1010:
31:
1169:
1108:, the great Dutch humanist, even prepared a Greek edition of Aristotle, and eventually those teaching philosophy in the universities had to at least pretend that they knew Greek. Humanists were not, however, great fans of the vernacular. There is only a handful of examples of dialogues or translations of Aristotle's works into Italian during the fifteenth century. Once it had been determined, however, that Italian was a language with literary merit and that it could carry the weight of philosophical discussion, numerous efforts in this direction started to appear, particularly from the 1540s onward.
1165:, first published in 1530) was authored by Frans Titelmans, a Franciscan friar from the Low Countries whose work has a very strong religious flavour. We must not forget that most philosophers of the time were at least nominal, if not devout, Christians, that the sixteenth century saw both the Protestant and the Catholic reformations, and that Renaissance philosophy culminates with the period of the Thirty Years' War (1618â1648). In other words, religion had a massive importance in the period, and one can hardly study philosophy without remembering this.
889:
1213:
rebirth that took place of ancient (particularly classical) perspectives, sources, attitudes toward literature and the arts. At the same time, we realize that every re-appropriation is constrained and even guided by contemporary concerns and biases. It was no different for the period considered here: the old was mixed with and changed by the new, but while no claims can be made for a revolutionary new starting point in philosophy, in many ways the synthesis of
Christianity,
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254:
822:
philosophy, and metaphysics. These areas provided the structure for the philosophy curriculum of the emerging universities. The general assumption was that the most 'scientific' branches of philosophy were those that were more theoretical and therefore more widely applicable. During the
Renaissance too, many thinkers saw these as the main philosophical areas, with logic providing a training of the mind to approach the other three.
1088:
1752:
1049:) is also important for another reason: it represents the conviction that philosophy should let itself be guided by rhetoric, that the purpose of philosophy is therefore not so much to reveal the truth, but to encourage people to pursue the good. This perspective, so typical of Italian humanism, could easily lead to reducing all philosophy to ethics, in a move reminiscent of Plato's Socrates and of Cicero.
4402:
1471:
268:
1191:(1433â1499), who reinterpreted Plato in the light of his early Greek commentators and also of Christianity. Ficino hoped that a purified philosophy would bring about a religious renewal in his society and therefore transformed distasteful aspects of Platonic philosophy (for instance, the homosexual love exalted in the Symposium) into spiritual love (i.e.,
913:, it was possible to discuss all kinds of issues in medieval and Renaissance philosophy. Aristotle had treated directly problems such as the trajectory of missiles, the habits of animals, how knowledge is acquired, the freedom of the will, how virtue is connected with happiness, the relationship of the lunar and the
877:', made students who proposed or responded to questions quick on their feet, and required a deep familiarity with all of the known philosophical tradition, which would often be invoked in support of or against specific arguments. This style of philosophy continued to have a strong following in the Renaissance.
938:
It is therefore useful to reconsider what was mentioned above about philosophical sources. The
Renaissance saw a significant broadening of source material. Plato, known directly only through two and a half dialogues in the Middle Ages, came to be known through numerous Latin translations in fifteenth
1212:
In conclusion, like any other moment in the history of thought
Renaissance philosophy cannot be considered to have provided something entirely new nor to have continued for centuries to repeat the conclusions of its predecessors. Historians call this period the 'Renaissance' in order to indicate the
1033:
and his numerous followers was that its three subfields (ethics, economics, politics) were related to progressively wider spheres (the individual, the family and the community). Politics, Thomas thought, is more important than ethics because it considers the good of the greater number. This position
963:
followed his example in all things, but
Petrarch contributed to a broadening of his time's 'canon' (pagan poetry had previously been considered frivolous and dangerous), something that happened in philosophy as well. In the sixteenth century anyone who considered himself 'au fait' read Plato as well
872:
In terms of method, philosophy was considered during the late Middle Ages as a subject that required robust enquiry on the part of people trained in the subject's technical vocabulary. Philosophical texts and problems were typically approached through university lectures and 'questions'. The latter,
1203:
in the early sixteenth century as something also applicable to relationships between men and women. Ficino and his followers also had an interest in 'hidden knowledge', mainly because of his belief that all of ancient knowledge was interconnected (Moses, for instance, had received his insights from
1103:
The driving conviction was that philosophy should be freed of its technical jargon so that more people would be able to read it. At the same time, all kinds of summaries, paraphrases, and dialogues dealing with philosophical issues were prepared, in order to give their topics a wider dissemination.
