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1410:, which holds that human beings are political by birth, and political anti-naturalism, which holds that humankind's natural state is apolitical. The second is the historical shift from "complex, bureaucratic systems with intertwined religious and contractual relationships" to political cultures that "take the form of independent, territorial states". Observing how these transformations occur is important as the ideas advanced by early modern political theorists played an important role in the creation of political institutions that exist today.
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36:
1263:. Thomas Hobbes, alternatively, asserted that natural law has a finite scope. Unchecked liberty led to a state of war where everybody struggled for life. Hobbes encapsulated this state of violence in one of philosophy's most famous passages: "And the life of man, solitary, bad, nasty, brutish, and brief". Thomas Hobbes' worldview concentrated on social and political order and how humans could coexist without danger or risk of civil war.
1337:. De facto inalienability arguments supplied the foundation for the anti-slavery movement to argue against all involuntary enslavement, not only slavery explicitly defined as such. An agreement to unlawfully divide a right would be void of law. Similarly, the argument was used by the democratic movement to reject explicit or implicit social covenants of subjection (e.g., pactum subjectionis) that subjugate a people, for example, in
1172:. Early modern thinkers differentiated between actual and potential infinity. Academic tradition has traditionally rejected the existence of actual infinities in the created world but has acknowledged potential infinities, following Aristotle's approach to Zeno's paradoxes. Additionally, the advent of early modern thought was linked to changes in the period's intellectual and cultural context, such as the advancement of
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1311:. Before you can talk about right and unjust, some coercive authority must compel folks to keep their promises. There is no such coercive force before the establishment of the state. This coercive State would, in Hobbes' view, have the right to confiscate property in return for a guarantee of citizens' safety from one another and from foreign intervention.
2302:
https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_jstor_primary_43572323&context=PC&vid=61USYD_INST:sydney&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,religious%20turmoil%20in%20europe%20during%20the%20early%20modern%20period&offset=0
1300:," in which humans murder, steal, and enslave each other to remain alive. Hobbes theorised that human existence would be lonely, poor, ugly, brutish, and short in a state of chaos generated by unrestricted rights. As such, people would agree to give up many of their basic rights to build a political and civil society.
1258:
The political philosophy of natural law, developed by John Locke, was a common and significant concept in early modern thought. Natural law evolved into individual rights and subjective claims. Adding to
Aristotle's already known philosophy, Locke suggested that the government give its citizens what
1084:
Enlightenment-era criticism on religion was a reaction to Europe's previous century of religious turmoil. Enlightenment intellectuals intended to limit organized religion's political dominance, so averting another period of intolerable religious violence. Numerous unique concepts emerged, including
1072:
The
Enlightenment has traditionally been credited with laying the groundwork for current Western political and intellectual culture. It ushered in a period of political modernization in the West, focused on democratic principles and institutions and resulting in the establishment of modern, liberal
1101:
The early modern period arose from dramatic shifts in many fields of human endeavour. Among the most significant characteristics are the formalisation of science, the acceleration of scientific advancement, and the creation of secularised civic politics, law courts, and the nation-state. There was
1063:
Science eventually began to dominate
Enlightenment speech and thinking. Numerous Enlightenment authors and intellectuals came from scientific backgrounds and equated scientific progress with the downfall of religion and conventional authority in favour of the growth of free speech and ideas. In
1292:
In Hobbes' view, life comprised just of freedoms and nothing else "Because of that, everyone has the right to anything, even to one another's body. Because of this, though, as long as inherent human rights to every commodity remain in place, there can be no long-term security for anybody."
1478:, Routledge, 2013, p. 1: "Seven men have come to stand out from all of their counterparts in what has come to be known as the 'modern' period in the history of philosophy (i.e., the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries): Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume and Kant".
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There is, at least, one right that cannot be ceded or abandoned: the right to personality...They charged the great logician with a contradiction in terms. If a man could give up his personality he would cease being a moral being. … There is no
1140:
would challenge the power of the Church and begin the journey towards the eventual separation of church and state. The political and economic situation of Modern Europe would have an influence on philosophical thought, mainly on ethics and
1358:, no act of submission by which man can give up the state of free agent and enslave himself. For by such an act of renunciation he would give up that very character which constitutes his nature and essence: he would lose his humanity.
1068:
and logical reasoning, and was inextricably linked to the
Enlightenment ideal of progression and development. However, as was the case with the majority of Enlightenment ideals, the advantages of science were not widely recognized.
568:. Early modern philosophy is usually thought to have occurred between the 16th and 18th centuries, though some philosophers and historians may put this period slightly earlier. During this time, influential philosophers included
3517:
Broad, J. (2020). Early Modern
Philosophy: A Perverse Thought Experiment | Blog of the APA. Retrieved 18 April 2021, from https://blog.apaonline.org/2020/10/21/early-modern-philosophy-a-perverse-thought-experiment/
1081:(which resulted in the later distinction between civil society and the state), the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on popular consent, and liberal interpretationism.
