2693:
5436:
3250:
8825:
6938:
3607:
1784:
5342:
of 2012, Syria's oil and tourism industries in particular have been devastated, with US$ 5 billion lost to the ongoing conflict of the civil war. Reconstruction needed because of the ongoing civil war will cost as much as US$ 10 billion. Sanctions have sapped the government's finances. US and
European Union bans on oil imports, which went into effect in 2012, are estimated to cost Syria about $ 400 million a month. Revenues from tourism have dropped dramatically, with hotel occupancy rates falling from 90% before the war to less than 15% in May 2012. Around 40% of all employees in the tourism sector have lost their jobs since the beginning of the war. In May 2015,
4295:
6795:
6641:
1795:
2825:
6190:
5359:
Labor and Social
Affairs, which announced the implementation of new laws that would allow the regulation of working condition especially for women and adolescents, set hours of work, and introduce the principle of minimum wage for paid laborers and an equitable division of harvest for sharecroppers. Furthermore, it obligated landlords to honor both written and oral contracts, established collective bargaining, contained provisions for workers' compensation, health, housing, and employment services. Law 134 was not designed strictly to protect workers. It also acknowledged the rights of landlords to form their own syndicates.
203:
183:
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20187:
3750:
6671:
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3638:, up to 13,470–19,220 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, but also including 6,035–6,570 armed combatants from both sides and up to 1,400 opposition protesters. Many more have been injured, and tens of thousands of protesters have been imprisoned. According to the Syrian government, 9,815–10,146 people, including 3,430 members of the security forces, 2,805–3,140 insurgents and up to 3,600 civilians, have been killed in fighting with what they characterize as "armed terrorist groups." To escape the violence, tens of thousands of
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20806:
6308:
1536:
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3162:
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6496:
4948:. Israel's 1981 Golan annexation law is not recognized in international law. The UN Security Council condemned it in Resolution 497 (1981) as "null and void and without international legal effect." Since then, General Assembly resolutions on "The Occupied Syrian Golan" reaffirm the illegality of Israeli occupation and annexation. The Syrian government continues to demand the return of this territory. The only remaining land Syria has in the Golan is a strip of territory which contains the abandoned city of
5806:
5406:
4797:
2465:
98:
21155:
1470:
5240:
3115:
3005:
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5047:, comprising some 400,000 troops upon mobilization. The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military upon reaching the age of 18. The obligatory military service period is being decreased over time, in 2005 from two and a half years to two years, in 2008 to 21 months and in 2011 to year and a half. About 20,000 Syrian soldiers were deployed in Lebanon until 27 April 2005, when the last of Syria's troops left the country after three decades.
5296:
4911:
5020:
2125:(323 BC – 64 BC), with the Seleucid kings styling themselves 'King of Syria' and the city of Antioch being its capital starting from 240. Thus, it was the Greeks who introduced the name "Syria" to the region. Originally an Indo-European corruption of "Assyria" in northern Mesopotamia (Iraq), the Greeks used this term to describe not only Assyria itself but also the lands to the west which had for centuries been under Assyrian dominion. Thus in the
20991:
84:
19001:
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2192:
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deficits, and inflation. Prior to the civil war in 2011, the government hoped to attract new investment in the tourism, natural gas, and service sectors to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and agriculture. The government began to institute economic reforms aimed at liberalizing most markets, but those reforms were slow and ad hoc, and have been completely reversed since the outbreak of conflict in 2011.
3917:
4212:. Even before results had been announced, several nations, including Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom, have declared their refusal to accept the results, largely citing it "not representing the will of the Syrian people." However, representatives of the Russian Federation have voiced their support of this election's results. Various independent observers and international organizations have denounced the
18583:
5796:
3706:, and other countries have condemned the use of violence against the protesters. China and Russia have avoided condemning the government or applying sanctions, saying that such methods could escalate into foreign intervention. However, military intervention has been ruled out by most countries. The Arab League suspended Syria's membership over the government's response to the crisis, but sent an
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779:
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5175:
most heinous weapon against the world's most vulnerable people. Nothing today is more serious, and nothing is receiving more serious scrutiny". The
Emergency Law, effectively suspending most constitutional protections, was in effect from 1963 until 21 April 2011. It was justified by the government in the light of the continuing war with Israel over the Golan Heights.
15311:
4104:. Under the previous constitution, Syria did not hold multi-party elections for the legislature, with two-thirds of the seats automatically allocated to the ruling coalition. On 7 May 2012, Syria held its first elections in which parties outside the ruling coalition could take part. Seven new political parties took part in the elections, of which
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further to 9,329 bbl/d (1,483.2 m/d); ISIS has since captured a further oil field, leading to a projected oil production of 6,829 bbl/d (1,085.7 m/d). In the third year of the Syrian Civil War, the deputy economy minister Salman Hayan stated that Syria's two main oil refineries were operating at less than 10% capacity.
9400:"The foreigners of the fourth register, with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. Like the Nubians, they come with animals, in this case horses, an elephant, and a bear; they also offer weapons and vessels most likely filled with precious substance." in
5322:), crude oil, refined products, raw cotton, clothing, fruits, and grains. The bulk of Syrian imports are raw materials essential for industry, vehicles, agricultural equipment, and heavy machinery. Earnings from oil exports as well as remittances from Syrian workers are the government's most important sources of foreign exchange.
4781:, have been the primary goals of Syria's foreign policy. At many points in its history, Syria has seen virulent tension with its geographically cultural neighbors, such as Turkey, Israel, Iraq, and Lebanon. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the
4168:. Religious courts handle questions of personal and family law. The Supreme State Security Court (SSSC) was abolished by President Bashar al-Assad by legislative decree No. 53 on 21 April 2011. The Personal Status Law 59 of 1953 (amended by Law 34 of 1975) is essentially a codified sharia. Article 3(2) of the 1973
3184:, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the communists therein, ceased overt activities. Meanwhile, a group of Syrian Ba'athist officers, alarmed by the party's poor position and the increasing fragility of the union, decided to form a secret Military Committee; its initial members were Lieutenant-Colonel
5358:
The first law passed (Law 134; passed 4 September 1958) in response to concern about peasant mobilization and expanding peasants' rights. This was designed to strengthen the position of sharecroppers and agricultural laborers in relation to land owners. This law led to the creation of the
Ministry of
5354:
Agrarian reform measures were introduced into Syria which consisted of three interrelated programs: Legislation regulation the relationship between agriculture laborers and landowners: legislation governing the ownership and use of private and state domain land and directing the economic organization
5254:
As of 2015, the Syrian economy relies upon inherently unreliable revenue sources such as dwindling customs and income taxes which are heavily bolstered by lines of credit from Iran. Iran is believed to spend between $ 6 billion and US$ 20 billion a year on Syria during the Syrian Civil War.
4906:
of Turkey was formed. The move by the French was very controversial in Syria, and only five years later Syria became independent. Despite the
Turkish annexation of the Sanjak of Alexandretta, the Syrian government has refused to recognize Turkish sovereignty over the region since Independence, except
3734:
west. Twelve years into Syria's devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trend toward normalizing relations with the regime
17252:
are the third-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that
Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and have
9749:
This expedition receives scant notice in the sources, but in some ways it is the most significant so far. As Dumah was some 800 km (500 mi) from Medina there can have been no immediate threat to
Muhammad, but it may be, as Caetani suggests, 1 that communications with Syria were being interrupted and
5317:
Syria's share in global exports has eroded gradually since 2001. The real per capita GDP growth was just 2.5% per year in the 2000–2008 period. Unemployment is high at above 10%. Poverty rates have increased from 11% in 2004 to 12.3% in 2007. In 2007, Syria's main exports included fenethylline pills
4792:
Since the ongoing civil war of 2011, and associated killings and human rights abuses, Syria has been increasingly isolated from the countries in the region, and the wider international community. Diplomatic relations have been severed with several countries including: Britain, Canada, France, Italy,
4744:
in order to dissuade a
Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebels. The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa
2972:
proposed that the League of
Nations put Syria under a French mandate. General Gouraud had according to his secretary de Caix two options: "Either build a Syrian nation that does not exist... by smoothing the rifts which still divide it" or "cultivate and maintain all the phenomena, which require our
5427:
in eastern Syria. Syria's rate of oil production has decreased dramatically from a peak close to 600,000 barrels per day (95,000 m/d) (bpd) in 1995 down to less than 182,500 bbl/d (29,020 m/d) in 2012. Since 2012 the production has decreased even more, reaching 32,000 barrels per day
5346:
captured Syria's phosphate mines, one of the Syrian government's last chief sources of income. The following month, ISIS blew up a gas pipeline to
Damascus that was used to generate heating and electricity in Damascus and Homs; "the name of its game for now is denial of key resources to the regime"
5341:
As of 2012, because of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the value of Syria's overall exports has been slashed by two-thirds, from the figure of US$ 12 billion in 2010 to only US$ 4 billion in 2012. Syria's GDP declined by over 3% in 2011, and is expected to further decline by 20% in 2012. As
5174:
said it was "undeniable" that chemical weapons had been used in the country and that President Bashar al-Assad's forces had committed a "moral obscenity" against his own people. "Make no mistake," Kerry said. "President Obama believes there must be accountability for those who would use the world's
2455:
was 800 kilometres (500 mi) from Medina, and Watt says that there was no immediate threat to Muhammad, other than the possibility that his communications to Syria and supplies to Medina would be interrupted. Watt says "It is tempting to suppose that Muhammad was already envisaging something of
5325:
Political instability poses a significant threat to future economic development. Foreign investment is constrained by violence, government restrictions, economic sanctions, and international isolation. Syria's economy also remains hobbled by state bureaucracy, falling oil production, rising budget
4999:
and the Israeli occupied Golan Heights. The farms, which are 11 km long and about 3 kilometers wide were occupied by Israel in 1981, along with rest of the Golan Heights. Yet following Syrian army advances the Israeli occupation ended and Syria became the de facto ruling power over the farms.
5279:
expeditions have indicated that large sums of oil exist on the Mediterranean Sea floor between Syria and Cyprus. The agriculture sector contributes to about 20% of GDP and 20% of employment. Oil reserves are expected to decrease in the coming years and Syria has already become a net oil importer.
4979:
In early 1976, Syria entered Lebanon, beginning their twenty-nine-year military presence. Syria entered on the invitation of Suleiman Franjieh, the Maronite Christian president at the time to help aid the Lebanese Christian militias against the Palestinian militias. Over the following 15 years of
4044:(cabinet). The constitution requires the president to be a Muslim but does not make Islam the state religion. On 31 January 1973, Hafiz al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the President of Syria be a
5419:
has been subject to a sharp decline. In September 2014, ISIS was producing more oil than the government at 80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m/d) compared to the government's 17,000 bbl/d (2,700 m/d) with the Syrian Oil Ministry stating that by the end of 2014, oil production had plunged
5206:
on Syrian civilians, according to the US government. In November 2021, the US Central Command called a 2019 airstrike that killed civilians in Syria "legitimate". The acknowledgement came after a New York Times investigation said the military had concealed the death of dozens of non-combatants.
5004:
claimed that the withdrawal was not complete because Shebaa was on Lebanese – not Syrian – territory. After studying 81 different maps, the United Nations concluded that there is no evidence of the abandoned farmlands being Lebanese. Nevertheless, Lebanon has continued to claim ownership of the
3000:
and Suwayda. France sent thousands of troops from Morocco and Senegal, leading the French to regain many cities, although resistance lasted until the spring of 1927. The French sentenced Sultan al-Atrash to death, but he had escaped with the rebels to Transjordan and was eventually pardoned. He
3598:
to quell the uprising, and several cities were besieged, though the unrest continued. According to some witnesses, soldiers, who refused to open fire on civilians, were summarily executed by the Syrian Army. The Syrian government denied reports of defections, and blamed armed gangs for causing
5163:'. As of 9 November 2011 during the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad, the United Nations reported that of the over 3500 total deaths, over 250 deaths were children as young as two years old, and that boys as young as 11 years old have been gang-raped by security services officers.
3682:
when they advanced on opposition held-areas. Anti-government rebels have been accused of human rights abuses as well, including torture, kidnapping, unlawful detention and execution of civilians, Shabiha and soldiers. HRW also expressed concern at the kidnapping of Iranian nationals. The UN
7006:
Syrian cuisine is rich and varied in its ingredients, linked to the regions of Syria where a specific dish has originated. Syrian food mostly consists of Southern Mediterranean, Greek, and Southwest Asian dishes. Some Syrian dishes also evolved from Turkish and French cooking: dishes like
5310:. Long-run economic constraints include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution. The
3673:
UNICEF reported that over 500 children have been killed, Another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons. Both claims have been contested by the Syrian government. Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners have died under torture.
5355:
of peasants; and measures reorganizing agricultural production under state control. Despite high levels of inequality in land ownership these reforms allowed for progress in redistribution of land from 1958 to 1961 than any other reforms in Syria's history, since independence.
2582:, who had intermittent confrontations and truces with the Crusader States. Later in history when "the Nizaris faced renewed Frankish hostilities, they received timely assistance from the Ayyubids." After a century of Seljuk rule, Syria was largely conquered (1175–1185) by the
2187:
in 64 BC, thus ending Armenian control over the region which had lasted two decades. Syria prospered under Roman rule, being strategically located on the silk road, which gave it massive wealth and importance, making it the battleground for the rivaling Romans and Persians.
1775:. The Egyptians initially occupied much of the south, while the Hittites, and the Mitanni, much of the north. However, Assyria eventually gained the upper hand, destroying the Mitanni Empire and annexing huge swathes of territory previously held by the Hittites and Babylon.
5428:(5,100 m/d) (bpd) in 2014. Official figures quantity the production in 2015 at 27,000 barrels per day (4,300 m/d), but those figures have to be taken with precaution because it is difficult to estimate the oil that is currently produced in the rebel held areas.
11231:
2499:, then rulers of the empire, placed the capital of the empire in Damascus. The country's power declined during later Umayyad rule; this was mainly due to totalitarianism, corruption and the resulting revolutions. The Umayyad dynasty was then overthrown in 750 by the
169:
3343:
in under 48 hours. The defeat caused a split between Jadid and Assad over what steps to take next. Disagreement developed between Jadid, who controlled the party apparatus, and Assad, who controlled the military. The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the
6610:
also exist. Many Christian Syrians belong to a high socio-economic class. As per one estimate, the count of Christians affiliated with established denominations in Syria has dropped from approximately 2.5 million before the civil war, to about 500,000 in 2023.
3126:
and the parliamentary system was restored. However, by this time, power was increasingly concentrated in the military and security establishment. The weakness of Parliamentary institutions and the mismanagement of the economy led to unrest and the influence of
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
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controlled areas of north east Syria between 10 AD and 117 AD, before it was conquered by Rome. The Aramaic language has been found as far afield as Hadrian's Wall in Ancient Britain, with an inscription written by a Palmyrene emigrant at the site of Fort
168:
6749:
In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.4% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 14.9 physicians and 18.5 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants. The life expectancy at birth was 75.7 years in 2010, or 74.2 years for males and 77.3 years for females.
5050:
The breakup of the Soviet Union—long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces—may have slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment. It has an arsenal of surface-to-surface missiles. In the early 1990s,
5347:
an analyst stated. In addition, ISIS was closing in on Shaer gas field and three other facilities in the area—Hayan, Jihar and Ebla—with the loss of these western gas fields having the potential to cause Iran to further subsidize the Syrian government.
