146:
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Fumaroles are normally associated with the late stages of volcanic activity, although they may also precede volcanic activity and have been used to predict volcanic eruptions. In particular, changes in the composition and temperature of fumarole gases may point to an imminent eruption. An increase in
263:
sulfur oxide emissions is a particularly robust indication that new magma is rising from the depths, and may be detectable months to years before the eruption. Continued sulfur oxide emissions after an eruption is an indication that magma is continuing to rise towards the surface.
185:, but no liquid or solid material. The temperature of the gases leaving the vent ranges from about 100 to 1,000 °C (210 to 1,800 °F). The steam forms when groundwater is superheated by hot rock, then flashes (boils due to depressurization) as it approaches the surface.
1475:
Tamburello, G.; Hansteen, T. H.; Bredemeyer, S.; Aiuppa, A.; Tassi, F. (28 July 2014). "Gas emissions from five volcanoes in northern Chile and implications for the volatiles budget of the
Central Volcanic Zone: Volatiles budget of the CVZ, Chile".
301:
Fumaroles may persist for decades or centuries if located above a persistent heat source; or they may disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools. The
75:. Most fumaroles die down within a few days or weeks of the end of an eruption, but a few are persistent, lasting for decades or longer. An area containing fumaroles is known as a
1129:
400:. Sulfur crystals at Sulfur Banks near Kilauea can grow to 2 centimeters (0.8 in) in length, and considerable sulfur has been deposited at Sulfur Cone within
90:
through heated rock. This is typically accompanied by volcanic gases given off by magma cooling deep below the surface. These volcanic gases include
1589:
Symonds, R.B.; Mizutani, Y.; Briggs, Paul H. (1996). "Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan".
318:
from the eruption, but over time most of them have become extinct. Persistent fumaroles are found at Sulfur Bank on the northern edge of the
1711:
1192:
Simpson, Mark P.; Bignall, Greg (January 2016). "Undeveloped high-enthalpy geothermal fields of the Taupo
Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
1133:
1564:
208:. These have their origin in magma cooling underground. Not all these gases are present in all fumaroles; for example, fumaroles of
266:
Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks, along long fissures, or in chaotic clusters or fields. They also occur on the surface of
882:
White, D.E.; Muffler, L.J.P.; Truesdell, A.H. (1971). "Vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems compared with hot-water systems".
1402:
1294:
173:, a domed structure with lateral openings, built over a kitchen to permit the escape of smoke) is an opening in a planet's
117:
Fumarole activity can break down rock around the vent, while simultaneously depositing sulfur and other minerals. Valuable
1110:
251:
can be formed by fumaroles when some of the steam condenses at the surface. Rising acidic vapors from below, such as CO
463:
Sulfur mining in
Indonesia is sometimes done for low pay, by hand, without respirators or other protective equipment.
995:
806:
776:
744:
508:
121:
can form beneath fumaroles. However, active fumaroles can be a hazard due to their emission of hot, poisonous gases.
950:
1420:"The Pisciarelli main fumarole mechanisms reconstructed by electrical resistivity and induced polarization imaging"
527:
963:
72:
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in Hawaii, US, contain almost no hydrogen chloride or hydrogen fluoride. The gases may also include traces of
1311:
303:
17:
325:, but most fumaroles in Hawaii last no more than a few months. There are still numerous active fumaroles at
67:
are emitted, without any accompanying liquids or solids. Fumaroles are characteristic of the late stages of
390:
118:
1030:
The
Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912– largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives
373:
in the rock and works inwards until the entire joint block is altered. More extreme alteration (at lower
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829:
671:
471:
353:
The acidic fumes from fumaroles can break down the rock around the vents, producing brightly colored
326:
488:
Fumaroles are found around the world in areas of volcanic activity. A few notable examples include:
1652:
1156:
984:
Neuendorf, Klaus K. E. (2005). Jackson, Julia A.; Mehl, James P.; Neuendorf, Klaus K. E. (eds.).
