Subhas Chandra Bose

6485:(p. 113) y. Amongst the 16,000 Indian prisoners taken by the Axis armies in North Africa, some 3,000 joined the so-called 'Legion of Free India' ('Freies Indien Legion'), in fact the 950th Infantry Regiment of the Wehrmacht, formed in 1942 in response to the call of dissident Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose (1897–1945), who had escaped from India, where he was under house arrest, in 1940 and reached Germany in 1941 after a long trek via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. The soldiers of that regiment swore allegiance both to Hitler and to Subhas Bose and wore special insignia over their German uniforms. A few German officers were detached to command the regiment (Hartog 2001). As a fighting force, however, the legion proved singularly ineffective. First stationed in the Netherlands, it was moved in 1943 to south-west France, where it did garrison duties along the 'Mur de l'Atlantique', not a very onerous task. Following the Allied landing in June 1944, it was incorporated into the Waffen SS and followed the German army in its gradual retreat from France, occasionally engaging in skirmishes with the French Résistance. There was a breakdown of discipline, some men took to looting and raping, and twenty-nine 'légionnaires' captured by the Résistance were publicly executed on Poitiers' main square in September 1944. The remains of the force ended up in Germany, and the legion was officially dissolved in March 1945. The men then tried to reach Switzerland, but most of them were caught by British and French troops. A few were summarily executed by Moroccan troops of the French army, but the majority were transferred to India where they were imprisoned awaiting trial, which eventually did not take place. They were not allowed to re-enlist in the army after the war but were awarded pensions by independent India. 3724:

the front of the aircraft and the passengers were wedged in behind ... there were no proper seats on this aircraft. The plane finally took off (from Saigon) between 5:00 and 5:30 pm on August 17. Since they were so late in starting, the pilot decided to land for the night at Tourane, Vietnam. ... The take-off from Tourane at about 5:00 am was normal ... and they flew to Taipei (Japanese: Taihoku) ...At Taipei ... the crew and passengers took their places ... and they were ready to go at 2:30. ... Just as they left the ground—barely thirty meters up and near the edge of the airfield—there was a loud noise. ... With an enormous crash they hit the ground. ... The injured, including Bose and Rahman and the surviving Japanese officers, were taken to Nanmon Army Hospital. Ground personnel at the airfield had already called the hospital shortly before 3:00 pm and notified Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon in charge of the hospital, to prepare to receive the injured. ... Upon arrival the doctor noticed that Bose ... had third degree burns all over his body, but they were worst on his chest. ...Bose and Rahman were quickly taken to the treatment room and the doctor started working on Bose, the much more critically injured man. Dr Yoshimi was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. ... An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was also in the room, and several nurses were also assisting. ... Bose's condition worsened as the evening darkened. His heart grew weaker. Finally between 9.00 and 10.00 pm, Bose succumbed to his terrible burns.

9347: 4169:, pp. 31–32 But there were others who took a different course, perhaps out of expediency, perhaps in an effort to hold on to their existing gains, perhaps because they could see no end to the Japanese occupation. Thus as early as 1940, the erstwhile Chinese revolutionary and one-time leftist leader, Wang Ching-wei, became premier of a Japanese puppet government in Nanking. A few months later Subhas Bose, who had long been Nehru's rival for the plaudits of the younger Indian nationalists, joined the Axis powers, and in due course formed the Indian National Army to support the Japanese. In the Philippines, Vargas, President Quezon's former secretary, very soon headed up a Philippines Executive Commission to cooperate with the Japanese; in Indonesia both Hatta and Sukarno, now at last released, readily agreed to collaborate with them; while shortly afterwards Ba Maw, prime minister of Burma under the British, agreed to serve as his country's head of state under the Japanese as well. ... As the war turned against them so the Japanese attempted to exploit this situation further. In August 1943 they made Ba Maw prime minister of an allegedly more independent Burma. In October 1943 they established a new Republic of the Philippines under the presidency of yet another Filipino oligarch, José Laurel. In that same month Subhas Bose established under their auspices a Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) 6556:

treatment and food and were even sent to work in the Japanese "death camps" (labor camps) in New Guinea. One example is that of John Baptist Crasta, who was born on 31 March 1910 near Mangalore in South India. He was an Indian Christian. In 1933, he joined the Indian Army in the noncombatant branch. In March 1941, the 12th Field Battalion in which Crasta was serving was ordered to Singapore. As head clerk, Crasta was in charge of supplying rations to the 11th Indian Division. According to him, torture of the nonvolunteers started under Mohan Singh's direction from late March 1942 onwards. In Crasta's own words: "Near Bidadare, a camp was created to torture non-volunteers. Although given the innocent name of Separation Camp, it was actually a concentration camp where the most inhuman atrocities were committed by the INA men on their non-volunteer Indian brethren. Subedars Sher Singh and Fateh Khan were put in charge of this notorious prison. High ranking officers who refused to have anything to do with the INA were thrown into it without clothing or food, made to carry heavy loads on their heads, and to double up on the slightest sign of slackness. ... They would be caned, beaten, and kicked." However, Subhas Bose never used violence to compel the PoWs to join the second INA. Nevertheless, the Indian PoWs were subjected to virulent propaganda in order to ensure their compliance to join the INA.

4101:, pp. vii–ix, xvi–xvii, 210–212 From the Abstract (pp vii–ix): It (the book) covers the beginnings of the Indian National Army, as part of a Japanese military intelligence operation under Major Iwaichi Fujiwara, ... From the Introduction (pp xvi–xvii): Major Fujiwara brought India to the attention of IGHQ (Imperial General Headquarters, Tokyo) and helped organize the INA. Fujiwara established the initial sincerity and credibility of Japanese aid for the Indian independence struggle. Captain Mohan Singh, a young Sikh POW from the British-Indian cooperated with Fujiwara in the inception of the INA. From pages 210–212: Two events forced India on the attention of IGHQ once hostilities broke out in the Pacific: Japanese military successes in Malaya and Thailand, particularly the capture of Singapore and with it thousands of Indian POWs, and reports by Major Fujiwara of the creation of a revolutionary Indian army eager to fight the British out of India. Fujiwara presided at the birth of the Indian National Army, together with a young Sikh, Captain Mohan Singh. Two generals sent by IGHQ to review Fujiwara's project reported favourably on his proposals to step up intelligence activities through the civilian and military arms of the independence movement. 2978:"Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word (about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937), there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person. ... Other biographers have written that Bose and Miss Schenkl were married in 1942, while Krishna Bose, implying 1941, leaves the date ambiguous. The strangest and most confusing testimony comes from A. C. N. Nambiar, who was with the couple in Badgastein briefly in 1937, and was with them in Berlin during the war as second-in-command to Bose. In an answer to my question about the marriage, he wrote to me in 1978: 'I cannot state anything definite about the marriage of Bose referred to by you, since I came to know of it only a good while after the end of the last world war ... I can imagine the marriage having been a very informal one ...'... So what are we left with? ... We know they had a close passionate relationship and that they had a child, Anita, born 29 November 1942, in Vienna. ... And we have Emilie Schenkl's testimony that they were married secretly in 1937. Whatever the precise dates, the most important thing is the relationship." 3943:

place after a certain number of states had indicated their willingness to join. This part of the constitution never came into effect for it failed to secure the assent of the required number of princes, but nevertheless the question of its acceptance in principle was hotly debated for some time within the party. In opposing federation, Bose spoke for many within the Congress party. He argued that under the terms of the constitution the princes would have one-third of the seats in the lower house although they represented only one-fourth of India's population. Moreover, they would nominate their own representatives, whereas legislators from British India, the nominees of various political parties, would not be equally united. Consequently, he reasoned, the princes would have a reactionary influence on Indian politics. Following his election for a second term, Bose charged that some members of the Working Committee were willing to compromise on this issue. Incensed at this allegation, all but three of the fifteen members of the Working Committee resigned. The exception was Nehru, Bose himself, and his brother Sarat. There was no longer any hope for reconciliation between the dissidents and the old guard.

3154:"The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react." 3068:"On 21 March 1944, Subhas Bose and advanced units of the INA crossed the borders of India, entering Manipur, and by May they had advanced to the outskirts of that state's capital, Imphal. That was the closest Bose came to Bengal, where millions of his devoted followers awaited his army's "liberation". The British garrison at Imphal and its air arm withstood Bose's much larger force long enough for the monsoon rains to defer all possibility of warfare in that jungle region for the three months the British so desperately needed to strengthen their eastern wing. Bose had promised his men freedom in exchange for their blood, but the tide of battle turned against them after the 1944 rains, and in May 1945 the INA surrendered in Rangoon. Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India. 3037:"The good news Wavell reported was that the RAF had just recently flown enough of its planes into Manipur's capital of Imphal to smash Netaji ("Leader") Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (INA) that had advanced to its outskirts before the monsoon began. Bose's INA consisted of about 20,000 of the British Indian soldiers captured by the Japanese in Singapore, who had volunteered to serve under Netaji Bose when he offered them "Freedom" if they were willing to risk their "Blood" to gain Indian independence a year earlier. The British considered Bose and his "army of traitors" no better than their Japanese sponsors, but to most of Bengal's 50 million Indians, Bose was a great national hero and potential "Liberator". The INA was stopped before entering Bengal, first by monsoon rains and then by the RAF, and forced to retreat, back through Burma and down its coast to the Malay peninsula. In May 1945, Bose would fly out of Saigon on an overloaded Japanese plane, headed for Taiwan, which crash-landed and burned. Bose suffered third-degree burns and died in the hospital on 6437:(p. 79) This was owing to Japan's own ambivalent attitude towards Indians: on the one hand, the Japanese saw them as potential allies in the fight against Britain, and they made an alliance with the dissident nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose; on the other hand, they despised them as a 'subject race' enslaved by the British. Thanks to this alliance, however, the Indians escaped some of the harshest measures that the Japanese took against the Chinese population in the region. That said, 100,000 Indian coolies, mostly Tamilian plantation workers, were conscripted as forced labour and put to work on various infrastructure projects for the Japanese Imperial Army. Some were sent from Malaya to Thailand to work on the infamous Thailand–Burma railway project, resulting in 30,000 deaths of fever and exhaustion (Nakahara 2005). Thousands of war prisoners who had refused to join the Indian National Army (INA) of Subhas Bose were sent to faraway New Guinea, where Australian troops discovered them hiding in 1945. 1224:

thought Gandhi's answers were vague, his goals unclear, his plan for achieving them not thought through. Gandhi and Bose differed in this first meeting on the question of means—for Gandhi non-violent means to any end were non-negotiable; in Bose's thought, all means were acceptable in the service of anti-colonial ends. They differed on the question of ends—Bose was attracted to totalitarian models of governance, which were anathematized by Gandhi. According to historian Gordon, "Gandhi, however, set Bose on to the leader of the Congress and Indian nationalism in Bengal, C. R. Das, and in him Bose found the leader whom he sought." Das was more flexible than Gandhi, more sympathetic to the extremism that had attracted idealistic young men such as Bose in Bengal. Das launched Bose into nationalist politics. Bose would work within the ambit of the Indian National Congress politics for nearly 20 years even as he tried to change its course.

2572: 1353: 5952:(pp. 134–135) Bose was convinced that his ideology could bring about the liberation of India and a total reconstruction of Indian society along authoritarian-socialist lines, envisaging gender equality therein. As mayor of Calcutta, he believed that his policy and programme was a synthesis of socialism and fascism, on the lines of modern Europe. In the early 1930s, he stated, 'We have here the justice, the equality, the love, which is the basis of Socialism as it stands in Europe today.' In the late 1930s, he reiterated his belief in the efficacy of authoritarian government and a synthesis of fascism and socialism, while in 1944 when addressing the students at Tokyo University, he asserted that India must have a political system 'of an authoritarian character ... our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and Communism'. 6070:

Jews because she cannot ignore Jewish high finance. On the other hand, the India Office and Foreign Office have to placate the Arabs because of the Imperial interests in the Near East and India."' While his reasoning was logical, Bose's anti-Jewish slur was no different from the anti-Semitic remarks in the (Muslim) League deliberations referred to earlier. Bose also opposed Nehru's efforts to provide asylum to a limited number of European Jewish refugees who were fleeing from Nazi persecution. Despite the opposition led by Bose, Nehru "was a strong supporter of inviting (Jewish refugees) to settle down in India... (and felt that) this was the only way by which Jews could be saved from the wrath of the Nazis... Between 1933 and the outbreak of the War, Nehru was instrumental in obtaining the entry of several German Jewish refugees into India"

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change. He set no store by non-violence and his ideals were pitched a good deal to the left of Gandhi's. His plans also included a large amount of leadership from himself. This autocratic temperament alienated virtually the whole Congress high command, and when he forced himself into the presidency again the next year, the Working Committee revolted. Bose, bitter and broken in health, complained that the 'Rightists' had conspired to bring him down. This was true, but Bose, who seems to have had a talent for misreading situations, seriously overestimated the strength of his support—a significant miscalculation, for it led him to resign in order to create his own faction, the Forward Bloc, modelled on the kind of revolutionary national socialism fashionable across much of Europe at the time.

2996:"Tojo turned over all his Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Azad ("Free") India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs. Some two million Indians were living in Southeast Asia when the Japanese seized control of that region, and these emigrees were the first "citizens" of that government, founded under the "protection" of Japan and headquartered on the "liberated" Andaman Islands. Bose declared war on the United States and Great Britain the day after his government was established. In January 1944 he moved his provisional capital to Rangoon and started his Indian National Army on their march north to the battle cry of the Meerut mutineers: "Chalo Delhi!" 6107:

inner-European political and ideological conflicts. This was true, especially, during World War II. The war situation brought to stark light, one last time, the contradictions within the western political model of rule, leading to a rift among the anticolonialists then present in Europe. As the western empires fought against Nazi Germany, most anticolonialists felt that they could no longer support, simultaneously, the emancipatory projects of anticolonialism and antifascism. Some, such as Subhas Chandra Bose, began to cooperate with the radically racist Nazis against colonialism, while others decided to work against Nazism with the very western authorities who had been engaged, over the previous decades, in creating a widespread network of trans-national surveillance against them.

2370:? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react." 3313:(p.117) the INA was raised during the Second World War, with the support of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA); lasted less than three years; and went through two different configurations during that period. In total, it numbered some 40,000 men and women, half of whom are estimated to have been recruited from Indian Army prisoners of war (POWs). The INA's battlefield performance was quite poor when assessed either alongside the IJA or against the reformed Fourteenth Army on the battlefields of Assam and Burma. Reports of its creation in 1942/3 caused consternation among the political and military leadership (p. 118) of the GOI, but in the end its formation did not constitute a legitimate mutiny, and its presence had a negligible impact on the Indian Army. 1344: 2108: 3542:

and Malaya remained under Japanese control until 5 September when British forces returned. On 26 August 1945, meanwhile, wreaths were laid at the INA memorial in honour of Bose. A large group gathered at the memorial and speeches on Bose's life were made by Major-General M.Z. Kiani and Major-General S.C. Alagappan of the INA, and ITL members. The Japanese newspaper, the Syonan Shimbun, reported that "during the ceremony which lacked nothing in solemnity and dignity, many husky warriors—Sikhs, Punjabis, and others from the Central Provinces—soldiers who had taken part in the actual war operations were seen to shed tears as they saluted for the last time a giant portrait of Netaji which occupied a prominent position in front of the War Memorial".

2865:"Bose was especially keen to have some Indian territory over which the provisional government might claim sovereignty. Since the Japanese had stopped east of the Chindwin River in Burma and not entered India on that front, the only Indian territories they held were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of these strategic islands to Bose's forces, but a face-saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a 'jurisdiction', while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military. Bose eventually made a visit to Port Blair in the Andamans in December and a ceremonial transfer took place. Renaming them the 6136:

that anti-Semitism must become a part of the Indian freedom movement, since the Jews, he alleged, had helped Britain to exploit and oppress the Indians. The Jewish Advocate expressed horror at Bose's statement about a Jewish role in India's exploitation but added, "one may expect anything from one who has traveled the road to Berlin in search of his country's salvation." Norman Shohet pointed out how insignificant a part in the economic and political life of the country the Jews of India actually played. He also mentioned that other Indian leaders had so far not shown any anti-Semitic leanings, but that on the contrary, Gandhi, Nehru, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, and others had been positively friendly to the Jews.

3220:"Despite any whimsy in implementation, the clarity of Gandhi's political vision and the skill with which he carried the reforms in 1920 provided the foundation for what was to follow: twenty-five years of stewardship over the freedom movement. He knew the hazards to be negotiated. The British must be brought to a point where they would abdicate their rule without terrible destruction, thus assuring that freedom was not an empty achievement. To accomplish this he had to devise means of a moral sort, able to inspire the disciplined participation of millions of Indians, and equal to compelling the British to grant freedom, if not willingly, at least with resignation. Gandhi found his means in non-violent 3118:"Despite any whimsy in implementation, the clarity of Gandhi's political vision and the skill with which he carried the reforms in 1920 provided the foundation for what was to follow: twenty-five years of stewardship over the freedom movement. He knew the hazards to be negotiated. The British must be brought to a point where they would abdicate their rule without terrible destruction, thus assuring that freedom was not an empty achievement. To accomplish this he had to devise means of a moral sort, able to inspire the disciplined participation of millions of Indians, and equal to compelling the British to grant freedom, if not willingly, at least with resignation. Gandhi found his means in non-violent 3164:

favourably upon racial discrimination in Germany or did not criticise them, it cannot be said, to justify them, that they were unaware of what was happening. The great anti-Jewish pogrom known as "the Night of Broken Glass" took place on 9 November 1938. In early December, pro-Hindu Mahasabha journals published articles in favour of German anti-Semitism. This stance brought the Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, made a statement containing clear references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed the party stance. A few months later, in April 1939, he refused to support the party motion that Jews might find refuge in India.

1208: 2912:"When another run-in between Professor Oaten and some students took place on February 15 (1916), a group of students including Subhas Bose, ... decided to take the law in their own hands. Coming down the broad staircase from the second floor, Oaten was surrounded (the) students who beat him with their sandals—and fled. Although Oaten himself was not able to identify any of the attackers, a bearer said he saw Subhas Bose and Ananga Dam among those fleeing. Rumors in student circles also placed Subhas among the group. An investigation was carried out by the college authorities, and these two were expelled from the college and rusticated from the university. 2947:"Younger Congressmen, including Jawaharlal Nehru, ... thought that constitution-making, whether by the British with their (Simon) Commission or by moderate politicians like the elder (Motilal) Nehru, was not the way to achieve the fundamental changes in society. Nehru and Subhas Bose rallied a group within Congress ... to declare for an independent republic. (p. 305) ... (They) were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support (p. 325)." 3277:, November 1944): "You cannot have a so-called democratic system, if that system has to put through economic reforms on a socialistic basis. Therefore we must have a political system—a State—of an authoritarian character. We have had some experience of democratic institutions in India and we have also studied the working of democratic institutions in countries like France, England, and the United States of America. And we have come to the conclusion that with a democratic system we cannot solve the problems of Free India. Therefore, modern progressive thought in India is in favour of a State of an authoritarian character" 591: 3246:"On 4 November 1937, Subhas sent a letter to Emilie in German, saying that he would probably travel to Europe in the middle of November. "Please write to Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein," he instructed her, "and enquire if I (and you also) can stay there" He asked her to mention this message only to her parents, not to reply, and wait for his next airmail letter or telegram. On 16 November, he sent a cable: "Starting aeroplane arriving Badgastein twenty second arrange lodging and meet me. ... He spent a month and a half—from 22 November 1937, to 8 January 1938—with Emilie at his favourite resort of Badgastein." 2930:"Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo ' 2438: 2264:'s teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him. Some scholars think that Hindu spirituality formed an essential part of his political and social thought. As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape." 3685:

witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.

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staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch. The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited. Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned. According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku." The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3

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to Oaten, the students were making an unacceptably loud noise just outside his class. A few days later, on 15 February, some students accosted Oaten on a stairway, surrounded him, beat him with sandals, and took to flight. An inquiry committee was constituted. Although Oaten, who was unhurt, could not identify his assailants, a college servant testified to seeing Subhas Bose among those fleeing, confirming for the authorities what they had determined to be the rumor among the students. Bose was expelled from the college and rusticated from

838: 2117: 3059:"There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence. The legend of 'Netaii' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru. 11992: 505: 6533:(p. 114) Part of the INA participated in the Japanese invasion of March 1944, but its entry into India failed to trigger the rising that Bose had hoped for, and the INA soldiers met with a determined response from their ex-comrades in the Indian army. Many were taken prisoner, and the rest retreated into Burma, where they soon faced an invasion from India. While, from a strictly military point of view, Bose's attempt was a total fiasco, the political outcome of his adventure was more significant 2057:

resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in the towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever.