857:. The assumption that Aristotle's works were foundational to an understanding of philosophy did not wane during the Renaissance, which saw a flourishing of new translations, commentaries, and other interpretations of his works, both in Latin and in the vernacular. After the Reformation, Aristotle's
1061:
continued to flourish, the
Italian humanists (i.e., lovers and practitioners of the humanities) challenged its supremacy. As we have seen, they believed that philosophy could be brought under the wing of rhetoric. They also thought that the scholarly discourse of their time needed to return to the
821:
Particularly since the recovery of a great portion of
Aristotelian writings in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, it became clear that, in addition to Aristotle's writings on logic, which had already been known, there were numerous others roughly having to do with natural philosophy, moral
929:
Having established that many aspects of philosophy were held in common during the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance, it will now be useful to discuss in what areas changes were afoot. The same outline as above will be used, to show that within trends of continuity one can also find surprising
1041:(Petrarch) (1304â1374), questioned the whole assumption that the theoretical aspects of philosophy were the more important ones. He insisted, for instance, on the value of the practical aspects of ethics. Petrarch's position, expressed both strongly and amusingly in his invective
1127:, all of them active in Florence. Efforts got underway to present Plato's doctrines in the vernacular as well. This rise of vernacular philosophy, which quite predated the Cartesian approach, is a new field of research whose contours are only now beginning to be clarified.
1062:
elegance and precision of its classical models. They therefore tried dressing philosophy in a more appealing garb than had their predecessors, whose translations and commentaries were in technical Latin and sometimes simply transliterated the Greek. In 1416â1417,
1208:
is relevant here). Although Ficino's interest in and practice of astrology was not uncommon in his time, one should not necessarily associate it with philosophy, as the two were usually considered to be quite separate and often in contradiction with each other.
834:
was never an unquestioned authority (he was more often than not a springboard for discussion, and his opinions were often discussed along those of others, or the teaching of Holy
Scripture), medieval lectures in physics consisted of reading Aristotle's
1135:
It is very hard to generalize about the ways in which discussions of philosophical topics shifted in the
Renaissance, mainly because to do so requires a detailed map of the period, something we do not yet have. We know that debates about the
1083:
in Paris in the 1490s, tried to please the humanists either by including in their commentaries on Aristotle appealing historical examples or quotations from poetry, or by avoiding the standard scholastic format of questions, or both.
1221:
offered by Thomas Aquinas was torn apart in order to make way for a new one, based on more complete and varied sources, often in the original, and certainly attuned to new social and religious realities and a much broader public.
917:. Indirectly he had stimulated discussion on two points that were particularly of concern to Christians: the immortality of the soul and the eternity of the world. All of these continued to be of considerable interest to
1074:
into a more flowing, idiomatic and classical Latin. He hoped to communicate the elegance of Aristotle's Greek while also making the text more accessible to those without a philosophical education. Others, including
1148:), that Spanish thinkers were increasingly obsessed with the notion of nobility, that duelling was a practice that generated a large literature in the sixteenth century (was it permissible or not?).
863:
continued to be the main authority for the discipline of ethics at Protestant universities until the late seventeenth century, with over fifty Protestant commentaries published on the
1034:
came under increasing strain in the Renaissance, as various thinkers claimed that Thomas's classifications were inaccurate, and that ethics were the most important part of morality.
1686:, ed. by Emidio Campi, Simone De Angelis, Anja-Silvia Goeing, Anthony T. Grafton in cooperation with Rita Casale, JĂŒrgen Oelkers and Daniel Tröhler (Geneva: Droz, 2008), 183â203.
1155:'s pronouncements on the immortality of the soul as a question that could not be resolved philosophically in a way consistent with Christianity, or to Pico della Mirandola's
964:
as Aristotle, trying as much as possible (and not always very successfully) to reconcile the two with each other and with Christianity. This is probably the main reason why
1001:. In all of these cases it is impossible to separate the pagan philosophical doctrines from the Christian filter through which they were approached and made legitimate.
