475:Wild Weasel I, based on the
1437:equipped with the Brazilian
1037:The bombing campaign of the
7:
3564:Raytheon JSOW Product Sheet
2884:Air and Space Power Journal
2556:Schlein, Lior; Noam Ophir.
2092:
2016:It is the successor of the
2002:
1770:
1104:in flight over Iraq during
965:6th Light Armoured Division
810:; a fifth SOC was added at
741:
494:Electronic warfare aircraft
472:EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief
290:CARPET (US) and WINDOW (UK)
157:EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief
10:
4519:
3913:U.S. Department of Defense
2346:Cleaver, Thomas McKelvey,
2018:Panavia Tornado ECR / SEAD
1876:
1824:P anti-radiation missiles.
1801:
1652:Republic of China (Taiwan)
1604:
1534:
1423:
1406:
1259:
1154:
1085:
1011:
988:on January 19 against the
711:Operation El Dorado Canyon
563:Operation El Dorado Canyon
419:
266:command and control system
226:
204:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
129:actions by ground forces.
29:
3554:. ISSN 1473-9917. p. 135.
2886:. Summer 2002. pp. 10–11.
2597:Air Force Magazine Online
2320:Bailey, Johnathan B. A.,
1896:
1848:
1833:
1828:
1428:
1385:
1102:No. XV (Reserve) Squadron
882:Operation Instant Thunder
869:and became easy targets.
704:Soviet Air Defense Forces
693:remotely piloted vehicles
660:Operation Mole Cricket 19
440:Operation Rolling Thunder
200:Operation Instant Thunder
3044:"The war before the war"
2361:A History of Air Warfare
2195:
1989:missile, later with the
1947:
1913:
1676:
1618:
1390:
1353:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
1240:On 15 February 2023 the
1082:2003 US invasion of Iraq
1041:during mid-1999, dubbed
273:shifted in favor of the
4503:United States Air Force
4483:Aerial warfare strategy
4466:March 15, 2014, at the
4117:www.militaryfactory.com
3631:Warfare History Network
3569:20 October 2006 at the
3265:David Martin, CBS news
2038:Emitter Location System
2010:Eurofighter Typhoon ECR
1780:missiles, and the LD-10
1764:anti-radiation missiles
1746:anti-radiation missiles
1733:anti-radiation missiles
1715:anti-radiation missiles
1641:anti-radiation missiles
1631:anti-radiation missiles
1578:
1469:anti-radiation missiles
1450:
1277:anti-radiation missiles
689:reconnaissance aircraft
612:On the other hand, the
519:Operation Linebacker II
490:anti-radiation missiles
153:United States Air Force
110:anti-aircraft artillery
106:surface-to-air missiles
55:anti-radiation missiles
4488:Aerial warfare tactics
4308:The Aviation Geek Club
4060:Báo điện tử Tiền Phong
3651:Newcome, Laurence R.,
3082:by Colonel David Eshel
2593:"The Bekaa Valley War"
2529:Falklands: The Air War
2250:March 3, 2016, at the
2243:Bolkcom, Christopher.
2177:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
2135:L3 Harris Technologies
2074:F-16CJ Fighting Falcon
1998:Systems in development
1985:was equipped with the
1974:was equipped with the
1861:was equipped with the
1694:
1551:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
1520:F-16 C/D – Block 50/52
1382:
1272:
1173:
1145:2003 attack on Karbala
1109:
1043:Operation Allied Force
1034:
1024:bomb damage assessment
1008:Operation Allied Force
968:
877:
755:
674:(IAF), such as during
565:
435:
402:North Korean Air Force
57:
4276:ESD (June 16, 2023).
4205:on September 24, 2015
2647:Chun, Clayton K. S.,
2359:Olsen, John Andreas,
2185:Netherlands Air force
1684:
1658:AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo
1590:Boeing EA-18G Growler
1556:Boeing EA-18G Growler
1374:
1267:
1252:(KpsZSU) have gained
1164:
1095:
1088:2003 invasion of Iraq
1021:
962:
875:
749:
603:EC-130E Commando Solo
545:
527:Strategic Air Command
429:
304:to destroy them. The
286:Germany's radar sites
104:, including not only
42:
32:Sead (disambiguation)
3204:Trevithick, Joseph.
2977:. October 26, 2005.
2701:Brungess, pp. 25–34.
2638:Brungess, pp. 16–25.