834:
676:
442:
1677:
R.V.Morris, S.W.Squyres, et al. "The
Hydrothermal System at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars".
1521:
Paola, G. M. (June 1971). "Geology of the
Corbetti Caldera area (Main Ethiopian Rift Valley)".
572:
514:
842:
796:
684:
502:
110:, and other gases. A fumarole that emits significant sulfur compounds is sometimes called a
1598:
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891:
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145:
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8:
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Fumaroles emitting sulfurous vapors form surface deposits of sulfur-rich minerals and of
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31:
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499:, which is now closely monitored because of the hazard it poses to nearby urbanization.
138:
1213:
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1398:
1371:
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Global
Volcanism Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
991:
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366:
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899:
547:
517:, New Zealand, where fumaroles support a unique and critically endangered ecosystem
397:
337:
271:
241:
217:
213:
197:
99:
71:, but fumarole activity can also precede a volcanic eruption and has been used for
1418:
Troiano, A.; Isaia, R.; Tramparulo, F. D. A.; Di
Giuseppe, M. G. (December 2021).
1180:
44:
1394:
985:
643:
542:
Yellowstone
National Park has thousands of fumaroles, including Black Growler at
474:
in
California. The workers were overpowered by an accumulation of toxic fumes (a
428:
412:
370:
357:. At Sulfur Bank near Kilauea, mild alteration reduces the rock to gray to white
229:
174:
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1443:
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418:
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59:) is a vent in the surface of the Earth or another rocky planet from which hot
1694:
903:
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1715:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 300–301.
1700:
1354:
1337:
1043:
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446:
342:
193:
95:
1281:. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 31. pp. 111–130.
581:, is suspected to be the eroded remains of an ancient and extinct fumarole.
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60:
39:
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921:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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771:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
467:
408:
346:
248:
1088:
711:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 53–55.
1624:
595:
520:
401:
362:
307:
1385:
Carrabba, Paola (2010). "The Gate of Hades: The Phlegraean Fields".
707:
Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983).
1277:
Ferrara, Vincenzo (2016). "The Sulphur Mining Industry in Sicily".
531:
495:, Italy, known since ancient times and regarded as the entrance to
221:
1474:
511:, Ethiopia, where a geothermal power station is under construction
455:, which had a near-monopoly on sulfur prior to development of the
30:"Solfatara" redirects here. For the volcanic crater in Italy, see
1417:
605:
404:
caldera. Places in which these deposits have been mined include:
322:
319:
294:. When they occur in freezing environments, fumaroles may cause
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S, will then dissolve, creating steam-heated low-pH hot springs.
225:
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129:
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314:. Initially, thousands of fumaroles occurred in the cooling
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In addition to steam, gases released by fumaroles include
182:
329:, US, some 70,000 years after the most recent eruption.
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706:
374:
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of the rock still discernible. Alteration begins along
990:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 257.
306:, for example, was formed during the 1912 eruption of
1588:
881:
801:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 47.
1032:. Reston: USGS Professional Paper 1791. p. 135.
739:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
730:
728:
1228:"Eruption on Whakaari White Island kills 10 people"
1036:
910:
821:
762:
760:
758:
756:
702:
700:
698:
696:
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1310:Hymon, Steve; Covarrubias, Amanda (9 April 2006).
1130:"The Struggle and Strain of Mining "Devil's Gold""
822:
664:
663:
1020:
725:
709:Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii
449:, New Zealand (mined from the 1880s to the 1930s)
332:
1721:
1309:
753:
691:
1279:Essays on the History of Mechanical Engineering
849:
769:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1591:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1191:
1105:
1103:
628:
466:In April 2006 fumarole emissions killed three
82:The predominant vapor emitted by fumaroles is
1335:
766:
1336:Cantrell, Lee; Young, Michael (March 2009).
1111:"Kawah Ijen: Between potential & threat"
875:
790:
788:
767:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1100:
917:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "fumarole".
1312:"How Routine Turned to Tragedy at Mammoth"
737:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1497:
1451:
1353:
1009:fumarole field A group of cool fumaroles.