3050:"The retreat was even more devastating, finally ending the dream of gaining Indian independence through military campaign. But Bose still remained optimistic, thought of regrouping after the Japanese surrender, contemplated seeking help from Soviet Russia. The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened." 1995: 1801:

A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose boarded a German

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the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the

1495: 2022:(Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, his Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League, 13088: 9940: 9480: 3322:"The (Japanese) Fifteenth Army, commanded by ... Maj.-General Mutuguchi Renya consisted of three experienced infantry divisions—15th, 31st and 33rd—totalling 100,000 combat troops, with the 7,000 strong 1st Indian National Army (INA) Division in support. It was hoped the latter would subvert the Indian Army's loyalty and precipitate a popular rising in British India, but in reality the campaign revealed that it was largely a paper tiger." 1924: 1273: 1145: 2987:"Apart from the Free India Centre, Bose also had another reason to feel satisfied-even comfortable-in Berlin. After months of residing in a hotel, the Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for him along with a butler, cook, gardener and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of their relationship, refrained from any involvement. The following year she gave birth to a daughter. 3086:"The thrust of Sarkar's thought, like that of Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Bose, was to challenge the idea that 'the average Indian is indifferent to life', as R. K. Kumaria put it. India once possessed an energised, Machiavellian political culture. All it needed was a hero (rather than a Gandhi-style saint) to revive the culture and steer India to life and freedom through violent contentions of world forces ( 1562: 6595: 961:, and sang Bengali religious songs. From her, Subhas imbibed a nurturing spirit, looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys. His father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life, was a distant presence in a large family, causing Subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood. Still, Janakinath read 2305:

socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building. Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported the empowerment of women, secularism and other

2842:"the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (or Free India Provisional Government, FIPG) was announced on 21 October. It was based at Singapore and consisted, in the first instance, of five ministers, eight representatives of the INA, and eight civilian advisers representing the Indians of Southeast and East Asia. Bose was head of state, prime minister and minister for war and foreign affairs. 3519:

enemies." The Japanese Foreign Ministry and the military cooperated in Bose's exile, placing him aboard a Japanese plane headed for Dalian (Yunnan) from Saigon to put him in touch with the Soviet army. After a stopover in Taipei, however, the passenger plane crashed immediately after takeoff. Despite freeing himself from the wreckage, Bose was engulfed in flames and breathed his last.

1169:"But for a man of my temperament who has been feeding on ideas that might be called eccentric—the line of least resistance is not the best line to follow ... The uncertainties of life are not appalling to one who has not, at heart, worldly ambitions. Moreover, it is not possible to serve one's country in the best and fullest manner if one is chained on to the civil service." 6165:

returned from Europe. The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the

2354:"The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of 1758:, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogated control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the 1161:, Indian history, and an Indian language. Successful candidates had also to clear a riding test. Having no fear of these subjects and being a rider, Subhas Bose felt the ICS was within easy reach. Yet between August 1920 and 1921 he began to have doubts about taking the final examination. Many letters were exchanged with his father and his brother 3184:

from Europe. The draft resolution read: 'The Committee sees no objection to the employment in India of such Jewish refugees as are experts and specialists and who can fit in with the new order in India and accept Indian standards.' It was, however, rejected by the then Congress President Bose, who four years later in 1942 was reported by the

2045:, in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had the Axis codename of 3109:"The claim is even made that without the Japanese-influenced 'Indian National Army' under Subhas Chandra Bose, India would not have achieved independence in 1947; though those who make claim seem unaware of the mood of the British people in 1945 and of the attitude of the newly-elected Labour government to the Indian question." 2584: 2030:. During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon. 1778:, "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class. In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter. 2143:). However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death. Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life, keeping alive various martial myths about Bose. 6015:

years to come," "a government by a strong party bound together by military discipline ... as the only means of holding India together." The next phase in world history, Bose predicted, would produce "a synthesis between Communism and Fascism, and will it be a surprise if that synthesis is produced in India?"

3174:

Jawaharlal Nehru, the future first prime minister of independent India, was sympathetic towards the Jews. The militant nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose, who escaped to German in 1941 with the aim of freeing India through military help from the Axis nations, remained predictably reticent on this issue.

6135:

On 21 August 1942 the Jewish Chronicle of London reported that Bose was anti-Semitic and had published an article in Angriff, the organ of Goebbels, in which he described Indians as the real ancient Aryans and the brethren of the German people. He had said that the swastika was an old Indian sign and

3541:

Even before the INA memorial was completed, it became the focus of mourning for Singapore's Indian community. The cause of this premature use was news that Bose had died in a plane crash at Taipei, on 18 August. He had been trying to escape capture after the surrender of Japan on 15 August. Singapore

3183:

Jawaharlal Nehru called the Jews 'People with a home or nation' and sponsored a resolution in the Congress Working Committee. Although the exact date is not known, yet it can be said that it probably happened in December 1938 at the Wardha session, the one that took place shortly after Nehru returned

3131:

What he is remembered for is his vigor, his militancy, his readiness to trade blood (his own if necessary) for nationhood. In large parts of Uttar Pradesh, the historian Gyanendra Pandey has recently remarked, independence is popularly credited not to 'the quiet efforts at self¬regeneration initiated

1800:

In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied southeast Asia. In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried.

1072:, a confidant and partner in religious yearnings. At Presidency, their emotional ties grew stronger. In the fanciful language of religious imagery, they declared their pure love for each other. In the long vacations of 1914, they traveled to northern India for several months to search for a spiritual 6555:

And not all the Indian PoWs who joined the first INA were volunteers. Between April and December 1942, those Indian commissioned officers, with the aid of some VCOs who had joined the INA, used violence to force the jawans to change sides. Those jawans who refused to join the INA were denied medical

3163:

Between 1938 and 1939 the reactions of the Anti-Nazi League, the Congress, and the progressive press toward German anti-Semitism and German politics showed that Indian public opinion and the nationalist leaders were fairly well informed about the events in Europe. If Bose, Savarkar and others looked

2219:

Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA. The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis,

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pm. Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter. Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that

1907:

and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in

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to guide them. Subhas's family was not told clearly about the trip, leading them to think he had run away. During the trip, in which the guru proved elusive, Subhas came down with typhoid fever. His absence caused emotional distress to his parents, leading both parents to break down upon his return.

3723:

On the plane were: Bose, Shidei, Rahman. Also: Lt. Col. Tadeo Sakai; Lt. Col. Shiro Nonogaki; Major Taro Kono; Major Ihaho Takahashi, Capt. Keikichi Arai, an air force engineer; chief pilot Major Takizawa; co-pilot W/O Ayoagi; navigator Sergeant Okishta; radio-operator NCO Tominaga. The crew was in

2300:

To a large number of Congress leaders, Bose programme shared enough similarities with Japanese fascists. After getting marginalized within Congress, Bose chose to embrace fascist regimes as allies against the British and fled India. Bose believed that India "must have a political system—State—of an

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and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong". Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead. In 1944, Bose similarly stated, "Our philosophy should be a

1389:, which covered the country's independence movement in the years 1920–1934. Although it was published in London in 1935, the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest. Bose was supported in Europe by the Indian Central European Society organized by 1223:

that had taken India by storm the previous year and in a quarter-century would evolve to secure its independence. Gandhi happened to be in Bombay and agreed to see Bose that afternoon. In Bose's account of the meeting, written many years later, he pilloried Gandhi with question after question. Bose

1088:

In February 1916, Bose was alleged to have masterminded, or participated in, an incident involving E. F. Oaten, Professor of History at Presidency. Before the incident, it was claimed by the students, Oaten had made rude remarks about Indian culture, and collared and pushed some students; according

6069:

In his presidential address, Subhas Chandra Bose highlighted the contradictory nature of the British Empire and its inconsistent policy over Palestine. As a heterogeneous empire, Bose observed, the British had to be pro-Arab in India and pro Jewish elsewhere, and accused that London "has to please

6014:

The most categorical and unabashed program for dictatorship in India's political heritage, finally, was laid down by the late Subhas Chandra Bose. He argued that India "must have a political system—State—of an authoritarian character," "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some

3942:

One of the principal points of dispute between Bose and the Congress high command was the attitude the party should take toward the proposed Indian federation. The 1935 Constitution provided for a union of the princely states with the provinces of British India on a federal basis. This was to take

3652:

Chronology 1945: Indian Army play a major role in the liberation of Burma and Malaya from Japanese occupation; Indian troops sent to receive Japanese capitulation in the Dutch East Indies involved in clashes in Surabaya with Indonesian nationalists opposed to the return of the Dutch; in Indochina,

2325:

journals published articles lending support to German anti-Semitism. This stance brought Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, issued a statement containing references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed this stance of the party. After

2304:

Earlier, Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India. However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a

1438:

a faction within the Indian National Congress, aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was a staunch supporter of Bose from the beginning, joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar

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in its entirety, but every time he summoned the courage to do so, a cable would arrive from Tokyo stressing the paramount necessity of victory in Burma, to compensate for the disasters in the Pacific. ... Even more incredibly, he still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the

6164:

Jawaharlal Nehru called the Jews 'People without a home or nation' and sponsored a resolution in the Congress Working Committee. Although the exact date is not known, yet it can be said that it probably happened in December 1938 at the Wardha session, the one that took place shortly after Nehru

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recommended the indefinite postponing of any announcement of Bose's presence in Germany and cautioned the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop that the time had not yet come to recognize Bose's government in-exile. Woermann specifically feared that any such step would alienate both Gandhi and

4154:

The Indian National Army (INA) was formed in 1942 by Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Singapore. It was created with the aid of Japanese forces. Captain Mohan Singh became the INA's first leader, and Major Iwaichi Fujiwara was the Japanese intelligence officer who brokered the

3173:

Leaders of Indian National Congress (INC), which led the anti-colonial movement, responded in different ways to the plight of Jews. In 1938, Gandhi, the nationalist icon, advised the Jews to engage in non-violent resistance by challenging "the gentile Germal" to shoot him or cast him in dungeon.

2056:

from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation. The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese

1446:

to amass support for the Forward Bloc, he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak. His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook

3564:

Even after the Japanese surrender, Bose was determined to carry on the Free India movement and planned to return to the Subcontinent, despite his renegade status among the British. But on August 18, 1945, the airplane carrying him from Darien to Manchukuo crashed on take off from an airfield in

3518:

18 August 1945. Upon hearing of Japan's defeat in the Pacific War, Chandra Bose, who had dedicated his life to the anti-British Indian independence struggle, immediately decided to head for the Soviet Union, "out of my commitment to ally with any country that regards the US and Britain as their

2163:

was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline. When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage. They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front. The ground

1401:

In 1938 Bose stated his opinion that the INC "should be organised on the broadest anti-imperialist front with the two-fold objective of winning political freedom and the establishment of a socialist regime." By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as

3905:

By this point the Congress leadership was in turmoil after the election of Subhas Chandra Bose as president in 1938. His victory was taken, principally by Bose himself, as proof that Gandhi's star was in decline, and that the Congress could now switch to his personal programme of revolutionary

3684:

If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several

2207:

Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945. On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea. On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following

6106:

Epilogue and conclusion: Finally, however, the example of Germany also demonstrates that their work in Europe frequently forced anticolonialists to make difficult moral choices, as their presence in that continent required them to take a position not only on colonialism worldwide, but also on

2154:

pm as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring. The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane. It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the

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As cases began to come to trial, the Indian National Congress began to speak out in defence of INA prisoners, even though it had vocally opposed both the INA's narrative and methods during the war. The Muslim League and the Punjab Unionists followed suit. By mid-September, Nehru was becoming

6230:

Bose requested a declaration from the Germans that they supported the movement for freedom in India—and in Arab countries. He had opposed Nehru in permitting political asylum to Jews fleeing Europe in 1939. He was prepared to ingratiate himself with Nazi ideology by writing for Goebells's

1943:

on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional

1765:

Soon, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for (Bose) along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any

1186:

I received a letter from mother saying that in spite of what father and others think she prefers the ideals for which Mahatma Gandhi stands. I cannot tell you how happy I have been to receive such a letter. It will be worth a treasure for me as it has removed something like a burden from my

1037:, popular then among young Hindu men. Despite the preoccupation, Subhas was able to demonstrate an ability when needed to focus on his studies, to compete, and to succeed in exams. In 1912, he secured the second position in the matriculation examination conducted under the auspices of the 691:

to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism. Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of

6201:

None of the works that deal with ... Subhas Chandra Bose, or his Indian National Army has engaged either Bose's reaction to German mass killing of Sinti and Roma (Gypsies) because their ancestors came from India or the reaction of the soldiers in his army to the sex slaves kidnapped in

3201:"On 23 January 1897 at Cuttack, Orissa, was born Subhas Chandra Bose, ninth child of Janakinath and Prabhabati Bose. Janakinath was a lawyer of a Kayastha family, and was wealthy enough to educate all his children well. By Indian standards this family of Bengali origin was well-to-do." 6173:, a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party. 3192:, a journal of Goebbels, saying that "anti-Semitism should become part of the Indian liberation movement because Jews had helped the British to exploit Indians (21 August 1942)" Although by then Bose had left the Congress, he continued to command a strong influence within the party. 815:

Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved. His collaborations with

1309:

and was the subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi as a sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting, and he afterward described the Calcutta session of the Congress as a

1173:

In April 1921, Subhas Bose made his decision firm not to take the final examination for the ICS and wrote to Sarat informing him of the same, apologizing for the pain he would cause to his father, his mother, and other members of his family. On 22 April 1921, he wrote to the

1613:

with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak

1430:

strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose. However, due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency.

3018:"Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri." 2199:

intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe

1665:

where he hoped that Russia's historical enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow,

780:

and was nominally presided by Bose. Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese considered him to be militarily unskilled, and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945, the British Indian Army reversed the Japanese

6840: 592: 3027:

Initially, INA troops in the Arakan stayed loyal to the INA and their IJA masters. However, as starvation and defeat began to take their toll, loyalties began to waver, and two companies from the Bose Brigade surrendered en masse to British forces in July

1304:

Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers were even provided with steel-cut epaulettes ... his uniform was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in

1195:, a lawyer who had risen to the helm of politics in Bengal; Das encouraged Subhas to return to Calcutta. With the ICS decision now firmly behind him, Subhas Bose took his Cambridge B.A. Final examinations half-heartedly, passing, but being placed in the 1018:

not usually picked up at home. Although his western education continued apace, he began to wear Indian clothes and engage in religious speculation. To his mother, he wrote long letters which displayed acquaintance with the ideas of the Bengali mystic

6809: 1140:

of the university on 19 November 1919 and simultaneously set about preparing for the Civil Service exams. He chose the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge, its completion requirement reduced to two years on account of his Indian B. A.

1421:

Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru; he appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidate

1152:

There were six vacancies in the ICS. Subhas Bose took the open competitive exam for them in August 1920 and was placed fourth. This was a vital first step. Still remaining was a final examination in 1921 on more topics on India, including the

6650: 5567: 1136:. It was past the deadline for admission. He sought help from some Indian students and from the Non-Collegiate Students Board. The Board offered the university's education at an economical cost without formal admission to a college. Bose 2855:

turned over all Japan's Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Free India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign

8019: 2571: 932:

of mixed British and Indian ancestry. The curriculum included English—correctly written and spoken—Latin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught. The choice of the school was

4138: 3304:"Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization." 1097:, the Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University. Despite this, Subhas Bose's expulsion remained in place until 20 July 1917, when the Syndicate of Calcutta University granted him permission to return, but to another college. He joined 3237:, Prime Minister of Great Britain. Broadcast from London after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, 30 January 1948: "For a quarter of a century, this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem." 6384:, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to." 3009:, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to." 6779: 3417:

The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never

2296:

could bring liberation and reconstruction of Indian society. He expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s; he thought they could be used to build an independent India.

6680: 5023: 1578:(brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Roadhouse in Calcutta on the night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew 2208:

morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti. On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the

7997: 7554: 1793:. Bose, due to disappointment over the lack of response from Nazi Germany, was now keen to move to Southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. However, he still expected official recognition from Nazi Germany. 678:

examination. He succeeded with distinction in the first exam but demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism as a higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the nationalist movement led by

2921:"Upon arriving in Britain, Bose went up to Cambridge to gain admission. He managed to gain entry to Fitzwilliam Hall, a body for non-collegiate members of the University. Bose took the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos." 3077:"Subhas Bose was dead, killed in 1945 in a plane crash in the Far East, even though many of his devotees waited—as Barbarossa's disciples had done in another time and in another country—for their hero's second coming." 6832: 1618:, it would have made him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide 2873:(Self-rule) Islands, Bose raised the Indian national flag and appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Loganadhan, a medical officer, as chief commissioner. Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer, but did not succeed." 2232:. Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided." Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered was 1573:

and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a

1762:; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War. 6748: 3590:: Charismatic socialist member of the Indian National Congress and radical anti-imperialist. Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Bengal, India, and was killed in a plane crash on August 18, 1945. 3210:

Bose was born into a prominent Bengali family on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack in the present-day state of Orissa. His father was a government pleader who was appointed to the Bengal Legislative Council in

6801: 6642: 6235:

in 1942. He argued that anti-Semitism should become a factor in the struggle for Indian freedom since the Jews had collaborated with British imperialism to exploit the country and its inhabitants.

5559: 700:, but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself. After the large majority of the 1649:

insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached

1219:

Subhas Bose, aged 24, arrived ashore in India at Bombay on the morning of 16 July 1921 and immediately set about arranging an interview with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi, aged 51, was the leader of the

6380:"At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like 3005:"At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like 937:, who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation, believing both to be important for access to the British in India. The school contrasted with Subhas's home, where only 12274: 3295:"Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only." 9338: 8029: 707:

In April 1941 Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for India's independence. German funds were employed to open a Free India Centre in

6620: 4127: 2337:(symbol of Nazi Germany) was an ancient Indian symbol. Bose urged that anti-Semitism should be part of Indian liberation movement because the Jews assisted the British to exploit Indians. 2383:("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. Another slogan coined by him was "Ittehad, Etemad, Qurbani" (Urdu for "Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice"). 2076:, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards 6771: 723:

to serve under Bose. Although peripheral to their main goals, the Germans inconclusively considered a land invasion of India throughout 1941. By the spring of 1942, the German army was

6672: 5015: 2452:

Bose was featured on the stamps in India from 1964, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2016, 2018 and 2021. Bose was also featured in ₹2 coins in 1996 and 1997, ₹75 coin in 2018 and ₹125 coin in 2021.

824:

pose serious ethical dilemmas, especially his reluctance to publicly criticize the worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims.

8003: 7546: 3255:"On 26 December 1937, Subhas Chandra Bose secretly married Emilie Schenkl. Despite the obvious anguish, they chose to keep their relationship and marriage a closely guarded secret." 2084:. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some 7349: 4113:, p. 100 Hot-headed young Bengali radicals broke into the convention hall where Fujiwara, the founder of the INA, was to address the assemblage and shouted abuse at him. 1533:'s decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in 903:), the anchor of family life, had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter. Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son. Jankinath, a successful lawyer and government 785:. Almost half of the Japanese forces and fully half of the participating INA contingent were killed. The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with the 7110: 2159:, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria, were instantly killed. Bose's assistant 1892:

was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942.

7703: 2643: 6980: 5976:

Louro, Michele L (2021), "Anti-fascism and anti-imperialism between the world wars: The perspective from India", in Braskin, Kasper; Featherstone, David; Copsey, Nigel (eds.),

3331:"The real fault, however, must attach to the Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe. Dithering, ... prostrated with amoebic dysentery, he periodically reasoned that he must cancel 13713: 2155:

propeller. The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames. Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General

14947: 3440:

Bose died in a plane crash off Taiwan, while being flown to Tokyo on 18 August 1945, aged 48. For many millions of Indians, especially in Bengal, he remains a revered figure

1522:

officials refused to meet him or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even

8433:

Rettig, Frederik (2020), "Recruiting the all-female Rani of Jhansi Regiment: Subhas Chandra Bose and Dr Lakshmi Swaminadhan", in Lanzona, Vina A.; Rettig, Frederik (eds.),

5373:

Nehru, the real leaders of Indian nationalism, and the representatives of the political forces with which Germany would have to deal when her army reached the Khyber Pass.