873:
similar in some ways to modern debates, examined the pros and cons of particular philosophical positions or interpretations. They were one of the cornerstones of the '
1025:
While generally the Aristotelian structure of the branches of philosophy stayed in place, interesting developments and tensions were taking place within them. In
771:" is used by historians of philosophy to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1400 and 1600. It therefore overlaps both with late
1919:
1161:, as if these were signals of the period's increasing secularism or even atheism. In fact, the most successful compendium of natural philosophy in the period (
1076:
1120:
921:, but we shall see that in some cases the solutions offered were significantly different because of changing cultural and religious landscapes.
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316:
1836:
754:
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278:
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1542:
Luca Bianchi, 'âAristotele fu un uomo e potĂ© errareâ: sulle origini medievali della critica al âprincipio di autoritĂ â', in idem,
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2013:
1756:
813:
The structure, sources, method, and topics of philosophy in the Renaissance had much in common with those of previous centuries.
2123:
1976:
4114:
388:
2074:
1669:
For now see Luca Bianchi, 'Per una storia dell'aristotelismo âvolgareâ nel Rinascimento: problemi e prospettive di ricerca',
224:
101:
1944:
1929:
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was not able to read Plato directly, but he greatly admired him. Petrarch was also a great admirer of Roman poets such as
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the Greeks, who in turn had received them from others, all according to God's plan and therefore mutually consistent;
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2349:
2316:
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583:
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885:, for instance, depended directly on this tradition, which was not at all limited to university lecture halls.
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1981:
1971:
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On the melding of various traditions in moral philosophy see especially Jill Kraye, 'Moral Philosophy', in
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1352:
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Other movements from ancient philosophy also re-entered the mainstream. While this was seldom the case for
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David A. Lines, 'Teaching Physics in Louvain and Bologna: Frans Titelmans and Ulisse Aldrovandi', in
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Humanists also encouraged the study of Aristotle and other writers of antiquity in the original.
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in the Italian Renaissance (ca. 1300â1650): The Universities and the Problem of Moral Education
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had a programme to translate or paraphrase the entire Aristotelian corpus into the vernacular.
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775:, which in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was influenced by notable figures such as
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2003:
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1484:
1454:
1328:
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1180:
1067:
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407:
210:
167:
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974:(first published in 1478) was so successful: it blended the three traditions beautifully.
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century Italy, culminating in the hugely influential translation of his complete works by
8:
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continued to flare up (for instance, in the famous exchanges between
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831:
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1611:
Helpful if weighty guides to philosophical topics in the period are
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3617:
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3351:
3145:
3045:
2988:
2792:
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944:
897:
649:
1805:
Vernacular Aristotelianism in Renaissance Italy, c. 1400 â c. 1650
1574:
1087:
1070:
of his time and chancellor of Florence, re-translated Aristotle's
830:
A similar continuity can be seen in the case of sources. Although
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3346:
3341:
3283:
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3110:
2998:
2993:
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2774:
2620:
2502:
1141:
1092:
41:
3637:
3558:
3288:
2947:
2937:
2635:
2537:
1751:
1530:"Renaissance philosophy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
981:, which was largely caricatured and considered with suspicion,
956:
952:
948:
841:, lessons in moral philosophy consisted of examinations of his
596:
1814:
3453:
3115:
2401:
2334:
601:
3298:
1684:
Scholarly Knowledge: Textbooks in Early Modern Europe
1466:
1723:
A Catalogue of Renaissance Philosophers (1350â1650)
1613:The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy
1575:"Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Protestantism"
1151:Earlier histories gave perhaps undue attention to
1712:The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy
1699:Copenhaver, Brian P., & Schmitt, Charles B.,
997:became a popular movement due to the writings of
4432:
1643:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy.
1187:This is true among others for the philosophy of
1029:, for instance, a position consistently held by
1734:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
1617:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
989:made a comeback thanks to philosophers such as
1732:Schmitt, Charles B., Skinner, Quentin (eds.),
896:, Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by
853:), and metaphysics was approached through his
2350:
1830:
748:
218:
1043:On His Own Ignorance and That of Many Others
1004:
1225:
1079:in Florence around 1460, and the Frenchman
2357:
2343:
1837:
1823:
933:
816:
755:
741:
225:
211:
1544:Studi sull'aristotelismo del Rinascimento
1130:
1546:(Padua: Il Poligrafo, 2003), pp. 101â24.
1167:
1086:
1008:
887:
825:
1774:"Natural Philosophy in the Renaissance"
1052:
904:
4433:
1572:
16:Period of European thought (1355â1650)
4096:
2838:
2376:
2338:
1818:
1632:, 2 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1990, 1991).
