1986 United States bombing of Libya

407: 293: 601: 1804:, an act of war, and called for an extensive political and economic boycott of the United States. Others saw the United States motive as an attempt to eliminate Libya's revolution. China stated that the U.S. attack violated norms of international relations and had aggravated tension in the region. The Soviet Union said that there was a clear link between the attack and U.S. policy aimed at stirring up existing hotbeds of tension and creating new ones, and at destabilizing the international situation. West Germany stated that international disputes required diplomatic and not military solutions, and France also criticized the bombing. 758: 191: 149: 452:

crews. The specially trained crews were capable of delivering 6 strings of MK-117 munitions seconds apart with pinpoint accuracy operating from North Dakota. In six months of intensive training the special mission unit dropped more live ordnance in the Nevada and Utah test ranges than had been expended since the conclusion of the Vietnam War. The B-52 provided a powerful alternative or follow-on option, however, as the backbone of the U.S. nuclear deterrent there was some risk to using the B-52 option against an SA-6 defended target.

535: 179: 168: 2092: 136: 2120: 2134: 47: 1688: 2106: 1907:, acting for Libyan citizens who had been killed or injured in the bombing raid by the U.S. using British air bases, brought suit under international law against the United States and the United Kingdom in U.S. federal court. The lawsuit was dismissed as frivolous. A subsequent appeal was denied, and monetary sanctions against Clark were allowed. Saltany v. Reagan, 886 F. 2d 438 (D.C. Cir. 1989). 368:, the United States contemplated a military attack to strike targets within the Libyan mainland. In March 1986, the United States, asserting the 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit to territorial waters according to international law, sent a carrier task force to the region. Libya responded with aggressive counter-maneuvers on 24 March that led to 1466:, who toured the Bab al-Azizia barracks, claimed to have seen two flight suits and helmets engraved with the names "Lorence" and "Ribas-Dominicci", as well as the wreckage of their F-111. Gaddafi declared that the raid was a Libyan victory and stated that three American planes had been shot down, but Karma-52 was the only one that failed to return to base. 1488:

kill him, stating "Was Reagan trying to kill me? Of course. The attack was concentrated on my house and I was in my house", he also described how he rescued his family. When asked whether he was in danger of losing power, he said: "Really, these reports and writings are not true. As you can see I am fine, and there has been no change in our country."

448:. The mission was a full rehearsal for a long-range strike against Libya. The mission was completed successfully, with the exception of one aircraft that had all but one of its eight bombs hang up on one of its wing racks. The lessons learned were passed on to the 48th TFW which was equipped with the newer F-111F model. 1889:

in various international interventions and meddling that conflicted with Soviet goals in a variety of spheres. During a period where the Soviet Union was apparently attempting to lead a subtle diplomatic effort that could impact its global status, close association with the whims of Gaddafi became a liability.

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On 4 August 2008, President George W. Bush signed into law the Libyan Claims Resolution Act, which had unanimously passed Congress on 31 July. The Act provided for the restoration of Libya's sovereign, diplomatic, and official immunities before U.S. courts if the Secretary of State certified that the

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In the entire crisis, the Soviet Union explicitly announced that it would not provide additional help to Libya beyond resupplying basic armaments and munitions. It made no attempt to militarily intimidate the United States, despite the ongoing American operations in the Gulf of Sidra and its previous

1888:

Although the Soviet Union was ostensibly friendly with Libya, it had, by the time of the Libya bombing, made its increasing ambivalence toward Libya apparent in public communications. Gaddafi had a history of verbally attacking the policy agendas and ideology of the Soviet Union, and he often engaged

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Gaddafi said reconciliation between Libya and the United States was impossible so long as Reagan was in the White House; of the US president he said, "He is mad. He is foolish. He is an Israeli dog." He said he had no plans to attack the United States or U.S. targets. He claimed that Reagan wanted to

1807:

Some observers held the opinion that Article 51 of the UN Charter set limitations on the use of force in exercising the legitimate right of self-defense in the absence of an act of aggression, and affirmed that there was no such act by Libya. It was charged that the United States did not exhaust the

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gang, in their emergence as an anti-American armed revolutionary movement. Al-Rukn members were arrested for preparing strikes on behalf of Libya, including blowing up US government buildings and bringing down an airplane; the Al-Rukn defendants were convicted in 1987 of "offering to commit bombings

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suggesting that it could have experienced radio trouble or been diverted to another airfield. The next day, the Pentagon had announced it was no longer searching for the F-111 believed to be downed by a Libyan missile. On 25 December 1988, Gaddafi offered to release the body of Lorence to his family

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and one F-111's bombs missed the barracks, striking diplomatic and civilian sites in Tripoli, and narrowly missing the French embassy. All three F-111s assigned to Sidi Bilal released their GBU-10 bombs on target. One of the six F-111s assigned to bomb the Tripoli airfield aborted its mission with a

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refused overflight clearance because the United States was interested in limited action in Libya while France was more interested in action that would remove Gaddafi from power. Another factor in the French decision was the United States' last-minute failure to participate in a retaliatory air raid

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Libya soon recovered the body of Captain Ribas-Dominicci but did not return it to the United States until 1989. An autopsy determined the cause of death to be drowning, not massive physical trauma ... the autopsy finding and the eyewitness accounts of several aviators who saw the explosion and the

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confirmed that he had drowned after his plane was shot down over the Gulf of Sidra. Libya denies that it held Lorence's body. However, Lorence's brother said that he and his mother saw television footage of a Libyan holding a white helmet with the name "Lorence" stenciled on the back. Furthermore,

2008:

To pay the settlement, Libya demanded US$ 1.5 billion from global oil companies operating in Libya's oil fields, under threat of "serious consequences" to their leases. Libya's settlement was at least partially funded by several companies, including some based in the U.S., that chose to cooperate

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Some Libyan soldiers, reportedly, abandoned their positions in fright and confusion, and officers were slow to give orders. Libyan anti-aircraft fire did not begin until after the planes had passed over their targets. No Libyan fighters launched, and HARM launches and jamming prevented any of the

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According to medical staff in a nearby hospital, two dozen casualties were brought in wearing military uniforms, and two without uniforms. Total Libyan casualties were estimated at 60, including those at the bombed airbases. An infant girl was among the casualties; her body was shown to American

451:

In August 1985 six specially trained B-52H crews of the 23rd Bombardment Squadron in Minot North Dakota were designated the as the Advanced Conventional Taskforce (ACT)and trained at specialized low-level conventional bombing missions, including the first ever use of Night Vision Goggles by B-52