2298:Hewitt, William A.,
2080:British Armed Forces
1960:and currently in use
1776:JF-17 equipped with
1739:Dassault Mirage 2000
1667:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1546:F/A-18A/B/C/D Hornet
1112:At the onset of the
945:A-10 Thunderbolt IIs
630:signals intelligence
594:EC-130H Compass Call
561:, in preparation of
513:Operation Linebacker
500:joined later by the
354:B-29 Superfortresses
294:imagery intelligence
169:Operation Linebacker
4143:. November 28, 2021
3529:Zaloga, Steven J.,
3190:Not What You Think
3104:on October 25, 2012
3033:, 31 December 1998.
2736:Davis, Richard G.,
2470:Brungess, pp. 9–11.
1972:Panavia Tornado GR4
1920:Panavia Tornado ECR
1883:Panavia Tornado ECR
1349:Loitering Munitions
1250:Ukrainian Air Force
1219:Ukrainian Air Force
1067:rules of engagement
867:situation awareness
784:command and control
684:Syrian Armed Forces
666:. During the prior
523:B-52 Stratofortress
281:increased tenfold.
262:German High Command
114:early-warning radar
4493:Military doctrines
4141:bundeswehr-journal
3642:Chun, pp. 295–296.
3633:. 30 October 2018.
3625:2018-10-31 at the
3610:Bailey, pp. 77–78.
3236:The New York Times
3078:2013-05-12 at the
3026:Marshall, Andrew.
2870:Davis, pp. 299–300
2795:Davis, pp. 157–158
2786:Knights, pp. 48–49
2752:Knights, Michael,
2667:The New York Times
2558:"Six Days in June"
2543:pp. 363, 365, 367.
2515:Burden et al. 1986
2501:Pace, Phillip E.,
2458:Brungess, pp. 8–9.
2429:Hannah, Craig C.,
2404:Brungess, pp. 6–8.
2381:Olsen, pp. 98–100.
1793:equipped with the
1695:
1383:
1335:attack helicopters
1273:
1191:The New York Times
1174:
1130:Iraqi no-fly zones
1110:
1035:
969:
878:
841:point, while what
756:
566:
559:AGM-45 Shrike ARMs
532:electronic warfare
461:F-100 Super Sabres
448:North Vietnam Army
436:
391:propeller aircraft
161:United States Navy
132:In some contexts,
122:electronic warfare
58:
4089:en.missilery.info
3595:Owen, Robert C.,
2852:Davis, p. 221–222
2843:Davis, p. 217–218
2813:Davis, p. 182–190
2492:Brungess, p. 104.
2390:Brungess, pp. 4–5
2348:Air Combat Annals
2263:Brungess, James,
1810:M4 equipped with
1477:F-100 Super Sabre
1435:AMX International
1304:missile launchers
1268:A mock-up of the
1246:Russian Air Force
1178:Russian Air Force
1141:very few aircraft
1065:restrictions and
1026:of a SAM site in
1002:close air support
977:strategic bombing
952:– even the elite
899:F-117A Nighthawks
700:combat air patrol
676:Operation Model 5
672:Israeli Air Force
578:Israeli Air Force
538:Post-Vietnam Wars
406:Chinese Air Force
327:Operation Varsity
323:British XII Corps
247:Battle of Britain
16:(Redirected from
4510:
4439:
4438:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4359:Breaking Defense
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4191:
4185:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4169:. June 28, 2022.
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3879:
3873:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3748:Michel III p. 35
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3662:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3561:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3100:. Archived from
3089:
3083:
3070:
3064:
3063:, 21 March 2003.
3056:Payne, Stewart.
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3018:
3015:The Sunday Times
3011:
3005:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:Davis, pp. 77–79
2763:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2591:Grant, Rebecca.
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2311:Hewitt, pp. 6–9.
2309:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2276:Brungess, p. 55.
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2209:
2206:
2172:AGM-88G AARGM-ER
2139:Northrop Grumman
2022:German Air Force
1691:Indian Air Force
1598:AGM-88G AARGM-ER
1568:F/A-18A/B Hornet
1419:(B/C/E variants)
1339:rocket artillery
1308:Mk-20 Rockeye II
1076:F-117A Nighthawk
954:Republican Guard
907:MH-53J Pave Lows
752:F-4G Wild Weasel
731:A-7E Corsair IIs
664:1982 Lebanon War
638:Mikoyan MiG-25BM
383:Korean Peninsula
331:artillery shells
319:Battle of France
306:P-47 Thunderbolt
181:1982 Lebanon War
145:Second World War
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
78:
75:
21:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4473:
4472:
4468:Wayback Machine
4447:
4442:
4437:. June 5, 2023.