1615:, ed. by Norman Kretzman et al., and
1047:De sui ipsius ac multorum ignorantia
1797:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1783:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1771:
795:, which conventionally starts with
13:
1659:(Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 271â72.
1619:, ed. by Charles B. Schmitt et al.
1195:), something later transformed by
959:for Latin prose writing. Not all
924:
14:
4452:
1867:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1744:
1163:Compendium philosophiae naturalis
1037:Other important figures, such as
722:Social and political philosophers
4414:
4413:
4400:
1750:
1630:Plato in the Italian Renaissance
1469:
266:
252:
29:
1844:
1693:
1676:
1019:Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra
808:
2364:
1663:
1647:
1635:
1622:
1605:
1566:
1549:
1536:
1522:
909:Given the remarkable range of
1:
4097:
1557:Aristotle and the Renaissance
1515:
1287:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1158:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1115:Other important figures were
968:'s commentary on Aristotle's
3886:Ordinary language philosophy
2377:
2068:Platonism in the Renaissance
1972:Early Netherlandish painting
1671:Bruniana & Campanelliana
1505:Platonism in the Renaissance
1365:Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva
1177:Angel Appearing to Zacharias
7:
3936:Contemporary utilitarianism
3851:Internalism and externalism
1462:
799:and his publication of the
10:
4457:
3200:Svatantrika and Prasangika
2839:
1977:Dutch and Flemish painting
1920:Central and Eastern Europe
1889:Outline of the Renaissance
1738:Cambridge University Press
1727:Marquette University Press
1716:Cambridge University Press
4394:
4346:
4246:
4208:
4155:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4092:
4042:
3954:
3792:
3783:
3716:
3499:
3490:
3468:
3423:
3365:
3317:
3271:
3262:
3225:
3096:
2961:
2908:
2899:
2849:
2845:
2834:
2773:
2745:
2702:
2654:
2611:
2564:
2536:
2488:
2460:
2422:Philosophy of mathematics
2412:Philosophy of information
2387:
2383:
2372:
2289:
2256:
2224:
2169:
2114:
2105:
1902:
1852:
1081:Jacques LefĂšvre d'Ătaples
469:Middle Eastern philosophy
1792:"Renaissance philosophy"
1561:Harvard University Press
1226:Renaissance philosophers
1097:Hans Holbein the Younger
1057:If, as mentioned above,
3891:Postanalytic philosophy
3832:Experimental philosophy
1710:Hankins, James, (ed.),
1705:Oxford University Press
1353:Juan GinĂ©s de SepĂșlveda
1005:Structure of philosophy
911:Aristotelian philosophy
817:Structure of philosophy
793:early modern philosophy
4441:Renaissance philosophy
4024:Social constructionism
3036:Hellenistic philosophy
2452:Theoretical philosophy
2427:Philosophy of religion
2417:Philosophy of language
1763:Renaissance philosophy
1757:Renaissance philosophy
1701:Renaissance Philosophy
1673:, 15.2 (2009), 367â85.
1573:Sytsma, David (2021).
1323:Francesco Guicciardini
1201:Baldassare Castiglione
1184:
1110:Alessandro Piccolomini
1100:
1022:
901:
769:Renaissance philosophy
692:Aesthetic philosophers
4407:Philosophy portal
3926:Scientific skepticism
3906:Reformed epistemology
2432:Philosophy of science
2302:Medieval renaissances
2080:Scientific Revolution
1257:Leon Battista Alberti
1171:
1090:
1012:
961:Renaissance humanists
943:in Florence in 1484.