3096:
1318:, "inalienable rights" are those rights that can't be relinquished by people to the sovereign. These inherent rights were believed to be law-independent. Only the strongest could use their privileges in the
968:
defined the universe in terms of natural principles that were independent of any spiritual source. Locke advocated the freedom of a people to replace a government that did not defend inherent rights to
1413:
The evolution of early modern philosophy has been recognized as inextricably linked to developments in the period's intellectual and cultural environment through important developments in science, the
1459:, Routledge, 2006, p. xi: " is a guide through the systems of the seven brilliant seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European philosophers most regularly taught in college Modern Philosophy courses".
791:
was complicated, as many early modern scientists considered themselves philosophers, conflating the two disciplines. These two fields would eventually separate. Contemporary philosophy's
1093:. The latter was hotly debated but garnered few supporters. Many, like Voltaire, believed that without believing in a God who punishes wrong, society's moral order would be jeopardised.
556:) The early modern era of philosophy was a progressive movement of Western thought, exploring through theories and discourse such topics as mind and matter, is a period in the
1156:
focused on and discussed three fundamental disagreements about the infinite—differences that had their origins in the academic philosophical tradition. Philosophers such as
1367:
Until the twenty-first century, standard accounts of early modern philosophy and traditional survey courses in Anglo-Saxon universities—presented histories dominated by
870:. The Enlightenment's ideals challenged the monarchy and the church, laying the groundwork for the political upheavals of the 18th and 19th centuries. According to
768:
and God. In response, philosophers, many of whom were involved in experimental advances, invented and perfected various perspectives on humans’ relationship to the
1289:
referred to as precepts, or rules discovered by reason, which ban a man from doing something that will destroy his life or deprives him of the means to retain it.
1255:
are all recognised as significant figures in early modern philosophy, for their discourses and theories developed throughout the various philosophical periods.
3831:
Nicolaidis, Efthymios; Delli, Eudoxie; Livanos, Nikolaos; Tampakis, Kostas; Vlahakis, George (2016-09-20). "Science and
Orthodox Christianity: An Overview".
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directed the motion of lifeless objects without the interference of something non-physical, specifically challenged established ways of thought about the
2423:
890:. However, during the first decades of the 18th century and the first decades of the 19th century, several national variations of the movement developed.
2602:
1728:
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Nicolas
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Early modern theory has significantly impacted many modern developments, one of which is political philosophy. American political philosopher
98:
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1615:
1279:". As he saw it, the basic natural (human) right was to use his power, as he will, to preserve his nature, which is to protect his life.
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1322:. Thereby, individuals give up their natural rights to get protection, and thus have the legal rights conferred by the power to do so.
60:
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Europe had a burst of philosophical and scientific activity in the mid-18th century, challenging established theories and dogmas.
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949:(1689)—two works that laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment's great advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy.
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some skepticism against traditional interpretive concepts associated with the modern era, such as the distinction between
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Schmidt, James (2006–01). "What
Enlightenment Was, What It Still Might Be, and Why Kant May Have Been Right After All".
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711:(Meditations on First Philosophy) in Paris in 1641 and conclude with the work of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (
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democracies. The fundamentals of
European liberal thought include the individual right, natural equality of all men,
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Constitutional Formation II Decisive Constitutional Normativity: From Old Liberties to New Precedence
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Reconsidering Constitutional Formation II Decisive Constitutional Normativity: From Old Liberties to New Precedence
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Reńe Descartes amid philosophical discussion with several philosophers during the early modern philosophical period
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The Age Of Enlightenment was swiftly sweeping across Europe. In the late seventeenth century, scientists such as
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At the time, various thinkers faced difficult philosophical challenges: reconciling the tenets of classical
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Nicolaidis, Efthymios; Delli, Eudoxie; Livanos, Nikolaos; Tampakis, Kostas; Vlahakis, George (2016-09-20).
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677:. Some definitions also broaden the range of thinkers included under the "early modern" moniker, such as
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122:
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2150:
603:–1789, but the label "early modern philosophy" is typically used to refer to a narrower period of time.
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in the aftermath of England's political instability. People began to mistrust the possibility of a God
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united with whoever the desired political leader happened to be at the time. The steady rise of the
929:, were significant 17th-century antecedents of the Enlightenment. Its origins are often ascribed to
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The term is sometimes used more broadly, including earlier thinkers from the 16th century such as
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that dominated the realm of ideas in 18th-century Europe. It was founded on the principle that
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is the fundamental source of power and legitimacy, and it promoted principles such as
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also gained legitimacy during this period. Early modern attempts to grapple with the
1060:, aimed to strike a balance between reform and old power and religious institutions.
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include consensual arrangements to relinquish inherent rights to freedom and
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1762:
Beatty, Joy E.; Leigh, Jennifer S. A.; Dean, Kathy Lund (2009-02-01).
1028:
Two separate schools of Enlightenment philosophy existed. Inspired by
584:, all of whom contributed to the current understanding of philosophy.
5573:
5568:
5428:
5355:
5290:
5161:
5095:
4907:
4897:
4892:
4867:
4663:
4223:
4185:
3207:(Winter 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2210:(Winter 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2157:(Summer 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1925:(Winter 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1886:
1555:(Winter 2018 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1129:
1041:
879:
867:
606:
In the narrowest sense, the term is used to refer principally to the
4798:
3455:
Ash, E. (2010). Introduction: Expertise and the Early Modern State.