4429:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4410:Lockheed Martin
4404:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4036:(in Vietnamese)
4026:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3963:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3843:airforce.gov.au
3837:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3730:on 16 July 2012
3727:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3627:Wayback Machine
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3590:
3582:Davies, Peter,
3581:
3577:
3571:Wayback Machine
3562:
3558:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3508:Michael Marrow
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3307:Mia Jankowicz
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3289:. March 3, 2022
3277:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3080:Wayback Machine
3071:
3067:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3031:The Independent
3025:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:Lambeth, p. 15.
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2933:
2929:
2925:Lambeth, p. 14.
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:Lambeth, p. 17.
2906:
2902:
2898:Lambeth, p. 16.
2897:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2728:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2445:Davies, Peter,
2444:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2416:Davies, Peter,
2415:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2252:Wayback Machine
2242:
2238:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2131:Lockheed Martin
2095:
2005:
2000:
1967:
1950:
1933:
1916:
1899:
1879:
1851:
1836:
1831:
1804:
1791:Panavia Tornado
1787:
1773:
1679:
1654:
1621:
1607:
1586:
1581:
1564:
1562:US Marine Corps
1537:
1522:, known as the
1511:, known as the
1509:F-4E Phantom II
1502:F-4C Phantom II
1453:
1448:
1431:
1426:
1409:
1393:
1388:
1369:
1262:
1254:air superiority
1169:shot down over
1159:
1153:
1134:Panavia Tornado
1106:Operation Telic
1090:
1084:
1016:
1010:
895:cruise missiles
788:Operation Opera
744:
727:Muammar Gaddafi
723:punitive strike
642:attack aircraft
540:
509:F-4C Phantom II
498:EB-66 Destroyer
487:AGM-78 Standard
452:air deniability
424:
418:
410:air superiority
371:
350:B-24 Liberators
338:Pacific Theater
302:fighter-bombers
243:
234:
232:Pre-Vietnam War
229:
84:
72:
68:
35:
28:
27:Military tactic
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4445:External links
4443:
4441:
4440:
4422:
4397:
4371:
4345:
4320:
4294:
4268:
4242:
4216:
4186:
4172:
4154:
4129:
4101:
4073:
4047:
4020:
4008:
3996:codex.uoaf.net
3983:
3954:
3925:
3900:
3874:
3860:
3830:
3818:
3793:
3779:
3770:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3708:
3682:
3657:
3644:
3635:
3612:
3603:
3588:
3575:
3556:
3535:
3522:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3464:
3438:
3413:
3388:
3363:
3338:
3313:
3311:R-330Zh Zhitel
3300:
3270:
3258:
3245:
3222:
3196:
3183:
3170:
3157:
3151:Deutsche Welle
3143:
3115:
3098:Jerusalem Post
3084:
3065:
3049:
3035:
3019:
3017:, 29 May 2005.
3006:
2992:
2962:
2953:
2927:
2918:
2916:Lambeth, p. 9.
2909:
2900:
2888:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2742:
2726:
2703:
2694:
2672:
2653:
2640:
2628:
2583:
2545:
2537:
2519:
2517:, p. 363.