1944:

government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan,

14942: 14155: 1406:(self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency, splitting the 1498:

Bose arriving at the 1939 annual session of the Congress, where he was re-elected, but later had to resign after disagreements with Gandhi and the Congress High Command

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Japanese-occupied lands and held in enclosures attached to the camps in which they were being trained to follow their Japanese comrades in the occupation of India.

1835:

In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, Bose left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarine

2204:

Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma. A few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm (local time) on Saturday, 18 August 1945, Bose died aged 48.

2125:(left) The last aeroplane journeys of Subhas Chandra Bose; flight paths: blue (completed), red (not completed); (right) A memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose in the 2317:

Since before the beginning of the World War II, Bose was opposed to the attempts to grant Jewish refugees asylum in India. The great anti-Jewish pogrom called "

14837: 10535: 2187:], was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of 8288: 14862: 14533: 12279: 8522: 8336: 1196: 1102: 7661: 1754:. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, 1549:. He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the 1085:, from law studies in England for the tempers to subside. Subhas returned to presidency and busied himself with studies, debating and student journalism. 14912: 13283: 11844: 8805: 4858: 1093:. The incident shocked Calcutta and caused anguish to Bose's family. He was ordered back to Cuttack. His family's connections were employed to pressure 12326: 12264: 12059: 12043: 11978: 10273: 164: 2938:', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him." 14917: 14812: 14777: 12013: 10501: 3264:"Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945." 13708: 9798: 6612: 2457: 2453: 1583: 7743: 2512:. Abe, who is also the recipient of Netaji Award 2022, said to Bose's family "The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose's strong will to have led the 1797:

during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 refused to entertain Bose's requests and facilitated him with a submarine voyage to East Asia.

1383:. He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action. In this period, he also researched and wrote the first part of his book 731:

during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 agreed to arrange a submarine. During this time, Bose became a father; his wife, or companion,

14817: 11834: 10307: 1790: 1182:, stating, "I wish to have my name removed from the list of probationers in the Indian Civil Service." The following day he wrote again to Sarat: 724: 8697: 8550: 8131: 1605:. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through 14907: 14782: 13480: 10785: 10119: 9693: 7231: 3286:"His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India." 2969:, Bose also hired a secretary by the name of Emilie Schenkl. They eventually fell in love and married secretly in accordance with Hindu rites." 2778: 2626: 11849: 9413: 7010: 2560: 1526:

status for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 1945–1951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.

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Bose, Sarmila (2005), "Love in the Time of War: Subhas Chandra Bose's Journeys to Nazi Germany (1941) and towards the Soviet Union (1945)",

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for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also given

1253:

for Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924. During the same year, when Bose was leading a protest march in Calcutta, he,

743:, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in 12284: 12148: 7837: 1610: 744: 7796: 4441:

Roy, Baijayanti (2019), "The Past is Indeed a Different Country: Perception of Holocaust in India", in Ballis, Anja; Gloe, Markus (eds.),

800:

on 18 August 1945. Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred, expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence. The

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Indian troops help the French re-establish control over Saigon and the south of Vietnam; death of Subhas Bose in a plane crash in Taiwan.

8208: 7315: 7118: 3639: 3471: 1983:, were involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards 12296: 11829: 11043: 10528: 10228: 4961: 2891: 2647: 2003: 774: 7687: 6311: 2309:

ideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.

13683: 12479: 12269: 11864: 8408: 7503: 6970: 2764: 1125: 1124:(ICS) examination. Arriving in London on 20 October 1919, Subhas readied his application for the ICS. For his references he put down 812:, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress, and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India. 8253:

The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare

2329:

In 1938, Bose had denounced Nazi racial policy and persecution of Jews. However, in 1942 he had published an article in the journal

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His formal title after 21 October 1943 was: Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the

1695: 9243: 14952: 14922: 14807: 13756: 12805: 12118: 12028: 12008: 12000: 11889: 11048: 10987: 1132:, a wealthy Calcutta lawyer who sat on the Council of India in London. Bose was eager also to gain admission to a college at the 1245:

and also the Secretary of the Bengal State Congress. He became the editor of the newspaper "Forward", which had been founded by

14937: 13697: 13663: 13598: 12248: 12238: 12173: 11971: 11839: 11792: 9922: 9773: 7727: 2798: 1220: 990: 804:, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. The 14842: 13264: 13124: 12291: 12203: 11094: 10521: 9928: 9297: 9277: 9221: 9189: 9157: 9125: 9070: 9038: 9006: 8947: 8912: 8883: 8860: 8837: 8813: 8789: 8691: 8659: 8628: 8492: 8442: 8398: 8371: 8314: 8261: 8241: 8202: 8182: 8158: 8125: 8081: 8058: 7975: 7955: 7916: 7896: 7869: 7845: 7786: 7639: 7604: 7584: 7536: 7460: 7440: 7416: 7396: 7378: 7343: 7269: 7190: 7151: 7088: 7064: 6876: 6548: 6510: 6462: 6414: 6275: 6223: 6194: 6157: 6128: 6091: 5985: 5945: 5637: 5447: 5408: 4474: 4450: 3677: 3617: 3534: 3503: 3457: 3433: 1968:. Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called 504: 10552: 9303: 9195: 9163: 9131: 9076: 9044: 9012: 8969: 8953: 8918: 8665: 7981: 7922: 7610: 7157: 7094: 6281: 6148:

Aafreedi, Navras J. (2021), "Holocaust education in India and its challenges", in Aafreedi, Navras J.; Singh, Priya (eds.),

5453: 5414: 5356: 4465:

Aafreedi, Navras J. (2021), "Holocaust education in India and its challenges", in Aafreedi, Navras J.; Singh, Priya (eds.),

1514:. During his sojourn in England Bose tried to schedule appointments with several politicians, but only the Labour Party and 1510:, for at least two decades. For political reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at 14957: 13031: 13026: 12228: 12213: 12183: 12158: 12153: 12103: 10403: 9373: 7947: 6599: 2883: 2496:(Longest bridge of Odisha) at Cuttack, Odisha and many other institutions in India are named after him. On 23 August 2007, 1667: 1121: 17: 2903:

Expelled from the college and rusticated from the university, 15 February 1916; reinstated in the university 20 July 1917.

2240:, were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. The 848:

between 1757 and 1803 is shown in shades of brown. Cuttack is approximately 225 miles (362 km) southwest of Calcutta.

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in January 1902. English was the medium of all instruction in the school, the majority of the students being European or

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prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the

1550: 1098: 598: 8759: 2275:" in a 1930 speech in Calcutta. Bose later criticized Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between 2107: 1257:

and other leaders were arrested and imprisoned. After a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was sent to prison in

14902: 14772: 13761: 13673: 13668: 13548: 13036: 12704: 12243: 12123: 12113: 12108: 11824: 10737: 10465: 9897: 9743: 8621:

Policing 'Bengali Terrorism' in India and the World: Imperial Intelligence and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905–1939

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arrangement to create the army, which was to be trained to fight British and other Allied forces in Southeast Asia.

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fascism. The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the

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The Germans were unwilling to form an alliance with Bose because they considered him unpopular in comparison with

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Policing Transnational Protest: Liberal Imperialism and the Surveillance of Anticolonialists in Europe, 1905–1945

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he would live. Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. According to historian

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Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla,

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In the Shadow of the Swastika: The Relationships Between Indian Radical Nationalism, Italian Fascism and Nazism

1746:(consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in 1674:

in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from

1284:

In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked with

1250: 4852: 14872: 14528: 12464: 12223: 11910: 11879: 10323: 9806: 8599: 7210: 2548: 1057: 6802:"Subhas Chandra Bose 125th birth anniversary: Unveiling of Netaji's statue, floral tributes at Central Hall" 5439:

Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945-1947

2301:

authoritarian character," and "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come".

1379:

During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, including

14877: 14802: 14757: 14732: 14716: 14686: 13341: 13323: 13314: 13305: 13297: 12429: 12064: 12038: 12033: 11930: 11586: 10937: 10544: 10445: 10130: 10124: 9832: 9763: 9524: 9519: 9399: 7528: 6833:"'Attempts were made to erase contributions of many,' says PM Modi as he unveils hologram statue of Netaji" 2793: 2513: 2350:

Roman Hayes describes the troubled legacy of Bose with atrocities related to Jews in the following words:–

2097: 1969: 1949: 1207: 1199:. He prepared to sail for India in June 1921, electing for a fellow Indian student to pick up his diploma. 1175: 614: 493: 320: 112: 5058: 1939:

movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in

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Struggle for hegemony in India, 1920–47: the colonial state, the left, and the national movement. 1934–41

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Bennet, Brad (1997), "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)", in Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B. (eds.),

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The crew of Japanese submarine I-29 after the rendezvous with German submarine U-180 300 sm southeast of

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some months in April 1939, Bose refused to support the party motion that Jews can find refuge in India.

1868:. Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army." He first met 1529:

On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy

987:

being among his favourites; several of his sons were to become English literature enthusiasts like him.

14892: 14887: 14867: 14452: 14280: 13959: 13904: 13788: 13510: 13475: 13350: 13332: 12079: 12069: 11511: 11063: 10780: 10775: 10440: 10171: 9958: 9948: 9529: 8719: 8437:, Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abington and New York: Routledge, pp. 158–172, 8146: 7751: 7432: 7143: 2731:. The series was praised by both audience and critics, for its plot, performance and production design. 2220:

faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British. In India the

2136: 2011: 1896: 1889: 1877: 1869: 1293: 701: 645:: "Respected Leader") was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942—by the Indian soldiers of the 306: 1853:. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II. 1417:

Bose, president-elect, INC, arrives in Calcutta, 24 January 1938, after two-month vacation in Austria.

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Following his five older brothers, Bose entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in

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The Shadow Warriors of Nakano: A History of the Imperial Japanese Army's Elite Intelligence School

7002: 2956:"Having arrived in Berlin a bruised politician, his broadcasts brought him—and India—world notice. 2595:, a feature documentary film about Bose was released in 1947, it was directed by Chhotubhai Desai. 2333:, where he wrote that Indians were true Aryans and the 'brethren' of the Germans. Bose added that 911:

and scrupulous about matters of language and the law. A self-made man from the rural outskirts of

704:

members resigned in protest, Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party.

14932: 14797: 14691: 14354: 14327: 14245: 13870: 12916: 12851: 12514: 12018: 11491: 11461: 11198: 11178: 11013: 10922: 10645: 10635: 10625: 10615: 10284: 10223: 9968: 9825: 9728: 9554: 8829: 8713: 8460: 8390: 7261: 5560:"It is forgotten that the toughest land battle of the Second World War was fought on Indian soil" 2497: 2135:

Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns after his airplane crashed in

1945: 1909: 1844: 1519: 1233:

and assumed charge of the publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. His mentor was

1133: 1105:

with honours in philosophy, placing second among all philosophy students in Calcutta University.

1020: 479: 444: 234: 31: 6772:"Political row over Centre's decision to celebrate Netaji's birth anniversary as Parakram Diwas" 3573:

Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage

2682:, a 2016 documentary film by Iqbal Malhotra, follows conspiracy theories regarding Bose's death. 2379:

His most famous quote was "Give me blood and I will give you freedom". Another famous quote was

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and left for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.

1120:

At his father's urging, Subhas Bose agreed to travel to England to prepare and appear for the

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President Pranab Mukherjee unveils Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's 1937 Wanderer W24 in Kolkata

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where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the

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Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service

6744: 6303: 2481: 2339: 2306: 2229: 2196: 1857: 1814: 1704: 1423: 1373:(Bose's second-in-command, Berlin, 1941–1945), Heidi Fulop-Miller, Schenkl, and Amiya Bose. 1254: 1069: 754: 675: 77: 8418: 7631:

Brothers against the Raj: a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose

7495: 5940:, SAGE Studies on India's North East, New Delhi and Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 3709:

Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose

2428: 2244:, though never seriously threatened by the INA, tried 300 INA officers for treason in the 1975:

The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of

727:

and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories.

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Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture

5612:"Father of Our Nation" (Address to Mahatma Gandhi over the Rangoon Radio on 6 July 1944) 2576: 2556: 2544: 2536: 2520: 2178: 2006:

in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the

1953: 1881: 1385: 1306: 1158: 1129: 766: 762: 642: 8091: 6543:, Twentieth-Century Battles series, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 222, 1823: 915:, he had remained in touch with his roots, returning annually to his village during the 14792: 14721: 14646: 14621: 14591: 14292: 14173: 14110: 14035: 13880: 13831: 13687: 13450: 13425: 13354: 13166: 12991: 12876: 12830: 12790: 12694: 12459: 12454: 12409: 12354: 11935: 11781: 11701: 11631: 11616: 11526: 11516: 11426: 11416: 11401: 11386: 11366: 11341: 11213: 11158: 10882: 10852: 10747: 10727: 10677: 10575: 10372: 10317: 10075: 10023: 9963: 9573: 9462: 9253: 9213:

Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture

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India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War

7477: 7469: 7219: 6740: 6524: 6476: 6428: 3631: 2740: 2528: 2281: 1903:. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the 1880:, and through Pritam Singh's network recruited a captured British Indian army captain, 1569:

Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Nazi Germany, via

1515: 1319: 1162: 1082: 1065: 995: 962: 837: 786: 316: 246: 1369:

president-elect, center, in Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937, with (left to right)

808:, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the 14676: 14666: 14566: 14178: 14075: 13976: 13964: 13943: 13932: 13899: 13645: 13618: 13500: 13435: 13430: 13405: 13400: 13370: 12931: 12569: 12444: 12359: 11925: 11756: 11741: 11641: 11536: 11496: 11421: 11326: 11298: 11258: 11083: 10867: 10827: 10790: 10752: 10732: 10722: 10605: 10595: 10382: 10258: 10087: 9625: 9600: 9514: 9360: 9293: 9273: 9217: 9185: 9153: 9121: 9091: 9066: 9034: 9002: 8943: 8908: 8879: 8856: 8833: 8809: 8785: 8723: 8687: 8655: 8624: 8593: 8508: 8488: 8448: 8438: 8394: 8367: 8310: 8257: 8237: 8227: 8198: 8178: 8154: 8121: 8077: 8054: 7971: 7951: 7912: 7892: 7865: 7841: 7782: 7719: 7693: 7648: 7635: 7625: 7600: 7596:

Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919–1947

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increasingly vocal in his view that trials of INA defendants should not move forward.

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Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941–1943

6004:, Princeton Legacy Library, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 314, 2209: 2126: 1116:, Calcutta which Subhas Bose entered in 1913, but from which he was expelled in 1916 14518: 14397: 14307: 14302: 14287: 14223: 14203: 14080: 13949: 13914: 13888: 13783: 13778: 13770: 13741: 13485: 13420: 13200: 13192: 12986: 12971: 12911: 12891: 12881: 12825: 12770: 12765: 12722: 12712: 12619: 12589: 12564: 12524: 12519: 12439: 12399: 12394: 12374: 12344: 12339: 11945: 11859: 11736: 11706: 11686: 11661: 11651: 11591: 11501: 11446: 11441: 11331: 11253: 11078: 11033: 11018: 10942: 10917: 10887: 10650: 10590: 10392: 10302: 10297: 10243: 10151: 10070: 10008: 9998: 9973: 9887: 9867: 9733: 9718: 9650: 9610: 9605: 9468: 9438: 9351: 9330: 8153:, Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23, Cambridge University Press, 7666: 7291: 7080: 7049:

Allen, Louis (2012), "The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific", in John Gooch (ed.),

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Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons

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Conceptualizing Mass Violence: Representations, Recollections, and reinterpretatons

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Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the

1770:, which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie. In particular 1507: 1288:

for independence. In late December 1928, Bose organised the Annual Meeting of the

14701: 14571: 14467: 14457: 14339: 14250: 14218: 13938: 13718: 13150: 13145: 12961: 12926: 12644: 12604: 12599: 12584: 12579: 12534: 12509: 12499: 11894: 11884: 11786: 11691: 11636: 11551: 11531: 11351: 11321: 11316: 11273: 11263: 11228: 11223: 11188: 11113: 11038: 10877: 10600: 10455: 10420: 10387: 9912: 9675: 9504: 9456: 9450: 9365: 9342: 9287: 9179: 9147: 9115: 9060: 9028: 8996: 8992: 8937: 8902: 8873: 8869: 8850: 8775: 8649: 8361: 8251: 8231: 8168: 8071: 8048: 7965: 7941: 7906: 7886: 7861: 7855: 7776: 7629: 7594: 7522: 7485: 7450: 7406: 7368: 7279: 7236: 7176: 7137: 7074: 7050: 6866: 6643:"Rs 75 commemorative coin to mark 75th anniversary of Tricolour hoisting by Bose" 6265: 5437: 5398: 5340: 3663: 2813: 2760: 2400: 2322: 2267:

Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls

2233: 2053: 1759: 1739: 1615: 1530: 1488: 1456: 1447:

towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British

1297: 1078: 934: 864: 853: 797: 758: 626: 406: 383:(secretly married without ceremony or witnesses, unacknowledged publicly by Bose) 203: 11991: 11956: 5629:

Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947

2660:

historical novel on the life of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by Marathi author

2188: 14427: 14392: 14362: 14265: 14040: 13954: 13860: 13841: 13733: 13723: 13505: 13410: 13176: 12981: 12966: 12742: 12544: 12539: 12424: 11726: 11676: 11666: 11646: 11611: 11571: 11556: 11278: 11208: 11193: 11133: 11123: 10952: 10842: 10712: 10687: 10662: 10560: 10513: 10291: 10278: 10238: 10208: 10092: 9983: 9723: 9615: 9444: 7670: 7370:

His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire

6673:"नेताजी की 125वीं जयंती पर लॉन्च होगा 125 रुपये का सिक्का, जानें क्या होगा खास" 6189:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, p. xx, 5369: 3332: 3273:"The Fundamental Problems of India" (An address to the Faculty and students of 3234: 3132:

by Mahatma Gandhi,' but to 'the military daring of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.'

2728: 2635: 2599: 2524: 2461: 2355: 2225: 2077: 2046: 1928: 1917: 1895:

This was along the concept of, and with support of, what was then known as the

1865: 1850: 1782: 1679: 1646: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1362: 974: 970: 782: 732: 697: 680: 364: 3849: 3496:

Japan's Colonial Moment in Southeast Asia 1942–1945: The Occupiers' Experience

3449:

World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation

2527:

to commemorate the birth anniversary of Subhas Chandra Bose. Political party,

2116: 14751: 14706: 14656: 14601: 14576: 14508: 14447: 14407: 14377: 14140: 13746: 13628: 13613: 13470: 13455: 13415: 13378: 13231: 13071: 12976: 12951: 12795: 12785: 12727: 12679: 12664: 12659: 12629: 12559: 12504: 11671: 11596: 11561: 11521: 11436: 11406: 11396: 11381: 11268: 11238: 11218: 10947: 10263: 10248: 10213: 10203: 10102: 10040: 10013: 9793: 9698: 9544: 9499: 8380: 7878: 6495:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114, 6447:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114, 6399:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 79, 113, 114, 3920:

Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939

3145:

has said, 'was one of the greatest acts of reconciliation in human history.'"

