758:; "Everything that there is in the world I call a fact." Russell uses the term "fact" in two distinct senses. In 1918, facts are distinct from objects. "I want you to realize that when I speak of a fact I do not mean a particular existing thing, such as Socrates or the rain or the sun. Socrates himself does not render any statement true or false. You might be inclined to suppose that all by himself he would give truth to the statement âSocrates existedâ, but as a matter of fact that is a mistake." But in 1919, he identified facts with objects. "I mean by âfactâ anything complex. If the world contains no simples, then whatever it contains is a fact; if it contains any simples, then facts are whatever it contains except simples... That Socrates was Greek, that he married Xantippe [
771:, which are "subjective" and may be errors on the part of the subject, the knower who is their source and who is certain of himself and little else. All doubt implies the possibility of error and therefore admits the distinction between subjectivity and objectivity. The knower is limited in ability to tell fact from belief, false from true objects and engages in reality testing, an activity that will result in more or less certainty regarding the reality of the object. According to Russell, "we need a description of the fact which would make a given belief true" where "Truth is a property of beliefs." Knowledge is "true beliefs".
803:, he asks: "What kind of fact is it that I am Thomas Nagel?". Subjects have a perspective but each subject has a unique perspective and this seems to be a fact in Nagel's view from nowhere (i.e. the birds-eye view of the objective description in the universe). The Indian view of "Brahman" suggests that the ultimate and fundamental subject is existence itself, through which each of us as it were "looks out" as an aspect of a frozen and timeless everything, experienced subjectively due to our separated sensory and memory apparatuses. These additional features of subjective experience are often referred to as
301:. Although PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda is normally limited to caused objects, Nagarjuna extends his argument to objects in general by differentiating two distinct ideas â dependent designation and dependent origination. He proposes that all objects are dependent upon designation, and therefore any discussion regarding the nature of objects can only be made in light of the context. The validity of objects can only be established within those conventions that assert them.
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794:âthe "what it is like" to be somethingâis currently beyond the reach of scientific inquiry, because scientific understanding by definition requires an objective perspective, which, according to Nagel, is diametrically opposed to the subjective first-person point of view. Furthermore, one cannot have a definition of objectivity without being connected to subjectivity in the first place since they are mutual and interlocked.
246:. Descriptions of all bodies, minds, and persons must be in terms of their properties and relations. For example, it seems that the only way to describe an apple is by describing its properties and how it is related to other things, such as its shape, size, composition, color, temperature, etc., while its relations may include "on the table", "in the room" and "being bigger than other apples".
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fact a second-order effect, a "negation of negation". The subject experiences itself as a unity only by purposively negating the very diversity it itself had produced. The
Hegelian subject may therefore be characterized either as "self-restoring sameness" or else as "reflection in otherness within itself" (Preface, para. 18).
239:. The first definition holds that an object is an entity that fails to experience and that is not conscious. The second definition holds that an object is an entity experienced. The second definition differs from the first one in that the second definition allows for a subject to be an object at the same time.
596:
or "Being-there" displaces traditional notions of the personal subject altogether. With
Heidegger, phenomenology tries to go beyond the classical dichotomy between subject and object, because they are linked by an inseparable and original relationship, in the sense that there can be no world without
477:
is therefore cutting, splitting and introducing distinctions by injecting negation into the flow of sense-perceptions. Subjectivity is thus a kind of structural effect â what happens when Nature is diffused, refracted around a field of negativity and the "unity of the subject" for Hegel, is in
365:
An attribute of an object is called a property if it can be experienced (e.g. its color, size, weight, smell, taste, and location). Objects manifest themselves through their properties. These manifestations seem to change in a regular and unified way, suggesting that something underlies the
377:, because substances are only experienced through their properties a substance itself is never directly experienced. The problem of substance asks on what basis can one conclude the existence of a substance that cannot be seen or scientifically verified. According to
412:. The idealists' starting point is Hume's conclusion that there is nothing to the self over and above a big, fleeting bundle of perceptions. The next step was to ask how this undifferentiated bundle comes to be experienced as a unity â as a single
285:
seizes upon the dichotomy between objects as collections of properties or as separate from those properties to demonstrate that both assertions fall apart under analysis. By uncovering this paradox he then provides a solution
774:
In contemporary analytic philosophy, the issue of subjectâand more specifically the "point of view" of the subject, or "subjectivity"âhas received attention as one of the major intractable problems in
70:, subjects and objects can be considered interchangeable where each label is applied only from one or the other point of view. Subjects and objects are related to the philosophical distinction between
764:], that he died of drinking the hemlock, are facts that all have something in common, namely, that they are âaboutâ Socrates, who is accordingly said to be a constituent of each of them."