5684:, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Syria hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 1,852,300. The vast majority of this population was from Iraq (1,300,000), but sizeable populations from
4112:
coalition, however, chose not to field candidates and called on their supporters to boycott the elections. The People's Council primarily serves as an institution to validate Syria's one-party system and re-affirm the legislative proceedings of the
5530:. Domestic water use stands at only about 9% of total water use. A big challenge for Syria before the civil war was its high population growth (in 2006 the growth rate was 2.7%), leading to rapidly increasing demand for urban and industrial water.
6622:. Due to a combination of persecution in Syria and opportunities elsewhere, the Jews began to emigrate in the second half of the 19th century to Great Britain, the United States, and Israel. The process was completed with the establishment of the
13559:
5159:, and disappearances are widespread. Although Syria's constitution guarantees gender equality, critics say that personal statutes laws and the penal code discriminate against women and girls. Moreover, it also grants leniency for so-called '
3773:. The climate varies from the humid Mediterranean coast, through a semiarid steppe zone, to arid desert in the east. The country consists mostly of arid plateau, although the northwest part bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green.
13392:
6512:
make up around 74% of Syria's population and Sunni Arabs account for 59–60% of the population. Most Kurds (8.5%) and most Turkmens (3%) are Sunni and account for the difference between Sunnis and Sunni Arabs, while 3% of Syrians are
3028:
was the first president to be elected under the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria. However, the treaty never came into force because the French Legislature refused to ratify it. With the fall of France in 1940 during
6775:
Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. Importance is placed on family, religion, education, self-discipline and respect. Syrians' taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dances such as the al-Samah, the
11153:
5679:
valley and along the coastal plain, a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert. Overall population density in Syria before the Civil War was about 99 per square kilometre (258 per square mile). According to the
4012:
by a simple majority, the Prime Minister is required to tender the resignation of their government to the President. Since the rule of Hafez al-Asad, the Syrian Ba'athist political system has been centered around a comprehensive
5472:
The road network in Syria is 69,873 kilometres (43,417 miles) long, including 1,103 kilometres (685 miles) of expressways. The country also has 900 kilometres (560 miles) of navigable but not economically significant waterways.
4172:
declares Islamic jurisprudence a main source of legislation. The Code of Personal Status is applied to Muslims by sharia courts. As a result of the ongoing civil war, various alternative governments were formed, including the
16268:
2223:-speaking kingdom arose in northern Syria in the 2nd century; the Palmyrene established a trade network that made the city one of the richest in the Roman empire. Eventually, in the late 3rd century AD, the Palmyrene king
5391:. Captagon is Syria's primary export, valued at a minimum of US$ 3.4 billion annually, surpassing the country's largest legal export, olive oil, which is valued at around US$ 122 million dollars a year, as per estimates.
1837:
who subsumed the earlier Amorites. They too were subjugated by Assyria and the Hittites for centuries. The Egyptians fought the Hittites for control over western Syria; the fighting reached its zenith in 1274 BC with the
5431:
Prior to the uprising, more than 90% of Syrian oil exports were to EU countries, with the remainder going to Turkey. Oil and gas revenues constituted in 2012 around 20% of total GDP and 25% of total government revenue.
3504:
and hopes of reform, but by autumn 2001, the authorities had suppressed the movement, imprisoning some of its leading intellectuals. Instead, reforms have been limited to some market reforms. On 5 October 2003, Israel
8213:
163:
3431:
was aimed against the government. Islamists attacked civilians and off-duty military personnel, leading security forces to also kill civilians in retaliatory strikes. The uprising had reached its climax in the 1982
2460:
also believes that the expedition was important as Muhammad followed by 1000 men reached the confines of Syria, where distant tribes had now learnt his name, while the political horizon of Muhammad was extended.
22077:
15894:
14353:
15093:
13480:
8571:
4984:, Syria fought for control over Lebanon. The Syrian military remained in Lebanon until 26 April 2005 in response to domestic and international pressure after the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister,
6533:(the majority are Antiochian Greek Orthodox, the rest are Syriac Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other Catholic Rites, Armenian Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Protestants and other denominations), and 3%
15773:
22099:
14904:"the Syrian Golan Heights territory, which Israel has occupied since 1967". Also, "the Golan Heights, a 450-square mile portion of southwestern Syria that Israel occupied during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war." (
2629:
had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, but he was defeated by Qalawun on 21 June 1280, and fled to northern Syria. Al-Ashqar, who had married a Mongol woman, appealed for help from the Mongols. The
1842:. The west remained part of the Hittite empire until its destruction c. 1200 BC, while eastern Syria largely became part of the Middle Assyrian Empire, who also annexed much of the west during the reign of
16198:
14852:*"The international community maintains that the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and without international legal effect."
10867:
6713:
4207:
and verification systems. Parliamentary elections were held on 13 April 2016 in the government-controlled areas of Syria, for all 250 seats of Syria's unicameral legislature, the Majlis al-Sha'ab, or the
19721:
16864:
16318:
11476:
1723:
which was founded by Amorites. Yamhad was described in the tablets of Mari as the mightiest state in the near east and as having more vassals than Hammurabi of Babylon. Yamhad imposed its authority over
11571:
14706:
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trouble. Since early autumn 2011, civilians and army defectors began forming fighting units, which began an insurgency campaign against the Syrian Army. The insurgents unified under the banner of the
2781:, capturing Damascus. His short-term rule over the domain attempted to change the demographics and social structure of the region: he brought thousands of Egyptian villagers to populate the plains of
2141:) to the east were referred to as "Syrians" or "Syriacs", despite these being distinct peoples in their own right, a confusion which would continue into the modern world. Eventually parts of southern
17312:
Q. How many are there? A. No reliable figures are available, and estimates on the number of Turkmens in Syria and nearby countries vary widely, from the hundreds of thousands up to 3 million or more.
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13563:
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Pettinato, Giovanni. The Archives of Ebla; Gelb, I. J. "Thoughts about Ibla: A Preliminary Evaluation" in Monographic Journals of the Near East, Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 1/1 (May 1977) pp. 3–30.
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22094:
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15871:
4096:, to amend the constitution, and to appoint civil servants and military personnel. According to the 2012 constitution, the president is elected by Syrian citizens in a direct election. Syria's
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in July 626 where he ordered his followers to invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself.
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13204:
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Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).
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Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).
7408:
Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.).
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gripping the country, which by 30 April 2014, had resulted in 191,369 deaths with war crimes, according to Pillay, being committed with total impunity on all sides in the conflict. Minority
1846:
1114–1076 BC. With the destruction of the Hittites and the decline of Assyria in the late 11th century BC, the Aramean tribes gained control of much of the interior, founding states such as
161:
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In what the UN has described as "the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era", by 2014 about 9.5 million Syrians, half the population, had been displaced since the outbreak of the
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6276:/Turkoman. There are no reliable estimates of their total population, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand to 3.5 million. The fourth largest ethnic group are the
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11510:
17854:
8297:
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broke out between Egypt and Israel, Syria joined the war and attacked Israel as well. In the final days of the war, Israel turned its attention to Syria, capturing two-thirds of the
17247:
are the second largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 10% of the Syrian population and distributed among four regions...with a Yazidi minority that numbers around 40,000...
14890:
In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favor of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497. (
8191:
3683:
Commission of Inquiry has also documented abuses of this nature in its February 2012 report, which also includes documentation that indicates rebel forces have been responsible for
11280:
19714:
18537:
16272:
13083:
5423:
Historically, the country produced heavy-grade oil from fields located in the northeast since the late 1960s. In the early 1980s, light-grade, low-sulphur oil was discovered near
1096:
became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the former French mandate. Although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946, granting
14521:
9921:
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System of government: Officially a socialist,... democratic state; presidential system (ruled by the al-Assad family, with the security services occupying a powerful position)
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162:
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3626:, affiliated with Shia Islam. As a result, the opposition is winning support from the Sunni Muslim states, whereas the government is publicly supported by the Shia dominated
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22017:
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World Bank (2001). Syrian Arab Republic Irrigation Sector Report. Rural Development, Water and Environment Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Report No. 22602-SYR
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2716:, and as such it acquired a holy character to Muslims, because of the beneficial results of the countless pilgrims who passed through on the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca.
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22027:
22022:
22012:
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Since the civil war began, the economy shrank by 35%, and the Syrian pound has fallen to one-sixth of its prewar value. The government increasingly relies on credit from
19707:
15089:
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2346:. Syria's large and prosperous population made Syria one of the most important of the Roman and Byzantine provinces, particularly during the 2nd and 3rd centuries (AD).
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8013:
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11424:
2674:
Christian populations, greatly reducing their numbers. By the end of the 15th century, the discovery of a sea route from Europe to the Far East ended the need for an
11345:
11254:
2708:, conquering Syria, and incorporating it into its empire. The Ottoman system was not burdensome to Syrians because the Turks respected Arabic as the language of the
1128:
5469:(the Turkish counterpart). For a relatively underdeveloped country, Syria's railway infrastructure is well maintained with many express services and modern trains.
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17258:
are the fourth-largest ethnic group in Syria. They represent the original and oldest inhabitants of Syria, today making up around 3–4% of the Syrian population...
14049:
10875:
7161:
4004:, although real power in the system lies with the Presidency. The legislature, the Peoples Council, is the body responsible for passing laws, approving government
3861:
2911:
664:
16202:
12976:
7525:
7254:
4189:
on 28 March 2013 and was recognised as the "sole representative of the Syrian people" by several nations including the United States, United Kingdom and France.
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17161:
16309:
13347:
13173:
11484:
8363:
7479:
Sadiki, Larbi; Fares, Obaida (2014). "12: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria: Internal Mobilization for Democratic Change, Militarization and Internationalization".
3618:
The uprising has sectarian undertones, though neither faction in the conflict has described sectarianism as playing a major role. The opposition is dominated by
16428:
16035:
14892:
General Assembly adopts broad range of texts, 26 in all, on recommendation of its fourth Committee, including on decolonization, information, Palestine refugees
11686:
11563:
9615:
7543:
7272:
4088:, between 1976 and 1982, through a series of repressions and massacres. The constitution gives the president the right to appoint ministers, to declare war and
14698:
14181:
12378:
12201:
11831:
11808:
11394:
6871:, a Syrian émigré living in Sweden, is one of the leading figures of the genre. Contemporary Syrian literature also encompasses science fiction and futuristic
11209:
6245:, while the Assyrians mainly reside in the north and northeast (Homs, Aleppo, Qamishli, Hasakah). Many (particularly the Assyrian group) still retain several
4749:
the SDF stated that it was ready to work cooperatively with the Syrian Army if a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF was achieved.
3582:. Public demonstrations across Syria began on 26 January 2011 and developed into a nationwide uprising. Protesters demanded the resignation of President
20278:
15333:
14158:
13226:
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5198:
are being increasingly targeted by Islamists and other groups fighting in the Syrian civil war. Three years later in April 2017, the U.S. Navy carried out a
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15475:
14959:
14584:
6363:, which has millions of people of Arab and other Near Eastern ancestries. Brazil is the first country in the Americas to offer humanitarian visas to Syrian
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17652:
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1492:
in Aleppo Governorate has several round stone towers dated to 10650 BC, making them the oldest structures of this kind in the world. The Neolithic period (
16983:
15389:
14554:
12767:
12597:
8772:
8341:
8265:
7567:
7296:
2003:
conquest in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, and was to be a vehicle for the spread of Christianity. The Assyrians named their colonies of Syria and Lebanon
22219:
22189:
20357:
18344:
11532:
8561:
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6780:
in all their variations, and the sword dance. Marriage ceremonies and the births of children are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs.
6709:
3703:
1254:), making population assessment difficult in recent years. The war has also worsened economic conditions, with more than 90% of the population living in
16521:
16102:
15740:
10275:
10007:
7952:
7651:
1685:, considered to be the world's earliest known alphabet. The Ugaritic kingdom survived until its destruction at the hands of the marauding Indo-European
22067:
20250:
20201:
17875:
16955:
15032:
12557:
6852:
3139:, and socialist movements, which represented disaffected elements of society. Notably included were religious minorities, who demanded radical reform.
17806:
16940:
15957:
15863:
15764:
15649:
14485:
11778:
11718:
11113:
11083:
11053:
2239:, which briefly conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine, much of Asia Minor, Judah and Lebanon, before being finally brought under Roman control in 273 AD.
21974:
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19293:
17113:
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13900:
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On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of
4522:
4118:
4114:
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3801:
3587:
3470:. These negotiations failed, and there have been no further direct Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafiz al-Assad's meeting with then President
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3246:
and secret police were integrated with the Ba'ath party apparatus; after the purging of traditional civilian and military elites by the new regime.
3213:
2007:. Assyrian domination ended after the Assyrians greatly weakened themselves in a series of brutal internal civil wars, followed by attacks from: the
1139:
and ran Syria under emergency law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending constitutional protections for citizens. Internal power-struggles within
1132:
17612:"More than 570 thousand people were killed on the Syrian territory within 8 years of revolution demanding freedom, democracy, justice, and equality"
14728:
13091:
10384:
16507:
15924:
13420:
13158:
13105:
12818:
12615:
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7803:
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5703:. By 2020, the UN estimated that over 5.5 million Syrians were living as refugees in the region, and 6.1 million others were internally displaced.
2914:
to cede this region to the British zone of influence, which was to become Iraq. The fate of the intermediate province of Zor was left unclear; its
650:
17832:
17405:
17356:
17270:
There are also a small number of other ethnic groups in Syria, including Greeks, Persians, Albanians, Bosnian, Pashtuns, Russians and Georgians...
15679:
15593:
15507:
15262:
13615:
7115:
is the most well-known hot drink, usually prepared in the morning at breakfast or in the evening. It is usually served for guests or after food.
3817:
3813:
3797:
3236:. Ba'athists took control over country's politics, education, culture, religion and surveilled all aspects of civil society through its powerful
2606:
in January 1260, and Damascus in March, but then Hulegu was forced to break off his attack to return to China to deal with a succession dispute.
2451:
claims that this was the most significant expedition Muhammad ordered at the time, even though it received little notice in the primary sources.
16889:
10531:
6969:
outlets are state-owned, and the Ba'ath Party controls nearly all newspapers. The authorities operate several intelligence agencies, among them
5306:
The economy is highly regulated by the government, which has increased subsidies and tightened trade controls to assuage protesters and protect
3154:
then became worried about this increase in the strength of Syrian military technology, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake
21396:
20044:
14452:
13773:
13321:
10897:
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claim that more than 200, mostly civilians, were massacred and about 300 injured in Hama in shelling by the Government forces on 12 July 2012.
15983:
14125:
13560:"Delegation from the Democratic administration of Self-participate of self-participate in the first and second conference of the Shaba region"
11620:
11306:
9750:
supplies to Medina stopped. It is tempting to suppose that was already envisaging something of the expansion which took place after his death.
4583:, the region is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria or any state though it has been recognized by the regional
20206:
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15240:
13709:
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to evacuate their troops in April 1946, leaving the country in the hands of a republican government that had been formed during the mandate.
2267:-speaking population of Syria during the heyday of the Byzantine Empire was probably not exceeded again until the 19th century. Prior to the
1251:
16915:
16890:"Population Existed in Syria According To Censuses (1960, 1970, 1981, 1994, 2004) And Estimates of Their Number in Mid Years 2005–2011(000)"
15057:
14636:
11506:
9034:
3832:. Petroleum became Syria's leading natural resource and chief export after 1974. Natural gas was discovered at the field of Jbessa in 1940.