2724: 2661: 2621: 2583: 2505: 2408: 2318: 2257: 2192: 2033:

On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour flag, modelled after that of the

2027: 1980: 1860:(INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General) 1743: 1606: 1476: 1311: 1280:

taking the salute. Annual meeting, Indian National Congress, 29 December 1928

1277: 1262: 1179: 1108: 1061: 1053: 929: 908: 880: 693: 671: 647: 9378: 2501: 1994: 14611: 14561: 14437: 14312: 13623: 13583: 13543: 13465: 13395: 13226: 13205: 13066: 12956: 12946: 12936: 12886: 12835: 12820: 12815: 12800: 12732: 12689: 12684: 12669: 12649: 12624: 12489: 12364: 11874: 11761: 11391: 11356: 11346: 11288: 11088: 10992: 10902: 10892: 10657: 10585: 10570: 10485: 10193: 10081: 10035: 9917: 9877: 9788: 9708: 9660: 9635: 9030:

Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study

8645: 8020:"Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's favourite car restored; unveiled in Kolkata" 7518: 7332:"Congress President: Speeches, Articles, and Letters January 1938–May 1939" 4092: 2756: 2689: 2631: 2535:

demanded that the day should be observed as 'Deshprem Divas'. In 2019, the

2396: 1904: 1794: 1755: 1722: 1654: 1642: 1626: 1468: 1266: 790: 728: 720: 716: 634: 622: 6501: 6453: 6405: 3608: 2224:'s official line was succinctly expressed in a letter Mohandas Karamchand 55: 14711: 14681: 14671: 14661: 14417: 14412: 14382: 14270: 14238: 14213: 14183: 14120: 14045: 13568: 13390: 13327: 13274: 13221: 12941: 12379: 11481: 11361: 11053: 10832: 10580: 10490: 10352: 9988: 9892: 9703: 8749: 8067: 8044: 8024: 7937: 7653: 7364: 6975: 2852: 2708: 2673: 2614: 2392: 2367: 2241: 2023: 1965: 1913: 1630: 1570: 1494: 1480: 1390: 1029: 978: 966: 954: 805: 740: 667: 618: 286: 9778: 9107: 7139:

Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire

6892: 5016:"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Birth Anniversary: History and significance" 4135:

International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd Edition, Volume 3

2260:

was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.

330: 14596: 14586: 14477: 14432: 14387: 14322: 14255: 14188: 14070: 14050: 14010: 13578: 13573: 13242: 12639: 11731: 11506: 11456: 11371: 11023: 10907: 10742: 10268: 10218: 9993: 9817: 9645: 9356: 8524:

Social, Economic and Political Philosophy of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

8351:

Pasricha, Ashu (2008), "The Political Thought of Subhas Chandra Bose",

7391:, Routledge Studies in Modern History, London and New York: Routledge, 7223: 3529:, Singapore: NUS Press, National University of Singapore, p. 185, 3221: 3119: 2735: 2552: 2395:

made him a hero among many Indians, however his wartime alliances with

2245: 2085: 2069: 1828: 1015: 1002:

In 1909, the 12-year-old Subhas Bose followed his five brothers to the

917: 461: 9479: 9391: 8285:

Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870–1950

14260: 14115: 14090: 14085: 14030: 14015: 13593: 13460: 13383: 11711: 11606: 11566: 11541: 11476: 11138: 11128: 11028: 10495: 10113: 10029: 9939: 9872: 9494: 9248: 8555: 8413: 7801: 7524:

The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1942–1945

7056: 6270:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. 6216:

Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Deligitimization

2823: 2720: 2716: 2700: 2363: 2276: 2268: 1961: 1936: 1923: 1818: 1751: 1587: 1442:

When Subhas Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai, on an invitation of

1272: 1192: 1144: 998:(standing, centre) and Subhas Bose (aged 8, standing, extreme right). 770: 5293: 3711:, New York and Oxford: Columbia University Press, pp. 539–542, 2052:

During this operation, on 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the

14493: 14462: 14442: 14422: 14367: 14317: 14208: 14135: 14105: 14055: 13490: 13011: 11073: 10717: 10377: 10342: 9549: 8755: 8073:

Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929–1942

7487:

Eminent Indians who was who, 1900–1980, also annual diary of events

4921: 2748: 2540: 2539:

inaugurated a museum on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his INA at

2344: 2334: 2081: 2061: 1594: 1565:

The Wanderer car Bose used to escape from his Calcutta home in 1941

1534: 1523: 1327: 1258: 1007: 958: 912: 904: 621:

made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with

8452: 7797:"Shinzo Abe visits Netaji Bhavan, sees notion of a 'Broader Asia'" 6520: 6472: 6424: 6101: 3627: 3548:

Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2001), "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)",

3513: 3467: 1010:

were also taught, as were ideas from Hindu scriptures such as the

14513: 14498: 14130: 14125: 14095: 14025: 14020: 14005: 14000: 13288: 11233: 10018: 9978: 6868:

Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent

2931: 2644:

National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration

2509: 2272: 2129:, Tokyo. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda 2073: 2042: 2038: 1976: 1957: 1873: 925: 868: 747: 278: 7405:

Chakraborty, Phani Bhusan; Bhaṭṭācārya, Brajendrakumāra (1989),

6065:

Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home

6009: 4857:, London, UK: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Archives, 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4230: 4228: 4226: 3937: 1843:

to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the

1774:, Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian 1052:

Hindu men. He chose to study philosophy, his readings including

14402: 14372: 14297: 14145: 14065: 14060: 13608: 13563: 10757: 6594: 6350: 5174: 3922:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 282–283, 3038: 2359: 2147: 2140: 1988: 1984: 1802: 1738:

which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored

1671: 1662: 1598: 1575: 1561: 1511: 1403: 1238: 1229: 1212: 983: 872: 821: 708: 663: 302: 43: 13102: 8875:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

8117:

Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality

5540: 5400:

Laid to Rest: The Controversy over Subhas Chandra Bose's Death

3831: 3829: 2516:

from British rule. Netaji is a much respected name in Japan."

1502:

He came to believe that an independent India needed socialist

1333: 1314:, which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis. 994:

Janakinath Bose, Prabhabati Bose, and their family, ca. 1905.

796:

Bose died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed in

429:

Baptist Mission's Protestant European School, Cuttack, 1902–09

13635: 13553: 13360: 10187: 7330:

Bose, Subhas (2004), Bose, Sisir Kumar; Bose, Sugata (eds.),

6032: 5857: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 4398:

Lives in the Wilderness: Three Classic Indian Autobiographies

4343: 4260: 4258: 4223: 3911: 2469: 1940: 1836: 1742:. He founded the Free India Center in Berlin and created the 1685: 1638: 1081:

and Subhas. It took the return of Subhas's favorite brother,

1049: 1011: 946: 942: 552: 541: 338: 334: 8683:

The Talwars of Pathan Land and Subhas Chandra's Great Escape

5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4424: 4422: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4245: 4243: 4055: 4053: 3901:

Peace, Poverty, and Betrayal: A New History of British India

2563:, for those who does excellent work in Disaster management. 2004:

Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

789:. Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in the 674:

education, he was sent after college to England to take the

14233: 14198: 9289:

A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas

8363:

Subhas Chandra Bose, his contribution to Indian nationalism

6563: 6541:

The Battle for Malaya: The Indian Army in Defeat, 1941–1942

6493:

India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750–2000

6445:

India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750–2000

6397:

India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750–2000

6362: 6218:, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, Continuum, p. 112, 5917: 5594: 4834: 4832: 4598: 4596: 4070: 4068: 4040: 4038: 3826: 3599:

India and the World: A History of Connections, c. 1750–2000

2935: 2065: 1658: 1650: 1276:

Subhas Bose (in military uniform) with Congress president,

1148:

Subhas Bose (standing, right) with friends in England, 1920

1073: 950: 578: 567: 5893: 5845: 5818: 5806: 5760: 5725: 5694: 5281: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5121: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4255: 3527:

War Memory and the Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore

2321:" happened on 9 November 1938. In early December, the pro- 1048:, the historic and traditional college for Bengal's upper- 529: 526: 9325: 8485:

The Battle for Malaya: The Indian Army in Defeat, 1941–42

8332: 8272:

Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945

6951: 6715: 6713: 6044: 5835: 5833: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5646: 5619: 5342:

Subhash Chandra Bose: A Biography of His Vision and Ideas

5322: 5320: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4482: 4419: 4294: 4240: 4187: 4050: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3880: 3868: 2575:

Bose on the tableau of Andaman & Nicobar in the 2006

2183: 2014:

appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed

555: 8386:

Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings

7178:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

5504: 5492: 5468: 5109: 4981: 4979: 4945: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4844: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4593: 4530: 4270: 4177: 4175: 4065: 4035: 3665:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

3378: 3368: 3366: 3364: 2763:, which deals with Netaji's death mystery, based on the 2703:

and BIG Synergy Media, released a 9-episode web series,

1191:

For some time before Subhas Bose had been in touch with

1165:

back in Calcutta. In one letter to Sarat, Subhas wrote,

8325:"Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2005)" 7651:(3 October 2013) . "Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945)". 7494: 7298:

Bose, Subhas (2002), Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata (eds.),

6387: 6121:

Jewish Communities in India: Identity in a Colonial Era

5299: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5231: 5133: 4662: 4660: 4632: 4581: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4518: 4409: 4407: 4367: 4365: 3948: 3816: 3814: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 2613:

is a 1966 Indian biographical drama film about Bose by

1718: 1318:

A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for

9210:

Morris, Paul; Shimazu, Naoko; Vickers, Edward (2014),

7404: 7288:

Beacon Across Asia: A Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose

7111:"World believes Netaji was married, but not his party" 6915: 6710: 6575: 5869: 5830: 5794: 5777: 5737: 5665: 5317: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 4991: 4927: 4319: 4199: 4023: 3972: 3892: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3488:

Subhas Chandra Bose killed in a plane crash in Taiwan.

1396: 1202: 14534:

List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

9331:

Declassified papers at the National Archives of India

8939:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945

6939: 6700: 6698: 6075: 5957: 5480: 5378: 5252: 5145: 5038: 4976: 4872: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4775: 4742: 4711: 4684: 4569: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4211: 4172: 4104: 3405:, Hyderabad and Delhi: Orient Longmans, p. 427, 3361: 3090:) represented in imperialism, fascism and socialism." 2688:

is a 2017 television documentary film which aired on

2607:-language biographical film, directed by Pijush Basu. 1044:

Subhas Bose followed his five brothers again 1913 to

599: 581: 558: 544: 14948:

Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Taiwan

8623:, Britain and the World Series, Palgrave Macmillan, 7428:

The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967

7258:

The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

7076:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

6338: 5442:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 116. 5305: 5264: 5198: 5186: 5097: 4672: 4657: 4620: 4608: 4542: 4404: 4362: 4331: 4282: 4160: 4011: 3987: 3811: 3788: 3769: 3750: 3403:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

3349: 2890:. with jurisdiction, but without the sovereignty of 2173:, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later, 1808: 1601:, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and 658:Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large 575: 564: 561: 532: 453:, Non-Collegiate Students Board, Cambridge, 1919–21. 27:

Indian nationalist leader and politician (1897–1945)

9120:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 8098:, vol. 10, no. 1, Chery Chase, Maryland, 7970:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 7408:

News behind newspapers: a study of the Indian press

6326: 6020: 5978:

Anti-Fascism in a Global Perspective: Transnational

5905: 5881: 5682: 5210: 5164: 5162: 5160: 4897: 4730: 4080: 3999: 3850:"Speech of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Tokyo, 1943" 3729: 3699: 3697: 3695: 1899:headed from Tokyo by expatriate nationalist leader 572: 549: 538: 535: 14943:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1945 9117:Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment 9094:(2006), "Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose", 8170:The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45 7967:Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment 7652: 7483: 7025: 6927: 6695: 5938:Women's Agency and Social Change: Assam and Beyond 5180: 4933: 4499: 4377: 2672:, a biography of Subhash Chandra Bose, written by 1831:; Bose is sitting in the front row (28 April 1943) 1637:who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via 11986: 6187:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 6152:, Abington and New York: Routledge, p. 154, 5582: 5516: 5085: 5073: 4909: 4469:, Abington and New York: Routledge, p. 154, 4458: 4396:Corbett, Jim; Elwin, Verrier; Ali, Salim (2004), 2738:started broadcasting the daily television series 1211:Bose at the inauguration of the India Society in 715:was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by 14749: 10543: 8504:India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis 7277: 6733:"Ex-Japan PM Shinzo Abe given Netaji Award 2022" 6086:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 213, 5863: 5528: 5157: 4445:, Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS, p. 108, 3692: 2458:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station 2454:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport 1920:, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia. 1766:involvement." However, most of the staff in the 852:Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents 613:; 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an 8998:Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy 8278: 7877: 7720:"Biopic of Indian revolutionary sparks protest" 6356: 5338: 4951: 4395: 4116: 3835: 3498:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 211, 2216:in Tokyo. There they have remained ever since. 2037:, was raised for the first time in the town of 1556: 1365:, in Bad Gastein, Austria, 1936; (right) Bose, 941:was spoken. At home, his mother worshipped the 793:which he believed to have turned anti-British. 13481:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 9272:, Penguin Random House India Private Limited, 8606: 8222: 7072: 6250:, Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein, 25 March 1936 5923: 5435: 4356: 4234: 3575:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 48, 3395: 3393: 2779:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 2648:National Film Award for Best Production Design 2627:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero 651:and by the German and Indian officials in the 482:(B.A. Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos, 1921.) 14838:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers 13258: 13118: 11972: 10529: 9833: 9407: 9383: 9366:Newspaper clippings about Subhas Chandra Bose 8907:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 8269: 8197:(illustrated ed.), Potomac Books, Inc., 7823:Raj, the Making and Unmaking of British India 7448: 7108: 5851: 5625: 5345:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 408. 5127: 4854:Speech on the Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi 4434: 4389: 3552:, Garland Publishing/Routledge, p. 185, 3524: 2561:Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 1789:. By the spring of 1942, the German army was 1402:Congress President. He stood for unqualified 1241:. In 1923, Bose was elected the President of 765:who had been captured by the Japanese in the 30:"Netaji" redirects here. For other uses, see 14863:Indian independence armed struggle activists 8581:, archived from the original on 5 March 2005 8406: 7717: 7685: 7665:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7452:Subhas Chandra Bose: man, mission, and means 6995: 6957: 6169:of London as having published an article in 5546: 5332: 5056: 4850: 3550:World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia 3400: 3188:of London as having published an article in 2638:. The film received critical acclaim at the 1960:, China, a provisional government of Burma, 1582:, later reaching Gomoh Railway Station (now 1439:organised a massive rally as his reception. 1292:in Calcutta. His most memorable role was as 655:in Berlin. It is now used throughout India. 14151:List of cities in West Bengal by population 9062:India, 1885–1947: the unmaking of an empire 7301:Azad Hind: writings and speeches, 1941–1943 7171: 6864: 6081: 6062: 5969: 5659: 5600: 4313: 4249: 3602:, Cambridge University Press, p. xix, 3484:Chronology of World War II in the Pacific: 3452:, Cambridge University Press, p. xvi, 3426:The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War 3390: 2343:had condemned Bose as "India's anti-Jewish 1334:1933–1937: Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl 888: 14913:Presidents of the Indian National Congress 13265: 13251: 13125: 13111: 11979: 11965: 11044:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 10536: 10522: 9840: 9826: 9414: 9400: 8801:Subhas Chandra Bose: The Man and His Times 8355:, vol. 16, Concept Publishing Company 8113: 7908:Subhas Chandra Bose: Great Freedom Fighter 7692:, National University of Singapore Press, 7686:Goto, Ken'ichi; Kratoska, Paul H. (2003), 7052:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War 5246: 4952:Ministry of Culture, Government of India. 1686:1941–1943: Collaboration with Nazi Germany 1678:and the Foreign Ministry officials at the 1128:, Under Secretary of State for India, and 54: 12480:Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha 8970:"Emilie Schenkl, Mrs Subhas Chandra Bose" 8618: 8487:, Bloomingtom: Indiana University Press, 7829: 7794: 7741: 7474:Thy Hand, Great Anarch!: India, 1921–1952 7468: 7424: 7256:Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata, eds. (1997a), 7255: 6921: 6719: 6500: 6490: 6452: 6442: 6404: 6394: 6251: 6038: 5875: 5613: 5396: 4276: 3607: 3595: 1864:, head of the Japanese intelligence unit 753:With Japanese support, Bose revamped the 14918:Prisoners and detainees of British India 14813:Indian collaborators with Imperial Japan 14778:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge 14539:Discrimination against Bengalis in India 13272: 12275:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 9847: 8350: 8322: 8089: 7386: 7229: 7203:, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors 6945: 6860: 6858: 6830: 6213: 6184: 6147: 5999: 5899: 5287: 5044: 4464: 4428: 3917: 3898: 3428:(2nd ed.), Routledge, p. 227, 3336:evidence that both were busted flushes." 3141:" 'The transfer of power in India ,' Dr 2727:as Subhas Chandra Bose and Anna Ador as 2582: 2570: 2091: 2026:, who later died of his injuries in the 1993: 1922: 1822: 1584:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh Station 1560: 1493: 1412: 1271: 1237:, a voice for aggressive nationalism in 1206: 1143: 1107: 989: 836: 832: 12029:Indian National Congress (Organisation) 12009:History of the Indian National Congress 9421: 8868: 8845: 8747: 8379: 8249: 8190: 8145: 8017: 7995: 7662:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7655:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6569: 6368: 6263: 5632:. Simon & Schuster UK. p. 13. 5429: 5275: 5204: 5192: 5139: 4325: 4264: 4217: 4205: 3547: 3493: 3423: 3372: 1296:(GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps. Author 14: 14818:Indian collaborators with Nazi Germany 14750: 13054: 9149:The Indian Army and the End of the Raj 8679: 8551:"Celluloid tribute to a national hero" 8432: 8166: 8151:The Indian Army and the End of the Raj 7963: 7936: 7904: 7765: 7647: 7624: 7449:Chattopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1989), 7198: 7013:from the original on 25 September 2020 6613:"Netaji fan with error coin in pocket" 6581: 6332: 6118: 5887: 5839: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5771: 5754: 5731: 5719: 5676: 5510: 5498: 5474: 5390: 5326: 5225: 5002: 4891: 4838: 4823: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4769: 4757: 4724: 4705: 4693: 4678: 4666: 4651: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4536: 4524: 4493: 4193: 4181: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4059: 3966: 3874: 3820: 3805: 3782: 3763: 3570: 3384: 3355: 2799:Political views of Subhas Chandra Bose 2256:Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the 1622:, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent. 14908:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni 14783:Alumni of the University of Cambridge 13246: 13106: 11960: 10517: 9821: 9395: 9382: 9348:Works by or about Subhas Chandra Bose 8980:from the original on 28 December 2018 8821: 8644: 8609:There is No Such Thing As Hate Speech 8548: 8458: 8359: 8302: 8092:"Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany" 7820: 7774: 7742:Das Gupta, Ranjan (7 February 2015), 7592: 7544: 7506:from the original on 25 February 2016 7411:, Minerva Associates (Publications), 7132: 7109:Bhattacharjee, CS (23 January 2012), 7048: 7031: 6933: 6855: 6770:Singh, Shiv Sahay (19 January 2021). 6769: 6704: 6314:from the original on 22 February 2023 6284:from the original on 22 February 2023 6267:Jews and India: Perceptions and Image 6050: 5975: 5963: 5417:from the original on 21 February 2023 5384: 5359:from the original on 21 February 2023 5311: 5258: 5151: 4985: 4903: 4861:from the original on 25 February 2021 4512: 4413: 4371: 4337: 4288: 4074: 4044: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3886: 3848:Bose, Subhas Chandra (26 June 1943). 3744: 3525:Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2012), 1730:In Germany, Bose was attached to the 1545:in memoriam of those who died in the 1518:politicians agreed to meet with him. 857: 13032:Indian National Trade Union Congress 9242:Santhanam, Kausalya (1 March 2001), 9096:India International Centre Quarterly 8825:Longman History & Civics Icse 10 8773: 8407:Ramakrishnan, T (25 February 2001), 8339:from the original on 17 October 2015 8018:Loiwal, Manogya (19 January 2017b), 7996:Loiwal, Manogya (18 January 2017a), 7948:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 7853: 7568: 7363: 7329: 7297: 7207: 6782:from the original on 21 January 2021 6751:from the original on 23 January 2022 6683:from the original on 31 January 2021 6653:from the original on 4 February 2021 6623:from the original on 6 February 2021 5935: 5911: 5570:from the original on 20 January 2022 5522: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5026:from the original on 20 January 2022 4964:from the original on 23 January 2022 4915: 4144:from the original on 1 November 2021 4086: 3856:from the original on 30 January 2021 3847: 3445: 2884:Provisional Government of Free India 1541:, which then stood at the corner of 1451:leaders and political thinkers like 1101:, receiving his B.A. in 1918 in the 1077:Heated words were exchanged between 1068:. A year earlier, he had befriended 771:Provisional Government of Free India 13516:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) 8797: 8762:from the original on 17 August 2017 8748:Thomson, Mike (23 September 2004), 8711: 8574: 8520: 8500: 8482: 8459:Roche, Elizabeth (24 August 2007), 8270:Narangoa, Li; Cribb, R. B. (2003), 8066: 8043: 7545:Gauri, Gayatri (21 November 2017), 7517: 7003:"'Netaji Bose – The Lost Treasure'" 6971:"Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery" 6538: 6344: 6026: 5688: 5534: 5486: 5168: 4939: 4736: 4440: 4383: 4166: 3954: 2809:Bibliography of Subhas Chandra Bose 2711:, a dramatised version of the book 2566: 2287: 1434:On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the 1397:1937–1940: Indian National Congress 1227:In 1922 Bose founded the newspaper 1203:1921–1932: Indian National Congress 24: 14788:All India Forward Bloc politicians 14733:Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons 8968:Bose, Madhuri (10 February 2014), 8893: 8323:Pandohar, Jaspreet (16 May 2005), 8102:from the original on 8 August 2011 7943:The Indian National Army and Japan 7230:Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata (1997), 6843:from the original on 10 March 2022 6831:Mehrotra, Vani (23 January 2022). 6812:from the original on 10 March 2022 4928:Chakraborty & Bhaṭṭācārya 1989 4133:, in William A. Darity Jr. (ed.), 2789:Bombing of Rangoon in World War II 2490:Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island 2486:Netaji Subhash Place metro station 1629:helped him across the border into 1586:) in the then state of Bihar (now 25: 14969: 13027:National Students' Union of India 9807:Netaji statue (India Gate Canopy) 9319: 9306:from the original on 12 July 2023 9230:from the original on 12 July 2023 9198:from the original on 12 July 2023 9166:from the original on 12 July 2023 9134:from the original on 12 July 2023 9079:from the original on 12 July 2023 9047:from the original on 12 July 2023 8956:from the original on 12 July 2023 8921:from the original on 12 July 2023 8736:from the original on 12 July 2023 8700:from the original on 12 July 2023 8668:from the original on 12 July 2023 8636: 8329:BBC Homepage: Entertainment: Film 8291:from the original on 5 April 2014 8233:A Concise History of Modern India 8211:from the original on 12 July 2023 8134:from the original on 12 July 2023 7984:from the original on 12 July 2023 7925:from the original on 12 July 2023 7730:from the original on 4 March 2016 7706:from the original on 12 July 2023 7613:from the original on 12 July 2023 7557:from the original on 20 July 2018 7352:from the original on 12 July 2023 7338:, vol. 9, Orient Blackswan, 7318:from the original on 12 July 2023 7160:from the original on 12 July 2023 7097:from the original on 12 July 2023 6903:from the original on 8 March 2021 6002:India: The Most Dangerous Decades 5588: 5456:from the original on 12 July 2023 3642:from the original on 12 July 2023 3474:from the original on 12 July 2023 2892:Japanese-occupied Andaman Islands 2680:Subhash Chandra Bose: The Mystery 1972:as an observer in November 1943. 1809:1943–1945: Japanese-occupied Asia 1653:, and from there he travelled to 1322:; this time he emerged to become 907:, was loyal to the government of 13549:Darjeeling Himalayan hill region 13346:Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli) 13087: 13086: 13037:All India Professionals Congress 11990: 10738:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9938: 9478: 9015:from the original on 2 July 2023 8507:, Deep & Deep Publications, 8471:from the original on 14 May 2013 8435:Women Warriors in Southeast Asia 7572:Subhas Chandra Bose: A Biography 7073:Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004), 6983:from the original on 1 June 2023 6963: 6885: 6824: 6794: 6763: 6725: 6665: 6635: 6605: 6593: 6587: 6374: 6296: 6257: 6240: 6207: 6178: 6141: 6112: 6056: 5993: 5929: 5606: 5552: 5050: 5008: 4851:C. R. Attlee (30 January 1948), 3588:Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945) 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3227: 3214: 2784:Japanese occupation of Singapore 2624:directed the biographical film, 2436: 2427: 2312: 2115: 2106: 1703: 1694: 1645:. After assuming the guise of a 1351: 1342: 1249:. Bose worked as the CEO of the 739:. Identifying strongly with the 522: 503: 13132: 10978:Provisional Government of India 9908:Provisional Government of India 9863:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 9336:Subhas Chandra Bose family Tree 9244:"Wearing the mantle with grace" 7041: 6246:Bose to Dr. Thierfelder of the 3918:Haithcox, John Patrick (1971), 3841: 3204: 3195: 3177: 3167: 3157: 3148: 3135: 3125: 3112: 3103: 3093: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3031: 3021: 3012: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2686:Netaji Bose – The Lost Treasure 2494:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Setu 2492:at Andaman and Nicobar Island, 1849:for the rest of the journey to 1537:calling for the removal of the 871:—in what is today the state of 373: 181:18 January 1938 – 29 April 1939 14953:World War II political leaders 14923:Scottish Church College alumni 14808:British Empire in World War II 13599:Protected areas of West Bengal 13579:Western plateau and high lands 12610:Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya 9152:, Cambridge University Press, 9114:Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b), 9027:Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006), 8549:Salam, Ziya Us (20 May 2005), 8353:Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers 8236:, Cambridge University Press, 8076:, Cambridge University Press, 8053:, Cambridge University Press, 7964:Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b), 7599:, Cambridge University Press, 7500:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2876: 2859: 2845: 2836: 2248:, but eventually backtracked. 1998:Bose speaking in Tokyo in 1943 1251:Calcutta Municipal Corporation 1006:in Cuttack. Here, Bengali and 953:, told stories from the epics 757:(INA), which comprised Indian 224:22 August 1930 – 15 April 1931 135:22 June 1939 – 16 January 1941 13: 1: 14938:University of Calcutta alumni 14529:Ethnic communities in Kolkata 12465:Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 8686:, People's Publishing House, 8607:Shanker Kapoor, Ravi (2017), 8578:Subhas Chandra Bose 1897–1945 8002:, India Today, archived from 7634:, Columbia University Press, 7211:Economic and Political Weekly 6185:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2011), 4443:Holocaust Education Revisited 3565:Formosa, and Bose was killed. 3401:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (204), 3342: 2765:Mukherjee Commission Hearings 875:in India but was part of the 447:, Calcutta, 20 July 1917–1919 61: 14843:Indian diaspora in Singapore 14717:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 14687:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury 14156:Cities and towns by district 13709:Parliamentary constituencies 13688:All India Trinamool Congress 12796:Chembakassery Mathai Stephen 12065:All India Congress Committee 12039:Indian National Congress (I) 12034:Indian National Congress (R) 11587:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 10863:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 10545:Indian independence movement 10446:Japanese occupation of Burma 9802:statue (Shyambazar, Kolkata) 9525:Indian independence movement 9520:Greater East Asia Conference 8942:, Harvard University Press, 8901:Aldrich, Richard J. (2000), 8461:"訪印中の安倍首相、東京裁判のパール判事の息子らと面会" 8191:Mercado, Stephen C. (2002), 7795:The Hindu (24 August 2007), 7679:UK public library membership 7529:University of Michigan Press 7373:, Harvard University Press, 6082:Bruckenhaus, Daniel (2017), 5300:Encyclopædia Britannica 2016 2794:Death of Subhas Chandra Bose 2611:Neta Ji Subhash Chandra Bose 2514:Indian independence movement 2484:at Kolkata, West Bengal and 2446:Bose on 1964 stamps of India 2418: 2098:Death of Subhas Chandra Bose 2072:. However, with the fall of 1979:. INA's special forces, the 1970:Greater East Asia Conference 1950:Independent State of Croatia 1557:1941: Escape to Nazi Germany 1176:Secretary of State for India 1046:Presidency College, Calcutta 883:. Prabhabati, or familiarly 827: 670:. The early recipient of an 494:Indian independence movement 439:Presidency College, Calcutta 90:4 July 1943 – 18 August 1945 7: 14958:Far-right politics in India 14697:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 13441:Great Bengal famine of 1770 12470:Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur 11777:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 11164:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 10426:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 10229:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 9370:20th Century Press Archives 9001:, Oxford University Press, 8878:, Oxford University Press, 8855:, Oxford University Press, 8751:Hitler's secret Indian army 8680:Talwar, Bhagat Ram (1976), 8619:Silvestri, Michael (2019), 8409:"Memories of a brave heart" 8114:Markandeya, Subodh (1990), 8090:Majumdar, Sisir K. (1997), 7830:Jesudasen, Yasmine (2006), 7781:, Oxford University Press, 7718:The Guardian (9 May 2005), 7484:Durga Das Pvt. Ltd (1985), 6357:Kulke & Rothermund 2004 6063:Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2020), 6000:Harrison, Selig S. (1960), 3903:, Oxford University Press, 3899:Matthews, Roderick (2021), 3852:. Prasar Bharati Archives. 2888:Japanese-occupied Singapore 2771: 2478:Netaji Bhavan metro station 2474:Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal 2403:left a legacy fraught with 2251: 2012:Arcot Doraiswamy Loganadan 2008:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1506:, on the lines of Turkey's 1004:Ravenshaw Collegiate School 810:Indian National Army trials 778:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 433:Ravenshaw Collegiate School 10: 14974: 14453:Santiniketan Leather Goods 13526:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 13511:Partition of Bengal (1947) 13476:Partition of Bengal (1905) 12280:Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu 12070:Congress Working Committee 11512:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 11064:Indian Independence League 10781:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10776:Partition of Bengal (1905) 10441:Selarang Barracks incident 9530:Indian Independence League 9184:, Transaction Publishers, 8936:; Harper, Timothy (2005), 8720:Tata McGraw-Hill Education 8309:, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 8096:South Asia Forum Quarterly 7833:Voices of Freedom Movement 7569:Getz, Marshall J. (2002), 7433:Cambridge University Press 7304:, Netaji Research Bureau, 7175:; Harper, Timothy (2007), 7144:Cambridge University Press 6491:Markovits, Claude (2021), 6443:Markovits, Claude (2021), 6395:Markovits, Claude (2021), 6123:, Routledge, p. 342, 6067:, Routledge, p. 153, 5626:White-Spunner, B. (2017). 5403:. Roli Books. p. 55. 