684:. Ideology inaugurates one into being a subject, and every ideology is intended to maintain and glorify its idealized subject, as well as the metaphysical category of the subject itself (see
467:"...the bifurcation of the simple; it is the doubling which sets up opposition, and then again the negation of this indifferent diversity and of its anti-thesis" (Preface, para. 18).
1395:
Pg. 285-286. Russell, Bertrand. âOn
Propositions: What They Are and How They Mean.â Essay. In Logic and Knowledge; Essays, 1901-1950, Ed. by Robert Charles Marsh. Allen, G., 1966.
434:
and their successors sought to flesh out the process by which the subject is constituted out of the flow of sense impressions. Hegel, for example, stated in his
Preface to the
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254:
and, if so, in what way. The notion of an object must address two problems: the change problems and the problems of substances. Two leading theories about objecthood are
2382:
1386:
Pg. 182. Russell, Bertrand. âThe
Philosophy of Logical Atomism.â Essay. In Logic and Knowledge; Essays, 1901-1950, Ed. by Robert Charles Marsh. Allen, G., 1966.
144:
names a maximally general category, whose members are eligible for being referred to, quantified over and thought of. Terms similar to the broad notion of
183:
In ordinary language, one is inclined to call only a material object "object". In certain contexts, it may be socially inappropriate to apply the word
54:
is any of the things observed or experienced by a subject, which may even include other beings (thus, from their own points of view: other subjects)
74:: the existence of knowledge, ideas, or information either dependent upon a subject (subjectivity) or independent from any subject (objectivity).
1327:
Edel Heuven, "The
Poststructuralist Subject and the Paradox of Internal Coherence", M.Sc. thesis, Wageningen University and Research, 2017, p. 2.
422:...the imagination must by long custom acquire the same method of thinking, and run along the parts of space and time in conceiving its objects.
1473:
Alain de Libera, "When Did the Modern
Subject Emerge?", American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 2, 2008, pp. 181â220.
43:, undergoes conscious experiences, is situated in relation to other things that exist outside itself; thus, a subject is any individual,
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Limiting discussions of objecthood to the realm of physical objects may simplify them. However, defining physical objects in terms of
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461:. Subjective self-motion, for Hegel, comes not from any pure or simple kernel of authentic individuality, but rather, it is
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provided a point of departure for questioning the notion of a unitary, autonomous
Subject, which for many thinkers in the
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case for subjectivity. Hegel's next step, however, is to identify this power to move, this unrest that is the subject, as
1189:
1071:
2623:
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721:) as student, soldier, "criminal", etc.)). Foucault believed it was possible to transform oneself; he used the word
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497:, defines the broad notion of an object as anything that we can think or talk about. In a general sense it is any
341:, and that extension (the occupation of space) was the essence of matter. For modern philosophers like Descartes,
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212:. Objects differ from properties in that objects cannot be referred to by predicates. Some philosophers include
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451:" (Preface, para. 22). That is, what is not moved by an outside force, but which propels itself, has a
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that it exists. On the other hand, he argues that the object(s) which a subject perceives may not have
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experienced by the subjectâwhose existence can never be doubted as its ability to doubt (and think)
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1521:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1510:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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The Early Modern
Subject. Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume
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The formal separation between subject and object in the
Western world corresponds to the
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frameworks also differ in whether they consider objects existing independently of their
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The hermeneutics of the subject : lectures at the CollĂšge de France, 1981-1982
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properties. The change problem asks what that underlying thing is. According to
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as counting as objects, while others do not. Terms similar to such usage of
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Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences & the Humanities
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model of the subject, in which the split subject is constituted by a
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One approach to defining an object is in terms of its properties and
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Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France
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to describe the process. Subjectification was a central concept in
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Among the most radical re-thinkers of human self-consciousness was
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or full existence or value, independent of that observing subject.