22214:
21457:
19618:
17858:
17747:
15701:
12064:
8305:
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5137:
1700:
1025:. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunni Muslims are the largest religious group. Syria is now the only country that is governed by
790:
447:
15423:
14973:
14226:
8199:
6544:
President Bashar al-Assad's family is Alawite and Alawites dominate the government of Syria and hold key military positions. In May 2013,
20526:
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19269:
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and fought in an increasingly organized fashion; however, the civilian component of the armed opposition lacked an organized leadership.
3328:
3021:
2638:
took Aleppo in October 1280, but Qalawun persuaded Al-Ashqar to join him, and they fought against the Mongols on 29 October 1281, in the
2456:
the expansion which took place after his death", and that the rapid march of his troops must have "impressed all those who heard of it".
1172:
17891:
15210:
11593:
10814:
9715:
7575:
7304:
6897:
The Syrian music scene, in particular that of Damascus, has long been among the Arab world's most important, especially in the field of
4902:
and other areas near the border in Turkey came to vote in the elections, shifting the election in favor of secession. Through this, the
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19289:
18093:
12862:
12745:
12347:
12176:
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11371:
10117:
6651:
Education is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 12. Schooling consists of 6 years of primary education followed by a 3-year general or
5059:, and Scud-D, with a range of up to 700 kilometres (430 miles), is allegedly being developed by Syria with the help of North Korea and
3937:
3091:, to build up their armed forces and military intelligence capabilities. Defeat in this war was one of several trigger factors for the
2793:
and Druze rebellions and deported non-loyal tribesmen. By 1840, however, he had to surrender the area back to the Ottomans. From 1864,
619:
14510:
13673:
9913:
6655:
training period and a 3-year academic or vocational program. The second 3-year period of academic training is required for university
2773:. The religious heads of each community administered all personal status laws and performed certain civil functions as well. In 1831,
22209:
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8169:
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4580:
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many of Syria's artists, poets, writers and activists have been incarcerated, and some have been killed, including famed cartoonist
2692:
21365:
18555:
17012:
16847:
14948:
10954:
8600:
8319:
8067:
6937:
6808:
and has a proud tradition of oral and written poetry. Syrian writers, many of whom migrated to Egypt, played a crucial role in the
3945:
3658:. The total official UN numbers of Syrian refugees reached 42,000 at the time, while unofficial number stood at as many as 130,000.
3611:
14377:"The Experiment of the Rojava System in Grassroots Participatory Democracy: Its Theoretical Foundation, Structure, and Strategies"
14310:
13029:
12915:
12655:
12000:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
11748:
11454:
11023:
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arbitration that these divisions give". De Caix added "I must say only the second option interests me". This is what Gouraud did.
2043:(605 BC – 539 BC). During this period, Syria became a battle ground between Babylonia and another former Assyrian colony, that of
20938:
20815:
19857:
19309:
13593:
11337:
10661:
9887:
9865:
7876:
4271:
4105:
3984:
in 2023, designates Syria as "Worst of the Worst" among the "Not Free" countries and gives it the lowest score (1/100) alongside
3785:, Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east. Syria is one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "
18063:
15445:
15179:
15149:
14876:
12840:
10932:
10844:
9766:
7509:-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016. Since then, the name is still used by locals and international observers.
1395:
The area designated by the word has changed over time. Classically, Syria lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, between
18613:
14754:
13795:
13257:
13127:
13052:
10737:
10712:
4164:
laws. Syria has three levels of courts: courts of first instance, courts of appeals, and the constitutional court, the highest
3853:
18235:
16476:
14944:"...the United States considers the Golan Heights to be occupied territory subject to negotiation and Israeli withdrawal..." (
14606:
8452:
4132:
There is no independent judiciary in Syria, since all judges and prosecutors are required to be Ba'athist appointees. Syria's
3606:
21048:
20027:
19379:
19257:
18492:
18460:
18439:
18420:
18389:
18369:
18310:
18291:
18117:
18101:
18029:
17997:
17552:
17522:
17459:
17337:
16825:
16788:
16633:
16543:
14865:
14794:
14267:
14194:
14103:
14084:
14035:
14011:
13988:
13969:
13936:
13545:
13526:
13507:
13458:
13439:
13288:
13002:
12720:
12638:
12580:
12541:
12329:
12291:
12258:
12232:
11913:
11650:
10789:
10644:
10511:
10462:
10435:
10368:
10335:
10310:
10193:
10077:
10048:
9845:
9668:
9521:
9494:
9467:
9440:
9355:
9328:
9301:
9274:
9215:
9188:
9161:
9094:
9067:
9007:
8977:
8950:
8923:
8896:
8835:
8766:
7978:
7858:
7820:
7787:
7488:
7469:
7450:
7417:
5728:
5388:
4137:
3796:
Petroleum in commercial quantities was first discovered in the northeast in 1956. The most important oil fields are those of
1340:
of the Levant. Mainstream modern academic opinion strongly favors the argument that the Greek word is related to the cognate
1120:
17:
13942:
12889:
11416:
9981:
a b Stanford J. Shaw, "Dynamics of Ottoman Society and administration", in "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey"
8669:
8630:
7613:
7380:
3440:
troops. It has been described as the "single deadliest act" of violence perpetrated by any state upon its own population in
3079:
instructed his troops in the front, "to destroy the Zionists". The Invasion purpose was to prevent the establishment of the
2988:
and spread to engulf the whole of Syria and parts of Lebanon. Al-Atrash won several battles against the French, notably the
22239:
21370:
20159:
19479:
14999:
12154:
12108:
8235:
8008:
8000:
7752:
6225:
not including the 6 million refugees outside the country. Arabs make up roughly 74% of the population. The indigenous
5666:
5521:
4894:
as part of a treaty of friendship in World War II. In order to facilitate this, a faulty election was done in which ethnic
4877:
4767:
4694:
3320:
1711:) dominated northern Syria for two centuries, although Eastern Syria was occupied in the 19th and 18th centuries BC by the
1558:, northern Syria. Ebla appears to have been founded around 3500 BC, and gradually built its fortune through trade with the
16363:
15844:
15822:
15543:
15521:
13870:"Non-territorial autonomy and gender equality: The case of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria - Rojava"
12945:
12689:
11349:
11258:
9231:
8143:
4220:'s 2022 Global report designates Syrian elections as a "facade" with the worst electoral integrity in the world alongside
21480:
17303:
17199:
16340:
6545:
4861:
3510:
3316:
17291:
There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.
14057:
6812:
or Arab literary and cultural revival of the 19th century. Prominent contemporary Syrian writers include, among others,
3332:
3092:
20273:
20228:
19374:
19302:
19276:
17139:
12968:
7535:
7264:
4122:
3941:
3718:
to resolve the Syrian crisis in the Middle East. Some analysts however have posited the partitioning the region into a
3497:
1231:
18551:
17957:
17935:
17253:
kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language...
17169:
16806:"The utilization of water resources for agriculture in syria: analysis of the current situation and future challenges"
16445:
13355:
13181:
11676:
8371:
7551:
7338:
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2902:
of 1916. Initially, the two territories were separated by a border that ran in an almost straight line from Jordan to
2662:
after defeating the Mamluk army. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to
21906:
21413:
20245:
18974:
18328:
18274:
18194:
18158:
16628:. Matthew Bennett, Turismo y Comunicaciones Spain. Ministerio de Transportes. Madrid: EBizguides. 2007. p. 210.
16577:
16039:
15058:"'The jungle is back.' With his Golan Heights tweet, Trump emboldens the annexation agendas of the world's strongmen"
14938:
12802:
12310:
10598:
10111:
9607:
9413:
7839:
6859:, is sometimes used as a means of expressing dissent, critiquing the present through a depiction of the past. Syrian
6656:
5379:
popular in the Arab world. As of 2021, the export of illegal drugs eclipsed the country's legal exports, leading the
4746:
3360:
2931:
545:
18213:
15092:. Tampa Bay Times (previously named the St. Petersburg Times through 2011). St. Petersburg Times. 12 November 1976.
14200:
12371:
12209:
11804:
11386:
11201:
9110:
5170:
In August 2013, the government was suspected of using chemical weapons against its civilians. US Secretary of State
5104:
The situation for human rights in Syria has long been a significant concern among independent organizations such as
21170:
20268:
19540:
19199:
16812:, The Science and Culture Series ? Nuclear Strategy and Peace Technology, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 263–274,
16167:
10756:
7119:, an alcoholic drink, is a well-known beverage, served mostly on special occasions. Other Syrian beverages include
6567:
5721:
5700:
4599:
4216:'s electoral conduct as a scam; with the United Nations condemning it as illegitimate elections with “no mandate”.
4092:, to issue laws (which, except in the case of emergency, require ratification by the People's Council), to declare
3964:
and a Ba'athist political committee continues to be responsible for authorization of political parties. The ruling
3948:
apparatus that curtails any independent political activity. The new constitution introduced single-handedly by the
3869:
3714:
of the crisis. The latest attempts to resolve the crisis has been made through the appointment of Kofi Annan, as a
3639:
1247:
14831:
14148:
13234:
9950:
8041:
22224:
21408:
21386:
21121:
20519:
20260:
20240:
19666:
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18626:
16066:
15571:
15485:
14576:
7156:
6674:
5314:
announced in 2005 that 30% of the Syrian population lives in poverty and 11.4% live below the subsistence level.
5067:
4533:
3715:
3711:
227:
19457:
16293:
15393:
15021:
8407:
6408:, in addition to Arabic, the following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers:
3067:
Upheaval dominated Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s. In May 1948, Syrian forces invaded
22194:
21886:
20918:
19230:
18960:
17625:
16990:
15616:
14546:
14380:
12771:
12601:
11709:"Open Letter to the Leaders of the Syrian Opposition Regarding Human Rights Abuses by Armed Opposition Members"
10427:
8349:
8094:"Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011"
7506:
4178:
2814:
2101:
as one of the diplomatic languages of their empire (539 BC – 330 BC), as well as the Assyrian name for the new
1736:
states and the Euphrates Valley down to the borders with Babylon. The army of Yamhad campaigned as far away as
1500:
culture. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used containers made of stone, gyps, and burnt lime (
1403:
to the north, stretching inland to include parts of Iraq, and having an uncertain border to the northeast that
498:
17474:
16250:
11317:
8438:
8385:
8111:
22234:
21360:
20288:
18949:
18823:
18470:
Schlicht, Alfred (1980), "The role of foreign powers in the history of Lebanon and Syria from 1799 to 1861",
16529:
15732:
14425:"When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism"
10267:
10014:
8754:
8386:"In Syria's Civilian Death Toll, The Islamic State Group, Or ISIS, Is A Far Smaller Threat Than Bashar Assad"
7944:
7643:
6970:
6701:
6579:
5203:
4793:
Germany, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, the United States, Belgium, Spain, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.
4041:
3847:
3707:
3072:
3054:
2481:
1783:
1077:
877:
502:
467:
22244:
17871:
16746:
11708:
6840:
3281:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3193:
3123:
3062:
1148:
1144:
1124:
1116:
577:
22229:
20922:
20478:
20321:
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19264:
19189:
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16693:
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11770:
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10302:
9997:, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Muge Gocek and Norman M. Naimark, (Oxford University Press, 2011), 280–281.
8567:
6843:, has brought about renewed censorship. In this context, the genre of the historical novel, spearheaded by
6615:
6607:
6233:-speakers number around 400,000 people, with the Western Aramaic-speakers living mainly in the villages of
5125:
4945:
4929:
4881:
4209:
4101:
3552:
2898:) secretly agreed on the post-war division of the Ottoman Empire into respective zones of influence in the
1219:
843:
17117:
15115:
13869:
7673:
5120:
dictatorship that has been internationally condemned for its domestic and political repression, including
1155:. He effectively established an Alawi minority rule to consolidate power within his family. After Assad's
21131:
21116:
21093:
20483:
20283:
19469:
19462:
19317:
19177:
18519:
17064:
Richards, M; Rengo, C; Cruciani, F; Gratrix, F; Wilson, JF; Scozzari, R; MacAulay, V; Torroni, A (2003).
14732:
7904:
6603:
6256:. They constitute about 9% to 10% of the population, or approximately 2 million people (including 40,000
5481:
5454:
Syria has four international airports (Damascus, Aleppo, Lattakia and Kamishly), which serve as hubs for
5416:
5400:
5199:
5121:
4965:
4857:
4701:
as a whole, rather than outright independence. The region's administration has also been accused by some
4244:(formed in 2017), control northern of the country and operate independently of the Syrian Arab Republic.
4241:
4217:
3428:
3150:. This gave a foothold for Communist influence within the government in exchange for military equipment.
2867:
against indigenous Christian peoples was carried out by the Ottomans and their allies in the form of the
2547:
2406:
2210:
1755:
circa 1600 BC. From this time, Syria became a battle ground for various foreign empires, these being the
1650:
1180:
15325:
6688:
There are 6 state universities in Syria and 15 private universities. The top two state universities are
6681:
Since 1967, all schools, colleges, and universities have been under close government supervision by the
5526:
Syria is a semiarid country with scarce water resources. The largest water consuming sector in Syria is
3383:, media, education sector, religious and cultural spheres and all aspects of civil society. He assigned
2789:
and settled it with veteran Egyptian soldiers aiming to turn it into a regional capital, and he crushed
22179:
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21126:
21106:
21101:
20512:
20223:
20211:
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18646:
18606:
17409:
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16224:
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serves as a pro-government military faction in cyberspace and has been long considered an enemy of the
4865:
4758:
4077:
3424:
3229:
2818:
2444:
2413:) and began many construction projects to improve the city, most of which were halted after his death.
858:
853:
817:
20971:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.
19223:
17038:
15270:
6771:
combines circle dance and line dancing and is widely performed at weddings and other joyous occasions.
6670:
5371:
industry run by associates and relatives of the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad. It mainly produces
1886:
states centered in north central Aram (Syria) and south central Asia Minor (modern Turkey), including
97:
21041:
20311:
20216:
20020:
19699:
19493:
19025:
18966:
17645:"Patriarch of Antioch: I will be judged if I do not carry the Church and each one of you in my heart"
16893:
16805:
16719:
14786:
14772:
14768:
12140:
12088:
10527:
8258:"Hunger, poverty and rising prices: How one family in Syria bears the burden of 11 years of conflict"
8116:
7732:
7116:
6697:
6575:
5186:
criticized the international community over its "paralysis" in dealing with the more than 3-year-old
5132:, etc. as well as numerous crimes against Syrian civilians perpetrated during the civil war, such as
4233:
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4014:
3865:
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2935:
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1439:
1211:
1176:
515:
16500:
14424:
14409:
13745:
13151:
12410:
9991:
Pouring a People into the Desert:The "Definitive Solution" of the Unionists to the Armenian Question
6640:
4294:
2888:
2473:
1794:
1080:(1923–1946), the newly created state represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly
21957:
21851:
21083:
20306:
19739:
19583:
19555:
19362:
18021:
15845:"Syria's Chemical Weapons Declaration Remains Incomplete, Disarmament Chief Tells Security Council"
15544:"Syria's Chemical Weapons Declaration Remains Incomplete, Disarmament Chief Tells Security Council"
14237:
12890:"Decrees on Ending State of Emergency, Abolishing SSSC, Regulating Right to Peaceful Demonstration"
9683:
6595:
6587:
5307:
4666:
4573:
4225:
4022:
3973:
3695:
3376:
3356:(also known as the Jordan Civil War of 1970)" hostilities with Jordan reflected this disagreement.