4357:Metcalf & Metcalf 2012 3662:; Harper, Timothy (2007), 3596:Markovits, Claude (2021), 2559:started an official award 2549:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose 2393:British authority in India 2095: 1897:Indian Independence League 1890:First Indian National Army 1878:Indian Independence League 1812: 1670:. He had Bose flown on to 1294:General officer commanding 702:Congress Working Committee 641:. The honorific 'Netaji' ( 619:British authority in India 29: 14823:Death conspiracy theories 14730: 14652:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 14617:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 14547: 14486: 14353: 14345:Ghosts in Bengali culture 14164: 13989: 13923: 13879: 13840: 13802: 13769: 13755: 13732: 13693:Communist Party (Marxist) 13654: 13594:Sandakphu (Highest point) 13534: 13521:Bangladesh Liberation War 13369: 13355:Devil's tree (Saptaparni) 13337:White-throated kingfisher 13296: 13281: 13214: 13185: 13159: 13138: 13084: 13045: 13017:All India Mahila Congress 13004: 12844: 12758: 12751: 12703: 12325: 12305: 12257: 12091: 12078: 12052: 11999: 11903: 11802: 11687:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 11487:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 11307: 11184:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 11104: 11059:Indian Home Rule movement 11001: 10898:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 10838:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 10766: 10703: 10551: 10476:Malaysian Indian Congress 10413: 10333: 10140: 10056: 9947: 9936: 9855: 9756: 9684: 9634: 9589: 9582: 9487: 9476: 9429: 9389: 9384:Links to related articles 9292:, Yale University Press, 9268:Sengupta, Hindol (2018), 8654:, John Wiley & Sons, 8598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7911:, Penguin Books Limited, 7547:"Bose: Dead/Alive review" 7387:Casolari, Marzia (2020), 7117:, Kolkata, archived from 5852:Narangoa & Cribb 2003 4400:, Oxford University Press 2555:. Also in the same year, 2456:at Kolkata, West Bengal, 2386: 2374: 2319:the Night of Broken Glass 1668:Count von der Schulenburg 1428:U. Muthuramalingam Thevar 1300:wrote about the meeting: 1035:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 511: 499: 489: 460: 422: 399: 389: 358: 344: 326: 312: 292: 261: 256: 252: 240: 228: 217: 209: 197: 185: 174: 163: 151: 139: 128: 120: 106: 94: 83: 75: 71: 53: 41: 13698:Indian National Congress 13446:Indian Rebellion of 1857 13319:Banglar Mati Banglar Jol 12370:Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 12335:Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 11988:Indian National Congress 11926:Indian annexation of Goa 11772:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11284:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11049:Indian National Congress 10848:Non-cooperation movement 10431:Special Bureau for India 10066:Indian National Congress 9569:Special Bureau for India 9540:Indian National Congress 9341:24 February 2021 at the 9146:Marston, Daniel (2014), 8306:Indian Political Thought 7770:, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 7425:Chatterji, Joya (2007), 7183:Harvard University Press 6214:Shindler, Colin (2010), 6119:Roland, Joan G. (2017), 5547:Goto & Kratoska 2003 5339:Virender Grover (1998). 3670:Harvard University Press 3494:Satoshi, Nakano (2012), 3424:Gilbert, Martin (2009), 2830: 2713:India's Biggest Cover-up 2694:INA treasure controversy 2640:BFI London Film Festival 2547:inaugurated a Statue of 2222:Indian National Congress 2035:Indian National Congress 1964:and Japanese-controlled 1768:Special Bureau for India 1732:Special Bureau for India 1408:Indian National Congress 1290:Indian National Congress 1221:non-cooperation movement 802:Indian National Congress 685:Indian National Congress 653:Special Bureau for India 349:Indian National Congress 313:Cause of death 169:Indian National Congress 14903:People from West Bengal 14773:20th-century memoirists 14692:Michael Madhusudan Dutt 14328:Pather Panchali (novel) 14246:Prostitution in Kolkata 13714:Assembly constituencies 13679:Human Rights Commission 12852:N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar 12515:C. Vijayaraghavachariar 11931:Indian Independence Act 11517:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 11492:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 11462:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 11199:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 11179:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 11014:All-India Muslim League 10968:Royal Air Force strikes 10933:Round table conferences 10923:Chittagong armoury raid 10813:Hindu–German Conspiracy 10796:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 10566:Porto Grande de Bengala 10224:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 9969:Indian National Council 9729:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 9270:The Man Who Saved India 9178:Pelinka, Anton (2003), 8830:Pearson Education India 8391:Business Standard Books 8366:, Sterling Publishers, 8287:, The Open University, 7284:Ayer, Subbier Appadurai 7262:Oxford University Press 7134:Bayly, Christopher Alan 6893:"Subhas Chandra (1966)" 6871:. Sterling Publishers. 6264:Egorova, Yulia (2008). 5660:Bayly & Harper 2007 5601:Bayly & Harper 2007 5436:John J. Dunphy (2018). 5181:Durga Das Pvt. Ltd 1985 4314:Bayly & Harper 2007 4250:Bayly & Harper 2007 2642:, and has garnered the 2523:declared 23 January as 2498:Japanese Prime Minister 2464:, a train runs between 1946:Italian Social Republic 1927:Currency issued by the 1910:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 1872:, the president of the 1721:; (right) Bose meeting 1641:to the border with the 1134:University of Cambridge 1112:A photograph (1851) of 1099:Scottish Church College 1021:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 629:left a legacy vexed by 480:University of Cambridge 445:Scottish Church College 441:, 1912–15 February 1916 235:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 32:Netaji (disambiguation) 14883:Indian revolutionaries 14833:Indian autobiographers 14504:Economy of West Bengal 14276:Architecture of Bengal 13703:Bharatiya Janata Party 13641:Tiger Hill, Darjeeling 13062:Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu 12615:Purushottam Das Tandon 12485:Ambica Charan Mazumdar 11717:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 11622:Purushottam Das Tandon 10988:Praja Mandala movement 10802:The Indian Sociologist 10177:First Arakan offensive 9671:Joachim von Ribbentrop 9656:Adam von Trott zu Solz 9510:All India Forward Bloc 9326:Netaji Research Bureau 9033:, Prakash Book Depot, 8993:Brown, Judith Margaret 8852:A New History of India 8782:Jaico Publishing House 8167:McLynn, Frank (2011), 7854:Josh, Bhagwan (1992), 7775:Hayes, Romain (2011), 7671:10.1093/ref:odnb/47756 7455:, Minerva Associates, 7336:Netaji Collected Works 7282:; Jog, Narayan Gopal; 7199:Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), 6617:www.telegraphindia.com 6304:"Bose & the Nazis" 4954:"Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi" 4128:"Indian National Army" 2819:Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja 2669:His Majesty's Opponent 2630:depicting his life in 2588: 2587:Subhas in Army uniform 2580: 2543:, New Delhi. In 2022, 2533:All India Forward Bloc 2372: 2202: 2137:Japanese-ruled Formosa 1999: 1932: 1888:in December 1941. The 1832: 1736:Adam von Trott zu Solz 1676:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1566: 1547:Black Hole of Calcutta 1499: 1436:All India Forward Bloc 1418: 1316: 1281: 1265:, where he contracted 1216: 1189: 1171: 1149: 1117: 1091:University of Calcutta 1039:University of Calcutta 999: 867:on 23 January 1897 in 849: 787:recapture of Singapore 470:University of Calcutta 353:All India Forward Bloc 123:All India Forward Bloc 14607:Jagadish Chandra Bose 14229:Rabindra Nritya Natya 13604:Rivers of West Bengal 13496:Bengal famine of 1943 13310:Emblem of West Bengal 13072:Anumula Revanth Reddy 13022:Indian Youth Congress 12897:Kodardas Kalidas Shah 12872:Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim 12435:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 12420:Surendranath Banerjee 12385:Surendranath Banerjee 11941:Political integration 11682:Shyamji Krishna Varma 11467:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 11412:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 11244:Rettamalai Srinivasan 11204:Mahadev Govind Ranade 11009:All India Kisan Sabha 10973:Coup d'état of Yanaon 10873:Qissa Khwani massacre 10858:Coolie-Begar movement 10673:Second Anglo-Sikh War 10461:India in World War II 10436:Azad Hind Decorations 10368:INA Defence Committee 10182:Hindustan Field Force 9964:Swami Satyananda Puri 9621:Sachindra Nath Sanyal 9059:Copland, Ian (2001), 8822:Vipul, Singh (2009), 8798:Vas, Eric A. (2008), 8715:Modern Indian History 8613:Bloomsbury Publishing 8575:Sen, Satadru (1999), 8521:Roy, Dr R.C. (2004), 8483:Roy, Kaushik (2019), 8281:"Subhas Chandra Bose" 8279:The Open University, 8250:Moreman, Tim (2013), 8175:Yale University Press 8120:, Arnold Publishers, 7593:Ghosh, Durba (2017), 7490:, Durga Das Pvt. Ltd. 6539:Roy, Kaushik (2019), 6502:10.1017/9781316899847 6454:10.1017/9781316899847 6406:10.1017/9781316899847 6252:Bose & Bose 1997a 6039:Bose & Bose 1997a 5614:Bose & Bose 1997a 5057:Faltis, Otto (1936). 3609:10.1017/9781316899847 2886:, which was based in 2586: 2574: 2460:at Gomoh, Jharkhand, 2352: 2347:" over this article. 2175: 2092:18 August 1945: Death 1997: 1926: 1826: 1657:. Once in Russia the 1597:with the help of the 1564: 1497: 1444:Muthuramalinga Thevar 1416: 1302: 1275: 1243:Indian Youth Congress 1210: 1184: 1167: 1147: 1122:Indian Civil Services 1111: 993: 840: 833:1897–1921: Early life 158:Sardul Singh Kavishar 14873:Indian National Army 14637:Satyendranath Tagore 14632:Abanindranath Tagore 13674:Legislative Assembly 12655:Shankar Dayal Sharma 12635:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 12575:Madan Mohan Malaviya 12555:Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 12550:S. Srinivasa Iyengar 12495:Madan Mohan Malaviya 12450:Madan Mohan Malaviya 12415:Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 12390:Rahimtulla M. Sayani 11767:Veeran Sundaralingam 11722:Tara Rani Srivastava 11657:Sahajanand Saraswati 11547:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 11432:Chandra Shekhar Azad 11337:Alluri Sitarama Raju 11294:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 11249:Sahajanand Saraswati 11169:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 11069:Indian National Army 10913:Dharasana Satyagraha 10818:Champaran Satyagraha 10668:First Anglo-Sikh War 10234:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 10004:Bidadary Resolutions 9849:Indian National Army 9784:Mukherjee Commission 9714:Jaganath Rao Bhonsle 9535:Indian National Army 9286:Talbot, Ian (2016), 8360:Patil, V.S. (1988), 8303:Padhy, K.S. (2011), 7938:Lebra, Joyce Chapman 7905:Kumar, Anu (2010b), 7496:"Suhas Chandra Bose" 7232:"The India Struggle" 7059:, pp. 162–191, 6865:Gautam Kaul (1998). 6745:Press Trust of India 6649:. 14 November 2018. 6602:at Wikimedia Commons 5936:Deka, Meeta (2013), 5045:Bose & Bose 1997 4958:amritmahotsav.nic.in 4137:, pp. 610–611, 3957:, pp. 297, 313. 3889:, pp. 305, 325. 3446:Huff, Gregg (2020), 2676:, published in 2011. 2482:Netaji metro station 2476:at Cuttack, Odisha, 2340:The Jewish Chronicle 2230:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur 1931:with Bose's portrait 1870:Pritam Singh Dhillon 1858:Indian National Army 1815:Indian National Army 1661:transported Bose to 1424:Pattabhi Sitaramayya 1312:Bertram Mills circus 1255:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 1138:entered the register 1126:Lord Sinha of Raipur 1070:Hemanta Kumar Sarkar 1066:Western philosophers 773:was declared on the 755:Indian National Army 676:Indian Civil Service 78:Indian National Army 18:Subhash Chandra Bose 14878:Indian nationalists 14803:Bengali politicians 14758:Subhas Chandra Bose 14642:Satyendranath Dutta 14627:Jnanadanandini Devi 14582:Subhas Chandra Bose 14557:Rabindranath Tagore 14524:Anglo-Indian people 14194:Arts of West Bengal 13925:Presidency division 13804:Jalpaiguri division 13559:North Bengal plains 13172:Subhas Chandra Bose 12922:Narayan Dutt Tiwari 12907:Kamalapati Tripathi 12902:Uma Shankar Dikshit 12862:Lal Bahadur Shastri 12811:P. V. Narasimha Rao 12776:Lal Bahadur Shastri 12738:P. V. Narasimha Rao 12718:Lal Bahadur Shastri 12675:P. V. Narasimha Rao 12595:Subhas Chandra Bose 12530:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 12475:Bhupendra Nath Bose 12405:Romesh Chunder Dutt 12265:Andaman and Nicobar 12019:Nehru–Gandhi family 11752:V. K. Krishna Menon 11697:Subhas Chandra Bose 11582:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11577:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 11472:Govind Ballabh Pant 11452:Dayananda Saraswati 11377:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 11174:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 11154:Dhondo Keshav Karve 11149:Dayananda Saraswati 11144:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 11119:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 10632:Anglo-Maratha Wars 10308:Battle of Irrawaddy 10058:Subhas Chandra Bose 9949:Indian Independence 9800:Subhas Chandra Bose 9423:Subhas Chandra Bose 9357:Subhas Chandra Bose 8847:Wolpert, Stanley A. 8777:Subhas Chandra Bose 8774:Toye, Hugh (2007), 8712:Tarique, Mohammad, 8501:Roy, Meenu (1996), 8224:Metcalf, Barbara D. 7883:Rothermund, Dietmar 7478:Chatto & Windus 7470:Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 6837:www.indiatvnews.com 6808:. 22 January 2022. 6747:. 23 January 2022. 6600:Subhas Chandra Bose 6572:, pp. 124–125. 6371:, pp. 117–118. 6053:, pp. 165–166. 6041:, pp. 319–320. 5924:Shanker Kapoor 2017 5827:, pp. 197–198. 5774:, pp. 541–542. 5734:, pp. 195–196. 5722:, pp. 196–197. 5118:, pp. 129–130. 5059:"India and Austria" 5022:. 22 January 2020. 4496:, pp. 102–103. 4267:, pp. 339–340. 4235:Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004 4196:, pp. 295–296. 4077:, pp. 141–143. 4062:, pp. 344–345. 4047:, pp. 114–116. 3969:, pp. 420–428. 3877:, pp. 459–460. 3836:The_Open_University 3387:, pp. 502–503. 2967:The Indian Struggle 2577:Republic Day Parade 2557:Government of India 2545:Government of India 2537:Government of India 2521:Government of India 2292:Bose believed that 1954:Wang Jingwei regime 1918:Lakshmi Swaminathan 1611:North West frontier 1386:The Indian Struggle 1159:Indian Evidence Act 767:Battle of Singapore 763:British Indian army 518:Subhas Chandra Bose 476:, Philosophy, 1919) 266:Subhas Chandra Bose 48:Subhas Chandra Bose 14898:People from Odisha 14722:Nihar Ranjan Gupta 14647:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 14622:Sarat Chandra Bose 14592:Bidhan Chandra Roy 14293:Bengali literature 14174:Bengal Renaissance 13881:Medinipur division 13451:Bengal Renaissance 13426:East India Company 13167:Sarat Chandra Bose 12992:Mallikarjun Kharge 12877:Yashwantrao Chavan 12831:Sushilkumar Shinde 12791:Yashwantrao Chavan 12695:Mallikarjun Kharge 12460:Bishan Narayan Dar 12455:William Wedderburn 12410:N. G. Chandavarkar 12355:William Wedderburn 11936:Partition of India 11782:Yashwantrao Holkar 11747:V. O. Chidamabaram 11702:Subramania Bharati 11632:Rahul Sankrityayan 11617:Pritilata Waddedar 11527:Shri Krishna Singh 11427:C. Rajagopalachari 11417:Bidhan Chandra Roy 11402:Bhavabhushan Mitra 11387:Begum Hazrat Mahal 11342:Annapurna Maharana 11214:Muthulakshmi Reddy 11159:G. Subramania Iyer 10853:Christmas Day Plot 10728:Indian nationalism 10678:Sannyasi rebellion 10576:East India Company 10373:Kailash Nath Katju 10318:Surrender of Japan 10313:Battle of Meiktila 10024:Bangkok Conference 9574:Surrender of Japan 9463:Sarat Chandra Bose 9447:(wife / companion) 9256:on 3 December 2013 9092:Gordon, Leonard A. 8934:Bayly, Christopher 8651:A History of India 8563:on 17 October 2015 8537:on 3 November 2006 8421:on 17 October 2015 8228:Metcalf, Thomas R. 7888:A History of India 7809:on 12 January 2012 7766:Hauner, M (1981), 7744:"Netaji in Cinema" 7689:Tensions of empire 7649:Gordon, Leonard A. 7626:Gordon, Leonard A. 7173:Bayly, Christopher 7121:on 9 February 2021 6741:The Economic Times 6647:The Times of India 5815:, p. 544–545. 5616:, pp. 301–302 5564:The Indian Express 5397:Ashis Ray (2018). 5128:Chattopadhyay 1989 4605:, pp. 19, 37. 4539:, pp. 12, 13. 3705:Gordon, Leonard A. 3660:Bayly, Christopher 2692:, it explores the 2589: 2581: 2529:Trinamool Congress 2391:Bose' defiance of 2282:National Socialism 2280:synthesis between 2000: 1933: 1916:) headed by Capt. 1912:(named after Rani 1833: 1625:Supporters of the 1593:Bose journeyed to 1567: 1539:"Holwell Monument" 1520:Conservative Party 1500: 1419: 1320:civil disobedience 1282: 1217: 1163:Sarat Chandra Bose 1150: 1130:Bhupendranath Basu 1118: 1114:Presidency College 1083:Sarat Chandra Bose 1000: 996:Sarat Chandra Bose 963:English literature 850: 617:whose defiance of 615:Indian nationalist 435:, Cuttack, 1909–12 317:Third-degree burns 247:Bidhan Chandra Roy 14893:Mayors of Kolkata 14888:Indian socialists 14868:Indian memoirists 14745: 14744: 14739: 14738: 14677:Dwarkanath Tagore 14667:Swami Vivekananda 14567:Kazi Nazrul Islam 14383:Bengal Patachitra 14368:Banglar Rosogolla 14179:Bengali calendars 14076:Jaynagar Majilpur 13985: 13984: 13977:South 24 Parganas 13960:North 24 Parganas 13905:Paschim Medinipur 13789:Paschim Bardhaman 13684:Political parties 13646:Siliguri Corridor 13619:Brahmaputra River 13501:Direct Action Day 13436:Bengal Presidency 13431:Battle of Plassey 13406:Cooch Behar State 13401:Mallabhum kingdom 13240: 13239: 13100: 13099: 13080: 13079: 13000: 12999: 12932:Shankarrao Chavan 12570:Vallabhbhai Patel 12445:Rash Behari Ghosh 12360:Pherozeshah Mehta 12321: 12320: 12149:Jammu and Kashmir 12104:Arunachal Pradesh 12044:Breakaway parties 12014:Electoral history 11954: 11953: 11921:Republic of India 11757:Vallabhbhai Patel 11742:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11642:Ram Prasad Bismil 11537:M. Bhaktavatsalam 11497:Jatindra Nath Das 11422:Bipin Chandra Pal 11357:Babu Kunwar Singh 11327:Achyut Patwardhan 11084:Khudai Khidmatgar 10928:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 10868:Kakori conspiracy 10828:Rowlatt Committee 10791:Direct Action Day 10753:Swadeshi movement 10733:Khilafat Movement 10723:Hindu nationalism 10683:Rebellion of 1857 10606:Anglo-Mysore Wars 10596:Battle of Plassey 10511: 10510: 10383:Tej Bahadur Sapru 10259:Rasammah Bhupalan 10162:Fall of Singapore 10125:Death controversy 10088:Bengal Volunteers 9923:Greater East Asia 9815: 9814: 9752: 9751: 9626:Ram Prasad Bismil 9601:Bengal Volunteers 9515:Free India Centre 9299:978-0-300-19694-8 9279:978-93-5305-200-3 9223:978-1-134-68490-8 9191:978-1-4128-2154-4 9159:978-0-521-89975-8 9127:978-981-230-809-2 9072:978-0-582-38173-5 9040:978-81-7977-149-5 9008:978-0-19-873112-2 8949:978-0-674-01748-1 8914:978-0-521-64186-9 8885:978-0-19-539394-1 8862:978-0-19-512877-2 8839:978-81-317-2042-4 8815:978-81-7062-243-7 8806:Lancer Publishers 8791:978-81-7224-401-9 8693:978-0-88386-848-5 8661:978-1-4443-2351-1 8639:The Andaman Story 8630:978-3-030-18041-6 8494:978-0-253-04415-0 8444:978-1-138-82935-0 8400:978-81-905735-4-2 8373:978-81-207-0653-8 8316:978-81-203-4305-4 8263:978-1-135-76456-2 8243:978-1-107-02649-0 8204:978-1-57488-443-2 8184:978-0-300-17162-4 8160:978-0-521-89975-8 8127:978-81-7031-241-3 8083:978-0-521-89261-2 8060:978-0-521-45754-5 8050:Eclipse of Empire 8032:on 3 January 2018 7977:978-981-230-809-2 7957:978-981-230-806-1 7918:978-81-8475-312-7 7898:978-0-415-32919-4 7871:978-81-7036-295-1 7847:978-81-7478-555-8 7821:James, L (1997), 7788:978-0-19-932739-3 7677:(Subscription or 7641:978-0-231-07442-1 7606:978-1-107-18666-8 7586:978-0-7864-1265-5 7538:978-0-472-08342-8 7462:978-81-85195-19-3 7442:978-1-139-46830-5 7418:978-81-85195-16-2 7398:978-0-367-50826-5 7380:978-0-674-04754-9 7345:978-81-7824-103-6 7271:978-0-19-564854-6 7201:Swami Vivekananda 7192:978-0-674-02153-2 7153:978-1-139-50518-5 7115:The Sunday Indian 7090:978-81-250-2596-2 7066:978-1-136-28888-3 6958:The Guardian 2005 6878:978-81-207-2116-6 6737:economictimes.com 6598:Media related to 6550:978-0-253-04415-0 6512:978-1-107-18675-0 6464:978-1-107-18675-0 6416:978-1-107-18675-0 6277:978-1-134-14655-0 6248:Deutsche Academie 6225:978-1-4411-8898-4 6196:978-0-521-61826-7 6159:978-1-00-314613-1 6130:978-0-7658-0439-6 6093:978-0-19-066001-7 5987:978-1-138-35218-6 5947:978-81-321-1138-2 5902:, pp. 64–65. 5639:978-1-4711-4802-6 5549:, pp. 57–58. 5513:, pp. 24–25. 5501:, pp. 21–23. 5489:, pp. 74–75. 5477:, pp. 28–29. 5449:978-1-4766-3337-4 5410:978-81-936260-5-4 5290:, pp. 10–14. 5063:The Modern Review 4841:, pp. 62–63. 4772:, pp. 59–60. 4708:, pp. 55–56. 4654:, pp. 42–43. 4590:, pp. 34–35. 4566:, pp. 31–32. 4527:, pp. 9, 14. 4476:978-1-00-314613-1 4452:978-3-658-24204-6 4431:, pp. 89–90. 4032:, pp. 87–88. 3984:, pp. 65–67. 3679:978-0-674-02153-2 3619:978-1-107-18675-0 3536:978-9971-69-599-6 3505:978-1-138-54128-3 3459:978-1-107-09933-3 3435:978-0-415-55289-9 2804:Bengal Volunteers 2752:is a 2019 Indian 2656:, 2005 published 2603:is a 1966 Indian 2262:Swami Vivekananda 2214:Nichiren Buddhism 2171:Leonard A. Gordon 2086:tried for treason 1886:Malayan peninsula 1884:, on the western 1841:Cape of Good Hope 1791:mired in the USSR 1776:Leonard A. Gordon 1713:(left) Bose with 1635:Organization Todt 1620:Bhagat Ram Talwar 1603:Bhagat Ram Talwar 1361:(left) Bose with 1155:Indian Penal Code 1095:Asutosh Mukherjee 1025:Swami Vivekananda 1023:and his disciple 877:Bengal Presidency 775:Japanese-occupied 713:Free India Legion 711:. A 3,000-strong 515: 514: 283:Bengal Presidency 212:Mayor of Calcutta 121:President of the 16:(Redirected from 14965: 14828:Fascism in India 14398:Dhaniakhali Sari 14308:Professor Shonku 14303:Lalmohan Ganguly 14288:Bengali language 14224:Rabindra Sangeet 14081:Jiaganj Azimganj 13850:Dakshin Dinajpur 13771:Burdwan division 13767: 13766: 13742:Matua Mahasangha 13486:Anushilan Samiti 13421:Nawabs of Bengal 13267: 13260: 13253: 13244: 13243: 13201:Sisir Kumar Bose 13193:Anita Bose Pfaff 13127: 13120: 13113: 13104: 13103: 13090: 13089: 13052: 13051: 12987:Ghulam Nabi Azad 12972:Abhishek Singhvi 12912:Pranab Mukherjee 12892:Jaisukhlal Hathi 12882:Jaisukhlal Hathi 12826:Pranab Mukherjee 12771:Gulzarilal Nanda 12766:Jawaharlal Nehru 12756: 12755: 12723:Gulzarilal Nanda 12713:Jawaharlal Nehru 12620:Jawaharlal Nehru 12590:Jawaharlal Nehru 12565:Jawaharlal Nehru 12525:Chittaranjan Das 12520:Hakim Ajmal Khan 12440:Dadabhai Naoroji 12400:Anandamohan Bose 12395:C. Sankaran Nair 12375:Dadabhai Naoroji 12345:Badruddin Tyabji 12340:Dadabhai Naoroji 12144:Himachal Pradesh 12089: 12088: 11994: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11958: 11957: 11946:Simla Conference 11737:Tiruppur Kumaran 11707:Subramaniya Siva 11662:Sangolli Rayanna 11652:Rash Behari Bose 11592:Nagnath Naikwadi 11502:Jawaharlal Nehru 11447:Dadabhai Naoroji 11442:Chittaranjan Das 11332:A. K. Fazlul Huq 11254:Savitribai Phule 11079:Khaksar movement 11034:Berlin Committee 11019:Anushilan Samiti 10983:Independence Day 10943:Aundh Experiment 10918:Vedaranyam March 10823:Kheda Satyagraha 10808:Singapore Mutiny 10591:Portuguese India 10538: 10531: 10524: 10515: 10514: 10393:Jawaharlal Nehru 10303:Battle of Kohima 10298:Battle of Imphal 10152:Battle of Malaya 10009:Tokyo Conference 9999:Rash Behari Bose 9942: 9888:Berlin Committee 9842: 9835: 9828: 9819: 9818: 9734:Rash Behari Bose 9719:Iwaichi Fujiwara 9651:A. C. N. Nambiar 9611:Jawaharlal Nehru 9587: 9586: 9482: 9469:Sisir Kumar Bose 9439:Anita Bose Pfaff 9416: 9409: 9402: 9393: 9392: 9380: 9379: 9352:Internet Archive 9314: 9313: 9311: 9282: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9252:, archived from 9238: 9237: 9235: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9110: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9023: 9022: 9020: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8888: 8870:Wolpert, Stanley 8865: 8842: 8818: 8794: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8641: 8633: 8615: 8603: 8597: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8559:, archived from 8545: 8544: 8542: 8536: 8530:, archived from 8529: 8517: 8497: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8455: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8417:, archived from 8403: 8376: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8319: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8275: 8266: 8246: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8187: 8163: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8086: 8063: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8028:, archived from 8014: 8013: 8011: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7960: 7933: 7932: 7930: 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2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2874: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2734:In January 2019 2719:, which starred 2705:Bose: Dead/Alive 2567:In popular media 2440: 2431: 2413:military failure 2405:authoritarianism 2294:authoritarianism 2288:Authoritarianism 2284:and communism." 