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Philosophy terms referring to an observer versus the thing observed
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963:'s critique of the subject and the oxymoron "historical subject"
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1938:
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1099:, Vol II, Elsevier publishing company, Amsterdam, pp. 1066â1067
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A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language
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385:, the answer is none; thus an object is merely its properties.
370:, the answer is a substance, that which stands for the change.
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to animate beings, especially to human beings, while the words
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101:) with the meaning "to throw, or put before or against", from
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Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
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1988:
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thought experiment (in "Knowing One Own's Mind", 1987 paper)
1983:
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Elizabeth Stewart, Maire Jaanus, Richard Feldstein (eds.),
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when they come into the realm of language, difference, and
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The Persistence of Subjectivity. On the Kantian Aftermath
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292:â "dependent origination") that lies at the very root of
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A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
208:; that is to say, an object is an entity that is not a
113:, "to throw". Some other related English words include
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1230:
The Philosophical Works of David Hume (1826 edition)
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752:updated the classical terminology with a term, the
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1299:Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences
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672:construction (more exactly, constructed by the "
1295:Some reflections on the phenomenological method
1504:Bradley Retter & Andrew M. Bailey (2017).
1483:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1072:"Postmodernism and the 'Death of the Subject'"
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691:According to Foucault, it is the "effect" of
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680:" and is constituted through the process of
564:. These thinkers opened up the way for the
416:. Hume had offered the following proposal:
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1493:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
1363:Deleuze and Guattari: Deleuze and Guattari
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838:) leaves open the question of what is the
597:a subject, nor the subject without world.
1532:Crazy Objects And Their Affect On Reality
1036:Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
846:can be used to explain physical objects.
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1437:: 201â209 – via Humanities Source.
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133:uses the same root, but with the prefix
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1460:, New York: Columbia University Press,
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857:represent objects; how they do so, the
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1546:Human Knowledge Its Scope and Limits
1429:DÄ
mbska, Izydora (2016). "Symbols".
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946:Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)
568:of the subject as a core-concept of
447:physics: "the unmoved which is also
333:). Descartes believed that thought (
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58:A simple common differentiation for
1126:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1341:. New York: Picador. p. 237.
1316:Lacan in the German-Speaking World
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767:Facts, or objects, are opposed to
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556:is seen as the foundation of the
493:American philosophical school of
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790:famously argued that explaining
676:"). One's subjectivity exists, "
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705:: construction of the subject (
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1146:Goswick, Dana (27 July 2016).
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674:Ideological State Apparatuses
235:There are two definitions of
2548:Philosophy of space and time
1528:"Even More Abstract Objects"
1207:The Principles of Philosophy
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784:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
603:, inspired by Heidegger and
575:Freud's explorations of the
140:Broadly construed, the word
129:(an expression of protest).
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72:subjectivity and objectivity
7:
2423:The Phenomenology of Spirit
1365:, Routledge, 2001, p. 1315.
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778:(a related issue being the
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1318:, SUNY Press, 2004, p. 16.
1293:Farina, Gabriella (2014).
1070:Heartfield, James (2002).
861:, is the basic problem of
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664:theorize the subject as a
631:), and separates from the
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400:began its career with the
107:, "against", and the root
39:is a being that exercises
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1337:Foucault, Michel (2006).
1204:Descartes, René. "LIII".
583:notions of subjectivity.