2507:
2494:
2485:
2481:F-4 Phantom II
2472:
2460:
2451:
2435:
2422:
2406:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2304:
2291:
2278:
2269:
2256:
2236:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2181:EA-18G Growler
2168:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2118:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:Airbus Defence
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1966:
1965:United Kingdom
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:equipped with
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:AARGM missiles
1922:equipped with
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:AARGM missiles
1885:equipped with
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:equipped with
1815:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1754:equipped with
1749:
1741:equipped with
1736:
1723:equipped with
1718:
1701:equipped with
1687:Rudram missile
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1660:equipped with
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1637:equipped with
1632:
1627:equipped with
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1592:equipped with
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:equipped with
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1399:equipped with
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1368:
1365:
1261:
1258:
1248:(VVS) nor the
1155:Main article:
1152:
1149:
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
772:Iraq Air Force
743:
740:
735:F/A-18 Hornets
668:Yom Kippur War
626:Tupolev Tu-22M
570:Yom Kippur War
557:is armed with
539:
536:
456:SA-2 Guideline
417:
414:
370:
367:
363:B-25 Mitchells
242:
239:
233:
230:
228:
225:
50:, loaded with
48:EA-18G Growler
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4515:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4415:September 16,
4411:
4407:
4401:
4390:September 16,
4386:
4385:Defense Daily
4382:
4375:
4364:September 16,
4360:
4356:
4349:
4338:September 16,
4334:
4330:
4324:
4313:September 16,
4309:
4305:
4298:
4287:September 16,
4283:
4279:
4272:
4261:September 16,
4257:
4253:
4246:
4235:September 16,
4231:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4199:Defense Daily
4196:
4190:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4122:September 16,
4118:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4094:September 16,
4090:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4001:September 16,
3997:
3993:
3987:
3976:September 16,
3972:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3947:September 16,
3943:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3889:. May 3, 2019
3888:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3811:September 16,
3807:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3774:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3584:F-105 vs SA-2
3579:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3552:1-880588-46-3
3549:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3496:Chris Gordon
3493:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3287:
3286:The Economist
3281:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3252:David Vergun
3249:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3061:The Telegraph
3059:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2867:
2861:Davis, p. 249
2858:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2822:Davis, p. 196
2819:
2810:
2804:Davis, p. 178
2801:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2774:Davis, p. 105
2771:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2682:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2607:September 22,
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2576:September 10,
2571:
2568:(June 2002).
2567:
2564:(in Hebrew).
2563:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2538:0-906339-05-7
2534:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2378:
2372:Olsen, p. 92.
2369:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Tejas Mk.1/1A
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Sky Sword IIA
1659:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:EA-6B Prowler
1539:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1446:United States
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:Lightning Bug
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:combined arms
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:cluster bombs
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1270:AGM-88E AARGM
1266:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:David Deptula
1183:
1182:air supremacy
1179:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1108:, August 2004
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1003:
998:
993:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
966:
961:
957:
955:
951:
946:
940:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:AH-64 Apaches
908:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
835:
834:point defense
831:
825:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
753:
748:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
653:Falklands War
649:
647:
646:Sukhoi Su-24M
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Tupolev Tu-16
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
591:
590:EF-111A Raven
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
560:
556:
555:
549:
544:
535:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
505:
503:
502:EA-6B Prowler
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
483:AGM-45 Shrike
480:
479:A-6B Intruder
477:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:North Vietnam
441:
433:
428:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
298:heavy bombers
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
238:
224:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Falklands War
170:
166:
165:A-6B Intruder
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
67:, pronounced
66:
62:
56:
53:
49:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4434:
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4358:
4348:
4336:. Retrieved
4332:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4307:
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4281:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4256:EDR Magazine
4255:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4203:the original
4198:
4189:
4166:
4157:
4145:. Retrieved
4140:
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4116:
4092:. Retrieved
4088:
4066:February 22,
4064:. Retrieved
4059:
4050:
4040:February 22,
4038:. Retrieved
4033:
4023:
4011:
3999:. Retrieved
3995:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:
3945:. Retrieved
3941:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:
3903:
3891:. Retrieved
3886:
3877:
3851:. Retrieved
3842:
3833:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3782:
3773:
3762:
3757:Hobson p. 43
3753:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3725:the original
3711:
3701:February 20,
3699:. Retrieved
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3630:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3559:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3400:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3350:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3284:
3273:
3261:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3128:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3097:
3087:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3009:
2983:. Retrieved
2974:
2965:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2941:The Guardian
2940:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2831:Davis, p.197
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2770:
2761:
2753:
2737:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2617:cite journal
2605:. Retrieved
2600:
2596:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2565:
2562:IAF Magazine
2561:
2528:
2522:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2488:
2483:, pp. 40–41.