2238:Second World War 2226:(Mahatma) Gandhi 2177:A disinfectant, 2167: 2157:Tsunamasa Shidei 2153: 2150:, at around 2:30 2119: 2110: 1901:Rash Behari Bose 1862:Iwaichi Fujiwara 1787:Jawaharlal Nehru 1760:Azad Hind Legion 1715:Heinrich Himmler 1707: 1698: 1580:Sisir Kumar Bose 1543:Dalhousie Square 1504:authoritarianism 1465:Arthur Greenwood 1381:Benito Mussolini 1371:A. C. N. Nambiar 1355: 1346: 1286:Jawaharlal Nehru 1247:Chittaranjan Das 1235:Chittaranjan Das 1027:, and the novel 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 862: 844:: The growth of 818:Japanese fascism 759:prisoners of war 735:, gave birth to 689:Jawaharlal Nehru 660:Bengali Kayastha 639:military failure 631:authoritarianism 610: 606: 603: 597: 596: 595: 594: 587: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 570: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 507: 451:Fitzwilliam Hall 394:Anita Bose Pfaff 385: 384: 377: 375: 299: 275: 273: 257:Personal details 243: 231: 222: 200: 192:Jawaharlal Nehru 188: 179: 154: 142: 133: 114:Office abolished 109: 97: 88: 66: 63: 58: 39: 38: 21: 14973: 14972: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14853:Indian fascists 14748: 14747: 14746: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14726: 14702:Sister Nivedita 14572:Anil Kumar Gain 14543: 14482: 14468:Sundarban Honey 14458:Shantipuri sari 14349: 14251:Pohela Boishakh 14160: 13992: 13981: 13919: 13910:Purba Medinipur 13875: 13836: 13798: 13794:Purba Bardhaman 13760: 13751: 13728: 13719:CID West Bengal 13664:Chief Ministers 13650: 13530: 13365: 13292: 13277: 13271: 13241: 13236: 13210: 13181: 13155: 13151:Prabhabati Bose 13146:Janakinath Bose 13134: 13131: 13101: 13096: 13076: 13047:Chief ministers 13041: 13005:Political wings 12996: 12962:Digvijaya Singh 12927:P. Shiv Shankar 12840: 12747: 12705:Prime ministers 12699: 12645:S. Nijalingappa 12605:J. B. Kripalani 12600:Abul Kalam Azad 12585:Rajendra Prasad 12580:Nellie Sengupta 12535:Abul Kalam Azad 12510:Lala Lajpat Rai 12500:Syed Hasan Imam 12317: 12301: 12253: 12083: 12081: 12074: 12048: 11995: 11985: 11955: 11950: 11911:Cabinet Mission 11899: 11803:British leaders 11798: 11787:Yogendra Shukla 11692:Siraj ud-Daulah 11647:Rani Lakshmibai 11637:Rajendra Prasad 11627:R. Venkataraman 11572:Mithuben Petit‎ 11552:Mahadaji Shinde 11532:Lala Lajpat Rai 11367:Bahadur Shah II 11352:Ashfaqulla Khan 11322:Accamma Cherian 11317:Abul Kalam Azad 11309: 11303: 11274:Syed Ahmad Khan 11264:Sister Nivedita 11229:Pandita Ramabai 11224:Niralamba Swami 11189:J. B. Kripalani 11114:Ashfaqulla Khan 11106: 11100: 11039:Ghadar Movement 10997: 10878:Flag Satyagraha 10786:Revolutionaries 10768: 10762: 10705: 10699: 10601:Battle of Buxar 10547: 10542: 10512: 10507: 10456:Masakasu Kawabe 10451:Burma Area Army 10421:Azad Hind Radio 10409: 10388:Bhulabhai Desai 10335:Red Fort trials 10329: 10244:A.D. Loganathan 10143: 10142:Indian National 10136: 10120:Habib-ur-Rahman 10052: 9950: 9943: 9934: 9851: 9846: 9816: 9811: 9774:Political views 9748: 9739:Shah Nawaz Khan 9694:Habib ur Rahman 9686: 9680: 9676:Wilhelm Keppler 9638: 9630: 9593: 9578: 9505:Azad Hind Radio 9483: 9474: 9465:(elder brother) 9457:Prabhabati Bose 9451:Janakinath Bose 9425: 9420: 9385: 9343:Wayback Machine 9322: 9317: 9309: 9307: 9300: 9285: 9280: 9267: 9259: 9257: 9241: 9233: 9231: 9224: 9209: 9201: 9199: 9192: 9177: 9169: 9167: 9160: 9145: 9137: 9135: 9128: 9113: 9090: 9082: 9080: 9073: 9058: 9050: 9048: 9041: 9026: 9018: 9016: 9009: 8991: 8983: 8981: 8967: 8959: 8957: 8950: 8932: 8924: 8922: 8915: 8900: 8896: 8894:Further reading 8891: 8886: 8863: 8840: 8816: 8792: 8765: 8763: 8739: 8737: 8730: 8703: 8701: 8694: 8671: 8669: 8662: 8631: 8591: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8566: 8564: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8515: 8495: 8474: 8472: 8465:Elizabeth Roche 8445: 8424: 8422: 8401: 8374: 8342: 8340: 8317: 8294: 8292: 8264: 8244: 8214: 8212: 8205: 8185: 8161: 8147:Marston, Daniel 8137: 8135: 8128: 8105: 8103: 8084: 8061: 8035: 8033: 8009: 8007: 7987: 7985: 7978: 7958: 7928: 7926: 7919: 7899: 7872: 7848: 7812: 7810: 7789: 7757: 7755: 7754:on 9 March 2021 7733: 7731: 7709: 7707: 7700: 7676: 7642: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7587: 7560: 7558: 7539: 7519:Fay, Peter Ward 7509: 7507: 7463: 7443: 7419: 7399: 7381: 7355: 7353: 7346: 7321: 7319: 7312: 7272: 7247: 7245: 7237:Hindustan Times 7193: 7163: 7161: 7154: 7124: 7122: 7100: 7098: 7091: 7067: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6863: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6806:Hindustan Times 6800: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6551: 6513: 6465: 6417: 6392: 6388: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6278: 6262: 6258: 6245: 6241: 6226: 6212: 6208: 6197: 6183: 6179: 6160: 6146: 6142: 6131: 6117: 6113: 6094: 6080: 6076: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029:, pp. 7–8. 6025: 6021: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5974: 5970: 5966:, pp. 345. 5962: 5958: 5948: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5778: 5770: 5761: 5753: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5666: 5658: 5647: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5387:, pp. 111. 5383: 5379: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5247:Markandeya 1990 5245: 5232: 5224: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5020:Hindustan Times 5014: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4873: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4500: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4124:Gordon, Leonard 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3930: 3916: 3912: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3789: 3781: 3770: 3762: 3751: 3743: 3730: 3719: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3680: 3658: 3645: 3643: 3620: 3583: 3560: 3537: 3506: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3436: 3413: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2965:"While writing 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2881: 2877: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2774: 2761:Srijit Mukherji 2569: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2421: 2389: 2377: 2323:Hindu Mahasabha 2315: 2290: 2254: 2197:Ringer solution 2165: 2151: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2100: 2094: 2054:Azad Hind Radio 1876:chapter of the 1821: 1813:Main articles: 1811: 1740:Azad Hind Radio 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1559: 1531:Lord Linlithgow 1489:Stafford Cripps 1457:George Lansbury 1399: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1336: 1298:Nirad Chaudhuri 1205: 900: 897: 894: 891: 865:Janakinath Bose 854:Prabhabati Bose 835: 830: 798:Japanese Taiwan 783:attack on India 725:mired in Russia 698:princely states 648:Indische Legion 608: 604: 601: 590: 589: 571: 548: 525: 521: 485: 456: 418: 413:Prabhabati Bose 407:Janakinath Bose 382: 381: 380: 379: 376: 1937) 371: 367: 351: 345:Political party 307:Japanese Taiwan 301: 297: 277: 276:23 January 1897 271: 269: 268: 267: 241: 229: 223: 218: 204:Rajendra Prasad 198: 186: 180: 175: 152: 140: 134: 129: 107: 95: 89: 84: 67: 64: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14971: 14961: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14933:Third Position 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14798:Bengali Hindus 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14736: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14494:Bengali people 14490: 14488: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14428:Jaynagarer Moa 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14393:Darjeeling tea 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14373:Banglar Muslin 14370: 14365: 14363:Baluchari sari 14359: 14357: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14335:Bengali cinema 14332: 14331: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14290: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14281:Bengal temples 14273: 14268: 14266:Raksha Bandhan 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14041:Hugli-Chuchura 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13997: 13995: 13987: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13979: 13974: 13968: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13941: 13936: 13929: 13927: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13871:Uttar Dinajpur 13868: 13863: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13844: 13842:Malda division 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13808: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13775: 13773: 13764: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13738: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13724:Kolkata Police 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13660: 13658: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13540: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13506:Noakhali riots 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13411:Sher Shah Suri 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13387: 13386: 13375: 13373: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13363: 13357: 13348: 13339: 13330: 13321: 13312: 13302: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13270: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13247: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13218: 13216: 13215:4th generation 13212: 13211: 13209: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13195: 13189: 13187: 13186:3rd generation 13183: 13182: 13180: 13179: 13177:Emilie Schenkl 13174: 13169: 13163: 13161: 13160:2nd generation 13157: 13156: 13154: 13153: 13148: 13142: 13140: 13139:1st generation 13136: 13135: 13130: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13107: 13098: 13097: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13058: 13056: 13049: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13008: 13006: 13002: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12982:Manmohan Singh 12979: 12974: 12969: 12967:P. Chidambaram 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12867:Govind Ballabh 12864: 12859: 12854: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12762: 12760: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12743:Manmohan Singh 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12545:Sarojini Naidu 12542: 12540:Mahatma Gandhi 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12425:Lalmohan Ghosh 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12323: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12315: 12309: 12307: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12169:Madhya Pradesh 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12099:Andhra Pradesh 12095: 12093: 12086: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12005: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11984: 11983: 11976: 11969: 11961: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11727:Tarak Nath Das 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11677:Shuja-ud-Daula 11674: 11669: 11667:Sarojini Naidu 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11612:Prafulla Chaki 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11557:Mahatma Gandhi 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11279:Vakkom Moulavi 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11209:Mahatma Gandhi 11206: 11201: 11196: 11194:Jyotirao Phule 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11134:B. R. Ambedkar 11131: 11126: 11124:Ayya Vaikundar 11121: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10953:Cripps Mission 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10843:Noakhali riots 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10709: 10707: 10706:and ideologies 10701: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10690: 10688:Radcliffe Line 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10663:Vellore Mutiny 10660: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10417: 10415: 10414:Related topics 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10288: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10239:Lakshmi Sahgal 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10209:Subhas Brigade 10206: 10201: 10199:Gandhi Brigade 10196: 10191: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10148: 10146: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10093:Emilie Schenkl 10090: 10085: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9945: 9944: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9913:Imperial Japan 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9845: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9724:Lakshmi Sahgal 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9688: 9685:Southeast Asia 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9666:Hiroshi Ōshima 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9616:Mahatma Gandhi 9613: 9608: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9584: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9445:Emilie Schenkl 9442: 9435: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9419: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9363: 9354: 9345: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9320:External links 9318: 9316: 9315: 9298: 9283: 9278: 9265: 9239: 9222: 9207: 9190: 9175: 9158: 9143: 9126: 9111: 9102:(1): 103–112, 9088: 9071: 9056: 9039: 9024: 9007: 8989: 8965: 8948: 8930: 8913: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8866: 8861: 8843: 8838: 8819: 8814: 8795: 8790: 8771: 8745: 8728: 8709: 8692: 8677: 8660: 8642: 8637:Singh, Iqbal, 8634: 8629: 8616: 8604: 8572: 8546: 8518: 8513: 8498: 8493: 8480: 8467:, AFPBB News, 8456: 8443: 8430: 8404: 8399: 8381:Phadnis, Aditi 8377: 8372: 8357: 8348: 8320: 8315: 8300: 8276: 8267: 8262: 8247: 8242: 8220: 8203: 8188: 8183: 8164: 8159: 8143: 8126: 8111: 8087: 8082: 8064: 8059: 8041: 8015: 8006:on 15 May 2017 7993: 7976: 7961: 7956: 7934: 7917: 7902: 7897: 7879:Kulke, Hermann 7875: 7870: 7851: 7846: 7827: 7818: 7792: 7787: 7772: 7763: 7739: 7715: 7698: 7683: 7645: 7640: 7622: 7605: 7590: 7585: 7566: 7542: 7537: 7515: 7492: 7481: 7466: 7461: 7446: 7441: 7422: 7417: 7402: 7397: 7384: 7379: 7361: 7344: 7327: 7310: 7295: 7275: 7270: 7253: 7227: 7218:(3): 249–256, 7205: 7196: 7191: 7169: 7152: 7130: 7106: 7089: 7070: 7065: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7024: 6994: 6962: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6922:Das Gupta 2015 6914: 6884: 6877: 6854: 6823: 6793: 6762: 6724: 6720:The Hindu 2007 6709: 6694: 6664: 6634: 6604: 6586: 6584:, p. 429. 6574: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6536: 6511: 6488: 6463: 6415: 6386: 6373: 6361: 6359:, p. 311. 6349: 6337: 6325: 6295: 6276: 6256: 6239: 6224: 6206: 6195: 6177: 6158: 6140: 6129: 6111: 6092: 6074: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 5992: 5986: 5968: 5956: 5946: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5876:Chaudhuri 1987 5868: 5856: 5844: 5842:, p. 545. 5829: 5817: 5805: 5803:, p. 543. 5793: 5791:, p. 542. 5776: 5759: 5757:, p. 541. 5736: 5724: 5693: 5691:, p. 384. 5681: 5679:, p. 540. 5664: 5645: 5638: 5618: 5605: 5603:, p. 325. 5593: 5591:, p. 249. 5581: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5448: 5428: 5409: 5389: 5377: 5351: 5331: 5329:, p. 446. 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5263: 5261:, p. 554. 5251: 5230: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5156: 5154:, p. 234. 5144: 5142:, p. 185. 5132: 5120: 5108: 5106:, p. 127. 5096: 5084: 5072: 5049: 5037: 5007: 5005:, p. 190. 4990: 4988:, p. 116. 4975: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4871: 4843: 4828: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4774: 4762: 4741: 4739:, p. 179. 4729: 4710: 4698: 4683: 4671: 4656: 4631: 4629:, pp. 37. 4619: 4607: 4592: 4580: 4578:, p. 150. 4568: 4556: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4498: 4481: 4475: 4457: 4451: 4433: 4418: 4416:, p. 165. 4403: 4388: 4386:, p. 522. 4376: 4374:, p. 297. 4361: 4359:, p. 210. 4342: 4340:, p. 179. 4330: 4328:, p. 129. 4318: 4293: 4291:, p. 283. 4281: 4279:, p. 278. 4277:Chatterji 2007 4269: 4254: 4239: 4237:, p. 427. 4222: 4210: 4208:, p. 124. 4198: 4186: 4184:, p. 517. 4171: 4159: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4089:, p. 255. 4079: 4064: 4049: 4034: 4022: 4020:, p. 162. 4010: 3998: 3996:, p. 152. 3986: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3928: 3910: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3840: 3825: 3810: 3787: 3768: 3749: 3728: 3717: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3656: 3618: 3593: 3581: 3568: 3558: 3545: 3535: 3522: 3504: 3491: 3486:18 August 1945 3458: 3443: 3434: 3411: 3389: 3377: 3375:, p. 339. 3360: 3358:, p. 502. 3347: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333:Operation U-Go 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3226: 3213: 3203: 3194: 3176: 3166: 3156: 3147: 3134: 3124: 3111: 3102: 3092: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3030: 3020: 3011: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2875: 2858: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2745: 2732: 2729:Emilie Schenkl 2697: 2683: 2677: 2665: 2651: 2650:for that year. 2636:Azad Hind Fauj 2618: 2608: 2600:Subhas Chandra 2596: 2593:Netaji Subhash 2568: 2565: 2525:Parakram Divas 2462:Netaji Express 2445: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2401:Imperial Japan 2388: 2385: 2376: 2373: 2314: 2311: 2289: 2286: 2253: 2250: 2210:Renkōji Temple 2161:Habibur Rahman 2127:Renkōji Temple 2124: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096:Main article: 2093: 2090: 2068:, Nyangyu and 2047:Operation U-Go 1929:Azad Hind Bank 1866:Fujiwara Kikan 1851:Imperial Japan 1810: 1807: 1783:Mahatma Gandhi 1772:Adam von Trott 1717:, head of the 1712: 1711: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1680:Wilhelmstrasse 1558: 1555: 1485:Gilbert Murray 1473:J.B.S. Haldane 1461:Clement Attlee 1398: 1395: 1363:Emilie Schenkl 1360: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1204: 1201: 975:Matthew Arnold 971:William Cowper 846:British Bengal 834: 831: 829: 826: 733:Emilie Schenkl 687:. He followed 681:Mahatma Gandhi 627:Imperial Japan 513: 512: 509: 508: 501: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 484: 483: 477: 466: 464: 458: 457: 455: 454: 448: 442: 436: 430: 426: 424: 420: 419: 417: 416: 410: 403: 401: 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 369: 365:Emilie Schenkl 363: 362: 360: 356: 355: 346: 342: 341: 328: 324: 323: 314: 310: 309: 300:(aged 48) 296:18 August 1945 294: 290: 289: 265: 263: 259: 258: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 215: 214: 207: 206: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 172: 171: 161: 160: 155: 149: 148: 146:Office created 143: 137: 136: 126: 125: 118: 117: 110: 104: 103: 98: 92: 91: 81: 80: 76:2nd Leader of 73: 72: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14970: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14928:Shōwa Statism 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14858:Indian Hindus 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14848:Indian exiles 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14734: 14729: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14707:Mother Teresa 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14657:Rani Rashmoni 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14602:Nandalal Bose 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14577:Ritwik Ghatak 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14499:Bihari people 14497: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14473:Tangail Saree 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14448:Nakshi kantha 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14408:Fazli (mango) 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14378:Bankura horse 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13994: 13988: 13978: 13975: 13972: 13969: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13922: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13878: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13801: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13758: 13754: 13748: 13747:Bangla Pokkho 13745: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13734:Rights groups 13731: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13630: 13629:Hooghly River 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13614:Damodar River 13612: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13471:Sovabazar Raj 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13456:Bardhaman Raj 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13416:Mughal Empire 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13380: 13379:Gauda Kingdom 13377: 13376: 13374: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13299: 13298:State symbols 13295: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13276: 13268: 13263: 13261: 13256: 13254: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13233: 13232:Sumantra Bose 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197:Ardhendu Bose 13196: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13158: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13128: 13123: 13121: 13116: 13114: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13095: 13094: 13083: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13003: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12977:Rajeev Shukla 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12952:Jairam Ramesh 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12857:Charu Chandra 12855: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12786:Indira Gandhi 12784: 12782: 12781:Satya Narayan 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12728:Indira Gandhi 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12680:Sitaram Kesri 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665:Indira Gandhi 12663: 12661: 12660:D. K. Barooah 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12630:Indira Gandhi 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12560:Motilal Nehru 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12505:Motilal Nehru 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12286: 12285:Daman and Diu 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12244:Uttar Pradesh 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12077: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12051: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12024:The Emergency 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11977: 11975: 11970: 11968: 11963: 11962: 11959: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11672:Satyapal Dang 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11597:Nana Fadnavis 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11562:Mangal Pandey 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11522:Khudiram Bose 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11437:Chetram Jatav 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11407:Bhikaiji Cama 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11397:Bharathidasan 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11382:Basawon Singh 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11269:Sri Aurobindo 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11239:Ram