337:) was the essence of the
281:, the Indian philosopher
2624:Concepts in epistemology
2538:Philosophy of psychology
2473:Simulacra and Simulation
1076:The Death of the Subject
991:Object-oriented ontology
19:The distinction between
2604:Concepts in metaphysics
2403:Critique of Pure Reason
1249:Phenomenology of Spirit
473:The Hegelian subject's
437:Phenomenology of Spirit
315:early modern philosophy
1994:Typeâtoken distinction
1822:Hypostatic abstraction
1604:Abstract object theory
1270:University of Helsinki
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951:Hypostatic abstraction
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859:mapâterritory relation
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534:Continental philosophy
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2583:Philosophy portal
2463:Being and Nothingness
1879:Mental representation
1515:Gideon Rosen (2022).
1095:Klein, Ernest (1969)
956:List of ethics topics
912:Cognitive linguistics
832:fundamental particles
811:Frank Cameron Jackson
800:The View from Nowhere
792:subjective experience
702:Discipline and Punish
605:Ferdinand de Saussure
554:Continental tradition
329:(in common language,
195:are more acceptable.
2508:Feminist metaphysics
1361:Gary Genosko (ed.),
1152:oxfordbibliographies
1046:Vertiginous question
922:Continuous predicate
821:In other disciplines
529:20th century onwards
278:MĆ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ
86:is derived from the
82:In English the word
2353:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
1864:Linguistic modality
1407:, pp. 148â149.
1264:Peirce, Charles S.
844:categories of being
842:and thus asks what
745:Analytic philosophy
666:social construction
607:, built on Freud's
590:, whose concept of
511:nearest star system
482:American pragmatism
311:dualistic framework
137:, meaning "under".
27:is a basic idea of
2543:Philosophy of self
2533:Philosophy of mind
1797:Embodied cognition
1709:Scientific realism
1552:Simon and Schuster
1148:"Ordinary Objects"
1001:Open individualism
996:Observer (physics)
977:Nonexistent object
776:philosophy of mind
652:structural Marxist
645:Name of the Father
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1770:Category of being
1739:Truthmaker theory
1540:Russell, Bertrand
1169:978-0-19-539657-7
1031:Subject (grammar)
1011:Personhood theory
884:Philosophy portal
782:). In the essay "
780:mindâbody problem
741:'s work as well.
659:poststructuralist
650:Thinkers such as
615:: alienated from
517:, a disbelief in
487:Charles S. Peirce
404:, in response to
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289:pratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
271:Mahayana Buddhism
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2189:Wittgenstein
2134:Schopenhauer
2013:
2004:Unobservable
1854:Intelligence
1784:
1724:Subjectivism
1719:Spiritualism
1634:Essentialism
1614:Anti-realism
1550:. New York:
1545:
1531:
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1490:
1480:
1457:
1447:Bibliography
1434:
1430:
1424:
1417:Russell 1948
1412:
1405:Russell 1948
1400:
1391:
1382:
1375:Russell 1948
1370:
1362:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1323:
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1302:
1298:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1259:
1248:
1241:
1235:Google Books
1233:, p. 27, at
1228:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
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1079:. Retrieved
1075:
853:
829:
804:
798:
796:
788:Thomas Nagel
773:
766:
759:
753:
748:
728:
723:
722:
710:
706:
700:
690:
686:antihumanism
649:
641:the Symbolic
629:mirror stage
627:(during the
599:
591:
585:
574:
543:
523:fear of cats
485:
474:
472:
458:
452:
448:
445:Aristotelian
442:
435:
426:
421:
413:
393:
392:
372:
364:
335:subjectivity
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248:Metaphysical
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118:
117:(to reify),
114:
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81:
63:
59:
57:
51:
36:
24:
20:
18:
2333:Metaphysics
2317:(c. 200 BC)
2307:(c. 350 BC)
2297:(c. 350 BC)
2184:Collingwood
2089:Malebranche
1837:Information
1765:Anima mundi
1744:Type theory
1699:Physicalism
1664:Materialism
1619:Determinism
1590:Metaphysics
941:meta-ethics
897:Abstraction
815:Mary's room
697:disciplines
670:ideological
613:double bind
570:metaphysics
491:late-modern
454:prima facie
449:self-moving
408:'s radical
2598:Categories
2393:Monadology
2327:(c. 80 BC)
2034:Parmenides
1919:Perception
1817:Experience
1704:Relativism
1679:Naturalism
1629:Enactivism
1305:(2):506â2.