3243:
2659:
1972:) in the 9th century BC, which was much later to become the center of a major empire, rivaling the
1821:
Around the 14th century BC, various Semitic peoples appeared in the area, such as the semi-nomadic
1693:
which saw similar kingdoms and states witness the same destruction at the hand of the Sea Peoples.
1389:
946:
22135:
15356:
15232:
13377:
12284:
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes
10486:
7813:
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes
7443:
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes
3261:
3192:
and Captain Hafiz al-Assad. Syria seceded from the union with Egypt on 28 September 1961, after a
1422:
By Pliny's time, however, this larger Syria had been divided into a number of provinces under the
22204:
21111:
20880:
20493:
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19184:
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2417:
2357:, an important commercial center and one of Syria's most prosperous cities in classical antiquity
1941:
1018:
934:
768:
678:
432:
417:
389:
19218:
17754:
17066:"Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations"
15709:
12072:
9660:
9650:
7713:
2609:
A few months later, the Mamluks arrived with an army from Egypt and defeated the Mongols in the
1878:. There was also a synthesis between the Semitic Arameans and the remnants of the Indo-European
1206:
and 5th highest in the 2023 Fragile States Index, Syria is one of the most dangerous places for
1048:. The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the
21846:
20338:
20316:
19757:
19071:
19066:
18980:
18735:
18651:
18586:
18400:
18064:"OHCHR | IICISyria Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic"
18045:
17233:
15446:"OHCHR | IICISyria Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic"
15415:
10985:
8993:
7194:
6705:
6599:
6583:
6571:
6499:
6385:
6210:
6132:
6116:
6082:
5493:
5466:
5260:
5129:
4996:
4887:
4503:
4368:
4185:. Representatives of the Syrian Interim government were invited to take up Syria's seat at the
3786:
3518:
3506:
3038:
2860:
2774:
2595:
2195:
2184:
1875:
1830:
1768:
1649:. Syria was called the Land of the Amurru (Amorites) by their Assyro-Babylonian neighbors. The
1089:
712:
672:
288:
262:
31:
18186:
18150:
16083:
14930:
13746:"Beyond Orientalism: Exploring the Distinctive Feminism of democratic confederalism in Rojava"
12100:
10452:
9716:"Military Platoons and Missions between the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Confederates"
9699:
9457:
9430:
9345:
9291:
8997:
8940:
8913:
8886:
8214:"Syria: Unprecedented rise in poverty rate, significant shortfall in humanitarian aid funding"
7744:
6189:
5096:
4886:
In 1939, while Syria was still a French mandate the French allowed a plebiscite regarding the
4129:
have no cultural or linguistic rights and activities of Kurdish political parties are banned.
3103:
since the start of the Second World War. This was soon followed by another overthrow, by Col.
2712:, and accepted the mantle of defenders of the faith. Damascus was made the major entrepot for
2389:. Her great nephews, also Arabs from Syria, would also become Roman Emperors, the first being
1645:
settled in the northern east parts of Syria while the rest of the region was dominated by the
21355:
20912:
20349:
19889:
19588:
19510:
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13138:
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10501:
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9719:
9511:
9484:
9318:
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5195:
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4263:
4253:
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was established. In the first half of 1967, a low-key state of war existed between Syria and
3289:
3221:
2899:
2884:
2655:
2639:
2382:
2343:
2086:
2040:
1811:, circa 1450 BCE (actual painting and interpretational drawing). They are labeled "Chiefs of
1615:
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has resulted in more than 600,000 deaths, with pro-Assad forces causing more than 90% of the
1093:
1002:
958:
954:
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348:
202:
103:
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constitute the major ethnic group in Syria, making up between 80 and 85% of the population.
16444:
15202:
12872:
12741:
12357:
12186:
10589:
P. Miller, H. Rand, Andrew, Dafna (2020). "2: The Syrian Crucible and Future U.S. Options".
10106:
9372:
5805:
5078:. Iran and Russia are biggest suppliers of military aid to the Assad-led Syrian Government.
957:
as subdivisions. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to
21968:
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21798:
21278:
21073:
21034:
20780:
20457:
20331:
20326:
20171:
20013:
19603:
19405:
19240:
18944:
12011:
11597:
9747:. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. p. 35.
6955:
6898:
6728:
6693:
6281:
5368:
5113:
5108:, who in 2010 referred to the country's record as "among the worst in the world." The 2011
5091:
4690:
4473:
4443:
3977:
3181:
3083:. Toward this end, the Syrian government engaged in an active process of recruiting former
3058:
1964:), and the coasts of North Africa and most significantly, founding the major city-state of
1745:
1108:
974:
823:
558:
300:
182:
18509:
15796:
14891:
14860:(International government publication ed.). International Labour Office. p. 23.
12458:
8165:
7880:
6473:
English and French are widely spoken as second languages, but English is more often used.
4152:
jurisprudence is a main source of legislation and Syria's judicial system has elements of
3555:. On 6 September 2007, foreign jet fighters, suspected as Israeli, reportedly carried out
3419:
reversed the initial Syrian gains and pushed deeper into Syrian territory. The village of
1638:'s conquests ended Eblan domination over Syria in the first half of the 23rd century BC.
8:
21496:
20857:
19880:
19623:
19613:
19505:
19167:
18775:
18770:
14905:
11146:"Syria's sectarian war goes international as foreign fighters and arms pour into country"
10353:
Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes
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7894:
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6789:
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in November 2011 for over 11 years, until its reinstatement in 2023. Syria also quit the
4849:
4702:
4308:
4005:
3762:
3758:
3400:
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3122:
Shishakli eventually abolished multipartyism altogether, but was himself overthrown in a
3013:
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2981:
2969:
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2335:
2319:
2134:
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1981:
1913:
1712:
1690:
1370:
1239:
1195:
382:
20186:
18560:
17282:
17263:
are the fifth-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1.5% of the population...
15586:"A/76/890: Missing people in the Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the Secretary-General"
15500:"A/76/890: Missing people in the Syrian Arab Republic — Report of the Secretary-General"
15298:, 28 September 2004 (link leads only to abstract; purchase necessary for full article).
14945:
14812:"The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay): Its Impact on Turkish-Syrian Relations (1939–1956)"
14118:"PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular"
13025:
12015:
11906:
Syria and the Cradle of Civilization: The Findings of Claude F a Schaeffer in Ras Shamra
11740:
11446:
11015:
9387:
Relations between God and Man in the Hurro-Hittite Song of Release, Mary R. Bachvarova,
8342:"91 percent of civilian deaths caused by Syrian regime and Russian forces: rights group"
8327:
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886:
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20116:
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18514:
17983:
17593:
17585:
17140:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
17090:
17065:
16771:
Eissa, T; Cho, Gi-Hwan (2013). "Internet Anonymity in Syria, Challenges and Solution".
16651:
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296:
16470:"The Captagon Threat: A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities"
16412:
Heydemann, Steven. Authoritarianism in Syria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print. Pg 111.
13585:
11335:
9891:
9861:
8827:
The Art of Building at the Dawn of Human Civilization: The Ontogenesis of Architecture
8655:
6606:
and several smaller Christian denominations account for the remainder. Many Christian
5231:
2879:, in Ottoman Syria, was the final destination of these death marches. In the midst of
1222:. The country has also become the epicentre of a state-sponsored multi-billion dollar
83:
20990:
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20504:
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18371:
The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba'ath Party
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17455:
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16821:
16784:
16639:
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16551:
16436:
16387:
Heydemann, Steven. Authoritarianism in Syria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print. Pg.110
15171:
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11365:
11255:"Syria's Farouq rebels battle to hold onto Qusayr, last outpost near Lebanese border"
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6059:
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5501:
5387:". The drug exports allow the Syrian government to generate hard currency and bypass
5299:
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as a "lower middle income country." In 2010, Syria remained dependent on the oil and
5220:
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4933:
4845:
4611:
4529:
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2149:
2110:
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1957:
1843:
1720:
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1681:
was a Semitic language loosely related to the Canaanite languages, and developed the
1678:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1594:. One of the earliest written texts from Syria is a trading agreement between Vizier
1357:
1210:. Freedom of press is extremely limited, and the country is ranked 2nd worst in 2024
1061:
994:
914:
376:
18239:
17016:
12227:. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 132–133, 414–417.
8071:
6470:
as well as two neighboring villages, 56 km (35 mi) northeast of Damascus.
6288:(1%), most of which are the descendants of refugees who arrived in Syria during the
1948:. From these coastal regions, they eventually spread their influence throughout the
1442:(established in AD 194) corresponding to modern Lebanon, Damascus and Homs regions;
1104:
20875:
20077:
19659:
19640:
19575:
19393:
19357:
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18879:
18859:
18854:
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18672:
18634:
18569:
18124:
17577:
17451:
17085:
17077:
16960:
16813:
16776:
16602:
14436:
14345:
14334:"The Rojava Experience: Possibilities and Challenges of Building a Democratic Life"
14294:
13884:
13848:
13838:
13757:
13393:"2022. Year in Elections Global Report: 2019-2021. The Electoral Integrity Project"
12793:
Schlager, Weisblatt, Neil, Jayne; A. Faksh, Mahmud (2006). "Syrian Arab Republic".
12529:
12035:
12019:
11970:
11954:
11564:"Rights Group Says Syrian Security Forces Detained, Tortured Children: The Two-Way"
10356:
10232:
10221:"Former Nazi Officers in the Near East: German Military Advisors in Syria, 1949–56"
9559:
9260:
8704:
8534:
8491:
7974:
7022:
6974:
6759:
6558:(1.2 million), a sizable number of whom are found among Syria's population of
6549:
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6413:
6409:
6397:
6277:
6269:
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was destined to rule perennially. On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt initiated the
3277:
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1985:
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1603:
1459:
1447:
1227:
1168:
1065:
1034:
1026:
748:
453:
18090:
Insights into Syrian Cinema: Essays and Conversations with Contemporary Filmmakers
17384:"UN refugee agency welcomes Brazil announcement of humanitarian visas for Syrians"
17268:
are sixth-largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 1% of the population...
16810:
International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies ? 30th Session
14440:
14255:
13843:
13826:
13761:
12998:
10898:"Naharnet Newsdesk – Syria Curbs Kurdish Riots for a Merger with Iraq's Kurdistan"
10236:
3901:
3304:
was Syria's effective ruler from 1966 until November 1970, when he was deposed by
2964:
family. However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the
2940:
1332:, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the
22199:
21856:
21139:
20831:
20547:
20104:
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19282:
18874:
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18805:
18720:
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18281:
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16780:
14980:
14966:
14952:
14912:
14898:
14880:
14855:
13926:
12893:
11341:
11312:
10779:
10065:
9403:
9057:
8888:
Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History
8750:
8661:
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6145:
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5117:
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4674:
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4145:
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annexed Syria from the Abbasids, and were later replaced by once the Egypt-based
2508:
2500:
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2398:
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2168:
2142:
2122:
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1764:
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1427:
1404:
1333:
1325:
1259:
1191:
1160:
1136:
978:
574:
408:
386:
61:
18542:
15823:"Syria: Chemical weapons pose unacceptable threat, and are a 'danger to us all'"
15522:"Syria: Chemical weapons pose unacceptable threat, and are a 'danger to us all'"
14995:
14955:, Congressional Research Service, 5 April 2002. pg. 5. Retrieved 1 August 2010.)
14023:
12526:
Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria
12322:
Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the Rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism
12162:
12116:
10220:
10041:
a line in the sand. Britain, France and the struggle that shaped the Middle East
9176:
8243:
7851:
Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the Rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism
7760:
7357:"Middle East corruption rankings: Syria most corrupt, UAE least, Turkey slipped"
6495:
4763:
4564:. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing
3936:
that nominally permits the candidacy of individuals who do not form part of the
3161:
2719:
Ottoman administration followed a system that led to peaceful coexistence. Each
2035:
ravaged and plundered much of Syria. The last stand of the Assyrian army was at
1528:
in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth, perhaps preceded by only that of
22174:
21926:
21436:
19994:
19979:
19894:
19675:
19630:
19593:
19548:
19327:
19122:
19117:
18869:
18849:
18815:
18790:
16817:
16134:"Economic Challenges and Reform Options for Syria: A Growth Diagnostics Report"
16009:
15848:
15830:
15547:
15529:
14776:
14475:"NATION-BUILDING IN ROJAVA: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMIDST THE SYRIAN CIVL WAR"
14006:. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12.
13265:
13084:"Inside Syria's Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections"
12941:
12685:
12282:
Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus".
12023:
10636:
9235:
8135:
7811:
Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus".
7441:
Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus".
7373:"Syria, Yemen and Libya among 'lowest in the world' for corruption perceptions"
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6660:
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The authorities are accused of arresting democracy and human rights activists,
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4895:
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4678:
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3364:
3305:
3253:
3185:
3108:
2985:
2892:
2856:
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2798:
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reforms were applied on Ottoman Syria, carving out the provinces (vilayets) of
2782:
2746:
2701:
2583:
2512:
2402:
2199:
2020:
1973:
1756:
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The earliest recorded indigenous civilization in the region was the Kingdom of
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986:
982:
438:
423:
354:
322:
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Heydemann, Steven. Authoritarianism in Syria. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print.
16251:"Syrian Economy To Shrink By 20 Percent in 2012 As Country Struggles With War"
16153:
15731:
Lewis, Paul; Chulov, Martin; Borger, Julian; Watt, Nicholas (27 August 2013).
13298:
6537:. Druze number around 500,000, and concentrate mainly in the southern area of
5492:
plays an integral role in the distribution of government internet access. The
3296:
and designated a regionalist, civilian Ba'ath government on 1 March. Although
2464:
2047:. The Babylonians, like their Assyrian relations, were victorious over Egypt.
1992:
of their empire. This language was to remain dominant in Syria and the entire
187:
Syria proper shown in dark green; Syria's territorial claims over the Turkish
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17114:"In the Wake of the Phoenicians: DNA study reveals a Phoenician-Maltese link"
16643:
16555:
16440:
15895:"Deadly nerve agent sarin used in Syria attack, Turkish Health Ministry says"
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8453:"The Regional War in Syria: Summary of Caabu event with Christopher Phillips"
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Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State
7112:
6868:
6848:
6829:
6821:
6509:
6443:
6218:
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5405:
5267:. At the outset of the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Syria was classified by the
5109:
4973:
4925:
4914:
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4778:
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The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially
4615:
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4021:; with Alawite loyalists of the Ba'ath party dominating key positions in the
3993:
3981:
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3408:
3349:
3340:
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2511:– made official under Umayyad rule – became the dominant language, replacing
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2409:. During his reign, he focused on his home town of Philippopolis (modern day
2354:
1989:
1949:
1863:
1851:
1804:
1591:
1521:
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1435:
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attempts shaking the country between 1949 and 1971. In 1958, Syria entered a
1073:
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870:
369:
242:
229:
192:
89:
21154:
17675:"Syria's president wants non-Muslim religions to help end his pariah status"
16775:. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Vol. 215. pp. 177–186.