3112:
2721:"The origins, development, and possible decline of the modern state"
2344:"Redeeming the Enlightenment: New Histories of Religious Toleration"
618:. 17th-century philosophers typically included in such analyses are
35:
5403:
5310:
5275:
5233:
5221:
5009:
4803:
4703:
4646:
4450:
4404:
4288:
3987:
3908:
Salami, M. (2021). Philosophy has to be about more than white men.
3844:
3227:"Inalienable Rights: A Litmus Test for Liberal Theories of Justice"
2543:
2405:(Fall 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2359:
2070:
1169:
994:
678:
431:
1001:
headed the philosophic movement, arguing for a society founded on
5030:
5004:
4999:
4941:
4936:
4768:
4656:
4651:
4610:
4432:
4278:
4160:
1326:
1090:
1017:, a political philosopher, proposed the notion of a government's
961:
893:
851:
2935:"El Leviathan de Thomas Hobbes (The Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes)"
2581:
2110:"Introduction: Religious toleration in the Age of Enlightenment"
2016:"Jonathan Israel's Enlightenment: The Case of Giambattista Vico"
5295:
5216:
4946:
4605:
4595:
4293:
4195:
1271:
Hobbes' moral and political theory includes a consideration of
1125:
1002:
965:
847:
827:
769:
378:
2052:
1013:, and for science founded on experimentation and observation.
5111:
4773:
4059:
3992:
1086:
383:
3872:
Nimbalkar, N. (2011). John locke on personal identityFNx08.
3758:(1st ed., pp. 19–43). Sydney: The University of Sydney.
3707:
KATEB, G. (1989). Hobbes and the Irrationality of Politics.
3097:"The Sovereignless State and Locke's Language of Obligation"
2888:"Hobbes on Natural Right in Society: The Leviathan Account*"
1021:, which was enthusiastically accepted by the framers of the
3650:
Early Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary
2970:"Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights"
761:
693:. Considered in this way, the period extends from the last
3371:"In Defence of Political Theory: Impact and Opportunities"
3298:
2600:
862:. The Enlightenment was defined by a focus on science and
4956:
960:
challenged the established order. Newton's principles of
3412:"Early Modern Literature and England's Long Reformation"
3276:"Early Modern Philosophy: A Perverse Thought Experiment"
1457:
Classical Modern Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction
1275:. Hobbes' natural rights notion also included man in a "
1064:
general, Enlightenment science placed a high premium on
560:
that overlaps with the beginning of the period known as
3042:"The Ideological Context of Hobbes's Political Thought"
2799:
Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes
3662:
Early Modern Philosophy: Mind, Matter, and Metaphysics
2487:"Renaissance Humanism and Philosophy as a Way of Life"
1662:
Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Volume VIII
1304:
was first articulated using this early argumentation.
985:
to rule. These ideals would permanently alter Europe.
842:, also referred to as the Age of Enlightenment, was a
3466:
Allhoff, F., Martinich, A., & Vaidya, A. (2007).
3756:
Contemporary perspectives on early modern philosophy
2528:"Introduction: Expertise and the Early Modern State"
1513:. Paperback reprint New York: Viking Penguin, 1988.
1176:, theological contradictions within and between the
3725:Lærke, M., Smith, J., & Schliesser, E. (2013).
3665:, ed. by Christia Mercer and Eileen O'Neill (2005).
2231:
The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society
1730:
Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy Volume VI
3892:The Cambridge companion to early modern philosophy
2823:Lloyd, Sharon A.; Sreedhar, Susanne (2002-02-12).
1032:, the radical enlightenment argued for democracy,
897:Enlightenment discussions between various thinkers
724:Dispute between Queen Christina and René Descartes
701:. Most scholars consider the period to begin with
3894:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1727:Garber, Daniel; Rutherford, Donald, eds. (2012).
1659:Garber, Daniel; Rutherford, Donald, eds. (2018).
6090:
3937:Smith, K. (2018). Descartes’ Life and Works. In
3410:Loewenstein, David; Shell, Alison (2019-07-03).
3409:
2764:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2687:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2055:"Science and Orthodox Christianity: An Overview"
1726:
1658:
1476:Classical Modern Philosophers: Descartes to Kant
913:, and the prominent natural philosophers of the
2604:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
1761:
1421:, and the rise of the new modern nation state.
1406:. The first is a metaphysical contrast between
1296:This would result in the condition called the "
988:
1132:, challenging the element of Christianity and
1044:. A second, more moderate kind, championed by
4008:
2822:
2646:"Three Infinities in Early Modern Philosophy"
2201:
1402:examined two interrelated transitions in the
1184:, and the growth of the modern nation-state.
530:
3959:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Stanford University.
3941:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Stanford University.
3776:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Stanford University.
3693:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Stanford University.
3325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1537:, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 44 n. 2.
1168:from the mathematically abstract concept of
2174:
1164:used this distinction to distinguish God's
4015:
4001:
3626:Desai, Vandana; Potter, Rob (2014-03-21).
3329:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2885:
2643:
2227:
2175:Desai, Vandana; Potter, Rob (2014-03-21).