2480:
2475:
2454:
2446:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2239:
2231:
2204:
2170:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2101:
2098:
2066:US Air Force
2059:
2053:3 fuel tanks
2025:
2013:
2009:
1785:Saudi Arabia
1635:Chengdu J-10
1495:F-105F and G
1488:F-4C Phantom
1460:
1457:US Air Force
1454:
1347:
1331:Soviet Union
1316:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1239:
1232:
1216:
1210:, a Russian
1196:
1189:
1175:
1138:
1123:
1111:
1097:
1096:Tornado GR4
1072:
1063:
1059:cyberwarfare
1055:towed decoys
1051:Tornado ECRs
1036:
1022:Post-strike
994:
981:interdiction
974:
970:
941:
936:ADM-141 TALD
909:guided nine
903:
886:air campaign
879:
838:Saudi Arabia
826:
812:Ali Al Salem
776:interceptors
757:
709:
697:
680:Bekaa Valley
657:
650:
634:interceptors
611:
567:
553:
517:
506:
466:
437:
395:
387:jet aircraft
372:
335:
315:British Army
283:
244:
241:World War II
235:
193:
185:Beqaa Valley
177:Port Stanley
142:
137:
133:
131:
102:air defenses
64:
60:
59:
36:
4435:Defensie.nl
4282:euro-sd.com
3734:4 September
3177:David Roza
2713:Proceedings
2687:October 28,
2151:AGM-88 HARM
2070:Wild Weasel
2041:6 missiles
1987:AS37 Martel
1981:The former
1970:The former
1958:AGM-88 HARM
1939:to receive
1931:Netherlands
1671:AGM-88 HARM
1594:AGM-88 HARM
1528:AGM-88 HARM
1463:Wild Weasel
1380:Tornado ECR
1284:Paveway LGB
1235:M142 HIMARS
1223:AGM-88 HARM
934:drones and
919:Al Taqaddum
586:AGM-88 HARM
469:Air Force's
422:Wild Weasel
416:Vietnam War
245:During the
149:Vietnam War
108:(SAMs) and
98:Wild Weasel
52:AGM-88 HARM
4477:Categories
4167:DefenceHub
3918:August 31,
3893:August 31,
3573:(PDF file)
3482:August 30,
3457:August 30,
3431:August 30,
3406:August 30,
3381:August 30,
3356:August 30,
3331:August 30,
2216:References
1859:Mirage III
1367:By country
1202:and other
1188:stated in
1165:А Russian
1028:Kragujevac
950:Iraqi Army
599:E-3 Sentry
582:M61 Vulcan
420:See also:
375:Korean War
369:Korean War
258:Chain Home
179:, and the
4209:August 8,
3971:The Drive
3853:March 19,
3675:August 7,
3210:The Drive
3136:April 19,
2975:USA Today
1943:on order
1752:MiG-29UPG
1707:Rudram II
1625:Xian JH-7
1584:Australia
1524:F-16CJ/DJ
1377:Luftwaffe
1361:IAI Harpy
1318:Artillery
1171:Chernihiv
1126:Coalition
863:F1 Mirage
759:Coalition
644:like the
636:like the
607:RC/EC-135
550:from the
311:Artillery
254:Luftwaffe
183:, in the
4464:Archived
4147:June 25,
3847:Archived
3695:Archived
3670:F-16.net
3623:Archived
3567:Archived
3293:March 9,
3241:country.
3215:March 5,
3130:BBC News
3076:Archived
2979:Archived
2946:June 22,
2723:: 40–52.
2570:Archived
2479:Davies,
2248:Archived
2179:and the
2165:program.
2147:AARGM-ER
2099:Spear EW
2093:Missiles
2084:SPEAR EW
2043:SPEAR EW
2020:for the
2003:Aircraft
1993:missile.
1941:AARGM-ER
1865:missile.
1818:Su-30MK2
1797:missile
1771:Pakistan
1756:Rudram I
1743:Rudram I
1725:Rudram I
1703:Rudram I
1699:Su-30MKI
1693:fighter.
1600:missiles
1441:missile
1341:such as
1326:Cold War
1114:Iraq War
927:warheads
923:Tomahawk
765:against
763:Gulf War
742:Gulf War
725:against
342:Japanese
212:Iraq War
196:Gulf War
4230:esut.de
3586:, p. 27
3477:Twitter
3426:Twitter
3401:Twitter
3376:Twitter
3351:Twitter
3326:Twitter
3108:July 5,
2161:weapon.
2124:program
2106:MBDA UK
1877:Germany
1802:Vietnam
1612:AGM-88F
1605:Bahrain
1535:US Navy
1455:In the
1424:America
1407:Morocco
1375:German
1300:battery
1260:Weapons
1200:Stinger
915:Nukhayb
855:MiG-21s
792:Baghdad
780:bunkers
614:Soviets
554:America
336:In the
227:History
175:, over
126:sorties
45:US Navy
3550:
2985:May 8,
2719:(11).