16085:
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
14577:"Syrian army to deploy along Turkish border in deal with Kurdish-led forces"
13957:
13334:
The Syrian election ranked as worst among all the contests held during 2014.
12528:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. ix–xii, 1–4, 16–18, 30–40.
11958:
6667:
rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 90.7% for males and 82.2% for females.
6260:). Most Kurds reside in the northeastern corner of Syria and most speak the
4816:
From the Arab league, Syria continues to maintain diplomatic relations with
3574:
is an ongoing internal violent conflict in Syria. It is a part of the wider
3155:
2231:
and controlled the entirety of the Roman East while his successor and widow
1665:
reemerged during this period, and saw renewed prosperity until conquered by
1488:), where agriculture and cattle breeding first began to appear. The site of
1480:
Since approximately the 11th millennium BC, Syria was one of the centers of
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18303:
Tribes with Flags: A Dangerous Passage Through the Chaos of the Middle East
17099:
16875:
16720:"AT&T – 4G LTE, Cell Phones, U-verse, TV, Internet & Phone Service"
14782:
14637:"Syrian Kurds accuse Turkey of violations, Russia says peace plan on track"
12225:
Political Change in the Middle East and North Africa: After the Arab Spring
12049:
11984:
7348:
7128:
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in July 1941. Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalists and the British
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2647:
2457:
2421:
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2280:
2276:
2256:
2243:
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1937:
1883:
1744:(modern Iran). Yamhad was conquered and destroyed, along with Ebla, by the
1614:. Recent classifications of the Eblaite language have shown that it was an
1571:
1559:
1525:
1489:
1423:
1199:
1140:
801:
269:
17540:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
16939:. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from
16672:"How to travel by train from London to Syria | Train travel in Syria"
16623:
12533:
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9708:
3180:
and Egypt's Nasser announced the merging of Egypt and Syria, creating the
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18795:
18755:
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17872:
Forward Magazine, Interview with President of Aleppo University, May 2008
17408:(in Spanish). Confederación de Entidades Argentino Árabes. Archived from
17381:
17228:
17162:"Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays"
14091:
13714:
10752:
9125:
8594:
8012:. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277.
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5384:
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as the strongman of the government. General Hafiz al-Assad transformed a
3336:
3301:
3189:
3143:
3001:
returned to Syria in 1937 after the signing of the Syrian-French Treaty.
2880:
2876:
2840:
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in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys.
2370:
2288:
2126:
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2012:
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328:
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17194:
16103:"Syria Weighs Its Tactics as Pillars of Its Economy Continue to Crumble"
15864:"US launches missiles into Syria in response to chemical weapons attack"
14920:
14906:
CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues
13888:
13495:
12918:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 13. Archived from
7065:
6962:
have considerable market penetration throughout the eastern Arab world.
5239:
4944:
maintaining a buffer zone in between, to implement the ceasefire of the
3586:, the overthrow of his government, and an end to nearly five decades of
3158:. Only heated debates in the United Nations lessened the threat of war.
3114:
3004:
2443:'s first interaction with the people and tribes of Syria was during the
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17589:
17568:
Pipes, Daniel (1 January 1989). "The Alawi Capture of Power in Syria".
16364:"String of losses in Syria leaves Assad regime increasingly precarious"
14827:
14811:
13533:
11321:
10633:
The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East
9946:
9536:
Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, 1991, p.381
8070:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Archived from
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6945:
6914:
6652:
6555:
6530:
6356:
6161:
5497:
5455:
5295:
5268:
5171:
5148:
5019:
4910:
4650:
4596:
4592:
4553:
4508:
4373:
4274:, while de facto autonomous, is not recognized by the country as such.
4182:
4157:
3872:
mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 144th globally out of 172 countries.
3809:
3579:
3526:
3100:
2895:
2621:, made Damascus a provincial capital. When he died, power was taken by
2390:
2315:
2224:
2036:
2028:
1945:
1891:
1859:
1752:
1583:
1539:
1501:
1400:
1207:
340:
19729:
17611:
17383:
15925:"US claims 2019 Syria airstrike investigated by NY Times 'legitimate'"
14298:
13853:
11943:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
10553:
10551:
10549:
10063:
8969:
Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East
6217:. Syria has a population of approximately 18,500,000 (2019 estimate).
5848:
4713:, and displacement. However, despite this the AANES has been the most
3462:, and during the 1990s engaged in negotiations with Israel along with
1014:
21616:
21319:
20949:
20750:
20745:
20625:
20131:
19901:
19076:
18785:
17989:
17329:
16984:"Syrian refugees top 3 million, half of all Syrians displaced – U.N."
14283:"Communal Democracy: The Social Contract and Confederalism in Rojava"
14233:
13391:
Garnett, S. James, MacGregor, Holly Ann, Toby, Madison . (May 2022).
10503:
Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba'thist Secularism
9180:
Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4
8992:
8415:
8093:
7111:
Drinks in Syria vary, depending on the time of day and the occasion.
7061:
7057:
7041:
6324:
6316:
5202:
against a Syrian air base which had allegedly been used to conduct a
5055:-C missiles with a 500-kilometre (310-mile) range were procured from
5001:
4961:
4686:
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4607:
4588:
3782:
3631:
3128:
2961:
2852:
2828:
2758:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2635:
2365:. The matriarch of the family and Empress of Rome as wife of emperor
2327:
2322:
had taken hold as the major religion, although others still followed
2300:
2296:
2160:
2106:
2056:
2039:
in northern Syria in 605 BC. The Assyrian Empire was followed by the
2032:
2024:
2004:
1993:
1977:
1920:
came to dominate the coasts of Syria, (and also Lebanon and northern
1895:
1826:
1772:
1666:
1481:
1438:, the Palestinian Territories, and Jordan) in the extreme southwest;
1408:
1348:
1310:
1296:
902:
30:
This article is about the modern state of Syria. For other uses, see
19686:
18201:
hundreds of thousands of mukhabarat according to dissident Riad Seif
16697:
15672:"UN report: Syrian forces commit 'gross violations' of human rights"
15610:
14376:
13827:"Gender Revolution in Rojava: The Voices beyond Tabloid Geopolitics"
13446:
13197:"Συρία: Βουλευτικές εκλογές για την διαπραγματευτική ενίσχυση Άσαντ"
8999:
Old Testament Parallels: Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East
8042:"Regional group votes to suspend Syria; rebels claim downing of jet"
4516:
3224:. The new Syrian cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members. Since the
21866:
21758:
21711:
21671:
21666:
21581:
21566:
21193:
20968:
Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.
20826:
20765:
20720:
20700:
20695:
20690:
20590:
20402:
19827:
18725:
18715:
18564:
17855:"Forward Magazine, Interview with President of Damascus University"
17544:
17081:
16956:"U.N.: Syria Crisis Is 'Biggest Humanitarian Emergency of Our Era'"
16671:
16578:"Syria raises fuel prices to snuff out black market, soothe unrest"
15867:
14668:"Assad takes a page out of Russia's book in his war against rebels"
14121:
14053:
13552:
10546:
9563:
8708:
8538:
8495:
8482:
Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again".
8393:
8121:
7097:
7053:
7045:
6999:
6918:
6664:
6619:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6344:
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5873:
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5071:
5028:
4949:
4662:
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4448:
4165:
4081:
3666:
3451:
3450:
and the Western world, Syria participated in the United States-led
3420:
3404:
3384:
2957:
2916:
occupation by Arab nationalists resulted in its attachment to Syria
2864:
2794:
2563:
2559:
2542:
2528:
2520:
2440:
2386:
2311:
2272:
2247:
2228:
2191:
2130:
1965:
1961:
1887:
1879:
1834:
1808:
1748:
1733:
1642:
1579:
1520:
played an important role during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age.
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1416:
1337:
1022:
1006:
950:
865:
805:
334:
221:
129:
13258:"UN reiterates it is not involved in Syrian presidential election"
12647:
11318:"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::"
11305:
6,143 civilians and security forces (15 March 2011-20 March 2012),
10385:"Salah Jadid, 63, Leader of Syria Deposed and Imprisoned by Assad"
7505:
The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's
6867:, and is also used as a means of veiled criticism of the present.
6436:. However, none of these minority languages have official status.
5329:
5235:
Historical development of real GDP per capita in Syria, since 1820
4868:
and inhuman acts" perpetrated by forces loyal to Bashar al-Assad.
3944:. Despite this, Syria remains a one-party state with an extensive
3537:
in 2005 led to international condemnation and triggered a popular
3423:
was largely destroyed by the Israeli army. In the late 1970s, an
2851:. It ultimately suffered defeat and loss of control of the entire
2574:. The coastal mountainous region was also occupied in part by the
1072:. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century
21773:
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21738:
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21656:
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20389:
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20052:
19913:
19842:
19822:
19797:
19762:
19752:
19747:
19530:
18591:
13710:"Catalan parliament recognizes administration in northeast Syria"
10868:"Israel launches strikes on Syria in retaliation for bomb attack"
10135:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9968:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9644:
9642:
8298:"Assad, Iran, Russia committed 91% of civilian killings in Syria"
7530:
7481:
Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization
7259:
7073:
6902:
6364:
6184:
6127:
6093:
6077:
5941:
5863:
5689:
5549:
5334:
5191:
5156:
4829:
4817:
4682:
4643:
4313:
4221:
4153:
4149:
4093:
3916:
3731:
3719:
3651:
3623:
3544:
2918:. This border was recognized internationally when Syria became a
2790:
2738:
2667:
2643:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2575:
2504:
2429:
2323:
2264:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2180:
2102:
2078:
2016:
2000:
1969:
1822:
1812:
1760:
1725:
1674:
1646:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1567:
1412:
1350:
1317:
1255:
998:
942:
364:
17831:. Ministry of Higher Education. 23 November 2011. Archived from
21861:
21788:
21778:
21646:
21636:
21611:
21601:
21561:
21304:
21213:
21208:
20846:
20770:
20735:
20670:
20650:
20640:
20600:
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20580:
20422:
20417:
20412:
20166:
20154:
20094:
20089:
20084:
20057:
19847:
19812:
19787:
19782:
19777:
19767:
19132:
19086:
18760:
18745:
18546:
18018:
A New Old Damascus: Authenticity and Distinction in Urban Syria
17498:
17496:
14969:, UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 1 August 2010.)
14946:"CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Israeli-United States Relations"
14929:"Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency.
13121:"Elections in Wartime: The Syrian People's Council (2016–2020)"
11483:. Geneva. Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2012. Archived from
9316:
7124:
7037:
7033:
6872:
6798:
6777:
6716:, which offer undergraduate and graduate programs in business.
6623:
6563:
6534:
6503:
6360:
6348:
6198:
5957:
5834:
5818:
5800:
5285:
5275:. The oil sector provided about 40% of export earnings. Proven
4937:
4891:
4741:
4737:
4557:
4388:
4343:
4237:
4161:
4045:
3829:
3805:
3778:
3727:
3655:
3643:
3509:, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of
3475:
3467:
3324:
3169:
3151:
3084:
3080:
3009:
2603:
2551:
2532:
2469:
2428:
and emerged as a significant figure in the Christian Church at
2410:
2405:. He was emperor from 244 to 249, and ruled briefly during the
2292:
2252:
1929:
1871:
1867:
1855:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1670:
1595:
1396:
1329:
1281:
1184:
938:
930:
918:
910:
38:
22185:
Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
21026:
20379:
20005:
16168:"Syria reverts to socialist economic policies to ease tension"
14960:
Travel advice: Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories
14607:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws"
13976:
13616:"Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region"
13312:
Norris, Pippa; Martinez i Coma, Ferran; Grömping, Max (2015).
12999:"Syria conflict: UK recognises opposition, says William Hague"
10528:"Jordan asked Nixon to attack Syria, declassified papers show"
9639:
9429:
Zakrzewski, Sonia; Shortland, Andrew; Rowland, Joanne (2015).
8965:
6201:
people, closely related to their immediate neighbors, such as
5100:
Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo, October 2012
3858:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
3753:
Syria is the twelfth most water stressed country in the world.
3037:
until the British and Free French occupied the country in the
1187:– have emerged in Syrian territory to challenge Assad's rule.
21803:
21753:
21728:
21696:
21661:
21591:
21586:
21551:
21479:
21314:
21283:
21263:
21248:
21223:
21198:
20954:
20795:
20730:
20710:
20645:
20620:
20610:
20595:
20488:
20442:
20176:
20139:
20062:
19909:
19832:
19807:
19802:
19792:
19772:
19000:
18750:
17015:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from
16199:"Syria's battling economy may hold on with help from friends"
13796:"German MP Jelpke: Rojava needs help against Corona pandemic"
13473:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead"
13311:
11880:"Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers"
9608:"When Syrians, Algerians and Iraqis patrolled Hadrian's Wall"
9177:
Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (1990).
7120:
7105:
7081:
7069:
7013:
7008:
6809:
6768:
6301:
6025:
6009:
5991:
5289:
4940:, whereas the eastern third is controlled by Syria, with the
4899:
4837:
4833:
4821:
4619:
4549:
4493:
4358:
4328:
4117:. As of 2008, the President is the Regional Secretary of the
4072:
4067:
4062:
3825:
3619:
3500:
in which he ran unopposed. His election saw the birth of the
3403:
revolving around Hafiz and his family became a core tenet of
2907:
2786:
2762:
2713:
2709:
2374:
2307:
2073:
2044:
2008:
1953:
1933:
1925:
1905:
1729:
1563:
1555:
1363:
1243:
1112:
1057:
1044:, broadly synonymous with the Levant, and known in Arabic as
962:
283:
278:
21493:
Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
17800:
17493:
17359:. Saudi Aramco World. September–October 2005. Archived from
17116:. National Geographic Magazine. October 2004. Archived from
17063:
16747:"The Syrian Electronic Army Are at Cyber War with Anonymous"
16088:. The Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. 1921.
15765:"Christians Squeezed Out by Violent Struggle in North Syria"
14803:
14747:"Arab League brings Syria back into its fold after 12 years"
14050:"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage"
13390:
10593:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 28.
8236:"Every Day Counts: Children of Syria cannot wait any longer"
3824:. The fields are a natural extension of the Iraqi fields of
2349:
2163:
control from 83 BC, with the conquests of the Armenian king
1673:
also arose during this time, circa 1800 BC, close to modern
21768:
21706:
21676:
21626:
21621:
21571:
21238:
21203:
20805:
20715:
20680:
20635:
20630:
20539:
20432:
20407:
20111:
20072:
20067:
18740:
16296:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 20 June 2012.
15263:"Syria reduces compulsory military service by three months"
14983:, International Committee of the Red Cross, 24 April 2008.)
14972:"In the ICRC's view, the Golan is an occupied territory." (
14853:
14511:"RUPTURES AND RIPPLE EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND"
12792:
7085:
7077:
6995:
6712:. There are also many higher institutes in Syria, like the
6315:
There are also smaller ethnic minority groups, such as the
6214:
5975:
5907:
5853:
5410:
5343:
5311:
5281:
5060:
5052:
4864:
suspended Syria in August 2012 citing "deep concern at the
4825:
4774:
4773:
Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its
4623:
4433:
4403:
4053:
4049:
3647:
3627:
3525:. Signs of rioting were seen in the cities of Qamishli and
3131:
and other ideologies. There was fertile ground for various
2903:
2766:
2731:
2724:
2378:
2146:
2138:
1997:
1741:
1551:
1517:
1493:
1485:
1215:
1103:
The post-independence period was tumultuous, with multiple
1049:
922:
18334:
18305:, Atlantic Monthly Press (New York) and Picador (London),
18238:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 October 2009. Archived from
17326:
Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development
16929:
16399:
16397:
16395:
16393:
14018:
Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.