934:Sources of philosophy
891:
826:Sources of philosophy
273:Philosophy portal
3827:Critical rationalism
3534:Edo neo-Confucianism
3378:Acintya bheda abheda
3357:Renaissance humanism
3068:School of the Sextii
2442:Practical philosophy
2437:Political philosophy
2171:Northern Renaissance
1759:at Wikimedia Commons
1555:Charles B. Schmitt,
1510:Second scholasticism
1495:Renaissance humanism
1485:Age of Enlightenment
1455:Giulio Cesare Vanini
1341:MartĂn de Azpilcueta
1329:Francisco de Vitoria
1293:Erasmus of Rotterdam
1181:Domenico Ghirlandaio
1131:Topics in philosophy
1053:Method of philosophy
919:Renaissance thinkers
905:Topics in philosophy
879:Pico della Mirandola
717:Philosophers of mind
37:The School of Athens
3398:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3309:Korean Confucianism
3056:Academic Skepticism
2124:Bergamo and Brescia
2116:Italian Renaissance
1894:Renaissance studies
1427:(1549 or 1551â1604)
1383:Michel de Montaigne
1317:Charles de Bovelles
1305:Nicolaus Copernicus
1299:NiccolĂČ Machiavelli
1138:freedom of the will
991:Michel de Montaigne
987:Academic Skepticism
802:Discourse on Method
773:medieval philosophy
727:Women in philosophy
457:Indigenous American
240:Part of a series on
4019:Post-structuralism
3921:Scientific realism
3876:Quinean naturalism
3856:Logical positivism
3812:Analytical Marxism
3031:Peripatetic school
2943:Chinese naturalism
2470:Aesthetic response
2397:Applied philosophy
2242:Spanish Golden Age
1882:Northern Mannerism
1772:Soldato, Eva Del.
1655:Aristotle's Ethics
1443:Tommaso Campanella
1359:Bernardino Telesio
1275:Antonio de Nebrija
1185:
1125:Giambattista Gelli
1106:Desiderius Erasmus
1101:
1066:, the pre-eminent
1039:Francesco Petrarca
1023:
902:
866:Nicomachean Ethics
860:Nicomachean Ethics
844:Nicomachean Ethics
789:Marsilius of Padua
420:Eastern philosophy
4428:
4427:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
3807:Analytic feminism
3779:
3778:
3741:Kierkegaardianism
3703:Transcendentalism
3663:Neo-scholasticism
3509:Classical Realism
3486:
3485:
3258:
3257:
3073:Neopythagoreanism
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2447:Social philosophy
2332:
2331:
2252:
2251:
2225:Iberian peninsula
1992:Italian sculpture
1755:Media related to
1500:Renaissance magic
1477:Philosophy portal
1281:Pietro Pomponazzi
1233:Coluccio Salutati
1153:Pietro Pomponazzi
966:Donato Acciaiuoli
875:scholastic method
785:William of Ockham
767:The designation "
765:
764:
573:
572:
235:
234:
194:Continuity thesis
181:History and study
4448:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4120:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4094:
4093:
3984:Frankfurt School
3931:Transactionalism
3881:Normative ethics
3861:Legal positivism
3837:Falsificationism
3822:Consequentialism
3817:Communitarianism
3790:
3789:
3658:New Confucianism
3497:
3496:
3304:Neo-Confucianism
3269:
3268:
3078:Second Sophistic
3063:Middle Platonism
2906:
2905:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2679:Epiphenomenalism
2546:Consequentialism
2480:Institutionalism
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2297:Cloak and dagger
2112:
2111:
1982:Italian painting
1872:High Renaissance
1839:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1778:Zalta, Edward N.
1754:
1721:Riedl, John O.,
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1653:David A. Lines,
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1579:Academia Letters
1570:
1564:
1559:(Cambridge, MA:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1419:Francisco SuĂĄrez
1251:Nicholas of Cusa
1117:Benedetto Varchi
1027:moral philosophy
777:Albert the Great
757:
750:
743:
462:Aztec philosophy
341:Ancient Egyptian
323:
322:
275:
271:
270:
269:
256:
237:
236:
227:
220:
213:
199:High Renaissance
189:Age of Discovery
33:
19:
18:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4401:
4399:
4378:
4342:
4242:
4204:
4151:
4105:
4104:
4076:
4065:Russian cosmism
4038:
4034:Western Marxism
3999:New Historicism
3964:Critical theory
3950:
3946:Wittgensteinian
3842:Foundationalism
3775:
3712:
3693:Social contract
3549:Foundationalism
3482:
3464:
3448:Illuminationism
3433:Aristotelianism
3419:
3408:Vishishtadvaita
3361:
3313:
3254:
3221:
3092:
3021:Megarian school
3016:Eretrian school
2957:
2918:Agriculturalism
2895:
2841:
2822:
2769:
2741:
2698:
2650:
2607:
2591:Incompatibilism
2560:
2532:
2484:
2456:
2379:
2368:
2363:
2333:
2328:
2285:
2248:
2220:
2165:
2101:
2014:Northern Europe
1898:
1848:
1843:
1790:
1747:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:James Hankins,
1627:
1623:
1610:
1606:
1591:10.20935/AL1650
1571:
1567:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1449:Johannes Kepler
1437:Galileo Galilei
1425:Gabriel VĂĄsquez
1395:Juan de Mariana
1347:Domingo de Soto
1269:Marsilio Ficino
1239:Gemistus Pletho
1228:
1215:Aristotelianism
1189:Marsilio Ficino
1173:Marsilio Ficino
1133:
1055:
1007:
941:Marsilio Ficino
936:
927:
925:Discontinuities
915:sublunar worlds
907:
847:(and often his
828:
819:
811:
761:
732:
731:
697:Epistemologists
687:
686:
675:
674:
611:
587:
586:
575:
574:
320:
319:
308:
267:
265:
264:
231:
168:Northern Europe
44:
40:(1509â1511) by
17:
12:
11:
5:
4454:
4444:
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4426:
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4423:
4422:
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4350:
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4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
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4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4258:
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4250:
4244:
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4230:
4225:
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4214:
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4210:Middle Eastern
4206:
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4182:
