898:
351:
787:
76:
340:
365:
333:
358:
390:
383:
376:
326:
597:
760:'s old seat in the Lebanese Parliament. He also became the head of his clan due to Hamid's illness. Frangieh was reelected to the Parliament in 1964 and 1968. Until 1970, he held the following ministerial posts: minister of post, telegraph and telephone (1960–1961), minister of agriculture (1961), minister of interior (1968), minister of justice (1968–1969) and minister of economy (1968–1970).
893:
after which the power of the
Frangiehs decreased. Ever since then, Suleiman Frangieh was reported to have been depressed. He swore to take revenge, declaring in an interview "the family will exact its retribution." By some accounts, he went on to engineer the killing of hundreds of Phalange members.
861:
in
Lebanon began on 13 April 1975. Frangieh as the Lebanese President declared the Constitutional Document on 14 February 1976 that was the first serious initiative to end the conflict and reach a consensus. The document empowered prime minister and suggested a "parity between Christians and Muslims
865:
Then
Frangieh invited Syrian troops into Lebanon in May 1976 in the early stages of the Lebanese Civil War. He had full support of the Lebanese Christians in this regard, since they thought that Syria would be able to force a cease-fire and protect Christians. He is regarded as in large part being
699:
on 15 June 1910. He was the second son of a politician, Kabalan
Suleiman Frangieh. His mother was Lamia Raffoul. Kabalan Frangieh was district governor of Ehden (1908–1913) and a member of the Parliament (1929–1932). His grandfather, Suleiman Ghnatios Frangieh, was district governor of Ehden
990:
Suleiman
Frangieh died at age 82 in the hospital of the American University in Beirut, after three weeks of hospitalization, on 23 July 1992. He reportedly died of acute pneumonia and had heart and stomach ailments. He was buried in Ehden next to his son Tony.
885:, a right-wing, mainly Christian, coalition of politicians and militia leaders, but in early 1978 he broke with them because of his own pro-Syrian leanings. In June 1978, Tony, together with his wife and infant daughter, was assassinated by militiamen with
981:
describes
Frangieh as a "Christian warlord, mafioso, militia strongman, grief-stricken father, corrupt president, mountain baron and, eventually, a thoughtful, intelligent, rather frightening old man, living out his last years beside the lions of Ehden."
835:
Round 3 – 99 Deputies, 2 candidates, Kamal
Jumblatt assigns one of his deputies to vote for Frangieh. Suleiman Frangieh becomes President legally. The events listed above as per the testimony of the late Kamal Joumblatt of his role in the vote.
849:
Frangie's term ended in 1976 when Elias Sarkis was elected as president. However, Sarkis could move to office four months after his election on 23 September 1976, since
Frangieh objected at first to leave office.
934:
that was financially supported by the United States. Later Syria tried to make
Frangieh president for second term after the end of Amine Gemayel's term in 1988, but the National Assembly failed to achieve a
704:
served as foreign minister under the French mandate in 1939. Though the
Frangieh family were landowners in Ottoman times, they might have acquired most of their wealth through trade and business activities.
1579:
728:
Suleiman Frangieh dealt with the export-import business in Beirut for a time before his political career. In 1957, he was accused in the machine-gun slaying of more than 20 members of a competing clan, the
2037:
2032:
802:
Posing as a consensus candidate, Frangieh drew support from both the right and the left and from all religious factions; his election was a backlash to the administrations of Presidents of
970:, the son of the murdered MP, first became the Minister of Public Health at the age of 22, and he served as the Ministry of Interior from 2004 to 2005. He is known to have served with the
951:
Suleiman Frangieh had five children with his Egypt-born wife, Iris Handaly: two sons, Tony and Robert, and three daughters, Lamia, Sonia and Maya. Of his daughters, Sonia, was married to
737:. More specifically, he was believed to be responsible for killing around 700 people, 20 of them Christians shot to death during a requiem mass in the north Lebanese town of
1513:
1587:
1251:
1120:
846:, Deputy Speaker of Parliament, stepped up and exercised his powers of Deputy to announce Frangieh President. Frangieh's term lasted until 22 September 1976.
862:
in Parliament", reducing the power of Maronites. Although it was supported by major politicians and religious leaders, it could not achieve its objectives.