13514:
13348:"Syria's 2020 parliamentary elections: The worst joke yet"
13174:"Syria's 2020 parliamentary elections: The worst joke yet"
12713:
Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium
11805:"Russia's expanding military footprint in the Middle East"
11594:"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news"
11175:
10296:
9428:
8563:
Stele to the Propagation in China of the Jingjiao of Daqin
7638:
7636:
7634:
5699:
in March 2011; 4 million were outside the country as
5259:
has lost 80% of its value, with the economy becoming part
3436:, when some 10,000 – 40,000 people were killed by regular
1901:
1218:
region and was ranked the 2nd lowest globally on the 2022
17614:. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2019.
16723:
16341:"IS blows up Syria gas pipeline serving capital: monitor"
15797:"Syria: Sunnis Threatening to Massacre Minority Alawites"
14857:
The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories
14266:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
14180:
In der Maur, Renée; Staal, Jonas (2015). "Introduction".
14102:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
14034:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13968:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13544:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13506:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
13457:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (
11940:
11447:"Syria crisis: Turkey refugee surge amid escalation fear"
10732:
10707:
9941:
9939:
9462:. Open Road Integrated Media, Incorporated. p. 475.
8192:"Syria ranks second to last in RSF's press freedom index"
7084:. Syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known as
6764:
4976:
will recognize Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights.
3678:
accused the government and Shabiha of using civilians as
3529:. In 2005, Syria ended its military presence in Lebanon.
3345:
2968:. French troops occupied Syria later that year after the
2562:
and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 AD during the
1924:) from the 13th century BC, founding city states such as
1626:, and the whole of Syria became part of the Mesopotamian
882:
17718:
15733:"Iran warns west against military intervention in Syria"
13674:"Umar: Catalonian recognition of AANES is the beginning"
12892:. Syrian Arab News Agency. 22 April 2011. Archived from
11997:
9821:
1998, Edinburg, UK. Edinburg University Press. Page 146.
9636:
Palmyra: Mirage in the Desert, Joan Aruz, 2018, page 78.
9055:
8560:
Adam (781). "Translation of the Nestorian Inscription".
7162:
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
5151:
websites, detaining bloggers, and imposing travel bans.
4860:. After 11 years, the Arab League readmitted Syria. The
4697:, society, and politics, stating it to be a model for a
3862:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
3375:
dictatorship marked by his pervasive grip on the party,
3272:
and shaped a new socio-political order by enforcing its
2085:
Lands that constitute modern day Syria were part of the
1590:, found during excavations, confirm Ebla's contact with
18352:
Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East
17031:
16522:"Is the Syrian Regime the World's Biggest Drug Dealer?"
16390:
16310:"Isil seizes Syrian regime's lucrative phosphate mines"
13227:"Εκλογές στη Συρία, ενώ η εμπόλεμη κατάσταση παραμένει"
12797:(4th ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 1303.
12248:
11741:"Syria crisis: Qatar calls for Arabs to send in troops"
8364:"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Syria"
7777:
7631:
7407:
6901:. Syria has produced several pan-Arab stars, including
6343:. However, most of these ethnic minorities have become
4800:
Map of world and Syria (red) with military involvement.
2271:
in the 7th century AD, the bulk of the population were
1151:, which eventually resulted in the seizure of power by
20534:
17626:"Death toll in Syria likely as high as 120,000: group"
14729:"Syria suspends its membership in Mediterranean union"
14547:"Report: Syrian army to enter SDF-held Kobani, Manbij"
14227:"Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East"
13427:
11202:"Arab League delegates head to Syria over 'bloodbath'"
10947:
10728:"30 Years Later, Photos Emerge From Killings In Syria"
10703:"30 Years Later, Photos Emerge From Killings In Syria"
9936:
8911:
8280:"UN Chief says 90% of Syrians live below poverty line"
6863:, as a subgenre of historical fiction, is imbued with
5458:
and are also served by a variety of foreign carriers.
5074:, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for
4108:
was the largest opposition party. The anti-government
4076:
against his rule. The government survived a series of
3610:
Pro-Assad demonstration in the capital Damascus after
2361:
Syrians held considerable amounts of power during the
1361:
15730:
15082:
14731:. Xinhua News Agency. 1 December 2012. Archived from
14261:
14097:
14072:
14029:
13963:
13539:
13501:
13452:
11621:"Hundreds Tortured in Syria, Human Rights Group Says"
10662:"Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine"
10355:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
9914:"Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?"
9648:
9232:"Neolithic Tell Ramad in the Damascus Basin of Syria"
4587:. The AANES has widespread support for its universal
4532:
in northeastern Syria. It consists of self-governing
2666:. Tamurlane also conducted specific massacres of the
1689:
in the 12th century BC in what was known as the Late
18572:
profiles of people and institutions provided by the
16269:"Syrians struggle with shortages as economy buckles"
12595:
11934:
10986:"Israel Struck Syrian Nuclear Project, Analysts Say"
9021:
9019:
7560:"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7544:"Islamic bloc suspends Syria membership over crisis"
7526:"Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7289:"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7273:"Islamic bloc suspends Syria membership over crisis"
7255:"Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria"
7233:
7211:
7199:
7138:
6347:
to some degree, particularly those who practice the
4270:, which are further divided into sub-districts. The
3622:
Muslims, whereas the leading government figures are
3260:
The 1963 Ba'athist coup marked a "radical break" in
2847:
entered the conflict on the side of Germany and the
2385:
held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the god
147:
122:
68:
17503:Drysdale, Alasdair; Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1991),
16468:Rose, Söderholm, Caroline, Alexander (April 2022).
16271:. Associated Press. 22 January 2013. Archived from
16028:
15952:
15950:
15090:"Political foe of Syrians wounded on Beirut street"
15022:"Resolving the Future of the Occupied Syrian Golan"
13825:Şimşek, Bahar; Jongerden, Joost (29 October 2018).
13739:
13737:
12795:
World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties
12596:Al-Shami, Meckfessel, Leila, Shon (1 August 2023).
12305:. Albany, New York: Suny Press. pp. 144, 149.
12202:"How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule"
11991:
11417:"Syrian Refugees May Be Wearing Out Turks' Welcome"
11281:"Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed"
9482:
8525:Frye, R. N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms".
7834:. Albany, New York: Suny Press. pp. 144, 149.
7131:, and a locally manufactured beer called Al Shark.
6710:
International University for Science and Technology
6626:in 1948. In 2021 there were no Jews left in Syria.
6614:Syria was once home to a substantial population of
6525:but there are also Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens), 10%
6406:
The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
5000:Yet after Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000,
3960:character by bestowing extraordinary powers on the
3781:in the south are important agricultural areas. The
3547:, known as "the Cedar Revolution" which forced the
3327:. Conflict over Israeli cultivation of land in the
3099:, described as the first military overthrow of the
3071:, together with other Arab states, and immediately
2299:communities were also extant in major cities, with
1512:are evidence of early trade. The ancient cities of
1167:in 2000. Since 2011, Syria has been embroiled in a
18283:Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict
18178:
18142:
17502:
16876:"World Population Prospects – Population Division"
16308:
16097:
16095:
15763:
15639:
15562:"Syria: Families of 'Disappeared' Deserve Answers"
15476:"Syria: Families of 'Disappeared' Deserve Answers"
14915:, Congressional Research Service. 19 January 2006)
13562:. Cantonafrin.com. 4 February 2016. Archived from
13053:"Obama says U.S. will recognize Syrian opposition"
12736:
12734:
12732:
12320:Hensman, Rohini (2018). "7: The Syrian Uprising".
12253:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 422.
11677:"Syria: Armed Opposition Groups Committing Abuses"
11299:
11246:
10588:
9740:
9734:
9343:
8884:
7849:Hensman, Rohini (2018). "7: The Syrian Uprising".
7782:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 422.
7412:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 422.
7404:Sources describing Syria as a totalitarian state:
6723:, the top-ranking universities in the country are
6618:, with large communities in Damascus, Aleppo, and
5512:were arrested between March 2011 and August 2012.
5476:
5465:(the Syrian railway company), which links up with
4805: Countries that support the Syrian government
4228:. Three alternative governments formed during the
2263:, with the split in the Roman Empire. The largely
21975:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37
18181:Dreams and shadows, the Future of the Middle East
18145:Dreams and shadows, the Future of the Middle East
17801:Ministry of Higher Education (23 November 2011).
16225:"Syria's ailing economy hits citizens and regime"
15326:"Syria among worst for rights abuses: HRW report"
14974:ICRC activities in the occupied Golan during 2007
14332:Küçük, Bülent; Özselçuk, Ceren (1 January 2016).
13586:"Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps"
11477:"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria unrest"
11283:. Ansamed.ansa.it. 3 January 2010. Archived from
10064:Peter N. Stearns; William Leonard Langer (2001).
9693:
9691:
9605:
9016:
7614:"Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic – 2012"
6252:The second-largest ethnic group in Syria are the
4898:who were originally from the Sanjak but lived in
4523:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
4517:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
2906:. However, the discovery of oil in the region of
1701:oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world
1119:and was renamed as the Arab Republic of Syria in
22166:
16343:. Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. 10 June 2015
15947:
14690:
14179:
13734:
13634:
10351:Atassi, Karim (2018). "6: The Fourth Republic".
9718:. 23 June 2011. pp. 193–194. Archived from
9259:
8966:Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (31 May 2013).
5749:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (2004 Census)
4630:populations, with smaller communities of ethnic
3268:monopolised power in the country to establish a
3212:. The takeover was engineered by members of the
2996:on 2–3 August 1925, and the battles of Salkhad,
2777:renounced his loyalty to the Empire and overran
2558:Sections of Syria were held by French, English,
1382:
1374:
1328:(323–150 BC), this term was also applied to the
17748:"Syria's Education System – Report – June 2001"
17448:Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics
17382:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
17222:
17220:
17218:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17210:
16467:
16288:
16286:
16284:
16282:
16193:
16191:
16189:
16092:
15761:
15702:"200 massacred in Hama, claim Syrian activists"
14846:
13824:
13126:. European University Institute. Archived from
12960:
12729:
12653:
11903:
11106:"Syrian army starts crackdown in northern town"
10798:
10557:
10450:
10196:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 23 May 2023.
9082:
6570:make up 45.7% of the Christian population; the
6371:are from either Lebanese or Syrian background.
3458:. The country participated in the multilateral
3311:The coup led to the schism within the original
1426:(but politically independent from each other):
1316:, both of which originally derived from Aššūr (
18345:Orsam Suriye Türkleri Raporu-Orsam Syria Turks
17805:. Ministry of Higher Education. Archived from
17189:
17187:
16892:. Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from
16427:Hubbard, Ben; Saad, Hwaida (5 December 2021).
16128:
16126:
16124:
15958:"Syria regime revenues shrink as losses mount"
15641:"More than 250 children among dead, U.N. says"
14280:
13704:
13023:
12556:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
12303:Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura
11651:"Syria: Local Residents Used as Human Shields"
10685:
10683:
10297:Brecher, Michael; Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997).
9688:
9509:
9370:
9210:. University of California Press. p. 22.
9203:
7832:Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura
7080:pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in
6958:. It broadcast in black and white until 1976.
6954:and Egypt in 1960, when both were part of the
5515:
5255:The Syrian economy has contracted 60% and the
5066:Syria received significant financial aid from
4811: Countries that support the Syrian rebels
4745:and Tell Tamer. Following the creation of the
3634:. According to various sources, including the
3492:Hafiz al-Assad died on 10 June 2000. His son,
3446:In a major shift in relations with both other
3359:The power struggle culminated in the November
3048:
2519:of the Byzantine era. In 887, the Egypt-based
2255:. Control of Syria eventually passed from the
1870:. From this point, the region became known as
618:185,180 km (71,500 sq mi) (
21465:
21042:
20520:
20365:
20021:
19715:
18607:
18214:"Akram Raslan: How Caricatures Shake Tyranny"
17642:
17441:
17439:
17437:
17435:
17433:
17431:
17429:
17427:
17386:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees
16975:
15201:Berman, Yaniv; Line, Media (8 October 2006).
14767:
14422:
14331:
13370:"Electoral Integrity Global Report 2019-2021"
13133:on 29 January 2021 – via cadmus.eui.eu.
13044:
12377:(50th anniversary ed.). March 2023: 31.
11334:3,138 insurgents (15 March 2011-30 May 2012),
11273:
10750:
10454:A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
9401:
9289:
9111:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification"
8795:"Syria :: Roman provincial organization"
8431:"Barack Obama's Shaky Legacy on Human Rights"
7032:The main dishes that form Syrian cuisine are
6883:), which may also serve as media of dissent.
6696:. The top private universities in Syria are:
5729:
5568:
5112:report ranked Syria "Not Free" in its annual
4956:and many small villages, mostly populated by
4717:system in Syria, with direct open elections,
3481:
2922:mandate in 1920 and has not changed to date.
2570:among which the primary one in Syria was the
2397:. Another Roman emperor who was a Syrian was
55:ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة ٱلْسُوْرِيَّة
21995:
21018:
18006:
17207:
16803:
16797:
16429:"On Syria's Ruins, a Drug Empire Flourishes"
16279:
16186:
15029:Old Dominion University Model United Nations
13419:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13118:
13104:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13082:Shaar, Akil, Karam, Samy (28 January 2021).
12884:
12882:
12817:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12614:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12598:"Why the US Far Right Loves Bashar al-Assad"
12273:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
11076:"'Defected Syria security agent' speaks out"
10659:
10613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
10444:
9833:Timeframe AD 1200–1300: The Mongol Conquests
9153:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History
9149:
8408:"Assad's War on the Syrian People Continues"
7802:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7460:Meininghaus, Esther (2016). "Introduction".
7432:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7205:
6548:stated that out of 94,000 killed during the
6458:is still used as the liturgical language of
6294:7th largest Armenian population in the world
4693:, and that these values are mirrored in its
4572:, in which its official military force, the
4125:governing coalition. Ethnic minorities like
3852:Syria contains four terrestrial ecoregions:
3789:". Its land straddles the "northwest of the
3142:In November 1956, as a direct result of the
1984:(911 BC – 605 BC). The Assyrians introduced
1825:who came into an unsuccessful conflict with
1699:and the capital city Damascus are among the
1388:"Assyrians", recorded in the 8th century BC
1040:The name "Syria" historically referred to a
141:
116:
53:
21950:
18279:
17184:
17013:"Demographic Data of Registered Population"
16857:
16475:. New Lines Institute: 2–39. Archived from
16426:
16139:. World Bank. 21 February 2011. p. 10.
16121:
16061:
16059:
16057:
15605:
15603:
15354:
15299:
14872:. * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." (
14696:
14001:
13402:. University of East Anglia. Archived from
13283:. Yale University Press. pp. 140–141.
13119:Awad, Favier, Ziad, Agnès (30 April 2020).
13081:
12473:"Constitution of Syria. Article 75(1)2)(4)"
11829:
11596:. Sana.sy. 14 February 2012. Archived from
10680:
10499:
10493:
9347:Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC
9255:
9253:
9062:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 285.
7478:
7459:
6804:The literature of Syria has contributed to
6714:Higher Institute of Business Administration
5461:The majority of Syrian cargo is carried by
4907:for a short period during the year of 1949.