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On the first anniversary of the bombing, April 1987, European and North American left-wing activists gathered to commemorate the anniversary. After a day of social and cultural networking with local Libyans, including a tour of Gaddafi's bombed house, the group gathered with other Libyans for a

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scrubbed the stealth mission, fearing a compromise of the secret aircraft and its development program. The air strike was carried out with conventional U.S. Navy and USAF aircraft. The F-117 would remain completely unknown to the world for several more months, before being unveiled in 1988 and

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The attack was condemned by many countries. By a vote of 79 in favor to 28 against with 33 abstentions, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 41/38, which "condemns the military attack perpetrated against the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 15 April 1986, which

1669:, who was suffering from terminal prostate cancer, was released in August 2009 by the Scottish Government on compassionate grounds. He died in 2012. In May 2014 a group of relatives of the Lockerbie victims continued to campaign for al-Megrahi's name to be cleared by reopening the case. 657:

shortly after 19:00 on 14 April. These tankers would conduct four silent refueling operations over the 6,000 mi (9,700 km) round-trip route the F-111s would fly to target. Within minutes the tankers were followed by twenty-four F-111F strike aircraft of the

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Within twelve minutes, all United States aircraft were "feet wet" outbound over the Mediterranean. Navy strike aircraft had been recovered aboard their carriers by 02:53 (Libyan time) and surviving USAF planes, with the exception of one F-111, which landed in

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Hana Gaddafi soll 1986 beim Angriff amerikanischer Bomber umgekommen sein. Tatsächlich wurde ihr Tod offenbar nur vorgetäuscht. Eine Spurensuche." " killed in 1986, during the attack of American bombers. In fact, her death was obviously faked. A search for

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in a controversial judgement on 31 January 2001. The Libyan Government accepted responsibility for the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing on 29 May 2002, and offered $ 2.7 billion to compensate the families of the 270 victims. The convicted Libyan,

1956:

On 28 May 2008, the United States began negotiations with Libya on a comprehensive claims settlement agreement to resolve outstanding claims of American and Libyan nationals against each country in their respective courts. Gaddafi's son

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said that the United States had fallen prey to arrogance and madness of power and wanted to become the world's policeman. It charged that any party that did not agree to become an American vassal was an outlaw, a terrorist, and a devil.

1900:. At the same time, it clearly signaled that it did not want this action to affect negotiations about the upcoming summer summit between the United States and the Soviet Union and its plans for new arms control agreements. 1424:. However, there was and remains much skepticism over the claim. She may not have died; the adoption may have been posthumous; or he may have adopted a second daughter and given her the same name after the first one died. 616:

possessed the ability to attack at night with the required precision. Although the F-111s would be required to fly from distant bases, they were essential to mission success, because the eighteen A-6 available aboard

1979:

1.5 billion (in three installments of $ 300 million on 9 October 2008, $ 600 million on 30 October 2008, and US$ 600 million 31 October 2008) into a fund used to compensate the following victims and their relatives:

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referred to the lack of French cooperation with the raid in their song 'French People Suck': "French people suck, I just gotta' say/made the jet fighter pilots fly out of their way." This song appears on the album

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that, "by this same rationale of defense against future attack, Britain could bomb apartment blocks in New York and Chicago on the ground that they contained people sending money and military supplies to the

323:, which was rich in uranium, was of major concern to the United States. Gaddafi's ambitions to set up a federation of Arab and Muslim states in North Africa were alarming to U.S. interests. Furthermore, then- 546:

After several unproductive days of meetings with European and Arab nations, and influenced by an American serviceman's death, Ronald Reagan, on 14 April, ordered an air raid on the following Libyan targets:

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Files stored in a basement room in one of London's most expensive districts could shed new light on one of the greatest mysteries of Muammar Gaddafi's Libya: the alleged death of his baby daughter Hana.

1923:

about the incident, but systematically deferred the discussion year after year until formally putting it aside (along with several other issues which had been similarly rescheduled for years) in 2005.

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The Telegraph has obtained the first video evidence that Hana, the adopted daughter that Col Gaddafi claimed had been killed in an American bombing raid in 1986, was alive years after the attack.

1940:

In June 2009, during a visit to Italy, Gaddafi criticized American foreign policy and, asked as to the difference between al-Qaeda attacks and the 1986 U.S. bombing of Tripoli, he commented: "If

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Parks specifies times of events with the time in Washington DC where the attack was coordinated. Parks's times have been adjusted to reflect the time observed where the battle took place.

1638:. Another British hostage named Alec Collett was also killed in retaliation for the bombing of Libya. Collett was shown being hanged in a video tape. His body was found in November 2009. 1615:, which was attempting to deliver 150 tons of Soviet arms from Libya to the Irish Republican Army (IRA), partly in retaliation against the British for harboring American fighter planes. 1484:

Gaddafi announced that he had "won a spectacular military victory over the United States" and the country was officially renamed the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah".

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in Scotland after a bomb detonated, killing all 259 people aboard, and 11 people in Lockerbie. Iran was initially thought to have been responsible for the bombing in revenge for the

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knowledge that the United States might launch an attack. The Soviet Union did not completely ignore the event, issuing a denunciation of this 'criminal' act by the United States.

1504:

Gaddafi quashed an internal revolt, the organization of which he blamed on the United States, although Gaddafi appeared to have left the public sphere for a time in 1986 and 1987.

1800:

said that the deliberate attempt to kill Libyans violated the principles of international law. The Government of Iran asserted that the attack constituted a policy of aggression,

436:, received a top-secret order to launch a simulated attack mission on 18 October, with ten F-111Es armed with eight 500-lb practice bombs, against a simulated airfield located in 678:. Six F-111s and one EF-111 were designated spares who returned to base after the first refueling was completed without any system failures among the designated strike aircraft. 4680: 1819: 4450: 3600: 1796:

expressed that it was outraged at the United States aggression and that it reinforced an element of anarchy in international relations. The Assembly of Heads of State of the

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the songs "Late Home Tonight, Part I" and "Late Home Tonight, Part II" recall the bombing from the perspective of two "ordinary wives' and a young American F-111 pilot.

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was employed in the role of an alternate in case of emergency, and was used as such by at least one aircraft. This led to retaliatory action against the British base.

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On 14 August 2008, the United States and Libya signed a comprehensive claims settlement agreement. Full diplomatic relations were restored between the two nations.