1482:
962:, himself then a Member of Parliament, was killed together with his wife, Vera, three-year-old daughter, Jihane, and thirty other Marada partisans in the
624:
2097:
1826:
1432:
2092:
2215:
2087:
2118:
2112:
977:
Frangieh was called in Lebanon as "the tough man" due to his harsh tongue, volatile temper and ruthless approach to some of his opponents.
498:
1332:
2210:
2082:
842:, then Speaker of Parliament, had refused to announce the election of a President on a 1-vote difference. As Hamadeh exited parliament
1610:
2195:
2180:
2225:
1181:
617:
1520:
2200:
2220:
1556:
564:
2170:
818:) run by the preceding two administrations of Chehab and Helou, as the opposing candidate Elias Sarkis who was head of the
1206:
Mugraby, Muhamad (July 2008). "The syndrome of one-time exceptions and the drive to establish the proposed Hariri court".
2107:
2102:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
1819:
1235:
940:
610:
2205:
1691:
1280:
1111:
536:
1490:
2185:
1812:
1840:
1749:
1679:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1046:
930:
formed a Syrian-backed National Salvation Front to challenge Gemayel's rule and the pact between Lebanon and
661:
526:
1763:
1057:
1035:
2175:
2165:
57:
771:
elected Frangieh to the Presidency of the Republic on 23 September 1970. He owed his upset victory over
2190:
1718:
1396:
El Khazen, Farid (2004). "Ending conflict in wartime Lebanon: Reform, sovereignty and power, 1976–88".
897:
2160:
1881:
569:
54:
1457:
1865:
584:
546:
119:
886:
843:
791:
521:
1340:
967:
768:
1546:
2155:
2150:
1835:
1786:
833:
Round 2 – 99 Deputies, 2 candidates – 50 votes each (1 fake vote found), round was negated.
350:
91:
753:
who would be his friends. In 1958, he benefited from the amnesty and returned to Lebanon.
8:
1871:
701:
264:
1413:
1223:
870:
858:
786:
764:
75:
1928:
1918:
1552:
1417:
1227:
902:
574:
420:
309:
124:
1730:
1405:
1215:
952:
717:
685:
1514:"The South Lebanon Army (SLA) and child recruitment Putting the pressure on whom?"
2011:
1939:
1923:
1887:
1876:
1850:
1409:
1239:
819:
811:
750:
653:
541:
516:
483:
430:
425:
415:
289:
229:
134:
20:
2006:
1959:
1965:
1860:
1804:
971:
963:
927:
890:
882:
874:
780:
757:
746:
600:
488:
478:
445:
440:
199:
195:
1990:
1232:
1219:
2144:
1971:
1949:
1779:
959:
923:
919:
906:
878:
839:
807:
688:; the family's name comes from the Greek Φρὰγκοι (pron. "Frangi"), after the
493:
460:
450:
364:
332:
251:
151:
139:
660:; 15 June 1910 – 23 July 1992) was a Pro-Syrian Lebanese politician who was
1796:
822:(Central Bank of Lebanon) was widely seen as a continuation of the earlier
772:
531:
410:
339:
279:
163:
1735:
1433:"The Maronites and Syrian withdrawal: from "isolationists" to "traitors"?"
1078:
357:
2016:
2001:
1977:
1944:
1933:
1892:
1284:
978:
803:
455:
389:
129:
763:
In the closest and possibly most controversial presidential election in
382:
1995:
1984:
1898:
1362:
1306:
1014:
783:, whose supporters in the Parliament switched their votes to Frangieh.
375:
275:
114:
46:
24:
939:
owing to a boycott by some Christian parliamentarians enforced by the
325:
823:
776:
677:
579:
596:
1908:
1079:"Requiem Mass for President Sleiman Kabalan Frangieh (1910–1992)"
795:
742:
741:. Therefore, he had to take refuge in the Syrian coastal city of
738:
734:
730:
709:
696:
681:
665:
219:
191:
32:
943:. In fact, Frangieh announced his candidacy on 17 August 1988.
936:
931:
713:
689:
215:
1548:
Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power
1519:. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Archived from
866:
responsible for Lebanon's descent into war in the mid-1970s.