4177:
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4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Existentialism
3971:
3969:Deconstruction
3966:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
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3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Applied ethics
3798:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:Nietzscheanism
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3708:Utilitarianism
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:Transcendental
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3544:Existentialism
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3484:
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3462:
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3429:
3427:
3421:
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3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Augustinianism
3329:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:Zoroastrianism
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3088:Church Fathers
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
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2603:Libertarianism
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2466:
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2457:
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2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Metaphilosophy
2404:
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2250:
2249:
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2234:
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2208:
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2196:
2186:
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2175:
2173:
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2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2103:
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2100:
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2089:
2084:
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2018:
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1077:NicolĂČ Tignosi
1064:Leonardo Bruni
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4347:Miscellaneous
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4029:Structuralism
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4017:
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4004:Phenomenology
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3987:
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3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Vienna Circle
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Moral realism
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Phenomenology
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Individualism
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3478:Judeo-Islamic
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3454:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Shuddhadvaita
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Scholasticism
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Conceptualism
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Particularism
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Functionalism
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Eliminativism
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Compatibilism
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Particularism
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Low Countries
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Italian domes
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1736:, Cambridge:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:, Milwaukee:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:, Cambridge:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:Francis Bacon
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:Martin Luther
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:Lorenzo Valla
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Platonic love
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1146:Martin Luther
1143:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:scholasticism
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
931:
930:differences.
922:
920:
916:
912:
899:
895:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
870:
869:before 1682.
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
833:
823:
814:
806:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Phenomenology
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
579:
578:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
347:
346:Ancient Greek
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
318:
312:
311:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
274:
263:
262:
260:
259:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
180:
179:
174:
173:Low Countries
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
4412:
4398:
4069:
4060:Postcritique
4050:Kyoto School
4009:Posthumanism
3989:Hermeneutics
3844: /
3785:Contemporary
3761:Newtonianism
3724:Cartesianism
3683:Reductionism
3519:Conservatism
3514:Collectivism
3452:
3180:SarvÄstivadÄ
3158:Anekantavada
3083:Neoplatonism
3051:Epicureanism
2984:Pythagoreans
2923:Confucianism
2889:Contemporary
2879:Early modern
2873:
2783:Anti-realism
2737:Universalism
2694:Subjectivism
2490:Epistemology
2317:12th century
2062:
1910:Architecture
1810:Pico Project
1795:
1781:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1703:, New York:
1700:
1694:Bibliography
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1524:
1371:Luis de LeĂłn
1211:
1197:Pietro Bembo
1186:
1176:
1175:, detail of
1162:
1156:
1150:
1134:
1114:
1102:
1091:Portrait of
1071:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1024:
1013:Portrait of
979:Epicureanism
976:
969:
937:
928:
908:
900:from 330 BC.