5045: 2305: 280:. There were 40 reported Libyan casualties; one U.S. plane was shot down. One of the claimed Libyan deaths was of a baby girl, reported to be Gaddafi's daughter, 5130: 1448:. In the hours following the attack, the U.S. military refused to speculate as to whether or not the fighter-bomber had been shot down, with Defense Secretary 2979: 4319: 2147: 1966: 1962: 1705: 4443: 5389: 5038: 4855: 4809: 4429: 5399: 5369: 5209: 4922: 4553: 4231: 116: 2957: 4385: 2080:, published in 2000, there is a detailed but fictionalised description of the attack from the point of view of one of the book's main protagonists. 5246: 5188: 5181: 4399: 4242: 3185:

The sad note is we have to assume the 2 missing men are dead. Evidence indicates their plane was shot down just off shore after dropping its bombs.

2286: 4108: 3867: 2735: 1752: 398:. Libyan agents who had carried out the operation from the Libyan embassy in East Germany were identified and prosecuted by Germany in the 1990s. 5304: 5022: 3849: 768:

The raid began in the early hours of 15 April, with the stated objectives of sending a message and reducing Libya's ability to support and train

2013:

United States Government has received sufficient funds to resolve outstanding terrorism-related death and physical injury claims against Libya.

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In May 1987, Australia expelled diplomats and broke off relations with Libya, claiming Libya sought to fuel violence in Australia and Oceania.

880:, Spain, with an overheated engine, had returned to Britain by 10:10 (Libyan time). Although the bombing operations were staged out of the UK, 4782: 4775: 4696: 795:(SEAD). The attack began at 0200 hours (Libyan time), and lasted about twelve minutes, with 60 tons of munitions dropped. The F-111 bombers' 2939: 4415: 4408: 3428: 1852:, and 25 other countries. Its doctrine of declaring a war on what it called "terrorist havens" was not repeated until 1998, when President 1731: 1508: 265: 153: 112: 3357: 2390: 5394: 5052: 4096:

Cohen, David B., and Chris J. Dolan. "Revisiting El Dorado Canyon: terrorism, the Reagan administration, and the 1986 bombing of Libya."

3210: 3746:"Using Process Tracing to Investigate Elite Experience Accrual: Explaining Margaret Thatcher's Support for US Air Strikes Against Libya" 4987: 4731: 4436: 3555: 3413: 721:

planes would strike the Benina airfield outside Benghazi and provide fighter and suppression support for the Navy bombers. About 01:00

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as well as the use of European continental bases, forcing the USAF portion of the operation to be flown around France and Spain, over

5283: 5218: 5202: 5114: 4312: 3957: 3256: 1738: 3592: 3032: 3010: 1630:, Leigh Douglas and Philip Padfield, along with an American named Peter Kilburn, were shot dead in revenge. In addition, journalist 5429: 5225: 4994: 4620: 4371: 4346: 4337: 2193: 2050: 4247: 5424: 5123: 5073: 5066: 4876: 3332: 2611: 4056: 1720: 1511:

dedicated several postage stamps issues to the event, from 1986 until 2001. The first issue was released in 1986, 13 July (ref.

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on 5 September 1986, which resulted in the deaths of 20 people. The allegation did not come to light until it was reported by

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A meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement said that it condemned the "dastardly, blatant and unprovoked act of aggression". The

713:

air group would strike targets in downtown Benghazi and provide fighter and suppression support for the USAF bombers, while

379:, killing three people, including two U.S. servicemen and a Turkish woman, and injuring 229 people, including 79 Americans. 5409: 5374: 5151: 4862: 4364: 4305: 4287: 2585: 346: 581:– an alternative command and control headquarters for overseas operations, and which contained a warehouse for storage of 5414: 4897: 4353: 2818: 2152: 803:

prior to bomb release to minimize collateral damage. Of the nine F-111s targeting Bab al-Azizia, only three placed their

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protested that if other nations applied Article 51 as cavalierly as the United States, then "the Nicaraguan government,

1416:

to intercept it, discovering the strike force's presence and being warned away by pilots with obvious American accents.

5364: 3075:"Some accounts say Hana Gaddafi died in a 1986 raid, others that she lived to become a doctor or never existed at all." 2649: 2560: 2347: 2169: 1878: 369: 292: 2468: 5239: 4652: 4191: 4160: 4132: 3305: 2493: 1771: 792: 358: 3925: 3667:"Security Council lifts sanctions imposed on Libya after terrorist bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772" 1881:

was upset by an "uncaring" Prime Minister. However, the Americans strongly endorsed Thatcher, and the long-standing

772:. Shortly after the raid Reagan warned "Today, we have done what we had to do. If necessary, we shall do it again." 5144: 5093: 4938: 4703: 4688: 4422: 3187:

Reagan Diaries Volume 2: November 1985 – January 1989, Ronald Reagan, Douglas Brinkley, p. 590, HarperCollins, 2010

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capabilities of the F-117, or that the aircraft even existed. Within an hour of the planned launch of the F-117s,

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publicly announced that an agreement was being negotiated in July of that year. On 14 August 2008, the resulting

1916: 1745: 1661: 376: 269: 4205: 3148:"Exclusive: Gaddafi's 'dead' daughter Hana alive and well in family video [Ali, Mohammed, videographer]" 600: 5172: 1709: 1601: 1457:. The body, returned in 1989, was identified as Ribas-Dominicci's from dental records. An autopsy conducted in 410: 301: 3059: 2364: 1400:'s Prime Minister. Bonnici had been made aware of the presence of the American strike force by Prime Minister 5434: 5267: 5253: 5137: 5107: 4959: 4869: 2721: 2693: 2175: 2157: 1920: 1786: 1545: 523: 820:

malfunction, but the remaining five dropped BSU-49 high drag bombs destroying two Il-76 transport aircraft.

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A-6s damaged the Jamahiriyah MiG assembly warehouse and destroyed four MiG shipping crates. Two A-6s from

4980: 4832: 4825: 4328: 1815: 1433: 776: 349:, which killed 19 and wounded approximately 140, Gaddafi indicated that he would continue to support the 331: 633:

could not carry enough bombs to simultaneously inflict the desired damage on the five targets selected.

5327: 4973: 4174: 3871: 3835: 1631: 1413: 646: 539: 468: 257: 3853: 3198:

descent of the fireball to the sea support the conclusion that Karma-52 was shot down by a SAM or AAA.