1808:
810:. New philosophical theories, such as the
787:. The relationship between philosophy and
779:, the progress of modern science, and the
537:
523:
3689:Huggett, N. (2018). Zeno's Paradoxes. In
3684:Oxford studies in early modern philosophy
3427:
3386:
3242:
3167:
2985:
2967:
2825:"Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy"
2736:
2607:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2502:
2272:
2125:
2107:
1885:
1739:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659593.001.0001
1711:
1590:
1467:
1465:
882:died, and ended in 1789, the year of the
3966:(2nd ed.). Newark: Princeton University.
3224:
3198:
2862:Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition
2795:
1966:
1191:
892:
719:
642:, included such early modern figures as
3885:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3867:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3643:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3205:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3152:"Locke, Nozick and the state of nature"
3039:
3008:
2932:
2858:
2759:
2738:10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.101501.145837
2682:
2484:
2403:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2341:
2208:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2155:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2148:
2013:
1923:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1916:
1859:
1553:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1285:is distinct from universal laws, which
1187:
833:
806:also contributed to the development of
638:. The 18th century, often known as the
6091:
3368:
3149:
2718:
2396:
1969:"Montesquieu and Modern Republicanism"
1572:
1462:
947:"Essay Concerning Human Understanding"
5754:
4496:
4034:
3996:
3824:Nachtomy, O., & Reed, R. (2019).
3682:Garber, D., & Nadler, S. (2005).
3657:, Fritz Allhoff, Anand Vaidya (2006).
3533:Canadian Journal Of Political Science
3273:
3094:
2974:European Journal of International Law
2968:McCrudden, Christopher (2008-09-01).
2262:
2202:Reiss, Julian; Sprenger, Jan (2020).
1546:
3957:Stanford Encyclopaedia Of Philosophy
3939:Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
3774:Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
3668:"Enlightenment | Encyclopedia.com".
3628:The Companion to Development Studies
2178:The Companion to Development Studies
2108:Domínguez, Juan Pablo (2017-05-19).
1613:
866:, as well as a growing suspicion of
3955:Uzgalis, W. (2018). John Locke. In
3826:INFINITY IN EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY
3754:Lenz, M., & Waldow, A. (2013).
3691:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2886:Carmichael, D. J. C. (March 1990).
2525:
2234:. New York, NY: Springer New York.
1325:Many historical justifications for
854:, progress, tolerance, fraternity,
830:, and discovery to pursue reality.
16:Period in the history of philosophy
13:
3946:Annual Review Of Political Science
3686:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3225:Ellerman, David (September 2010).
3027:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1970.tb00060.x
2725:Annual Review of Political Science
2464:10.1111/j.1755-2567.2007.tb01212.x
1693:
1671:10.1093/oso/9780198829294.001.0001
1573:Levers, Merry-Jo D. (2013-01-01).
1227:, as well as philosophers such as
1096:
756:in which mathematically definable
708:Meditationes de Prima Philosophiae
14:
6110:
3981:
3101:American Political Science Review
3095:Scott, John T. (September 2000).
1259:they believe are fundamental and
1009:, for a new civic order based on
504:Social and political philosophers
6072:
6071:
6058:
3613:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00932.x
3345:"The Making of the Modern World"
3274:Broad, Jacqueline (2020-10-21).
3150:Bruner, Justin P. (2020-03-01).
1985:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00932.x
1497:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1493:All That Is Solid Melts into Air
1266:
48:
34:
3563:The Journal Of American History
3497:Journal Of Early Modern Studies
3486:Journal Of Management Education
3403:
3362:
3337:
3292:
3267:
3218:
3192:
3143:
3088:
3033:
3009:Minogue, K. R. (October 1970).
3002:
2961:
2926:
2879:
2852:
2816:
2789:
2760:Uzgalis, William (2001-09-02).
2753:
2712:
2676:
2644:Schechtman, Anat (2019-10-01).
2637:
2594:
2574:
2519:
2478:
2440:
2416:
2390:
2335:
2291:
2256:
2221:
2195:
2168:
2142:
2101:
2046:
2007:
1960:
1936:
1910:
1860:Schmidt, James (January 2006).
1853:
1802:
1768:Journal of Management Education
1755:
1720:
1620:Journal of Early Modern Studies
4022:
3508:European Journal Of Philosophy
3201:"Locke's Political Philosophy"
2865:. Cambridge University Press.
2802:. Cambridge University Press.
2719:Spruyt, Hendrik (2002-06-01).
2299:sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com
1967:Douglass, Robin (2012-10-01).
1813:. In Berchielli, Laura (ed.).
1687:
1652:
1607:
1566:
1540:
1524:
1481:
1449:
1124:also emerged as a reaction to
754:mechanical image of the cosmos
608:philosophy of the 17th century
1:
5755:
3928:American Behavioral Scientist
3586:10.1080/01916599.2016.1203590
3449:
3429:10.1080/13574175.2019.1665264
3203:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2401:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2348:The Journal of Modern History
2206:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2153:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2127:10.1080/01916599.2016.1203590
1921:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1866:American Behavioral Scientist
1551:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1495:: The Experience of Modernity
740:that followed in the wake of
597:
5544:Ordinary language philosophy
4035:
3729:. London: Oxford University.
3470:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
3305:. Harvard University Press.
2683:Huggett, Nick (2002-04-30).
2342:Collins, Jeffrey R. (2009).