1144:
All Honourable Men. The Social Origins of War in Lebanon
918:
Frangieh remained an ally of Syria. In July 1983, after
1611:"Syrian-Backed Ex-President To Seek Lebanon Post Again"
1058:
Sleiman Ghnatios Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
889:
being accused of the plot. The killings are known as
1719:"Of Wars and Woes. A Chronicle of Lebanese Violence"
676:
Suleiman Frangieh was a scion of one of the leading
756:In 1960, Frangieh was elected to his elder brother
1182:"Suleiman Franjieh, Lebanese Ex-Chief, Dies at 82"
1110:
831:Round 1 – 99 Deputies, 5 candidates – no majority
2142:
1834:
708:Suleiman Kabalan Frangieh received education at
829:There were three rounds of elections that year:
745:, where he met with two Syrian army officers,
104:23 September 1970 – 22 September 1976
1820:
1764:Sleiman Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree Website
1750:Sleiman Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
1036:Kabalan Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
618:
1647:Robert Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
80:Official portrait of Suleiman Frangieh, 1970
1669:Sonia Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
1658:Lamia Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
1602:
1544:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1175:
1173:
1146:. London / New York: IB Tauris. p. 34.
671:
1827:
1813:
1680:Maya Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
1636:Tony Frangieh on Ehden Family Tree website
1538:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1047:Lamia Raffoul on Ehden Family Tree website
873:began, Frangieh maintained a militia, the
779:regime to a last minute change of mind by
625:
611:
74:
1734:
1395:
1275:
1273:
1244:
794:declaring Suleiman Franjieh President of
700:(1904–1908). Suleiman Frangieh's brother
1580:"Anti-Gemayel 'front' formed in Lebanon"
1572:
1505:
1380:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
896:
785:
723:
1710:
1424:
1299:
1205:
1199:
1150:
1141:
810:(1964–1970) and the "Deuxième Bureau" (
2143:
1608:
1511:
1355:
1330:
1324:
1281:"Minister Hamid Frangieh: (1907–1981)"
1270:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
958:In June 1978, Suleiman Frangieh's son
922:became president, Frangieh along with
1808:
1716:
1475:
1450:
1431:Rabil, Robert G. (1 September 2001).
1430:
1097:
1062:
565:Lebanese Forces (Lebanese Resistance)
2216:Postal services ministers of Lebanon
1331:Akouri, George (18 September 2007).
1179:
1108:
955:who was a physician and politician.
1684:
1609:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (17 August 1988).
1489:. 14 September 2006. Archived from
1000:
881:. He initially participated in the
815:
657:
304:This article is part of a series on
13:
853:
14:
2237:
2211:20th-century Lebanese politicians
1757:
2196:Agriculture ministers of Lebanon
2181:People of the Lebanese Civil War
1717:Nisan, Mordechai (Spring 2012).
1545:Eyal Zisser (26 December 2006).
946:
775:, the official candidate of the
595:
388:
381:
374:
363:
356:
349:
338:
331:
324:
2226:20th-century presidents in Asia
1743:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1283:. Zgharta-Ehden. Archived from
1258:. Beirut. AP. 16 September 1982
1123:from the original on 2022-05-25
901:Suleiman Franjieh (right) with
877:, under the command of his son
1586:. 23 July 1983. Archived from
1483:"Syria's Influence in Lebanon"
1307:"Franjieh, Suleiman (Kabalan)"
1135:
1051:
1040:
1029:
913:
1:
2201:Interior ministers of Lebanon
1112:"Obituary: Suleiman Frangieh"
1109:Fisk, Robert (24 July 1002).
994:
2221:Justice ministers of Lebanon
1410:10.1080/00263200412331301897
7:
2171:Marada Movement politicians
1180:Pace, Eric (24 July 1992).
733:, in a church not far from
254:(1941–78), Robert Frangieh
10:
2242:
1512:Hunter, Catherine (2006).
1252:"Feuds rampant in Lebanon"
716:. He was also educated in
18:
16:Fifth President of Lebanon
2128:
2025:
1907:
1849:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1551:. I.B.Tauris. p. 6.
1333:"Talking To: Edmund Rizk"
1220:10.1080/13629390802127513
1142:Johnson, Michael (2001).