1987:

victims, who were given an additional US$ 2 million each after having been paid US$ 8 million earlier;

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United Nations Yearbook, 1986, Volume 40, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York

284:. However, there are doubts both as to whether she was really killed, or whether she truly existed. 5001: 4929: 4613: 4583: 4576: 1896:

After the raid, Moscow did cancel a planned visit to the United States by foreign affairs minister

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that the U.S. is planning an attack on its territory, has the right to bomb Washington." British

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p. 441, The dirty war: covert strategies and tactics used in political conflicts. Dillon, Martin

2306:"The Libyan Scud Attack on Lampedusa and the Italian Retaliation against Gaddafi that never was" 5359: 5260: 4818: 4659: 4073: 2552:

Overseas Basing of U.S. Military Forces: An Assessment of Relative Costs and Strategic Benefits

2402: 2187: 1969: 1627: 1393: 808: 609: 424:

The attack mission against Libya had been preceded in October 1985 by an exercise in which the

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The American bombing of Libya: A study of the force of miscalculation in Reagan foreign policy

4089:

Cogan, Charles G. "The response of the strong to the weak: The American raid on Libya, 1986".

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Ulfstein, Geir, and Hege Føsund Christiansen. "The legality of the NATO bombing in Libya."

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Winkler, Carol. "Parallels in preemptive war rhetoric: Reagan on Libya; Bush 43 on Iraq."

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St. John, Ronald Bruce (1 December 1992). "Libyan terrorism: the case against Gaddafi".

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Others asserted that Libya was innocent in the bombing of the West Berlin discotheque.

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An F-14A Tomcat launched from the USS America (CV-66) during Operation El Dorado Canyon

253: 3897: 2958:"Italy's Prime Minister saved Gaddafi's Life by Warning of Operation El Dorado Canyon" 1408:; the latter nation had detected the then-unidentified aircraft off the West coast of 364:

After years of occasional skirmishes with Libya over Libyan territorial claims to the

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Zimmermann, Tim. "The American bombing of Libya: A success for coercive diplomacy?."

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Murrat Sidi Bilal in Tripoli – a training camp for naval commandos and combat frogmen

479: 429: 425: 183: 3884: 2287:"The sad story of 'Karma 52', the only F-111 lost during Operation El Dorado Canyon" 4952: 3962: 3757: 2895:"U.S. Jets Hit 'Terrorist Centers' in Libya; Reagan Warns of New Attacks If Needed" 2038: 1577: 1568: 1524: 1516: 1349:

anti-aircraft missile units with 4 missiles launchers per unit giving 48 launchers.

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anti-aircraft missile units with 6 missiles launchers per unit giving 42 launchers.

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and one with Mk 82 bombs struck Benina airfield destroying three or four MiGs, two

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wanted to take proactive measures against Gaddafi because he had been using former

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Fisher, Louis. "The law: military operations in Libya: no war? No hostilities?."

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At the Helm of USS America: The Aircraft Carrier and Its 23 Commanders, 1965–1996

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The Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran

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as long as the European governments allegedly “supported anti-Gaddafi Libyans.”

2874:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 255 2172:, Naval battle between Libyan and U.S. forces before the April bombing campaign 2071: 1998: 1871:

bases led to substantial public criticism, including an unprecedented story in

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compound moments before the bombs dropped, forewarned by a telephone call from

761: 730: 663: 650: 568: 555: 327: 224: 56: 3761: 2178:, U.S.-Libyan air engagement over territorial claim, two Libyan jets shot down 868:

SAM launches from homing. One SA-6 however was able to track onto an A-6 from

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has no state and is an outlaw, America is a state with international rules."

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over the Persian Gulf, but in 1991 two Libyans were charged, one of whom was

1445: 1401: 1389: 1077: 926: 812: 788: 780: 742: 690: 667: 551: 441: 413: 365: 304: 273: 178: 172: 167: 141: 3681:"BBC News – Lockerbie bombing: Megrahi conviction review sought by families" 3117:"Dental records for Hana Gaddafi reopen mystery of Libyan leader's daughter" 2160:, US–Libyan air engagement over territorial claim, two Libyan jets shot down 459:(USAF) were put on standby to fly the strike mission against Libya. Over 30 296:

President Reagan consults bipartisan Congressional leaders about the strike.

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during the strike on the Jamahiriyah barracks but was evaded successfully.

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The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister

3033:"Hana Gaddafi, Libyan Leader's Presumed Dead Daughter, May Be Still Alive" 5084: 3652: 2029: 1976: 1860: 1082: 784: 697:

was preparing to leave the Mediterranean, and made a high speed run from

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The Libyan Strike: How The Americans Did It (Operation El Dorado Canyon)

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El Dorado Canyon, Joseph T. Stanik, p. 190, Naval Institute Press, 2003

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began at 01:54 (Libyan time) as the A-7Es and F/A-18As began launching

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For the Libyan raid, the United States was denied overflight rights by

383:

and the United States obtained cable transcripts from Libyan agents in

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reporters, who were told she was Gaddafi's recently adopted daughter

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Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

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The Libyan government was alleged to have ordered the hijacking of

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in Nevada. European Command senior officers knew nothing about the

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Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith: In London, Washington and Moscow

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In late 1987 French authorities stopped a merchant vessel, the MV

3930: 2488:(11th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 1000. 1623: 1597: 1287: 1268: 1213: 1105: 1101: 582: 3429:"Italian isle, site of U.S. base, is fearful of Qaddafi's anger" 2004:

Libyan victims of the 1986 U.S. bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi.

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Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya

1849: 1841: 1619: 1409: 1190: 1015: 869: 698: 491: 230: 558:– Gaddafi's command and control center for overseas operations 5274: 4274: 4141:

Stanik, Joseph T. "America's First Strike Against Terrorism"

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Lichtblau, Eric; Rohde, David; Risen, James (24 March 2011).

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There was only limited change in Libyan-connected terrorism.

1549: 1519:

n.1699). The last issue was released in 2001, 15 April (ref.

1458: 1405: 1397: 499: 495: 433: 391: 190: 148: 80: 52: 5298:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

4914:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

1311:

The Libyan air defense network was extensive, and included:

608:

Among operational United States tactical aircraft, only the

59:

in April 1986 to participate in an air strike against Libya.

4327: 2850:

Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2016).

1972:

and by Libyan Secretary for American Affairs Ahmad Fituri.

1808:

Charter provisions for settling disputes under Article 33.

1541: 1236: 317:

reports that Libya was attempting to become a nuclear power

4210:

Zilian, Frederick, Jr. "The US Raid on Libya – and NATO",

741:

simultaneously launched eight A-6E TRAM Intruders and six

3545:

The Middle East and North Africa 2003 (2002). Eur. p. 758

2868:; Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (1989). 2849: 2420: 390:

More detailed information was retrieved years later when

5046:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

4028:"Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime" 3581:

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8241393.stm

3114: 2482:

Bailey, Thomas; Kennedy, David; Cohen, Lizabeth (1998).