4840:. Following its violent suppression of the
4276:
4247:
3363:, a bloodless military coup that installed
3308:, who at the time was Minister of Defense.
2401:(Marcus Julius Philippus), who was born in
2318:dwelling in the deserts of southern Syria.
1407:describes as including, from west to east,
1341:
1303:
1289:
1214:. Syria is the most corrupt country in the
22220:States and territories established in 1946
22190:Kurdish-speaking countries and territories
21963:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
21472:
21458:
21079:
21049:
21035:
20527:
20513:
20372:
20358:
20028:
20014:
19722:
19708:
18614:
18600:
18349:
18012:
17740:
17424:
16575:
15637:
15200:
14933:, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. p. 339.
14218:
13438:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLister2015 (
13345:
13194:
13171:
13026:"Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition"
12991:
12969:"Syrian opposition takes Arab League seat"
12155:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"
12109:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"
11533:"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria"
11387:"Syria: Refugees brace for more bloodshed"
11098:
10689:
10627:
10114:, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007
10038:
9888:"The Eastern Mediterranean, 1400–1600 A.D"
9455:
9405:The lost tombs of Thebes: life in paradise
9323:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32.
9266:Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities
8938:
8036:
8034:
7753:"Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012"
6566:refugees, are divided into several sects:
6249:dialects as spoken and written languages.
5736:
5722:
4777:neighbors, and securing the return of the
3875:
3107:, who was himself quickly deposed by Col.
3087:, including several former members of the
2910:just before the end of the war led to yet
2171:and Romans by the Syrian people. However,
1496:) is represented by rectangular houses of
1369:. The Greek name appears to correspond to
201:
181:
21432:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees
18554:web resources provided by GovPubs at the
18165:more than one dozen intelligence agencies
18050:World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Syria
17445:
17406:"Inmigracion sirio-libanesa en Argentina"
17344:There are nearly one million in Syria...
17089:
16506:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16294:"The Syrian Economy: Hanging by a Thread"
16010:"Syria's economy cut in half by conflict"
15420:World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Syria
14423:Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2018).
14281:Knapp, Michael; Jongerden, Joost (2014).
14224:
14083:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (
14042:
13987:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (
13852:
13842:
13525:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (
13278:
13157:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
12879:
12575:. New York: Routledge. pp. 58, 233.
12251:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
12039:
11974:
11507:"UNICEF: 500 children died in Syrian war"
11016:"Syrian army tanks 'moving towards Hama'"
10457:. Indiana University Press. p. 382.
10268:"Syria hasn't changed, but the world has"
10188:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
9763:"The Art of the Umayyad Period (661–750)"
9704:, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 225–226
9545:
9402:Hawass, Zahi A.; Vannini, Sandro (2009).
9027:"About the Ancient Area of Greater Syria"
8823:
8690:
8684:
8481:
7780:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
7410:The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies
6721:Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
6268:. The third largest ethnic group are the
5486:Ministry of Communications and Technology
4871:
4725:within the region, as well as defense of
4614:and organizations. Northeastern Syria is
3016:against French colonial rule in the 1920s
2817:was created, as well, and soon after the
18556:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
18536:) is being considered for deletion. See
18469:
18432:The Early History of Syria and Palestine
17323:
16770:
16576:Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (27 January 2015).
16306:
16261:
16054:
15892:
15600:
15422:. Human Rights Watch. 17 December 2018.
14761:
14665:
14004:The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds
13743:
13255:
12628:
12425:"Constitution of Syria. Articles 83–118"
11143:
10753:"Syria Makes Overture Over Negotiations"
10101:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10089:
9649:Cavendish Corporation, Marshall (2006).
9548:"The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again""
9389:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9317:Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards (1973).
9250:
9089:. Harvard University Press. p. 14.
7523:
7252:
6994:
6973:, employing many operatives. During the
6936:
6793:
6763:
6669:
6639:
6578:make up 10.9%; the Catholics (including
6494:
6396:are used in everyday life, most notably
6351:faith. The largest concentration of the
6311:The ethno-religious composition of Syria
6306:
6188:
5434:
5404:
5328:
5294:
5238:
5230:
5095:
5070:as a result of its participation in the
5027:soldier manning a checkpoint outside of
5018:
4909:
4795:
4762:
4293:
3976:and security apparatus. 50th edition of
3748:
3660:
3605:
3248:
3232:, the Ba'ath party has ruled Syria as a
3160:
3113:
3003:
2939:
2823:
2691:
2541:
2463:
2420:; Saulus of Tarsus, better known as the
2348:
2205:
2190:
2167:, who was welcomed as a savior from the
2072:
1900:
1598:of Ebla and an ambiguous kingdom called
1534:
1468:
196:
19310:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
18452:Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present
18379:
18367:
18052:. Human Rights Watch. 17 December 2018.
17978:
17506:Syria and the Middle East Peace Process
17226:
16981:
16882:
16804:Salman, M.; Mualla, W. (1 March 2004),
16744:
16603:"Syria's oil production on Index Mundi"
16361:
16148:
16146:
15984:"Iran spends billions to prop up Assad"
15861:
15615:. Human Rights Watch. 13 January 2009.
15357:"Bush enters debate on freedom in Iran"
15348:
14809:
14140:
13050:
12710:
12633:. New York: Routledge. pp. 49–70.
12319:
12281:
11561:
11257:. Myrtlebeachonline.com. Archived from
11068:
11046:"'Dozens killed' in Syrian border town"
10865:
10325:
9949:. Library of Congress Country Studies.
9059:On the Reliability of the Old Testament
8693:"The Terms "Assyria" and "Syria" Again"
8068:"UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response"
8031:
7848:
7810:
7608:
7606:
7440:
4272:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
4106:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
4008:and debating policy. In the event of a
3319:(ruled Iraq from 1968 to 2003) and one
2912:another negotiation with France in 1918
2503:, which moved the capital of empire to
2219:, a rich and sometimes powerful native
2183:, its capital, and turned Syria into a
1622:. Ebla was weakened by a long war with
1434:in AD 135 (the region corresponding to
1276:Several sources indicate that the name
14:
22167:
18448:
18398:
18176:
18140:
18118:"Freedom House report on Syria (2010)"
17547:: Sussex Academic Press. p. 227.
16953:
16422:
16420:
16418:
16201:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
15794:
15336:from the original on 24 September 2015
15172:"Israeli views on Shebaa Farms harden"
15152:from the original on 16 September 2012
14697:MacFarquhar, Neil (12 November 2011).
13931:. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 64.
13924:
13433:
12678:
12523:
12499:"Constitution of Syria. Article 77(2)"
12324:. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books.
12222:
11941:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017).
11874:
11872:
11860:
11830:MacFarquhar, Neil (12 November 2011).
11798:
11796:
11370:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11315:865 security forces (21 March-1 June),
11252:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11131:
10983:
10922:
10804:
10777:
10423:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
10412:
10410:
10350:
10265:
10200:from the original on 26 September 2010
10194:"Syria: World War II and independence"
10169:
9769:from the original on 20 September 2020
9293:Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E.
8918:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 211.
8824:Tobolczyk, Marta (18 September 2020).
8659:
8621:
8457:Council for Arab-British Understanding
7853:. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books.
6913:. The city of Aleppo is known for its
6460:various Syriac Christian denominations
6296:. They are mainly gathered in Aleppo,
5165:People opposing President Assad's rule
4048:, leading to fierce demonstrations in
3854:Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands
2050:
1324:(present-day Iraq). However, from the
118:وَحْدَةٌ، حُرِّيَّةٌ، اِشْتِرَاكِيَّةٌ
21453:
21030:
21017:
20508:
20353:
20009:
19703:
19691:
19690:
19318:Political status of the Golan Heights
18595:
18482:
18429:
18300:
18258:
18087:
17985:Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society
17567:
17536:
17530:
17475:"What Languages Are Spoken in Syria?"
16982:Nebehay, Stephanie (29 August 2014).
16067:"Syria Country Brief, September 2010"
15935:from the original on 15 November 2021
15803:from the original on 16 November 2018
15682:from the original on 29 November 2011
15456:from the original on 22 February 2013
15233:"Har Dov withdrawal not on the table"
15122:from the original on 16 November 2011
15070:from the original on 28 November 2020
14834:from the original on 22 December 2022
14709:from the original on 13 November 2011
14078:
13982:
13945:from the original on 11 February 2023
13654:from the original on 23 February 2018
13642:"Syria's war: Assad on the offensive"
13520:
13483:from the original on 31 December 2016
13195:Αϊβαλιώτης, Γιώργος (13 April 2016).
13005:from the original on 20 November 2012
12966:
12843:from the original on 18 December 2008
12570:
12300:
12199:
11998:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020).
11931:– Volume 42, Issue 1 – Page 263, 1998
11842:from the original on 13 November 2011
11802:
11781:from the original on 11 November 2011
11653:. Huffingtonpost.com. 26 March 2012.
11618:
11176:"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"
11168:
11156:from the original on 22 February 2012
11038:
10784:. London: Zed Books. pp. 56–58.
10771:
10668:from the original on 24 February 2009
10534:from the original on 25 February 2008
10416:
10086:
9864:. Everything2.com. 22 February 2003.
9618:from the original on 8 September 2013
9606:Charlotte Higgins (13 October 2009).
9432:Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt
8805:from the original on 19 December 2009
8749:
8592:
8146:from the original on 13 February 2021
7939:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7829:
7684:from the original on 29 December 2016
7339:"Corruption Perceptions Index – 2022"
7235:al-Jumhūriyya al-ʿArabiyya as-Sūriyya
5394:
4995:, located in the intersection of the
4952:, the governorate's de facto capital
3642:have fled the country to neighboring
3176:On 1 February 1958, Syrian President
1803:Syrians bringing presents to Pharaoh
1606:to be among the oldest known written
1446:(or "Hollow Syria") and south of the
1202:. Being ranked 3rd last on the 2022
21366:Arab League–European Union relations
20160:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
18410:
18339:(Syria's English monthly since 2007)
16321:from the original on 10 January 2022
16143:
15762:Güsten, Susanne (13 February 2013).
15426:from the original on 31 October 2019
15390:"Freedom in the World Report: Syria"
15213:from the original on 19 January 2023
15134:
15002:from the original on 26 January 2021
14854:International Labour Office (2009).
14699:"Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria"
14678:from the original on 9 February 2012
14617:from the original on 14 October 2019
14587:from the original on 22 October 2019
14557:from the original on 13 October 2019
14374:
14313:from the original on 19 January 2023
14225:Jongerden, Joost (6 December 2012).
14146:
13867:
13722:from the original on 21 October 2021
13686:from the original on 26 October 2021
13596:from the original on 10 October 2019
13063:from the original on 19 January 2023
13032:from the original on 11 October 2017
13017:
12770:. Carnegie Endowment. Archived from
12286:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68.
11832:"Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria"
11811:from the original on 19 January 2023
11397:from the original on 23 October 2017
11056:from the original on 5 November 2012
11026:from the original on 20 January 2012
10935:from the original on 3 December 2012
10904:from the original on 15 January 2009
10725:
10700:
10395:from the original on 17 January 2018
10278:from the original on 18 January 2016
10218:
9953:from the original on 5 November 2015
9697:
9578:from the original on 19 January 2023
9408:. Thames & Hudson. p. 120.
9118:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
8775:from the original on 6 February 2024
8731:from the original on 19 January 2023
8691:Rollinger, Robert (1 October 2006).
8596:The History of Herodotus (Rawlinson)
8524:
8463:from the original on 9 December 2016
8428:
8009:United Nations Development Programme
7981:from the original on 9 February 2015
7955:from the original on 3 February 2021
7877:"Syrian ministry of foreign affairs"
7815:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68.
7654:from the original on 3 February 2021
7603:
7445:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68.
7108:is always eaten together with meze.
6925:, as well as for popular stars like
5522:Water supply and sanitation in Syria
4878:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
4752:
4709:, support of the Syrian government,
4525:(AANES), also known as Rojava, is a
4066:. They labelled Assad the "enemy of
3578:, a wave of upheaval throughout the
3075:Jewish settlements. Their president
2152:upon the slow disintegration of the
1464:
70:al-Jumhūriyya al-ʿArabiyya al-Sūriya
22215:Member states of the United Nations
21481:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
18038:
17229:"The impossible partition of Syria"
17200:Library of Congress Country Studies
17039:"11 March 2020 – The Refugee Brief"
16415:
15964:. Agence France-Presse. 30 May 2015
15776:from the original on 3 January 2019
15743:from the original on 26 August 2013
15182:from the original on 29 August 2006
15142:"Syrian troops leave Lebanese soil"
15096:from the original on 3 October 2018
15038:from the original on 17 August 2022
14901:, United Nations, 5 December 2008.)
14666:Strenger, Carlo (8 February 2012).
14262:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
14098:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
14030:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13964:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13622:from the original on 5 October 2018
13540:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13502:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13453:Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)
13051:Madhani, Aamer (12 December 2012).
13024:Hugh Schofield (13 November 2012).
12979:from the original on 21 August 2013
12948:from the original on 21 August 2001
12833:"Syria clamps down on Kurd parties"
12768:"Syria: Elections without Politics"
12656:"The Sturdy House That Assad Built"
11869:
11793:
11771:"NATO rules out Syria intervention"
11212:from the original on 8 January 2012
11128:
10965:from the original on 3 October 2018
10955:"Last Syrian troops out of Lebanon"
10847:from the original on 2 October 2008
10560:"The Sturdy House That Assad Built"
10407:
9374:The Military Establishments at Mari
8603:from the original on 4 October 2022
8559:
8048:from the original on 15 August 2012
7619:. International Labour Organization
7576:"OIC Suspends Syria Over Crackdown"
7305:"OIC Suspends Syria Over Crackdown"
7226:
7206:
7189:
6971:Shu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya
6446:of the region before the advent of
5692:(5,200) also lived in the country.
5318:(an illegal drug commonly known as
4862:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
4203:, repetitive voting and absence of
3335:between Israel and Syria. When the
3204:The instability which followed the
3196:and terminated the political union
2952:In 1920, a short-lived independent
2566:and were known collectively as the
2117:c. 330 BC, and consequently became
2109:. Syria was later conquered by the
2097:, the Achaemenid Persians retained
1882:, with the founding of a number of
1280:is derived from the 8th century BC
1084:-ruled Syrian provinces. It gained
1052:civilization of the 3rd millennium
959:diverse ethnic and religious groups
142:
117:
54:
24:
18621:
18360:
17446:Behnstedt, Peter (2008), "Syria",
17070:American Journal of Human Genetics
16528:. 14 December 2022. Archived from
15862:Griffin, Jennifer (6 April 2017).
15619:from the original on 4 August 2020
15570:. 30 November 2022. Archived from
15484:. 30 November 2022. Archived from
15367:from the original on 11 March 2018
15243:from the original on 25 March 2014
14455:from the original on 27 April 2022
14356:from the original on 27 April 2022
14149:"The Kurds' Democratic Experiment"
14056:. 20 February 2016. Archived from
13806:from the original on 27 April 2021
13346:Abdel Nour, Aymen (24 July 2020).
13256:Kossaify, Ephrem (22 April 2021).
13207:from the original on 17 April 2016
13172:Abdel Nour, Aymen (24 July 2020).