983:
794:
785:
1699:
1695:Sulfur Mining on Gunung Welirang Volcano
1384:
1154:
1127:
389:. The same process can produce valuable
336:
144:
128:
38:
1342:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
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940:
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916:
14:
1722:
1617:
734:
539:, São Miguel Island, Azores (Portugal)
480:) in a crevasse they had fallen into.
1520:
1338:"Fatal Fall into a Volcanic Fumarole"
1132:. National Geographic. Archived from
1128:Dukehart, Coburn (17 November 2015).
1095:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983
1014:
27:Volcanic opening that emits hot gases
935:
843:participating institution membership
685:participating institution membership
636:"fumerole – Definition and meaning"
24:
1625:"Morne Trois Pitons National Park"
1387:Natural Heritage from East to West
459:for mining sulfur from salt domes.
25:
1741:
1688:
1214:10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.08.006
1569:Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research
949: This article incorporates
944:
528:Morne Trois Pitons National Park
385:to produce red to reddish-brown
133:Sampling gases at a fumarole on
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1148:
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1074:Yellowstone Geology and History
1048:Volcanic Features and Landforms
977:
964:United States Geological Survey
795:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2004).
546:and numerous fumaroles dotting
290:release gases or interact with
86:, formed by the circulation of
861:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
815:
657:
640:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
483:
333:Economic resources and hazards
236:gases can be referred to as a
124:
13:
1:
1679:Lunar & Planetary Science
1070:"Summary of Eruption History"
621:
304:Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
119:hydrothermal mineral deposits
1659:. U.S. National Park Service
1611:10.1016/0377-0273(96)00029-7
1478:Geophysical Research Letters
1395:10.1007/978-3-642-01577-9_24
571:, which was examined by the
282:and gas vents where shallow
7:
1287:10.1007/978-3-319-22680-4_8
584:
470:workers east of Chair 3 at
94:compounds, such as various
10:
1746:
1444:10.1038/s41598-021-97413-1
1253:"Disaster at White Island"
554:
377:) reduces the material to
247:, "sulfur"). Acid-sulfate
29:
1657:Yellowstone National Park
1157:"Welirang volcano photos"
904:10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.75
830:Oxford English Dictionary
672:Oxford English Dictionary
472:Mammoth Mountain Ski Area
391:hydrothermal ore deposits
327:Yellowstone National Park
1355:10.1580/08-WEME-CR-199.1
1076:. U.S. Geological Survey
735:Allaby, Michael (2013).
526:Valley of Desolation in
435:, New Zealand (mined by
232:. A fumarole that emits
1712:Encyclopædia Britannica
1653:"Hydrothermal Features"
1523:Bulletin Volcanologique
1050:. National Park Service
835:Oxford University Press
677:Oxford University Press
559:The formation known as
443:Whakaari / White Island
1257:New Zealand Geographic
1155:Pfeiffer, Tom (2006).
951:public domain material
573:Mars Exploration Rover
350:
158:
142:
48:
503:Central Volcanic Zone
340:
148:
132:
42:
1490:10.1002/2014GL060653
1389:. pp. 193–200.
423:San Pedro de Atacama
296:fumarolic ice towers
1603:1996JVGR...73..177S
1535:1971BVol...35..497D
1436:2021NatSR..1118639T
1206:2016Geoth..59..325S
1117:. 19 December 2011.
987:Glossary of Geology
960:USGS Photo Glossary
919:Glossary of geology
896:1971EcGeo..66...75W
833:(Online ed.).
675:(Online ed.).
544:Norris Geyser Basin
515:Taupō Volcanic Zone
73:eruption prediction
32:Solfatara (volcano)
1543:10.1007/BF02596970
1424:Scientific Reports
365:with the original
351:
159:
143:
49:
1484:(14): 4961–4969.