883:Disputations
882:
871:
864:
858:
854:
848:
842:
836:
829:
820:
812:
809:Continuities
800:
768:
766:
684:Philosophers
592:Epistemology
413:South Africa
368:Contemporary
357:
317:Philosophies
96:
57:Architecture
35:
4055:Objectivism
3994:Neo-Marxism
3956:Continental
3866:Meta-ethics
3846:Coherentism
3751:Hegelianism
3688:Rationalism
3648:Natural law
3628:Materialism
3554:Historicism
3524:Determinism
3415:Navya-NyÄya
3190:SautrÄntika
3185:Pudgalavada
3121:Vaisheshika
2974:Presocratic
2874:Renaissance
2813:Physicalism
2798:Materialism
2704:Normativity
2689:Objectivism
2674:Emergentism
2664:Behaviorism
2613:Metaphysics
2579:Determinism
2518:Rationalism
2324:Reenactment
2307:Carolingian
1940:Plateresque
1862:Renaissance
1846:Renaissance
1490:Hermeticism
1457:(1585â1619)
1451:(1571â1630)
1445:(1568â1639)
1439:(1564â1642)
1433:(1561â1626)
1421:(1548â1617)
1415:(1548â1600)
1409:(1547-1606)
1403:(1546â1601)
1401:Tycho Brahe
1397:(1536â1624)
1391:(1536â1600)
1385:(1533â1592)
1379:(1529â1596)
1373:(1527â1591)
1367:(1512â1577)
1361:(1509â1588)
1355:(1490â1573)
1349:(1494â1560)
1343:(1492â1586)
1337:(1490â1546)
1331:(1483â1546)
1325:(1483â1540)
1319:(1479â1553)
1313:(1478â1535)
1311:Thomas More
1307:(1473â1543)
1301:(1469â1527)
1295:(1466â1536)
1289:(1463â1494)
1283:(1462â1524)
1277:(1444â1522)
1271:(1433â1499)
1265:(1407â1457)
1259:(1404â1472)
1253:(1401â1464)
1247:(1370â1444)
1241:(1355â1452)
1235:(1331â1406)
1206:Hermeticism
995:Neostoicism
855:Metaphysics
607:Metaphysics
522:By religion
378:Continental
358:Renaissance
23:Renaissance
4354:Amerindian
4261:Australian
4200:Vietnamese
4180:Indonesian
3729:Kantianism
3678:Positivism
3668:Pragmatism
3643:Naturalism
3623:Liberalism
3601:Subjective
3539:Empiricism
3443:Avicennism
3388:Bhedabheda
3272:East Asian
3195:Madhyamaka
3175:Abhidharma
3041:Pyrrhonism
2808:Nominalism
2803:Naturalism
2732:Skepticism
2722:Relativism
2712:Absolutism
2641:Naturalism
2551:Deontology
2523:Skepticism
2508:Naturalism
2498:Empiricism
2462:Aesthetics
2366:Philosophy
2281:Structures
2087:Technology
2063:Philosophy
2026:Literature
1945:Portuguese
1767:PhilPapers
1516:References
1407:Joest Lips
1377:Jean Bodin
1183:, ca. 1490
1021:, ca. 1649
1015:St. Thomas
983:Pyrrhonism
615:Aesthetics
304:Categories
246:Philosophy
107:Technology
97:Philosophy
82:Literature
4233:Pakistani
4195:Taiwanese
4142:Ethiopian
4115:By region
4101:By region
3916:Scientism
3911:Systemics
3771:Spinozism
3698:Socialism
3633:Modernism
3596:Objective
3504:Anarchism
3438:Averroism
3327:Christian
3279:Neotaoism
3250:Zurvanism
3240:Mithraism
3235:Mazdakism
3006:Cyrenaics
2933:Logicians
2566:Free will
2528:Solipsism
2475:Formalism
2276:Humanists
2266:Composers
2107:By region
1987:Sculpture
1935:Palladian
1877:Mannerism
1599:237798959
1219:Platonism
894:Aristotle
832:Aristotle
805:in 1637.
707:Logicians
702:Ethicists
660:Political
620:Education
541:Christian
536:Confucian
435:Indonesia
389:By region
327:By period
67:Fine arts
4435:Category
4419:Category
4374:Yugoslav
4364:Romanian
4271:Scottish
4256:American
4185:Japanese
4165:Buddhist
4147:Africana
4137:Egyptian
3979:Feminist
3901:Rawlsian
3896:Quietism
3794:Analytic
3746:Krausism
3653:Nihilism
3618:Kokugaku
3581:Absolute
3576:Idealism
3564:Humanism
3352:Occamism
3319:European
3264:Medieval
3210:Yogacara
3170:Buddhist
3163:SyÄdvÄda
3046:Stoicism
3011:Cynicism
2999:Sophists
2994:Atomists
2989:Eleatics
2928:Legalism
2869:Medieval
2793:Idealism
2747:Ontology
2727:Nihilism
2631:Idealism
2389:Branches
2378:Branches
2312:Ottonian
2232:Portugal
2216:Scotland
2134:Lombardy
2129:Florence
2053:Medicine
2004:Humanism
1960:Venetian
1903:By field
1563:, 1988).