1280:2009-03-19
1131:29 January
1053:References
986:phenomenon
724:ethopoiein
617:jouissance
538:See also:
495:pragmatism
410:skepticism
406:David Hume
379:David Hume
321:, between
252:properties
230:particular
226:individual
178:individual
121:(a future
68:personhood
29:philosophy
2553:Teleology
2518:Mereology
2498:Cosmology
2357:(c. 1000)
2254:Plantinga
2244:Armstrong
2194:Heidegger
2169:Whitehead
2154:Nietzsche
2074:Descartes
2044:Aristotle
1999:Universal
1929:Principle
1899:Necessity
1859:Intention
1812:Existence
1775:Causality
1714:Solipsism
1644:Free will
1487:Udo Thiel
1006:Paramatma
931:swamp man
863:semantics
850:Semantics
546:Karl Marx
540:Ethopoeia
521:, or the
347:cognition
327:extension
313:, in the
283:Nagarjuna
244:relations
222:substance
127:objection
123:reference
119:objective
115:objectify
95:(p.p. of
78:Etymology
2629:Ontology
2571:Category
2493:Axiology
2347:(c.â270)
2275:more ...
2229:Anscombe
2224:Strawson
2219:Davidson
2114:Berkeley
2054:Plotinus
2015:more ...
1954:Relation
1934:Property
1909:Ontology
1832:Identity
1753:Concepts
1684:Nihilism
1649:Idealism
1597:Theories
1542:(1948).
1456:(1987),
1274:Archived
1266:"Object"
1175:20 April
1122:"Object"
1081:28 March
982:Noumenon
869:See also
621:the Real
507:Socrates
505:, gods,
503:pyramids
294:Buddhist
220:include
210:property
205:property
166:existent
148:include
92:objectus
2619:Objects
2343:Enneads
2337:(c. 50)
2303:Timaeus
2293:Sophist
2239:Dummett
2234:Deleuze
2174:Russell
2164:Bergson
2159:Meinong
2139:Bolzano
2099:Leibniz
2079:Spinoza
2064:Aquinas
2049:Proclus
1979:Thought
1969:Subject
1949:Reality
1944:Quality
1914:Pattern
1874:Meaning
1849:Insight
1807:Essence
1792:Concept
1694:Realism
1659:Liberty
1624:Dualism
1213:19 July
917:Concept
855:Symbols
826:Physics
769:beliefs
699:" (see
643:or the
560:of the
489:of the
414:subject
394:Subject
323:thought
275:In the
131:Subject
125:), and
98:obicere
60:subject
37:subject
21:subject
2477:(1981)
2467:(1943)
2457:(1927)
2447:(1846)
2437:(1818)
2427:(1807)
2417:(1783)
2407:(1781)
2397:(1714)
2387:(1710)
2377:(1677)
2373:Ethics
2367:(1641)
2269:Parfit
2259:Kripke
2249:Putnam
2209:Sartre
2199:Carnap
2149:Peirce
2094:Newton
2069:SuĂĄrez
2059:Scotus
1939:Qualia
1904:Object
1894:Nature
1889:Motion
1869:Matter
1802:Entity
1674:Monism
1507:Object
1464:
1345:
1166:
937:Ethics
836:quarks
834:(e.g.
806:qualia
715:French
637:demand
593:Dasein
509:, the
501:: the
499:entity
351:proves
298:praxis
237:object
228:, and
218:object
200:object
189:entity
185:object
176:, and
158:entity
146:object
142:object
110:jacere
84:object
64:object
52:object
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2009:Value
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1193:24:18
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