1404:978-3-642-01576-2
1316:Los Angeles Times
1296:978-3-319-22679-8
1232:nzhistory.govt.nz
1161:Volcano Discovery
863:. Merriam-Webster
841:(Subscription or
683:(Subscription or
601:Hydrothermal vent
398:fumarole minerals
355:alteration haloes
206:hydrogen fluoride
202:hydrogen chloride
108:hydrogen fluoride
104:hydrogen chloride
69:volcanic activity
16:(Redirected from
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1706:"Fumarole"
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548:Roaring Mountain
509:Corbetti Caldera
218:carbon disulfide
214:carbonyl sulfide
198:hydrogen sulfide
102:, and sometimes
100:hydrogen sulfide
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431:in the central
429:Mount Tongariro
413:Arjuno-Welirang
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230:carbon monoxide
141:, United States
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1703:, ed. (1911).
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1134:the original
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1022:Hildreth, W.
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639:
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591:Boiling Lake
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565:Gusev Crater
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433:North Island
395:
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341:Traditional
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116:
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43:Fumarole at
36:
1681:XXXIX(2008)
1565:"Fumaroles"
1499:10447/99158
1200:: 325–346.
1194:Geothermics
1044:"Fumaroles"
867:20 February
857:"Solfatara"
824:"solfatara"
616:Mud volcano
484:Occurrences
439:until 1950)
415:, Indonesia
383:iron oxides
292:groundwater
272:pyroclastic
249:hot springs
135:Mount Baker
125:Description
88:groundwater
1262:26 October
1237:26 October
969:6 February
956:"Fumarole"
928:0922152349
845:required.)
718:0824808320
687:required.)
666:"fumarole"
622:References
561:Home Plate
468:ski-patrol
409:Kawah Ijen
393:at depth.
347:Kawah Ijen
270:flows and
240:(from old
139:Washington
1730:Fumaroles
1551:130428510
1372:207182190
798:Volcanism
596:Cold seep
521:Mount Usu
402:Mauna Loa
363:kaolinite
308:Novarupta
274:flows. A
238:solfatara
234:sulfurous
171:fumerolle
112:solfatara
47:, Bolivia
1724:Category
1508:55877335
1462:34545113
1364:19364170
1028:(2012).
585:See also
532:Dominica
425:in Chile
222:hydrogen
167:fumerole
163:fumarole
57:fumerole
53:fumarole
1663:1 March
1637:28 July
1599:Bibcode
1574:1 March
1531:Bibcode
1453:8452721
1432:Bibcode
1202:Bibcode
1166:1 March
1140:1 March
1080:1 March
1054:1 March
892:Bibcode
606:Mofetta
555:On Mars
523:, Japan
445:in the
367:texture
323:caldera
320:Kilauea
286:or hot
242:Italian
226:methane
210:Kilauea
157:, Italy
151:Vulcano
1633:. 1997
1630:UNESCO
1549:
1506:
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1370:
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1293:
1003:6 June
994:
925:
805:
775:
743:
715:
649:4 June
611:Mudpot
578:Spirit
575:(MER)
537:Furnas
477:mazuku
453:Sicily
371:joints
312:Alaska
204:, and
155:Sicily
92:sulfur
65:vapors
1547:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1321:9 May
953:from
839:
681:
437:Māori
421:near
284:magma
255:and H
245:solfo
228:, or
183:gases
179:steam
175:crust
84:steam
1665:2022
1639:2020
1576:2022
1458:PMID
1399:ISBN
1360:PMID
1323:2011
1291:ISBN
1264:2021
1239:2021
1168:2022
1142:2022
1082:2022
1056:2022
1005:2015
992:ISBN
971:2019
923:ISBN
869:2020
803:ISBN
773:ISBN
741:ISBN
713:ISBN
651:2023
569:Mars
497:Hell
411:and
387:clay
381:and
361:and
359:opal
268:lava
181:and
165:(or
98:and
63:and
55:(or
1607:doi
1539:doi
1494:hdl
1486:doi
1448:PMC
1440:doi
1391:doi
1350:doi
1283:doi
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567:on
563:at
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