2148:

Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration#Libya

1885:

between the United States and Britain was strengthened.

1634:

was kidnapped, and tourist Paul Appleby was murdered in

848:

was also reportedly destroyed during the Benina strike.

3832:"The sharp Soviet reaction to the U.S. attack on Lybia" 3060:"Gaddafi's daughter Hana: dead or a practising doctor?" 2864: 2365:"Gaddafi's daughter Hana: dead or a practising doctor?" 1645:, which exploded in mid-air and crashed on the town of 5131:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

4152:

El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War With Qaddafi

3720:

Cockburn, Alexander (17 April 1986). "Bombing Libya".

2245:, p. 162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 1556:

which fell short of the island and landed in the sea.

832:

aborted their mission, but five A-6s with CBU-59 APAM

463:

stealth attack aircraft had already been delivered to

3926:"Libya, Italy to sign compensation deal: Gaddafi son" 2261:. Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated. p. 28. 2243:

Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy

2048:

wrote "Mideast Vacation" a song from his live album,

1967:

Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs

807:

bombs on target. One F-111 was shot down by a Libyan

725:

launched six A-6E TRAM Intruder strike aircraft with

315:

in the Palestinian territories and Syria. There were

5016:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

4243:

Margaret Thatcher's statement on US bombing of Libya

3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 2524:

Thompson, Warren (May 2010). "To the Bay and Back".

2391:"Libya Has Trouble Building the Most Deadly Weapons" 2087: 1963:

U.S.-Libya Comprehensive Claims Settlement Agreement

1626:, two British hostages held by the Libyan-supported 1388:

and his family rushed out of their residence in the

5039:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

4025: 1605:and assassinations on US soil for Libyan payment." 1559: 844:transport, and one small straight-wing aircraft. A 307:shortly after his 1981 inauguration. Libyan leader 5210:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 4923:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 4280: 3514: 3115:Kirkup, James & Watt, Holly (12 August 2011). 2612:"French Say They Favored Stronger Attack on Libya" 2609: 2481: 3982: 3593:"Libya will not arm IRA again, Gaddafi aide says" 3089:"Enigmatic in Power, Qaddafi Is Elusive at Large" 2824:(Report). U.S. Department of Defense. p. 153 799:required target identification by both radar and 5351: 5247:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 5189:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 3623:"Body of Lost British Reporter Found in Lebanon" 3509: 2712:Stumpf, Robert E. (1986). "Air War with Libya". 2605: 2603: 2540:interview with members of D-flight 23rd BMS/5BMW 2507: 2505: 1915:Every year, between at least 1994 and 2006, the 1581:in March 2004—days after British Prime Minister 514:. The French refusal alone added 2,800 km. 5305:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 5023:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 4124:Politicotainment: Television's Take on the Real 3319: 3317: 3145: 3086: 3008: 2793:Encyclopedia of United States National Security 1363:anti-aircraft regiment with 16 launch vehicles. 1330:anti-aircraft missile units with 276 launchers. 729:against the Jamahiriyah Guard barracks and six 117:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 4155:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4019: 3517:Target America & the West: Terrorism Today 3285: 3283: 3030:English language translation of same article: 3013:[Gaddafi's children – Declared dead]. 2977: 2324:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–1991 1356:anti-aircraft missile units with 48 launchers. 1319:anti-aircraft missile units with 24 launchers. 4697:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 4313: 4171:International & Comparative Law Quarterly 3797:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 279–82. 3790: 3459:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 344. 3456:A Military History of the Cold War, 1962–1991 3352: 3350: 3057: 2937:Airpower Versus Terrorism: Three Case Studies 2600: 2502: 96:Failed assassination attempt against Gaddafi 5182:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 3590: 3314: 3108: 2684:Parks, W. Hays (1986). "Crossing the Line". 4074:Significant Events in U.S.-Libyan Relations 3591:Kelsey, Tim; Koenig, Peter (20 July 1994). 3505: 3503: 3280: 3011:"Gaddafis Kinder – Totgesagte leben länger" 2955: 2913:"Libya – Encounters with the United States" 1444:(callsign Karma-52) was shot down over the 432:airbase in the UK, which was equipped with 5009:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 4988:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 4732:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 4320: 4306: 3878: 3347: 2980:"NBC's Mitchell Regurgitates Gaddafi Lies" 2785: 2783: 2755: 2753: 2340:Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution 1479: 887: 636: 542:F-111F aircraft for an air strike on Libya 483:featured prominently in media coverage of 377:bombed "La Belle" nightclub in West Berlin 5400:Punitive expeditions of the United States 5370:Airstrikes conducted by the United States 5284:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 5219:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 5203:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 5115:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 4783:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 4776:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 3868:"General Assembly Session 59 meeting 117" 3139: 2852:Libyan Air Wars – Part 3 : 1986–1989 2427: 2383: 1772:Learn how and when to remove this message 1672: 311:was firmly anti-Israel and had supported 113:Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 16:US April 1986 military operation in Libya 5226:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 4995:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 4291:) is being considered for deletion. See 3885:US-Libya Relations / Bombing Anniversary 3850:"General Assembly Session 49 meeting 93" 3719: 3653:"UN monitor decries Lockerbie judgement" 3548: 3500: 3453:House, Jonathan M. (24 September 2020). 3296:. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 2892: 2819:Raid on Libya: Operation Eldorado Canyon 2816: 2760:Jr, James E. Wise; Baron, Scott (2016). 2736:"1986 Year in Review: Strike on Qaddafi" 2543: 2523: 2452: 2258:Dealing with Terrorism: Stick Or Carrot? 2194:List of modern conflicts in North Africa 1370:anti-aircraft units with 60 launch pads. 1124: 1089: 756: 745:. Additional fighters were launched for 599: 533: 405: 291: 268:on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the 5124:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 5074:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 5067:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 4877:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 4462: 4120: 3958:"Libya, US Sign Compensation Agreement" 3482:"Revealed: Gaddafi's air massacre plot" 2789: 2780: 2759: 2750: 2584:. Air Force Association. Archived from 2555:. Rand Corporation. 2013. p. 103. 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 1951: 1840:The U.S. received support from the UK, 903: 900: 375:On 5 April 1986, alleged Libyan agents 370:a naval engagement in the Gulf of Sidra 272:ten days earlier, which U.S. President 51:An American 48th Tactical Fighter Wing 5390:Libya–United States military relations 5352: 4849:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 4840:Office of National Drug Control Policy 4179: 4148: 3743: 3558:. AIJAC. February 2003. Archived from 3412:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3235: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2434:Hersh, Seymour M. (22 February 1987). 2362: 2337: 2280: 2278: 1857:ordered strikes on six terrorist camps 1306: 591:– used as a base by defending fighters 300:Libya represented a high priority for 5291:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 5030:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 4907:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 4792:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 4301: 3479: 3452: 3289: 3238:"Air Raid Toll Comes Home to Gaddafi" 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2683: 2637: 2631: 2433: 2303: 2284: 2019: 1721:"1986 United States bombing of Libya" 1589:by a Western leader in a generation. 1530: 897: 681: 5152:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 4863:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 2817:Endicott, Judy G. (23 August 2012). 2610:Bernstein, Richard (23 April 1986). 2326:, University of Nebraska Press, 2002 2254: 2206: 2199: 1926: 1710:adding citations to reliable sources 1681: 420:staff on Operation El Dorado Canyon. 347:1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks 260:carried out air strikes, code-named 4898:United States Sentencing Commission 3898:"Students protest at Gaddafi visit" 3887:Vanderbilt Television News Archive. 3870:. 12 September 2005. Archived from 3521:. New York: S.P.I. Books. pp. 3254: 2978:Kincaid, Cliff (22 February 2011). 2893:Weinraub, Bernard (15 April 1986). 2700: 2658: 2512:Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing 2401:(10). December 1995. Archived from 2275: 2248: 2153:2011 military intervention in Libya 99:Failed Libyan Scud missile response 24:1986 United States bombing of Libya 13: 5395:Military history of Tripoli, Libya 4091:Intelligence and National Security 4083: 3999:"Libya compensates terror victims" 3852:. 20 December 1994. Archived from 3603:from the original on 25 March 2011 3426: 3325:"Gadhafi: Reagan Tried To Kill Me" 3275:Pan Am 103: The Lockerbie Cover-Up 3259:. Associated Press. Archived from 3146:Telegraph Staff (12 August 2011). 3087:Shadid, Anthony (28 August 2011). 2836: 2417:"1968 to 1990: Program Beginnings" 2304:Leone, Dario (21 September 2019). 2170:Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986) 1592:In October 1986, Gaddafi financed 394:archives were investigated by the 342:) to help set up terrorist camps. 14: 5446: 5240:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 4295:to help reach a consensus. › 4225: 3938:from the original on 16 July 2011 2575: 1919:scheduled a declaration from the 1641:On 21 December 1988 Libya bombed 1585:paid the first official visit to 1546:United States Coast Guard station 793:suppression of enemy air defenses 643:McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extenders 387:who were involved in the attack. 5145:Expedited Funds Availability Act 5094:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 4939:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 4704:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 4689:We begin bombing in five minutes 4258:Excerpt from Victor Ostrovsky's 4232:Flashback: 1986 Bombing of Libya 4186:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4127:. Peter Lang. pp. 257–259. 