638:Suleiman Kabalan Frangieh
295:
285:
271:
260:
247:
239:
225:
205:
178:
173:
169:
157:
145:
108:
97:
89:
85:
73:
64:
44:
2206:Lebanese anti-communists
1882:Pierre-Georges Arlabosse
985:
672:Early life and education
640:(last name also spelled
570:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
243:Iris Handaly (1913-1995)
65:
1866:Privat-Antoine Aubouard
1692:"الصفحة 10 (24-9-1998)"
941:Lebanese Forces militia
585:Guardians of the Cedars
547:Free Patriotic Movement
1398:Middle Eastern Studies
1208:Mediterranean Politics
910:
799:
2186:Presidents of Lebanon
1836:Presidents of Lebanon
1736:10.6017/lev.v1i1.2150
1584:The Milwaukee Journal
968:Suleiman Frangieh Jr.
900:
789:
724:Career and presidency
695:Frangieh was born in
1787:President of Lebanon
1723:The Levantine Review
1256:The Spokesman Review
1015:"Suleiman Franjiyah"
290:Maronite Catholicism
256:Other three children
92:President of Lebanon
2176:People from Zgharta
1872:Habib Pacha Es-Saad
668:from 1970 to 1976.
527:Constitutional Bloc
265:Hamid Beik Frangieh
2166:Lebanese Maronites
1772:Political offices
1615:The New York Times
1493:on 12 October 2013
1437:Middle East Policy
1238:2013-10-12 at the
1186:The New York Times
911:
887:Phalangist militia
871:Lebanese Civil War
800:
2191:Lebanese warlords
2138:
2137:
2133:
1955:Suleiman Frangieh
1929:Bechara El Khoury
1919:Bechara El Khoury
1909:Lebanese Republic
1803:
1802:
1794:Succeeded by
1590:on April 11, 2013
1558:978-1-84511-153-3
1343:on 26 August 2012
1017:. Wars of Lebanon
769:National Assembly
635:
634:
436:Suleiman Frangieh
421:Bechara El Khoury
311:Maronite politics
299:
298:
125:Takieddin el-Solh
51:Suleiman Frangieh
2233:
2131:
1844:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1777:Preceded by
1769:
1768:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:. United Nations
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:. Archived from
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1011:
953:Abdullah Al Rasi
817:
806:(1958–1964) and
765:Lebanese history
659:
627:
620:
613:
599:
537:National Liberal
392:
385:
378:
367:
360:
353:
342:
335:
328:
312:
301:
300:
235:
212:
188:
186:
174:Personal details
160:
148:
111:
102:
78:
68:
42:
41:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2161:Frangieh family
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2021:
2012:Michel Suleiman
1940:Camille Chamoun
1911:
1903:
1888:Alfred Naqqache
1853:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1799:
1790:
1782:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1698:. 17 April 2014
1690:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1458:"Mehlis Report"
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1425:
1394:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1287:on 29 July 2012
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:Wayback Machine
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1117:The Independent
1107:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1083:The Marada News
1077:
1076:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1001:
997:
988:
949:
916:
856:
854:Civil War years
834:
832:
830:
820:Banque du Liban
790:Deputy Speaker
726:
674:
631:
590:
589:
560:
552:
551:
542:Marada Movement
517:Lebanese Forces
512:
504:
503:
474:
466:
465:
431:Camille Chamoun
426:Alfred Naqqache
406:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
386:
379:
370:
369:
368:
361:
354:
345:
344:
343:
336:
329:
310:
255:
233:
232:
230:Marada Movement
226:Political party
214:
210:
190:
184:
182:
158:
146:
138:
135:Nureddine Rifai
133:
128:
123:
118:
109:
103:
98:
81:
69:
66:
60:
52:
49:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1966:Bachir Gemayel
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:Charles Debbas
1857:
1855:
1851:French Mandate
1847:
1846:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:External links
1756:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1709:
1683:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1601:
1571:
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1537:
1504:
1474:
1449:
1423:
1379:
1363:"Elias Sarkis"
1354:
1323:
1298:
1269:
1243:
1214:(2): 171–194.
1198:
1149:
1134:
1096:
1085:. 25 July 2011
1061:
1050:
1039:
1028:
998:
996:
993:
987:
984:
974:in the 1980s.