1815:Empiricist Theories of Space
1505:. London: Verso. pp. 16–17.
1441:
1362:
989:Major Enlightenment concepts
822:, which placed a premium on
7:
5594:Contemporary utilitarianism
5509:Internalism and externalism
3789:10.1007/978-3-319-73037-0_1
3721:10.1177/0090591789017003001
3698:The Philosophical Quarterly
3369:Brooks, Thom (2013-05-01).
2274:10.1007/978-3-319-73037-0_1
1823:10.1007/978-3-030-57620-2_1
1733:. Oxford University Press.
1713:10.3390/philosophies1030228
1665:. Oxford University Press.
1549:"Descartes' Life and Works"
1424:
1077:, the artificial nature of
983:empowering a despotic ruler
971:life, liberty, and property
614:, typically beginning with
587:
554:classical modern philosophy
10:
6115:
4858:Svatantrika and Prasangika
4497:
3899:Cambridge University Press
3727:Philosophy and its history
2933:Estrada, Fernando (2012).
2228:Zafirovski, Milan (2011).
1809:Berchielli, Laura (2020).
1614:Bica, Daian (2020-12-25).
1023:United States Constitution
566:medieval era of philosophy
6052:
6004:
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4080:Philosophy of mathematics
4070:Philosophy of information
4045:
4041:
4030:
3574:History of European Ideas
3349:E-International Relations
3244:10.1007/s10982-010-9076-8
3169:10.1007/s11098-018-1201-9
3058:10.1017/S0018246X66000014
3040:Skinner, Quentin (1966).
2904:10.1017/S0008423900011598
2796:Schmaltz, Tad M. (2002).
2613:10.1017/CHOL9780521251044
2399:"Atheism and Agnosticism"
2240:10.1007/978-1-4419-7387-0
2114:History of European Ideas
1694:Wu, Kun (December 2016).
1535:The Future for Philosophy
1116:metaphysical epistemology
1005:rather than religion and
927:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
697:to the final days of the
632:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
251:Middle Eastern philosophy
3522:Political Studies Review
3375:Political Studies Review
3011:"The Logic of Leviathan"
2204:"Scientific Objectivity"
2014:Colilli, Julian (2016).
1919:"Scientific Revolutions"
1917:Nickles, Thomas (2017).
1878:10.1177/0002764205282215
1780:10.1177/1052562907310557
1592:10.1177/2158244013517243
1134:Christianised philosophy
878:began in 1715, the year
695:Renaissance philosophers
6099:Early modern philosophy
5549:Postanalytic philosophy
5490:Experimental philosophy
3890:Rutherford, D. (2007).
3677:SSRN Electronic Journal
3672:. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
3468:Early modern philosophy
3388:10.1111/1478-9302.12007
3199:Tuckness, Alex (2020).
2939:SSRN Electronic Journal
2149:De Cruz, Helen (2019).
1585:(4): 2158244013517243.
1040:, and the abolition of
975:capable of predestining
860:church-state separation
714:Critique of Pure Reason
550:Early modern philosophy
5682:Social constructionism
4694:Hellenistic philosophy
4110:Theoretical philosophy
4085:Philosophy of religion
4075:Philosophy of language
3860:Contemporary Sociology
3799:, retrieved 2021-05-27
3302:Naturalism in Question
3046:The Historical Journal
2859:Hampton, Jean (1988).
2840:Cite journal requires
2777:Cite journal requires
2700:Cite journal requires
2485:Sellars, John (2020).
2151:"Religion and Science"
1431:Late modern philosophy
1360:
1316:social contract theory
1302:Social contract theory
1298:war of all against all
1197:
1154:philosophy of infinity
898:
844:philosophical movement
781:Protestant reformation
738:technological advances
725:
474:Aesthetic philosophers
6065:Philosophy portal
5584:Scientific skepticism
5564:Reformed epistemology
4090:Philosophy of science
3156:Philosophical Studies
2526:Ash, Eric H. (2010).
2397:Draper, Paul (2017).
1351:
1195:
1150:Scientific Revolution
999:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
979:everlasting damnation
939:Principia Mathematica
915:Scientific Revolution
896:
888:Scientific Revolution
723:
596:in history is around
558:history of philosophy
55:Philosophy portal
5485:Critical rationalism
5192:Edo neo-Confucianism
5036:Acintya bheda abheda
5015:Renaissance humanism
4726:School of the Sextii
4100:Practical philosophy
4095:Political philosophy
3988:EarlyModernTexts.com
3874:Mens Sana Monographs
3670:www.encyclopedia.com
2947:10.2139/ssrn.2127939
2458:(4): 334–339. 2007.
1547:Smith, Kurt (2018).
1408:political naturalism
1331:illiberal governance
1249:Samuel von Pufendorf
1188:Significant thinkers
1166:qualitative infinity
1143:political philosophy
1112:political philosophy
1075:separation of powers
956:and authors such as
876:Age of Enlightenment
834:Enlightenment Period
785:resulting civil wars
699:Age of Enlightenment
640:Age of Enlightenment
499:Philosophers of mind
5056:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4967:Korean Confucianism
4714:Academic Skepticism
3964:Ideas and Mechanism
3962:Wilson, M. (2016).