3966:. 17 August 2008. Archived from 3427:Jr, E. J. Dionne (27 May 1986). 3058:Walker, Peter (26 August 2011). 2956:Dario Leone (1 September 2019). 2363:Walker, Peter (26 August 2011). 2132: 2118: 2104: 2090: 1686: 1653:by the American missile cruiser 1560:Later Libyan-connected terrorism 1011:Jamahiriyah (Benghazi) barracks 939:2,000 lb (910 kg) LGB 221:45 soldiers and officials killed 189: 177: 166: 147: 134: 45: 5430:1986 in international relations 5101:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 4214:(Autumn 1986), pp. 499–519 4066: 4047: 3950: 3918: 3890: 3860: 3842: 3824: 3811: 3784: 3737: 3728: 3713: 3701: 3673: 3659: 3645: 3615: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3539: 3473: 3446: 3420: 3380: 3267: 3255:Kay, Jennifer (29 April 2006). 3248: 3229: 3203: 3190: 3178: 3080: 3051: 3009:Müller, Patrick (8 June 2011). 3002: 2971: 2949: 2930: 2905: 2886: 2858: 2854:. Helion & Company Limited. 2810: 2766:. McFarland. pp. 143–144. 2728: 2569: 2534: 2517: 2475: 2461: 2446: 1992:West Berlin discotheque bombing 1935: 1917:United Nations General Assembly 1785:constitutes a violation of the 1697:needs additional citations for 1491: 595: 522:on Iranian positions after the 467:(USAF) and were operating from 401: 334:(CIA) operatives (most notably 270:West Berlin discotheque bombing 237:5 major ground radars destroyed 5425:20th century in Tripoli, Libya 5173:Dairy Export Incentive Program 4105:Presidential Studies Quarterly 3236:Walker, Tony (17 April 1986). 3211:"One plane missing after raid" 3161:(video, with text description) 2409: 2356: 2331: 2316: 2297: 2285:Leone, Dario (14 April 2019). 2235: 1910: 1677: 1651:downing of Iran Air flight 655 1540:Libya responded by firing two 1440:—were killed when their F-111 995:500 lb (230 kg) RDB 444:. The mission was designated 411:President of the United States 1: 5420:Attacks on airports in Africa 5268:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 5254:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 5196:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 5138:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 5108:Agriculture Mediation Program 4960:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 4870:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 4202:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2722:United States Naval Institute 2694:United States Naval Institute 2176:Gulf of Sidra incident (1989) 2158:Gulf of Sidra incident (1981) 1997:American victims of the 1989 1990:American victims of the 1986 1921:Organization of African Unity 1903:Former U.S. Attorney General 1787:Charter of the United Nations 1374: 1340:S-75 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline) 1334:Covering Tripoli alone were: 1324:S-75 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline) 965:12× GBU-10 2,000 lb LGB 524:1983 Beirut barracks bombings 242:15–30 Libyan civilians killed 5312:Video Privacy Protection Act 5166:Conservation Reserve Program 4769:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 4674:Strategic Defense Initiative 4054:Libyan Claims Resolution Act 3750:Political Research Quarterly 3480:Swain, Jon (28 March 2004). 2871:Libya : a country study 2790:Samuels, Richard J. (2006). 2228: 1975:In October 2008, Libya paid 1535: 1469: 1432:Two U.S. Air Force captains— 1059: 1030: 1027: 1005: 1002: 973: 970: 953: 950: 589:Benina International Airport 565:Mitiga International Airport 455:Elements of the then-secret 418:US National Security Council 7: 5410:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 5375:April 1986 events in Africa 4981:Minerals Management Service 4833:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 4826:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 4329:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 4288:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 4260:The Other Side of Deception 3358:"UN Chronicle, August 1986" 2469:"1986: Berlin disco bombed" 2342:. London: Faber and Faber. 2083: 1789:and of international law." 1474: 1434:Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci 1427: 752: 647:Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers 332:Central Intelligence Agency 10: 5451: 5415:Building bombings in Libya 4974:Medical Waste Tracking Act 4967:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 4451:Presidential proclamations 4248:Operation El Dorado Canyon 4180:Venkus, Robert E. (1992). 4149:Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). 4121:Riegert, Kristina (2007). 4072:U.S. Department of State, 4063:. The Library of Congress. 3836:United Press International 3744:Morgan, Samuel T. (2023). 2946:, Thesis, June 2003, p. 20 2514:. BBC on 13 November 2001. 2035:Rock & Roll Juggernaut 1867:'s approval of the use of 1816:very reasonably predicting 1412:and scrambled a flight of 1095: 1063: 1047:24× Mk 82 500 lb RDB 1045:72× Mk 20 500 lb CBU 1034: 1020:84× Mk 82 500 lb RDB 1009: 977: 957: 924: 672:20th Tactical Fighter Wing 660:48th Tactical Fighter Wing 540:48th Tactical Fighter Wing 529: 469:Tonopah Test Range Airport 287: 262:Operation El Dorado Canyon 55:F aircraft takes off from 5365:1986 in the United States 5321: 5159:Food Security Act of 1985 5083: 5060:Water Quality Act of 1987 4884:Armed Career Criminal Act 4808: 4552: 4489:Joint session of Congress 4336: 3762:10.1177/10659129231182404 1965:was signed in Tripoli by 1379: 1361:9K33M2 Osa-AK (SA-8 Geko) 1263: 1260: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1149: 1129: 1064: 1035: 1010: 978: 958: 925: 862:S-125 Neva/Pechora (SA-3) 733:strike support aircraft. 241: 201: 159: 127: 93:Ground targets destroyed 63: 44: 36: 23: 5002:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 4930:Toxics Release Inventory 4293:templates for discussion 3290:Davis, Brian L. (1990). 2942:10 November 2006 at the 2338:Hilsum, Lindsey (2012). 2328:1 French Embassy was hit 1820:Shadow Foreign Secretary 1317:S-200 Vega (SA-5 Gammon) 276:blamed on Libyan leader 5328:← Carter administration 4762:American Homecoming Act 4646:Constructive engagement 4409:Administration scandals 3722:The Wall Street Journal 3215:The Evening Independent 2061:'s third studio album, 1811:The Wall Street Journal 1600:faction of the Chicago 1480:Gaddafi's announcements 1354:2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) 888:U.S. forces and targets 818:terrain-following radar 764:targeted by the bombing 637:United States Air Force 538:Ground crew prepares a 325:U.S. Secretary of State 250:United States Air Force 235:2 helicopters destroyed 5385:1986 building bombings 5261:Tax Reform Act of 1986 4481:"Tear down this wall!" 4204:10.2 (2007): 303–334. 4173:62.1 (2013): 159–171. 4107:42.1 (2012): 176–189. 4059:2 October 2014 at the 3791:John Campbell (2011). 2310:The Aviation Geek Club 2291:The Aviation Geek Club 2188:Operation Odyssey Dawn 1673:International response 1662:convicted of the crime 1628:Abu Nidal Organization 1394:Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici 959:Murat Sidi Bilal camp 765: 689:was on station in the 610:General Dynamics F-111 605: 543: 485:Operation Desert Storm 421: 297: 160:Commanders and leaders 5337:Bush administration → 4891:Sentencing Reform Act 4799:Exon–Florio Amendment 4725:Executive Order 12333 4711:Goldwater–Nichols Act 4386:Judicial appointments 4372:Assassination attempt 4252:Air Force Association 4221:29#3 (1987): 195–214. 3874:on 26 September 2007. 3856:on 26 September 2007. 3655:. BBC. 14 March 2002. 3273:Chasey, William C. – 2796:. Sage. p. 431. 2638:Crist, David (2012). 2582:Airforce-Magazine.com 2009:with Libya's demand. 1932:commemoration event. 1832:Irish Republican Army 1794:League of Arab States 1667:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi 1347:S-125 Neva (SA-3 Goa) 1328:S-125 Neva (SA-3 Goa) 842:Fokker F27 Friendship 760: 603: 537: 457:4450th Tactical Group 446:Operation Ghost Rider 409: 359:Irish Republican Army 313:violent organizations 295: 202:Casualties and losses 5435:Attacks on air bases 4819:AIDS crisis response 4593:Soviet Union summits 4100:5#2 (2005): 153–175. 4093:6#3 (1991): 608–620. 3163:on 23 September 2011 2485:The American Pageant 2322:Pollack, Kenneth M. 2098:United States portal 1952:Settlement of claims 1883:Special Relationship 1706:improve this article 737:, operating east of 508:Straits of Gibraltar 477:Secretary of Defense 465:Tactical Air Command 218:3 aircraft shot down 5405:Airstrikes in Libya 5380:History of Benghazi 5053:1982 VRA Amendments 4681:International trips 4653:Invasion of Grenada 4423:Impeachment efforts 4365:Second inauguration 4358:Release of hostages 4275:Air Power Australia 4098:White House Studies 3037:The Huffington Post 2455:Contemporary Review 2255:Frey, B.S. (2004). 2241:Martel, William C. 2164:Ouadi Doum air raid 2054:about the bombing. 1898:Eduard Shevardnadze 1498:Government of Libya 1307:Libyan air defenses 1154:48 homing missiles 1122:all aircraft fired 1087:all aircraft fired 894: 797:rules of engagement 779:by the EF-111s and 519:François Mitterrand 416:in a briefing with 345:After the December 111:Libya renamed from 4660:Iran–Contra affair 4354:First inauguration 4117:(McFarland, 2007). 4076:. 