2535:
1902:Older
1897:Greece
1870:Martel
1863:Martel
1849:France
1834:Turkey
1829:Europe
1689:on an
1429:Brazil
1417:AGM-88
1401:AGM-88
1386:Africa
1312:CBU-87
1212:Zhitel
1032:Serbia
986:strike
932:BQM-74
859:MiG-29
851:Roland
800:Kirkuk
476:Navy's
340:, the
275:Allies
271:Europe
251:German
249:, the
151:, the
3728:(PDF)
3721:(PDF)
2683:. UPI
2196:Notes
2189:F-35A
2155:F-35C
2115:F-35B
2111:SPEAR
1991:ALARM
1976:ALARM
1954:EF-18
1948:Spain
1937:F-35A
1914:Italy
1822:Kh-31
1812:Kh-25
1808:Su-22
1795:ALARM
1778:MAR-1
1760:Kh-31
1729:Kh-31
1711:Kh-31
1677:India
1639:YJ-91
1629:YJ-91
1619:China
1439:MAR-1
1391:Egypt
1227:S-400
1208:Izyum
1167:Su-34
1098:ZA557
822:Hanoi
808:Talil
719:Libya
574:Egypt
359:chaff
4417:2023
4392:2023
4366:2023
4340:2023
4333:MBDA
4315:2023
4289:2023
4263:2023
4237:2023
4211:2015
4149:2023
4124:2023
4096:2023
4068:2024
4042:2024
4034:Soha
4003:2023
3978:2023
3949:2023
3920:2023
3895:2023
3855:2024
3813:2023
3736:2012
3703:2018
3677:2022
3548:ISBN
3484:2022
3459:2022
3433:2022
3408:2022
3383:2022
3358:2022
3333:2022
3295:2022
3217:2022
3138:2022
3110:2017
2987:2007
2948:2021
2689:2014
2623:link
2609:2017
2578:2008
2533:ISBN
2137:and
2060:F-35
1904:F-16
1857:The
1758:and
1727:and
1709:and
1645:J-11
1596:and
1579:Asia
1513:F-4G
1451:USAF
1413:F-16
1397:F-16
1351:and
1343:MLRS
979:and
897:and
861:and
849:and
847:SA-8
843:SA-6
830:Iran
817:SA-3
806:and
804:Taji
767:Iraq
750:The
733:and
640:and
624:and
618:NATO
605:and
592:and
552:USS
548:A-7E
485:and
474:and
352:and
300:and
279:flak
159:and
138:DEAD
116:and
65:SEAD
3452:CNN
2717:112
2566:145
1118:GPS
1100:of
997:DIA
890:CIA
796:H-3
546:An
379:UNC
163:'s
155:'s
4479::
4433:.
4408:.
4383:.
4357:.
4331:.
4306:.
4280:.
4254:.
4228:.
4197:.
4175:^
4165:.
4115:.
4104:^
4087:.
4076:^
4058:.
4032:.
3994:.
3969:.
3957:^
3940:.
3928:^
3911:.
3885:.
3863:^
3845:.
3841:.
3804:.
3668:.
3629:.
3475:.
3450:.
3424:.
3399:.
3374:.
3349:.
3324:.
3283:.
3238:.
3234:.
3208:.
3127:.
3096:.
2995:^
2973:.
2939:.
2891:^
2875:^
2836:^
2779:^
2745:^
2729:^
2715:.
2665:.
2631:^
2619:}}
2615:{{
2601:85
2599:.
2595:.
2560:.
2548:^
2463:^
2438:^
2409:^
2395:^
2223:^
2133:,
1762:P
1731:P
1713:P
1685:A
1256:.
1030:,
845:,
802:,
798:,
691:,
648:.
609:.
601:,
572:,
442:,
223:.
80:iː
43:A
4419:.
4394:.
4368:.
4342:.
4317:.
4291:.
4265:.
4239:.
4213:.
4151:.
4126:.
4098:.
4070:.
4044:.
4005:.
3980:.
3951:.
3922:.
3897:.
3857:.
3815:.
3790:.
3738:.
3679:.
3486:.
3461:.
3435:.
3410:.
3385:.
3360:.
3335:.
3297:.
3219:.
3140:.
3112:.
2989:.
2950:.
2691:.
2669:.
2625:)
2611:.
2580:.
2541:.
2191:.
2157:.
2127::
2102::
2014::
1766:.
1748:.
1735:.
1717:.
1705:,
1530:.
1465:"
1461:"
434:.
136:(
92:/
89:d
86:æ
83:-
77:s
74:ˈ
71:/
63:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.