3015:Philosophical Books
2987:10.1093/ejil/chn043
2662:10.1093/mind/fzy034
1632:10.5840/jems2020916
1436:Phases of modernity
1419:Protestant churches
1404:early modern period
1356:pactum subjectionis
1309:sovereign authority
1241:Nicolas Malebranche
1182:Protestant churches
1042:religious authority
814:, civic existence,
789:scientific research
671:Michel de Montaigne
659:Niccolò Machiavelli
594:early modern period
564:. It succeeded the
509:Women in philosophy
239:Indigenous American
22:Part of a series on
5677:Post-structuralism
5579:Scientific realism
5534:Quinean naturalism
5514:Logical positivism
5470:Analytical Marxism
4689:Peripatetic school
4601:Chinese naturalism
4128:Aesthetic response
4055:Applied philosophy
3655:Aloysius Martinich
3231:Law and Philosophy
2685:"Zeno's Paradoxes"
2656:(512): 1117–1147.
2504:10.1111/meta.12409
1335:self-determination
1198:
1034:individual liberty
1019:division of powers
899:
868:religious rigidity
808:Western philosophy
734:Christian theology
726:
202:Eastern philosophy
6086:
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6047:
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6039:
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5745:
5742:
5741:
5738:
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5465:Analytic feminism
5437:
5436:
5399:Kierkegaardianism
5361:Transcendentalism
5321:Neo-scholasticism
5167:Classical Realism
5144:
5143:
4916:
4915:
4731:Neopythagoreanism
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4105:Social philosophy
3797:978-3-319-73037-0
3636:978-1-134-05159-5
3601:Political Studies
3312:978-0-674-01295-0
2872:978-1-316-58325-8
2809:978-1-139-43425-6
2622:978-0-521-25104-4
2323:Missing or empty
2284:978-3-319-73037-0
2249:978-1-4419-7386-3
2188:978-1-134-05159-5
1973:Political Studies
1832:978-3-030-57619-6
1748:978-0-19-174521-8
1680:978-0-19-186788-0
1253:Francis Hutcheson
1038:freedom of speech
1007:Catholic theology
884:French Revolution
872:French historians
802:The early modern
683:Giambattista Vico
562:modern philosophy
547:
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5642:Frankfurt School
5589:Transactionalism
5539:Normative ethics
5519:Legal positivism
5495:Falsificationism
5480:Consequentialism
5475:Communitarianism
5448:
5447:
5316:New Confucianism
5155:
5154:
4962:Neo-Confucianism
4927:
4926:
4736:Second Sophistic
4721:Middle Platonism
4564:
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4505:
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4337:Epiphenomenalism
4204:Consequentialism
4138:Institutionalism
4043:
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3994:
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3709:Political Theory
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2497:(2–3): 226–243.
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2193:
2192:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1948:encyclopedia.com
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1485:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1455:Jeffrey Tlumak,
1453:
1030:Spinoza's theory
977:human beings to
909:, the Frenchman
858:governance, and
804:intellectual era
777:Age of Discovery
717:) in the 1780s.
602:
599:
539:
532:
525:
244:Aztec philosophy
123:Ancient Egyptian
105:
104:
57:
53:
52:
51:
38:
19:
18:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6059:
6057:
6036:
6000:
5900:
5862:
5809:
5763:
5762:
5734:
5723:Russian cosmism
5696:
5692:Western Marxism
5657:New Historicism
5622:Critical theory
5608:
5604:Wittgensteinian
5500:Foundationalism
5433:
5370:
5351:Social contract
5207:Foundationalism
5140:
5122:
5106:Illuminationism
5091:Aristotelianism
5077:
5066:Vishishtadvaita
5019:
4971:
4912:
4879:
4750:
4679:Megarian school
4674:Eretrian school
4615:
4576:Agriculturalism
4553:
4499:
4480:
4427:
4399:
4356:
4308:
4265:
4249:Incompatibilism
4218:
4190:
4142:
4114:
4037:
4026:
4021:
3984:
3923:(2–3), 226–243.
3514:(4), 1253–1268.
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3408:
3404:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3280:Blog of the APA
3272:
3268:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3197:
3193:
3148:
3144:
3113:10.2307/2585830
3093:
3089:
3038:
3034:
3007:
3003:
2966:
2962:
2931:
2927:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2717:
2713:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2642:
2638:
2623:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2524:
2520:
2483:
2479:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2395:
2391:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2106:
2102:
2051:
2047:
2012:
2008:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1944:"Enlightenment"
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1807:
1803:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1725:
1721:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1612:
1608:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1488:Marshall Berman
1486:
1482:
1472:Richard Schacht
1470:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1427:
1400:A. John Simmons
1365:
1345:. According to
1320:state of nature
1283:Natural liberty
1277:state of nature
1269:
1237:Antoine Arnauld
1233:Pierre Gassendi
1190:
1174:natural science
1099:
1097:Characteristics
1079:political order
1054:Christian Wolff
991:
937:published his "
923:Johannes Kepler
919:Galileo Galilei
901:The Englishmen
836:
793:epistemological
648:George Berkeley
600:
590:
543:
514:
513:
479:Epistemologists
469:
468:
457:
456:
393:
369:
368:
357:
356:
102:
101:
90:
49:
47:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6112:
6102:
6101:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5868:Middle Eastern
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5775:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5632:Existentialism
5629:
5627:Deconstruction
5624:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5460:Applied ethics
5456:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5424:Nietzscheanism
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5366:Utilitarianism
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5264:Transcendental
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Existentialism
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4990:Augustinianism
4987:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4903:Zoroastrianism
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4746:Church Fathers
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4261:Libertarianism
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Metaphilosophy
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3982:External links
3980:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3942:
3935:
3924:
3917:Metaphilosophy
3913:
3906:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3845:10.1086/688704
3839:(3): 542–566.