2 September 2008 4033:The New York Times 3433:The New York Times 3335:on 28 October 2014 3094:The New York Times 2899:The New York Times 2866:Metz, Helen Chapin 2617:The New York Times 2578:"El Dorado Canyon" 2527:Air Forces Monthly 2440:The New York Times 2020:In songs and books 1531:Libyan retaliation 1414:F-104 Starfighters 893:Operation results 892: 878:Naval Station Rota 766: 682:United States Navy 606: 571:transport aircraft 544: 440:, Canada south of 422: 321:occupation of Chad 298: 5347: 5346: 4718:Montreal Protocol 4548: 4547: 4539:1988 SOTU Address 4532:1987 SOTU Address 4525:1986 SOTU Address 4518:1985 SOTU Address 4511:1984 SOTU Address 4504:1983 SOTU Address 4497:1982 SOTU Address 4437:Executive actions 4113:Laham, Nicholas. 4007:. 31 October 2008 3804:978-1-101-55866-9 3710:. United Nations. 3556:"A Rogue Returns" 3532:978-1-56171-269-4 3466:978-0-8061-6778-7 3257:"Lost Over Libya" 2990:on 12 August 2019 2984:Accuracy in Media 2803:978-0-7619-2927-7 2773:978-1-4766-1568-4 2530:. Key Publishing. 2405:on 20 April 2013. 2268:978-1-84542-146-5 2200:Explanatory notes 2182:Pan Am Flight 103 1985:Lockerbie bombing 1927:First anniversary 1865:Margaret Thatcher 1802:gunboat diplomacy 1782: 1781: 1774: 1756: 1643:Pan Am Flight 103 1464:William C. Chasey 1455:Pope John Paul II 1450:Caspar Weinberger 1304: 1303: 1178:1× partial abort 1159:Support Aircraft 1025:1× abort on deck 858:S-75 Dvina (SA-2) 840:helicopters, one 805:GBU-10 Paveway II 747:combat air patrol 703:Strait of Messina 676:RAF Upper Heyford 575:Jamahiriyah Guard 512:aerial refuelings 480:Caspar Weinberger 430:RAF Upper Heyford 246: 245: 184:Caspar Weinberger 123: 122: 32: 5442: 5340: 5331: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4953:Grace Commission 4948: 4941: 4932: 4925: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4637:Governors Island 4632: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4444:Executive orders 4439: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4349: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4197: 4166: 4145:25#1 (2011): 24+ 4138: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3995: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3963:The Tripoli Post 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3934:. 24 July 2008. 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3838:. 15 April 1986. 3828: 3822: 3821:(2016) pp 513-18 3815: 3809: 3808: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3629:. Archived from 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3562:on 1 March 2003. 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3520: 3511:Bodansky, Yossef 3507: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3390:. Archived from 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3364:. Archived from 3362:Findarticles.com 3354: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3331:. Archived from 3321: 3312: 3311: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3263:on 28 June 2009. 3252: 3246: 3245: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3156:. Archived from 3143: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2986:. Archived from 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2917:Country-data.com 2909: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2709: 2698: 2697: 2681: 2656: 2655: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2436:"Target Qaddafi" 2431: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2222: 2219: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2039:Caroline Records 1874:The Sunday Times 1777: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1714: 1690: 1682: 1578:The Sunday Times 1569:Pan Am Flight 73 1525:Michel catalogue 1517:Michel catalogue 1036:Benina airfield 983:Wheelus Air Base 979:Tripoli airfield 895: 891: 825: 718: 710: 516:French President 506:and through the 434:F-111E Aardvarks 396:reunited Germany 351:Red Army Faction 213:2 aircrew killed 194: 193: 182: 181: 171: 170: 152: 151: 140: 138: 137: 65: 64: 49: 29:El Dorado Canyon 26: 21: 20: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5334: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5233:Reagan tax cuts 5231: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085:Economic policy 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4928: 4921: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4856:Cannabis policy 4854: 4847: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810:Domestic policy 4804: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4628: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4563:Reagan Doctrine 4561: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4471: 4458: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4430:Opinion polling 4428: 4421: 4416:Bush transition 4414: 4407: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4352: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4296: 4234:– slideshow by 4228: 4194: 4183:Raid on Qaddafi 4163: 4135: 4086: 4084:Further reading 4081: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4061:Wayback Machine 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3996: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3970:on 17 July 2011 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3817:Charles Moore, 3816: 3812: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3633:on 22 July 2012 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3597:The Independent 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3508: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3394:on 28 June 2009 3388:"Archived copy" 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3368:on 11 July 2012 3356: 3355: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3253: 3249: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3217:. 15 April 1986 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3127: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3085: 3081: 3068: 3066: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3039:. 9 August 2011 3031: 3019: 3017: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2944:Wayback Machine 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2758: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2710: 2701: 2682: 2659: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2608: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2588:on 25 July 2009 2576:Boyne, Walter. 2574: 2570: 2563: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2471:. 5 April 1986. 2467: 2466: 2462: 2451: 2447: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2395:The Risk Report 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2302: 2298: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2207: 2202: 2166:(February 1986) 2138: 2131: 2126:Politics portal 2124: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2077:The Lion's Game 2064:Amused to Death 2022: 1954: 1946:Osama bin Laden 1938: 1929: 1913: 1877:suggesting the 1869:Royal Air Force 1778: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1715: 1713: 1703: 1691: 1680: 1675: 1602:Black P. Stones 1562: 1538: 1533: 1521:Scott catalogue 1513:Scott catalogue 1494: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1438:Paul F. Lorence 1430: 1386:Muammar Gaddafi 1382: 1377: 1309: 1165: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1091: 1080: 1066: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1024: 999: 980: 947: 945: 943: 890: 854:2K12 Kub (SA-6) 823: 755: 743:F/A-18A Hornets 716: 708: 684: 639: 598: 532: 461:F-117 Nighthawk 404: 340:Frank E. Terpil 336:Edwin P. Wilson 309:Muammar Gaddafi 290: 278:Muammar Gaddafi 236: 234: 228: 222: 214: 212: 196:Muammar Gaddafi 188: 176: 175: 165: 146: 135: 133: 107: 83: 50: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5448: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5332: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5111: 5097: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4765: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4610: 4603: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4580: 4566: 4558: 4556: 4554:Foreign policy 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4350: 4342: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4255: 4245: 4240: 4227: 4226:External links 4224: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4177: 4167: 4161: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4118: 4111: 4101: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4065: 4046: 4018: 3981: 3949: 3917: 3906:. 11 June 2009 3889: 3877: 3859: 3841: 3823: 3810: 3803: 3783: 3736: 3727: 3712: 3700: 3672: 3658: 3644: 3627:English.cri.cn 3614: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3547: 3538: 3531: 3499: 3472: 3465: 3445: 3419: 3379: 3346: 3313: 3306: 3279: 3266: 3247: 3228: 3202: 3189: 3177: 3138: 3107: 3079: 3050: 3001: 2970: 2948: 2929: 2904: 2885: 2857: 2835: 2809: 2802: 2779: 2772: 2749: 2727: 2699: 2657: 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5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360:1986 in Libya 5358: 5357: 5355: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 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1986 United States bombing of Libya

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