972:Marada Brigade
964:Ehden massacre
948:
945:
928:Walid Jumblatt
915:
912:
903:Boutros Khoury
891:Ehden massacre
883:Lebanese Front
875:Marada Brigade
855:
852:
844:Michel Sassine
792:Michel Sassine
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67:سليمان فرنجية
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38:
34:
31: and the
30:
26:
25:father's name
22:
21:Lebanese name
2117:
2093:1989 (5 Nov)
2007:Émile Lahoud
1976:
1964:
1960:Élias Sarkis
1954:
1912:(since 1943)
1797:Elias Sarkis
1785:
1745:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1617:. p. 10
1614:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1547:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:the original
1486:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1426:
1404:(1): 65–84.
1401:
1397:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1336:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1260:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:
1143:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1116:
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1053:
1042:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
989:
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857:
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828:
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773:Elias Sarkis
762:
755:
751:Rifaat Assad
727:
720:and Beirut.
707:
694:
680:families of
675:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:
435:
411:Samir Geagea
280:entrepreneur
211:(1992-07-23)
164:Elias Sarkis
159:Succeeded by
99:
36:
28:
2156:1992 deaths
2151:1910 births
2017:Michel Aoun
2002:Elias Hrawi
1991:René Moawad
1978:Michel Aoun
1945:Fuad Chehab
1934:Fuad Chehab
1893:Ayoub Tabet
1854:(1918–1943)
1337:Now Lebanon
979:Robert Fisk
914:Later years
804:Fuad Chehab
456:Michel Aoun
234:(1978–1992)
147:Preceded by
130:Rachid Solh
33:family name
2145:Categories
2088:1982 (Sep)
2083:1982 (Aug)
1996:Selim Hoss
1985:Selim Hoss
1924:Émile Eddé
1899:Petro Trad
1877:Émile Eddé
1791:1970–1976
1702:4 February
1564:22 October
1347:24 October
995:References
416:Émile Eddé
276:Politician
272:Occupation
185:1910-06-15
115:Saeb Salam
2119:2022–2024
2113:2014–2016
2026:Elections
1729:(1): 32.
1418:143217001
1228:153915546
869:When the
859:Civil war
662:President
650:Franjiyeh
580:Al-Tanzim
267:(brother)
261:Relatives
100:In office
1696:Ad Diyar
1621:27 March
1594:23 March
1442:18 March
1262:23 March
1236:Archived
1121:Archived
826:regime.
731:Douaihys
678:Maronite
646:Franjieh
559:Militias
484:Frangieh
473:Families
286:Religion
248:Children
37:Frangieh
19:In this
1372:23 July
1316:24 July
1127:21 July
824:Chehabi
798:in 1970
796:Lebanon
777:Chehabi
743:Latakia
739:Miziara
735:Zgharta
718:Tripoli
712:, near
710:Antoura
697:Zgharta
686:Tripoli
684:, near
682:Zgharta
666:Lebanon
642:Frangié
511:Parties
489:Gemayel
479:Chamoun
252:Antoine
220:Lebanon
192:Zgharta
29:Kabalan
2132:Acting
1555:
1530:5 July
1497:5 July
1467:4 July
1416:
1367:Rulers
1311:Rulers
1291:5 July
1226:
1191:4 July
1089:4 July
1021:5 July
937:quorum
932:Israel
909:(left)
812:Arabic
767:, the
714:Beirut
690:Franks
654:Arabic
575:Tigers
532:Kataeb
499:Moawad
494:Khazen
405:People
240:Spouse
216:Beirut
23:, the
1524:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1414:S2CID
1224:S2CID
986:Death
758:Hamid
747:Hafez
702:Hamid
648:, or
2108:2008
2103:1998
2078:1976
2073:1970
2068:1964
2063:1958
2058:1952
2053:1948
2048:1943
2043:1936
2038:1929
2033:1926
1841:List
1704:2022
1623:2013
1596:2013
1566:2012
1553:ISBN
1532:2012
1499:2012
1469:2012
1444:2013
1374:2012
1349:2012
1318:2012
1293:2012
1264:2013
1233:Pdf.
1193:2012
1129:2012
1091:2012
1023:2012
926:and
749:and
206:Died
179:Born
90:5th
1731:doi
1487:PBS
1406:doi
1216:doi
664:of
58:ONC
35:is
27:is
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1412:.
1402:40
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