3829:
3822:
3811:
3800:
3777:
3770:
3759:
3752:
3745:Hobbes Studies
3741:
3730:
3723:
3715:(3), 355–391.
3705:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3646:
3639:
3624:
3607:(3): 703–719.
3597:
3580:(4): 273–287.
3570:
3559:
3550:(3): 469–493.
3540:
3529:
3518:
3515:
3504:
3493:
3482:
3471:
3464:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3402:
3381:(2): 209–215.
3361:
3336:
3311:
3291:
3266:
3237:(5): 571–599.
3217:
3191:
3162:(3): 705–726.
3142:
3107:(3): 547–561.
3087:
3052:(3): 286–317.
3032:
3001:
2980:(4): 655–724.
2960:
2925:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2842:|journal=
2815:
2808:
2788:
2779:|journal=
2752:
2731:(1): 127–149.
2711:
2702:|journal=
2675:
2636:
2621:
2593:
2573:
2560:10.1086/657254
2544:10.1086/657254
2518:
2491:Metaphilosophy
2477:
2439:
2415:
2389:
2376:10.1086/599275
2360:10.1086/599275
2354:(3): 607–636.
2334:
2290:
2283:
2255:
2248:
2220:
2194:
2187:
2167:
2141:
2120:(4): 273–287.
2100:
2071:10.1086/688704
2065:(3): 542–566.
2045:
2026:(3): 469–493.
2006:
1979:(3): 703–719.
1959:
1935:
1909:
1872:(5): 647–663.
1852:
1831:
1801:
1754:
1747:
1719:
1706:(3): 228–244.
1686:
1679:
1651:
1606:
1565:
1539:
1523:
1480:
1461:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1364:
1361:
1347:Ernst Cassirer
1273:natural rights
1268:
1265:
1261:natural rights
1189:
1186:
1098:
1095:
1046:René Descartes
990:
987:
911:René Descartes
856:constitutional
835:
832:
797:methodological
758:universal laws
703:René Descartes
628:Baruch Spinoza
616:René Descartes
589:
586:
545:
544:
542:
541:
534:
527:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Metaphysicians
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
464:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:Metaphilosophy
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
307:
306:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
260:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
147:
142:
137:
132:
131:
130:
125:
112:
111:
103:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6111:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:Miscellaneous
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:Miscellaneous
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Structuralism
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Postmodernism
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Phenomenology
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Vienna Circle
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:Moral realism
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Phenomenology
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Individualism
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5136:Judeo-Islamic
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:ʿIlm al-Kalām
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:Shuddhadvaita
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Scholasticism
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4491:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Conceptualism
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Particularism
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Functionalism
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Eliminativism
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Compatibilism
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Particularism
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3977:(3), 228–244.
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3952:(1), 127–149.
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3934:(5): 647–663.
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3905:(4), 334–339.
3904:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3828:. : SPRINGER.
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:(2), 110–112.
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3751:(2), 179–208.
3750:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:. Routledge.
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3528:(2), 209–215.
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3503:(1), 133–141.
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3481:(2), 147–148.
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2834:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2317:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2181:. Routledge.
2180:
2179:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:(1): 99–114.
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1519:0-14-010962-5
1516:
1512:
1511:0-86091-785-1
1508:
1504:
1503:0-671-24602-X
1500:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:Thomas Hobbes
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:According to
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1267:Thomas Hobbes
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Individualism
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
941:" (1686) and
940:
936:
932:
931:1680s England
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Thomas Hobbes
904:
903:Francis Bacon
895:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:Enlightenment
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:with the new
735:
731:
722:
718:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Immanuel Kant
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Francis Bacon
672:
668:
664:
663:Martin Luther
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Blaise Pascal
621:
620:Thomas Hobbes
617:
613:
609:
604:
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
540:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
520:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Phenomenology
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
361:
360:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
305:
302:
301:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
129:
128:Ancient Greek
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
94:
93:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
56:
45:
44:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
6070:
6056:
5727:
5718:Postcritique
5708:Kyoto School
5667:Posthumanism
5647:Hermeneutics
5502: /
5443:Contemporary
5419:Newtonianism
5382:Cartesianism
5341:Reductionism
5177:Conservatism
5172:Collectivism
5110:
4838:Sarvāstivadā
4816:Anekantavada
4741:Neoplatonism
4709:Epicureanism
4642:Pythagoreans
4581:Confucianism
4547:Contemporary
4537:Early modern
4536:
4441:Anti-realism
4395:Universalism
4352:Subjectivism
4148:Epistemology
3974:
3971:Philosophies
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3916:
3910:The Guardian
3909:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3862:25 (1): 123.