Mohan Roy 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11219:Narayana Guru 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002:Organisations 11000: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10963:Bombay Mutiny 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10948:Indian Legion 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10888:1928 Protests 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10833:Rowlatt Bills 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10532: 10527: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10401: 10399: 10398:Bombay mutiny 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10363:Burhan-ud-Din 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10287: 10286: 10282: 10280: 10279:Burma theatre 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10264:Shaukat Malik 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10214:Bahadur Group 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10204:Nehru Brigade 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10103:Indian Legion 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10042: 10041:Azad Hind Dal 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9930: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9903:Kabul mission 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9843: 9838: 9836: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9795: 9794:Netaji Bhawan 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9699:Hideo Iwakuro 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9545:Indian Legion 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9500:Azad Hind Dal 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9412: 9410: 9405: 9403: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9266: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9216:, Routledge, 9215: 9214: 9208: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9176: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9144: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9057: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9025: 9014: 9010: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8931: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8820: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8772: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8746: 8735: 8731: 8729:0-07-066030-1 8725: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8710: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8646:Stein, Burton 8643: 8640: 8635: 8632: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8580: 8579: 8573: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8533: 8526: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8514:81-7100-900-X 8510: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8268: 8265: 8259: 8256:, Routledge, 8255: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8173:, New Haven: 8172: 8171: 8165: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8112: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7994: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7962: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7946:, Singapore: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7894: 7891:, Routledge, 7890: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7852: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7753: 7749: 7748:The Statesman 7745: 7740: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7705: 7701: 7699:9971-69-281-3 7695: 7691: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7567: 7556: 7553:, Firstpost, 7552: 7548: 7543: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7317: 7313: 7311:81-7824-034-3 7307: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7278:Bose, Sisir; 7276: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7033: 7028: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6947: 6946:Pandohar 2005 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6859: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6260: 6254:, p. 155 6253: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5980:, Routledge, 5979: 5972: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5914:, p. 98. 5913: 5908: 5901: 5900:Pasricha 2008 5896: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5371: 5358: 5354: 5352:9788176290050 5348: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5314:, p. 67. 5313: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5288:Majumdar 1997 5284: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4942:, p. 32. 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4894:, p. 69. 4893: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4826:, p. 63. 4825: 4820: 4818: 4811:, p. 62. 4810: 4805: 4799:, p. 61. 4798: 4793: 4787:, p. 60. 4786: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4766: 4760:, p. 59. 4759: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4733: 4727:, p. 56. 4726: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 55. 4695: 4690: 4688: 4681:, p. 54. 4680: 4675: 4669:, p. 49. 4668: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4617:, p. 20. 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4554:, p. 11. 4553: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4429:Casolari 2020 4425: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4316:, p. 21. 4315: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4252:, p. 22. 4251: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4220:, p. 69. 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4008:, p. 76. 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3929:0-691-08722-9 3925: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3823:, p. 52. 3822: 3817: 3815: 3808:, p. 48. 3807: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3785:, p. 33. 3784: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3766:, p. 32. 3765: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3747:, p. 15. 3746: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3718:0-231-07443-3 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3672:, p. 2, 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3582:0-8153-0913-9 3578: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3559:0-8153-1883-9 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3412:81-250-2596-0 3408: 3404: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3151: 3144: 3143:Radhakrishnan 3138: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3096: 3089: 3088:vishwa shakti 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2869:(Martyr) and 2868: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2725:Rajkummar Rao 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707:, created by 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2662:Vishvas Patil 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622:Shyam Benegal 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519:In 2021, the 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:Netaji Bhawan 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2439: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409:anti-Semitism 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2313:Anti-semitism 2310: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258:Bhagavad Gita 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2109: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2028:Cellular Jail 2025: 2021: 2018:(Martyr) and 2017: 2013: 2010:with Lt Col. 2009: 2005: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:Bahadur Group 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:Indian Legion 1741: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1607:British India 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Kemal Atatürk 1505: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Ivor Jennings 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1394: 1393:from Vienna. 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1345: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1278:Motilal Nehru 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1263:British Burma 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1180:Edwin Montagu 1177: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 992: 988: 986: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 930:Anglo-Indians 927: 922: 920: 919: 914: 910: 909:British India 906: 886: 882: 881:British India 878: 874: 870: 866: 860: 855: 847: 843: 839: 825: 823: 819: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 779: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 750:in May 1943. 749: 746: 745:Japanese-held 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 694:British India 690: 686: 682: 677: 673: 672:Anglo-centric 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 649: 644: 640: 636: 635:anti-Semitism 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611: 593: 586: 519: 510: 506: 502: 498: 495: 492: 488: 481: 478: 475: 471: 468: 467: 465: 463: 459: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 425: 421: 414: 411: 408: 405: 404: 402: 398: 395: 392: 388: 366: 361: 357: 354: 350: 347: 343: 340: 336: 332: 329: 327:Resting place 325: 322: 318: 315: 311: 308: 304: 295: 291: 288: 287:British India 284: 280: 264: 260: 255: 251: 248: 245: 239: 236: 233: 227: 221: 216: 213: 208: 205: 202: 196: 193: 190: 184: 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 159: 156: 150: 147: 144: 138: 132: 127: 124: 119: 116: 115: 111: 105: 102: 99: 93: 87: 82: 79: 74: 70: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 14612:Meghnad Saha 14581: 14562:Satyajit Ray 14487:Demographics 14438:Manasa chali 14313:Tarini Khuro 14101:Krishnanagar 13624:Teesta River 13584:Ganges Delta 13544:Bengal Basin 13466:Jhargram Raj 13396:Sena dynasty 13287: 13227:Sarmila Bose 13206:Subrata Bose 13171: 13091: 13067:Siddaramaiah 12957:A. K. Antony 12947:Anand Sharma 12937:Motilal Vora 12887:M. C. Chagla 12836:Rahul Gandhi 12821:Sonia Gandhi 12816:Sharad Pawar 12801:Rajiv Gandhi 12733:Rajiv Gandhi 12690:Rahul Gandhi 12685:Sonia Gandhi 12670:Rajiv Gandhi 12650:Jagjivan Ram 12625:U. N. Dhebar 12594: 12490:Annie Besant 12430:Henry Cotton 12365:Anandacharlu 12119:Chhattisgarh 12053:Organisation 11916:Constitution 11904:Independence 11791: 11762:Vanchinathan 11696: 11392:Bhagat Singh 11347:Annie Besant 11308:Independence 11289:Vinoba Bhave 11093: 11089:Swaraj Party 10993:Lucknow Pact 10903:Purna Swaraj 10893:Nehru Report 10800: 10704:Philosophies 10692: 10658:Polygar Wars 10586:French India 10571:Dutch Bengal 10561:Colonisation 10500: 10481:INA treasure 10471:William Slim 10402: 10322: 10290: 10283: 10254:Janaki Davar 10249:J.R. Bhonsle 10194:Azad Brigade 10186: 10129: 10112: 10098:Forward Bloc 10082:Purna Swaraj 10080: 10057: 10045: 10036:Hikari Kikan 10028: 9984:K.P.K. Menon 9959:Pritam Singh 9951:League (IIL) 9927: 9918:Pan Asianism 9799: 9789:Purna Swaraj 9769:Bibliography 9709:Hikari Kikan 9661:Adolf Hitler 9562: 9555: 9422: 9310:26 September 9308:, retrieved 9288: 9269: 9258:, retrieved 9254:the original 9247: 9232:, retrieved 9212: 9202:26 September 9200:, retrieved 9180: 9170:26 September 9168:, retrieved 9148: 9138:26 September 9136:, retrieved 9116: 9099: 9095: 9083:26 September 9081:, retrieved 9061: 9051:26 September 9049:, retrieved 9029: 9019:26 September 9017:, retrieved 8997: 8982:, retrieved 8973: 8960:26 September 8958:, retrieved 8938: 8925:26 September 8923:, retrieved 8903: 8874: 8851: 8824: 8800: 8776: 8764:, retrieved 8750: 8740:26 September 8738:, retrieved 8714: 8702:, retrieved 8682: 8672:26 September 8670:, retrieved 8650: 8638: 8620: 8608: 8583:, retrieved 8577: 8565:, retrieved 8561:the original 8554: 8539:, retrieved 8532:the original 8523: 8503: 8484: 8473:, retrieved 8464: 8434: 8423:, retrieved 8419:the original 8412: 8385: 8362: 8352: 8341:, retrieved 8328: 8305: 8293:, retrieved 8284: 8271: 8252: 8232: 8215:26 September 8213:, retrieved 8193: 8169: 8150: 8136:, retrieved 8116: 8104:, retrieved 8095: 8072: 8049: 8034:, retrieved 8030:the original 8023: 8008:, retrieved 8004:the original 7998: 7986:, retrieved 7966: 7942: 7927:, retrieved 7907: 7887: 7856: 7832: 7822: 7811:, retrieved 7807:the original 7800: 7777: 7767: 7756:, retrieved 7752:the original 7747: 7732:, retrieved 7724:The Guardian 7723: 7708:, retrieved 7688: 7660: 7654: 7630: 7615:, retrieved 7595: 7571: 7559:, retrieved 7550: 7523: 7508:, retrieved 7499: 7486: 7473: 7451: 7427: 7407: 7388: 7369: 7365:Bose, Sugata 7354:, retrieved 7335: 7322:26 September 7320:, retrieved 7300: 7287: 7257: 7246:, retrieved 7242:the original 7235: 7215: 7209: 7200: 7177: 7164:26 September 7162:, retrieved 7138: 7123:, retrieved 7119:the original 7114: 7101:26 September 7099:, retrieved 7075: 7051: 7042:Bibliography 7027: 7015:. Retrieved 7007:HISTORY TV18 7006: 6997: 6985:. Retrieved 6974: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6917: 6905:. Retrieved 6896: 6887: 6867: 6845:. Retrieved 6836: 6826: 6814:. Retrieved 6805: 6796: 6784:. Retrieved 6775: 6765: 6753:. Retrieved 6736: 6727: 6685:. Retrieved 6679:(in Hindi). 6677:Zee Business 6676: 6667: 6655:. Retrieved 6646: 6637: 6625:. Retrieved 6616: 6607: 6589: 6577: 6570:Moreman 2013 6565: 6554: 6540: 6532: 6492: 6484: 6444: 6436: 6396: 6389: 6376: 6369:Marston 2014 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6316:. Retrieved 6307: 6298: 6286:. Retrieved 6266: 6259: 6247: 6242: 6232: 6229: 6215: 6209: 6200: 6186: 6180: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6149: 6143: 6134: 6120: 6114: 6105: 6083: 6077: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6013: 6001: 5995: 5977: 5971: 5959: 5951: 5937: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5727: 5684: 5662:, p. 2. 5628: 5621: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5563: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5458:. Retrieved 5438: 5431: 5419:. Retrieved 5399: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5361:. Retrieved 5341: 5334: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5276:Thomson 2004 5254: 5205:Loiwal 2017b 5200: 5193:Loiwal 2017a 5188: 5176: 5147: 5140:Phadnis 2009 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5040: 5028:. Retrieved 5019: 5010: 4966:. Retrieved 4957: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4906:, p. 2. 4899: 4863:, retrieved 4853: 4846: 4804: 4792: 4765: 4732: 4701: 4674: 4622: 4610: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4532: 4520: 4515:, p. 1. 4466: 4460: 4442: 4436: 4397: 4391: 4379: 4333: 4326:Marston 2014 4321: 4284: 4272: 4265:Wolpert 2000 4218:Wolpert 2009 4213: 4206:Marston 2014 4201: 4189: 4162: 4153: 4146:, retrieved 4134: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3962: 3950: 3941: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3843: 3722: 3708: 3683: 3664: 3651: 3644:, retrieved 3598: 3587: 3586: 3572: 3563: 3549: 3540: 3526: 3517: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3476:, retrieved 3448: 3439: 3425: 3416: 3402: 3380: 3373:Wolpert 2000 3351: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3235:C. R. Attlee 3229: 3216: 3206: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3169: 3159: 3150: 3137: 3127: 3114: 3105: 3095: 3087: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3033: 3023: 3014: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2847: 2838: 2824:Gumnami Baba 2759:directed by 2757:mystery film 2747: 2739: 2712: 2690:History TV18 2685: 2679: 2667: 2632:Nazi Germany 2625: 2610: 2598: 2592: 2579:in New Delhi 2518: 2504:visited the 2451: 2397:Nazi Germany 2390: 2380: 2378: 2358:end up with 2353: 2349: 2338: 2330: 2328: 2316: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2266: 2255: 2218: 2206: 2203: 2189:Vita Camphor 2182: 2176: 2145: 2134: 2080:or made for 2059: 2051: 2032: 2019: 2015: 2001: 1974: 1934: 1905:Hikari Kikan 1894: 1855: 1845: 1834: 1799: 1795:Adolf Hitler 1780: 1764: 1756:Adolf Hitler 1748:North Africa 1729: 1723:Adolf Hitler 1655:Nazi Germany 1643:Soviet Union 1627:Aga Khan III 1624: 1592: 1568: 1528: 1501: 1469:Harold Laski 1453:Lord Halifax 1449:Labour Party 1441: 1433: 1420: 1400: 1384: 1378: 1317: 1307:Fort William 1303: 1283: 1267:tuberculosis 1228: 1226: 1218: 1190: 1185: 1172: 1168: 1151: 1119: 1087: 1043: 1028: 1001: 982: 935:Janakinath's 923: 916: 884: 851: 841: 814: 795: 791:Soviet Union 752: 729:Adolf Hitler 721:Afrika Korps 717:Erwin Rommel 706: 657: 646: 623:Nazi Germany 517: 516: 298:(1945-08-18) 242:Succeeded by 219: 199:Succeeded by 176: 153:Succeeded by 145: 130: 113: 108:Succeeded by 85: 65: 1930s 36: 14768:1945 deaths 14763:1897 births 14712:Amartya Sen 14682:Sukumar Ray 14672:Sarada Devi 14662:Ramakrishna 14418:Gobindobhog 14413:Garad Saree 14355:GI products 14271:Ratha Yatra 14239:Dol Purnima 14214:Chhau dance 14121:Murshidabad 14046:Cooch Behar 13866:Murshidabad 13817:Cooch Behar 13569:Rarh region 13391:Pala Empire 13328:Fishing cat 13275:West Bengal 13222:Sugata Bose 13133:Bose family 12942:Ahmed Patel 12845:Rajya Sabha 12806:Arjun Singh 12350:George Yule 12297:Lakshadweep 12258:Territorial 12249:West Bengal 12239:Uttarakhand 12174:Maharashtra 11860:Mountbatten 11482:Hemu Kalani 11362:Bagha Jatin 11299:Vivekananda 11054:India House 10938:Act of 1935 10713:Ambedkarism 10581:British Raj 10491:Joyce Lebra 10167:Farrer Park 10157:Mohan Singh 9898:Barkatullah 9893:Bagha Jatin 9868:Rash Behari 9704:Hideki Tojo 9260:31 December 9065:, Longman, 8984:28 December 8425:13 February 8274:, Routledge 8036:20 February 8025:India Today 8010:20 February 7988:13 November 7929:29 November 7758:19 February 7710:13 December 7551:showsha.com 7510:13 February 7125:13 February 6987:10 February 6907:19 February 6582:McLynn 2011 6333:Kumar 2010b 6318:22 February 6288:22 February 6233:Der Angriff 5888:Gordon 1990 5840:Gordon 1990 5825:Lebra 2008a 5813:Gordon 1990 5801:Gordon 1990 5789:Gordon 1990 5772:Gordon 1990 5755:Gordon 1990 5732:Lebra 2008a 5720:Lebra 2008a 5677:Gordon 1990 5511:Lebra 2008a 5499:Lebra 2008a 5475:Hauner 1981 5460:21 February 5421:21 February 5363:21 February 5327:Gordon 1990 5226:Talwar 1976 5003:Gordon 1990 4968:24 February 4892:Gordon 1990 4839:Gordon 1990 4824:Gordon 1990 4809:Gordon 1990 4797:Gordon 1990 4785:Gordon 1990 4770:Gordon 1990 4758:Gordon 1990 4725:Gordon 1990 4706:Gordon 1990 4694:Gordon 1990 4679:Gordon 1990 4667:Gordon 1990 4652:Gordon 1990 4627:Gordon 1990 4615:Gordon 1990 4603:Gordon 1990 4588:Gordon 1990 4576:Gordon 1990 4564:Gordon 1990 4552:Gordon 1990 4537:Gordon 1990 4525:Gordon 1990 4494:Lebra 2008a 4194:McLynn 2011 4182:Gordon 1990 4111:Lebra 2008b 4099:Lebra 2008a 4060:Gordon 1990 3967:Gordon 1990 3875:Gordon 1990 3821:Gordon 1990 3806:Gordon 1990 3783:Gordon 1990 3764:Gordon 1990 3385:Gordon 1990 3356:Gordon 1990 2853:Hideki Tojo 2715:written by 2709:Ekta Kapoor 2674:Sugata Bose 2615:Hemen Gupta 2381:Dilli Chalo 2242:British Raj 2191:and two of 2024:Diwan Singh 1966:Philippines 1914:Lakshmi Bai 1882:Mohan Singh 1839:around the 1631:Afghanistan 1571:Afghanistan 1481:G.D.H. Cole 1391:Otto Faltis 1197:Third Class 1103:First Class 1030:Ananda Math 979:Shakespeare 967:John Milton 955:Mahabharata 806:British Raj 741:Axis powers 737:a baby girl 668:British Raj 666:during the 230:Preceded by 187:Preceded by 141:Preceded by 101:Mohan Singh 96:Preceded by 14752:Categories 14597:Jyoti Basu 14587:Jamini Roy 14478:Tulaipanji 14433:Madurkathi 14388:Chhau mask 14323:Kiriti Roy 14256:Durga Puja 14189:Chalchitra 14184:Patachitra 14071:Jalpaiguri 14051:Darjeeling 14011:Berhampore 13991:Cities and 13973:(declared) 13971:Sundarbans 13967:(declared) 13946:(declared) 13935:(declared) 13896:(declared) 13857:(declared) 13855:Berhampore 13827:Jalpaiguri 13822:Darjeeling 13812:Alipurduar 13656:Governance 13574:Sundarbans 12917:V.P. Singh 12640:K. Kamaraj 12327:Presidents 12313:Mumbai RCC 12270:Chandigarh 12224:Tamil Nadu 12204:Puducherry 11890:Linlithgow 11830:Chelmsford 11820:Cornwallis 11732:Tatya Tope 11602:Nana Saheb 11507:K. Kamaraj 11457:Dhan Singh 11372:Bakht Khan 11024:Arya Samaj 10958:Quit India 10908:Salt March 10767:Events and 10743:Satyagraha 10358:Shah Nawaz 10269:John Thivy 10219:Tokyo Boys 10076:Sarat Bose 9989:A.M. Sahay 9974:I Fujiwara 9856:Historical 9646:Abid Hasan 9441:(daughter) 8766:6 February 8585:6 February 8453:2019032590 8106:6 February 8068:Low, D. A. 8045:Low, D. A. 7940:(2008a) , 7838:Sura Books 7813:16 October 7681:required.) 7617:25 January 7248:6 February 7055:, London: 7032:Gauri 2017 7017:23 January 6976:discovery+ 6934:Salam 2005 6786:23 January 6705:Roche 2007 6687:27 January 6657:27 January 6627:27 January 6521:2021000609 6473:2021000609 6425:2021000609 6102:2016042217 6051:Hayes 2011 5964:Stein 2010 5574:20 January 5385:Hayes 2011 5312:Hayes 2011 5259:James 1997 5152:Padhy 2011 5069:: 205–207. 5030:20 January 4986:Vipul 2009 4904:Hayes 2011 4865:30 January 4513:Hayes 2011 4414:Hayes 2011 4372:Stein 2010 4338:Allen 2012 4289:Bayly 2012 4148:1 November 4075:Hayes 2011 4045:Hayes 2011 4030:Hayes 2011 4018:Hayes 2011 4006:Hayes 2011 3994:Hayes 2011 3982:Hayes 2011 3887:Stein 2010 3860:26 January 3745:Hayes 2011 3646:28 January 3628:2021000608 3514:2018026197 3478:28 January 3468:2020022973 3343:References 3222:satyagraha 3120:satyagraha 2736:Zee Bangla 2646:, and the 2553:India Gate 2502:Shinzō Abe 2488:at Delhi. 2246:INA trials 2193:Digitamine 2181: [ 2070:Mount Popa 1829:Madagascar 1590:), India. 1079:Janakinath 1064:and other 1016:Upanishads 945:goddesses 921:holidays. 861: Dutt 662:family in 643:Hindustani 462:Alma mater 272:1897-01-23 14793:Azad Hind 14519:Rajbanshi 14261:Bhai Dooj 14116:Midnapore 14091:Kharagpur 14086:Kalimpong 14036:Bishnupur 14031:Bardhaman 14016:Balurghat 13894:Bishnupur 13832:Kalimpong 13762:districts 13757:Divisions 13536:Geography 13461:Nadia Raj 13384:Shashanka 13273:State of 12759:Lok Sabha 12229:Telangana 12214:Rajasthan 12184:Meghalaya 12159:Karnataka 12154:Jharkhand 12084:Committee 12082:Congress 12080:Regional 12060:President 11865:Wellesley 11850:Dalhousie 11712:Surya Sen 11607:P. Kakkan 11567:Mir Qasim 11542:M. N. Roy 11477:Har Dayal 11310:activists 11139:Baba Amte 11129:Ayyankali 11107:reformers 11029:Azad Hind 10769:movements 10748:Socialism 10496:Hugh Toye 10486:Peter Fay 10466:14th Army 10285:Admin Box 10172:First INA 10114:Azad Hind 10030:Azad Hind 10014:H Iwakuro 9994:S.A. Ayer 9873:Har Dayal 9744:Abbas Ali 9687:(1943–45) 9639:(1941–43) 9594:(1921–40) 9495:Azad Hind 9249:The Hindu 9234:18 August 8704:4 October 8556:The Hindu 8414:The Hindu 8295:2 October 8138:4 October 7802:The Hindu 7577:McFarland 7356:2 October 7260:, Delhi: 7057:Routledge 6776:The Hindu 6529:233601747 6481:233601747 6433:233601747 6308:Frontline 5912:Bose 2011 5523:Bose 2002 5116:Bose 2011 5104:Bose 2011 5092:Josh 1992 5080:Bose 2004 4916:Toye 2007 4087:Bose 2005 3636:233601747 3418:happened. 3233:Rt. Hon. 2856:affairs." 2721:Bollywood 2717:Anuj Dhar 2701:ALTBalaji 2699:In 2017, 2654:Mahanayak 2620:In 2004, 2419:Memorials 2364:Mussolini 2277:communism 2269:socialism 2228:wrote to 2200:injuries. 1962:Manchukuo 1937:Azad Hind 1819:Azad Hind 1752:Waffen SS 1588:Jharkhand 1330:in 1930. 1193:C. R. Das 885:Mā jananī 828:Biography 500:Signature 490:Known for 423:Education 359:Spouse(s) 220:In office 177:In office 165:President 131:In office 86:In office 14463:Sitabhog 14443:Mihidana 14423:Himsagar 14318:Kakababu 14209:Gombhira 14136:Siliguri 14106:Kurseong 14056:Durgapur 13965:Ranaghat 13944:Ichamati 13933:Basirhat 13900:Jhargram 13669:Governor 13491:Jugantar 13093:Category 13012:Seva Dal 12194:Nagaland 11895:Hastings 11855:Bentinck 11074:Jugantar 10718:Gandhism 10378:Asaf Ali 10071:C.R. Das 9779:Renkō-ji 9606:C.R. 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Subhas Chandra Bose

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