1463:See also
1068:humanist
945:Petrarch
898:Lysippos
892:Bust of
850:Politics
665:Religion
650:Ontology
630:Language
584:Branches
531:Buddhist
486:American
408:Ethiopia
373:Analytic
353:Medieval
294:Glossary
279:Contents
163:Scotland
153:Portugal
77:Humanism
4369:Russian
4338:Spanish
4333:Slovene
4323:Maltese
4318:Italian
4298:Finland
4266:British
4248:Western
4238:Turkish
4223:Islamic
4218:Iranian
4170:Chinese
4157:Eastern
4124:African
4071:more...
3756:Marxism
3586:British
3529:Dualism
3425:Islamic
3383:Advaita
3373:Vedanta
3347:Scotism
3342:Thomism
3284:Tiantai
3227:Persian
3215:Tibetan
3205:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
3146:CÄrvÄka
3136:ÄjÄ«vika
3131:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
3111:Samkhya
3026:Academy
2979:Ionians
2953:Yangism
2910:Chinese
2901:Ancient
2864:Western
2859:Ancient
2818:Realism
2775:Reality
2765:Process
2646:Realism
2626:Dualism
2621:Atomism
2503:Fideism
2290:Related
2271:Figures
2189:Germany
2179:England
2097:Warfare
2092:Theatre
2075:Science
2041:Spanish
1955:Spanish
1854:General
1780:(ed.).
1740:, 1988.
1729:, 1940.
1718:, 2007.
1707:, 1992.
1585:: 1â8.
1142:Erasmus
1093:Erasmus
955:and of
838:Physics
670:Science
625:History
551:Islamic
511:Russian
506:Italian
491:British
481:Western
474:Iranian
450:Vietnam
425:Chinese
398:African
336:Ancient
299:History
284:Outline
138:Germany
128:England
120:Regions
112:Warfare
102:Science
49:Aspects
42:Raphael
4328:Polish
4308:German
4303:French
4288:Danish
4278:Canada
4228:Jewish
4190:Korean
4175:Indian
3717:People
3638:Monism
3591:German
3559:Holism
3492:Modern
3470:Jewish
3393:Dvaita
3366:Indian
3289:Huayan
3141:Ajñana
3098:Indian
2963:Greco-
2948:Taoism
2938:Mohism
2884:Modern
2851:By era
2840:By era
2755:Action
2636:Monism
2556:Virtue
2538:Ethics
2211:Poland
2194:Saxony
2184:France
2161:Venice
2156:Urbino
2151:Sicily
2144:Papacy
2036:French
2009:France
1950:Purism
1925:French
1597:
1217:, and
1099:, 1523
1072:Ethics
993:, and
971:Ethics
957:Cicero
953:Horace
949:Virgil
791:, and
787:, and
597:Ethics
566:Taoist
561:Jewish
501:German
496:French
430:Indian
363:Modern
148:Poland
133:France
4359:Aztec
4313:Greek
4293:Dutch
4283:Czech
4132:Bantu
3569:Anti-
3116:Nyaya
3106:Hindu
2966:Roman
2760:Event
2402:Logic
2258:Lists
2237:Spain
2199:Weser
2058:Music
2048:Magic
2031:Dutch
2021:Latin
1999:Dance
1915:Brick
1776:. In
1595:S2CID
602:Logic
546:Hindu
445:Korea
440:Japan
403:Egypt
289:Lists
158:Spain
143:Italy
92:Music
87:Magic
62:Dance
3460:Sufi
3294:Chan
3153:Jain
3126:Yoga
2656:Mind
2596:Hard
2584:Hard
2139:Rome
1583:1650
1199:and
1144:and
1123:and
985:and
951:and
645:Mind
556:Jain
3734:Neo
3299:Zen
1967:Art
1765:at
1587:doi
1179:by
1095:by
1017:by
881:'s
635:Law
4437::
1794:.
1593:.
1581:.
1577:.
1119:,
783:,
779:,
2358:e
2351:t
2344:v
1838:e
1831:t
1824:v
1800:.
1786:.
1601:.
1589::
1532:.
1045:(
756:e
749:t
742:v
226:e
219:t
212:v
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