3859:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3821:(24), 35–46.
3818:
3814:
3807:
3804:Hume Studies
3803:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3660:
3648:
3642:
3627:
3604:
3600:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:(1), 99–114.
3489:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3422:(2): 53–58.
3419:
3415:
3405:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3353:. Retrieved
3351:. 2016-12-26
3348:
3339:
3301:
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3209:. Retrieved
3204:
3194:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3021:(3): 10–12.
3018:
3014:
3004:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2938:
2928:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2861:
2854:
2833:cite journal
2818:
2798:
2791:
2770:cite journal
2762:"John Locke"
2755:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2693:cite journal
2678:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2603:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2576:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2402:
2392:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2325:|title=
2305:. Retrieved
2298:
2293:
2264:
2258:
2230:
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2177:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1922:
1912:
1869:
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612:18th century
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466:Philosophers
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150:Contemporary
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5652:Neo-Marxism
5614:Continental
5524:Meta-ethics
5504:Coherentism
5409:Hegelianism
5346:Rationalism
5306:Natural law
5286:Materialism
5212:Historicism
5182:Determinism
5073:Navya-Nyāya
4848:Sautrāntika
4843:Pudgalavada
4779:Vaisheshika
4632:Presocratic
4532:Renaissance
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4362:Normativity
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4332:Emergentism
4322:Behaviorism
4271:Metaphysics
4237:Determinism
4176:Rationalism
3704:(173), 537.
3475:Reformation
3416:Reformation
2898:(1): 3–21.
2538:(1): 1–24.
1626:: 133–141.
1138:bourgeoisie
1104:empiricists
1015:Montesquieu
1011:natural law
824:rationality
820:rationalism
752:. A modern
667:John Calvin
601: 1500
389:Metaphysics
304:By religion
160:Continental
140:Renaissance
6012:Amerindian
5919:Australian
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5838:Indonesian
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5301:Naturalism
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5259:Subjective
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5101:Avicennism
5046:Bhedabheda
4930:East Asian
4853:Madhyamaka
4833:Abhidharma
4699:Pyrrhonism
4466:Nominalism
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4390:Skepticism
4380:Relativism
4370:Absolutism
4299:Naturalism
4209:Deontology
4181:Skepticism
4166:Naturalism
4156:Empiricism
4120:Aesthetics
4024:Philosophy
3569:(4), 1499.
3539:(1), 3–21.
3463:(1), 1–24.
3450:References
3355:2021-05-19
3285:2021-05-19
3211:2021-06-02
2587:2021-05-19
2433:2021-05-27
2428:vatican.va
2409:2021-05-27
2307:2021-05-27
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1953:2021-05-27
1929:2021-05-27
1846:2021-05-19
1645:2021-05-19
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1066:empiricism
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958:John Locke
945:wrote his
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644:John Locke
397:Aesthetics
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28:Philosophy
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5853:Taiwanese
5800:Ethiopian
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5759:By region
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5569:Systemics
5429:Spinozism
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5291:Modernism
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5162:Anarchism
5096:Averroism
4985:Christian
4937:Neotaoism
4908:Zurvanism
4898:Mithraism
4893:Mazdakism
4664:Cyrenaics
4591:Logicians
4224:Free will
4186:Solipsism
4133:Formalism
3880:(1), 268.
3853:0021-1753
3763:SAGE Open
3740:(4), 560.
3653:, ed. by
3621:0032-3217
3594:0191-6599
3556:0021-3020
3438:1357-4175
3397:1478-9299
3321:cite book
3253:0167-5249
3186:171478513
3178:1573-0883
3137:144108638
3121:0003-0554
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2996:0938-5428
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2552:0369-7827
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2472:1755-2567
2384:143375411
2368:0022-2801
2136:0191-6599
2079:0021-1753
2032:0021-3020
2001:142651026
1993:0032-3217
1904:144140862
1896:0002-7642
1887:2144/3877
1841:229272121
1796:146478936
1788:1052-5629
1640:235002069
1601:2158-2440
1579:SAGE Open
1442:Citations
1369:Descartes
1363:Influence
1339:Leviathan
1201:Descartes
1130:authority
880:Louis XIV
828:reasoning
570:Descartes
489:Logicians
484:Ethicists
442:Political
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323:Christian
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171:By region
109:By period
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6022:Romanian
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5914:American
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5823:Buddhist
5805:Africana
5795:Egyptian
5637:Feminist
5559:Rawlsian
5554:Quietism
5452:Analytic
5404:Krausism
5311:Nihilism
5276:Kokugaku
5239:Absolute
5234:Idealism
5222:Humanism
5010:Occamism
4977:European
4922:Medieval
4868:Yogacara
4828:Buddhist
4821:Syādvāda
4704:Stoicism
4669:Cynicism
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4047:Branches
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2316:cite web
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2087:28707856
2040:44504589
1490:. 1982.
1425:See also
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1385:Berkeley
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1170:infinity
995:Voltaire
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4522:Western
4517:Ancient
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2020:Italica
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1373:Leibniz
1327:slavery
1209:Leibniz
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4756:Indian
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4509:By era
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634:, and
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3257:S2CID
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