12863:"Freedom in the World 2023: Syria"
12348:"Freedom in the World 2023: Syria"
12177:"Freedom in the World 2023: Syria"
12161:. 26 February 2021. Archived from
12115:. 26 February 2021. Archived from
11751:from the original on 11 April 2018
11721:from the original on 22 March 2012
11689:from the original on 21 March 2012
11574:from the original on 27 April 2015
11562:Peralta, Eyder (3 February 2012).
11513:from the original on 27 March 2012
11182:from the original on 21 April 2014
11144:Sengupta, Kim (20 February 2012).
10996:from the original on 16 April 2009
10866:Huggler, Justin (6 October 2003).
10837:"Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad"
10807:"Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath"
10759:from the original on 18 April 2006
10485:. 1 September 1967. Archived from
9836:. Time-Life Books. 1989. pp.
8574:from the original on 26 March 2023
8001:"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24"
7918:
7759:. 26 February 2021. Archived from
7011:, stuffed zucchini/courgette, and
6952:Television was introduced to Syria
6944:– a popular Syrian actress in the
6692:(210,000 students as of 2014) and
6644:Faculty of Arts and Humanities in
6466:is still spoken in the village of
6197:Syrians are an overall indigenous
5563:
5383:to call Syria "the world's newest
5031:shortly after the outbreak of the
4991:Another disputed territory is the
4924:The western two-thirds of Syria's
4181:and localized regions governed by
4144:, the Court of Cassation, and the
3280:Military Committee carried out an
3199:
3033:, Syria came under the control of
2031:. During the fall of Assyria, the
1284:term "Sura/i", and the derivative
1194:dictatorship with a comprehensive
1173:involvement of different countries
1060:era, Damascus was the seat of the
25:
22256:
21907:Economic Cooperation Organization
19730:Countries and territories of the
18540:to help reach a consensus. ›
18503:
18411:Maoz, M. (1986). Yaniv, A (ed.).
17643:Tomader Fateh (25 October 2008).
16954:Politi, Daniel (30 August 2014).
15905:from the original on 5 April 2019
15893:Loveluck, Louisa (6 April 2017).
15874:from the original on 7 April 2017
15795:Behari, Elad (23 December 2011).
15652:from the original on 10 July 2017
15300:EYAL ZISSER (28 September 2004).
14643:. 24 October 2019. Archived from
14527:from the original on 18 July 2021
14491:from the original on 22 June 2022
14383:from the original on 8 April 2023
14161:from the original on 18 June 2019
14147:Ross, Carne (30 September 2015).
13906:from the original on 17 June 2022
12748:from the original on 22 July 2019
12692:from the original on 6 April 2008
12200:Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021).
12071:. 13 January 2023. Archived from
11657:from the original on 27 June 2012
11457:from the original on 8 April 2012
11427:from the original on 2 April 2012
11234:. Translate.googleusercontent.com
11116:from the original on 17 June 2011
11086:from the original on 13 June 2012
10984:Sanger, David (14 October 2007).
10925:"Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands"
10817:from the original on 4 March 2011
10726:Amos, Deborah (2 February 2012).
10701:Amos, Deborah (2 February 2012).
10266:Robson, John (10 February 2012).
10120:from the original on 22 July 2019
10112:United States Department of State
10070:The Encyclopedia of World History
9924:from the original on 22 July 2015
9868:from the original on 26 June 2007
9516:. Eisenbrauns. p. 23,24,25.
9056:Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003).
8912:Ian Shaw; Robert Jameson (2008).
8830:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
8660:Harper, Douglas (November 2001).
8392:. 11 January 2015. Archived from
8282:. 14 January 2022. Archived from
8220:. 18 October 2022. Archived from
8172:from the original on 19 June 2019
7712:. 13 January 2023. Archived from
7524:Alsharif, Asma (16 August 2012).
7379:. 31 January 2023. Archived from
7363:. 31 January 2023. Archived from
7253:Alsharif, Asma (16 August 2012).
6552:, at least 41,000 were Alawites.
5706:
5669:of the Syrian Arab Republic, 2011
4917:was occupied by Israel since the
4747:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
4610:policies in dialogues with other
3980:, the annual report published by
3710:in December 2011, as part of its
3346:Palestine Liberation Organization
3300:became the formal head of state,
3284:against the Ba'athist Old Guard (
2932:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
2925:
2831:deportees near Aleppo during the
2625:. In the meantime, an emir named
1952:, including building colonies in
1602:c. 2300 BC. Scholars believe the
1175:. Three political entities – the
1143:factions caused further coups in
1064:and a provincial capital for the
663:118.3/km (306.4/sq mi) (
22210:Member states of the Arab League
21153:
21078:
21069:
21068:
20989:
20978:
20977:
20804:
20185:
18999:
18581:
18319:Karoubi, Mohammad Taghi (2004).
18228:
18206:
18170:
18134:
18110:
18081:
18056:
17972:
17950:
17924:
17902:
17884:
17865:
17847:
17821:
17794:
17772:
17700:
17667:
17636:
17618:
17604:
17561:
17467:
17398:
17375:
17349:
17317:
17304:"Who Are the Turkmens of Syria?"
17296:
17275:
17154:
17132:
17106:
17057:
17005:
16947:
16908:
16868:
16840:
16773:IT Convergence and Security 2012
16764:
16738:
16712:
16686:
16664:
16616:
16595:
16569:
16544:"Syria has become a narco-state"
16536:
16514:
16461:
16406:
16381:
16362:Shaheen, Kareem (11 June 2015).
16355:
16333:
16300:
16243:
16217:
16160:
16076:
16002:
15990:from the original on 17 May 2019
15986:. TDA. Bloomberg. 11 June 2015.
15976:
15917:
15886:
15855:
15837:
15829:. 5 January 2023. Archived from
15815:
15788:
15755:
15724:
15694:
15664:
15631:
15578:
15554:
15536:
15528:. 5 January 2023. Archived from
15514:
15492:
15468:
15438:
15408:
15382:
15318:
15285:
15255:
15225:
15203:"Shebaa Farms – nub of conflict"
15194:
15164:
15108:
15050:
15014:
14988:
14739:
14721:
14659:
14629:
14599:
14569:
14539:
14503:
14467:
14416:
14368:
14364:– via read.dukeupress.edu.
14325:
14274:
14173:
14110:
13995:
13928:The Caspian Region: The Caucasus
13918:
13861:
13818:
13788:
13698:
13666:
13618:. TheNewArab. 31 December 2016.
13608:
13578:
13465:
13384:
13362:
13339:
13305:
13272:
13249:
13219:
13188:
13165:
13112:
13075:
12934:
12908:
12855:
12825:
12786:
12760:
12704:
12654:Michael Bröning (7 March 2011).
12622:
12589:
12564:
12517:
12491:
12465:
12443:
12417:
12364:
12340:
12241:
12216:
12193:
12169:
12147:
12125:
12056:
11922:
11904:F. A. Schaeffer, Claude (2003).
11897:
11884:United States Institute of Peace
11854:
11823:
11763:
11733:
11701:
11669:
11643:
11631:from the original on 13 May 2013
11619:Fahim, Kareem (5 January 2012).
11612:
11586:
11555:
11543:from the original on 14 May 2013
11525:
11499:
11469:
11439:
11409:
11379:
11224:
11194:
11008:
10977:
10916:
10890:
10859:
10829:
10805:Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005).
10781:Syria: neither bread nor freedom
10744:
10719:
10694:
10653:
10621:
10582:
10558:Michael Bröning (7 March 2011).
10520:
10471:
10377:
10344:
10319:
10290:
10259:
10225:The International History Review
10212:
10130:
9963:
9819:A Short History of the Ismailis.
9799:from the original on 25 May 2015
9459:The Philosophy of Historiography
9037:from the original on 8 July 2017
8972:. Left Coast Press. p. 35.
8672:from the original on 13 May 2013
8636:from the original on 21 May 2013
8429:Roth, Kenneth (9 January 2017).
8326:. September 2022. Archived from
7674:"Largest Ethnic Groups In Syria"
7582:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7566:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7550:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7512:
7499:
7398:
7311:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7295:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7279:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
7141:
7017:(stuffed grape leaves, the word
6178:
5857:
5847:
5804:
5794:
5745:Largest cities or towns in Syria
5362:
4968:. In March 2019, U.S. President
4266:, which are sub-divided into 61
3968:governs Syria as a totalitarian
3915:
3900:
3870:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
3712:proposal for peaceful resolution
3256:, president of Syria (1970–2000)
2681:
2476:, built in the early 7th century
1976:. Syria and the Western half of
1793:
1782:
1715:ruled by the Amorite Dynasty of
1657:is the earliest attested of the
1542:, king of the Second Kingdom of
1238:, with an estimated 7.6 million
1226:, the largest in the world. The
777:
448:Speaker of the People's Assembly
159:
96:
82:
22117:As the "Turkish Cypriot State".
21056:
20035:
19858:States with limited recognition
18267:International Law: A Dictionary
18123:. Freedom House. Archived from
17857:. February 2008. Archived from
17537:Danna, Nissim (December 2003).
17283:"Who are the Turkmen in Syria?"
17168:. 26 April 2008. Archived from
15638:Joe Lauria (29 November 2011).
15592:. 2 August 2022. Archived from
15506:. 2 August 2022. Archived from
15269:. 20 March 2011. Archived from
14996:"About Us – Al-Marsad – المرصد"
14874:The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002
13776:from the original on 9 May 2022
13233:. 13 April 2016. Archived from
12666:from the original on 7 May 2011
12505:from the original on 2 May 2020
12479:from the original on 2 May 2020
12431:from the original on 2 May 2020
12384:from the original on 6 May 2023
11376:total of 10,146 reported killed
11253:Enders, David (19 April 2012).
10570:from the original on 7 May 2011
10160:
10151:
10142:
10057:
10032:
10000:
9984:
9975:
9906:
9890:. Metmuseum.org. Archived from
9880:
9854:
9824:
9811:
9781:
9755:
9677:
9630:
9599:
9590:
9552:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
9539:
9530:
9503:
9476:
9449:
9422:
9394:
9381:
9364:
9337:
9310:
9283:
9224:
9197:
9170:
9143:
9103:
9076:
9049:
8986:
8959:
8932:
8905:
8878:
8869:
8844:
8817:
8787:
8761:. 77AD. University of Chicago.
8743:
8697:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8648:
8615:
8586:
8553:
8527:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8518:
8484:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
8475:
8445:
8422:
8414:. 11 March 2021. Archived from
8400:
8378:
8356:
8334:
8312:
8290:
8272:
8264:. 15 March 2022. Archived from
8250:
8228:
8206:
8184:
8158:
8128:
8104:
8086:
8060:
8019:from the original on 1 May 2024
7993:
7951:. Central Intelligence Agency.
7464:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–33.
7389:
7327:
7321:
7241:
7219:
7179:
7157:Index of Syria-related articles
6404:in the northeast. According to
6392:of the country. Several modern
5533:
5477:Internet and telecommunications
5351:is a popular product of Syria.
5116:survey. The Ba'ath regime is a
5081:
5068:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
4036:consists of the president, two
3952:, without participation of the
3835:
3704:Gulf Cooperation Council states
3361:1970 Syrian Corrective movement
3146:, Syria signed a pact with the
2287:still dwelt in the north east,
1074:after centuries of Ottoman rule
21887:Moro National Liberation Front
20919:British Indian Ocean Territory
18265:Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2006).
16307:Sherlock, Ruth (27 May 2015).
15708:. 13 July 2012. Archived from
15392:. January 2011. Archived from
12942:"Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)"
12629:Phillips, Christopher (2013).
11232:"Number as a civil / military"
10751:Marc Perelman (11 July 2003).
10428:University of California Press
9002:. Paulist Press. p. 241.
8799:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
8624:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?"
8348:. 19 June 2022. Archived from
8304:. 20 June 2022. Archived from
7967:
7887:
7869:
7769:
7696:
7666:
6193:Damascus, traditional clothing
5367:Syria is home to a burgeoning
4685:and pluralistic tolerance for
4667:libertarian socialist ideology
4199:; characterised by wide-scale
4040:, the prime minister, and the
3553:military occupation in Lebanon
3387:loyalists to key posts in the
3333:7 April pre-war aerial clashes
3020:Syria and France negotiated a
2944:The inauguration of President
2815:Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon
2495:. In the mid-7th century, the
2435:
1356:, ultimately derived from the
1115:, which was terminated in the
778:
13:
1:
21361:Arab League monitors in Syria
20380:Countries and regions in the
18525:
18449:Sahner, Christian C. (2014).
18382:Syria and the Lebanese Crisis
18216:. Syria Untold. 13 April 2015
17912:. Ranking Web of Universities
16916:"INTRODUCTION_-SYRIA_CONTEXT"
16696:. Moct.gov.sy. Archived from
15355:Guy Dinmore (31 March 2006).
15310:. p. A21. Archived from
14441:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016
14124:. 28 May 2016. Archived from
13844:10.1080/14650045.2018.1531283
13762:10.1080/14650045.2018.1554564
13314:"The Year in Elections, 2014"
10923:Guerin, Orla (6 March 2005).
10328:Syria and the Neutrality Trap
10237:10.1080/07075332.2017.1367705
10219:Chen, Chern (8 August 2018).
9320:The Cambridge Ancient History
9269:. Gorgias Press. p. 44.
7167:
6839:Ba'ath Party rule, since the
6783:
6702:Arab International University
6663:schools is over 150,000. The
6221:, together with some 600,000
5043:is commander in chief of the
4029:and political establishment.
3972:, through its control of the
3848:Environmental issues in Syria
3757:Syria lies between latitudes
3093:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
2821:was given a separate status.
2275:, but Syria was also home to
2227:defeated the Persian emperor
2179:, rode to Syria and captured
1807:, as depicted in the tomb of
1582:peoples to the northwest, in
124:Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya
20479:Southeastern Anatolia Region
19458:Energy and mineral resources
19258:Supreme Constitutional Court
18280:Finkelstein, Norman (2003).
17894:. March 2008. Archived from
17728:. State.gov. 24 October 2012
17712:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
17511:Council on Foreign Relations
17324:Peyrouse, Sebastien (2015),
16781:10.1007/978-94-007-5860-5_21
16745:Katerji, Oz (4 April 2013).
16722:. Ste.gov.sy. Archived from
16156:. Index of Economic Freedom.
16038:. World Bank. Archived from
16036:"Country and Lending Groups"
15847:. 8 May 2023. Archived from
15546:. 8 May 2023. Archived from
14887:. Retrieved 1 August 2010.)
14753:. 7 May 2023. Archived from
14264:, pp. 94, 130–131, 184.
14189:. Utrecht: BAK. p. 19.
14002:Schmidinger, Thomas (2019).
13279:Cheeseman, Nicholas (2019).
12967:Black, Ian (26 March 2013).
12372:"Freedom in the World: 2023"
10303:University of Michigan Press
9483:Immanuel Velikovsky (2010).
8198:. 3 May 2024. Archived from
7596:
6677:adult literacy rate of Syria
6629:
6450:, and is still spoken among
6374:
5667:Central Bureau of Statistics
5443:
5439:Expressway M5 near Al-Rastan
4882:Israeli-occupied territories
4768:Diplomatic missions of Syria
4705:and non-partisan sources of
4618:and home to sizeable ethnic
4138:Supreme Constitutional Court
4056:and Aleppo organized by the
3738:
3521:in the northeastern city of
2416:Syria is significant in the
2373:, a Syrian from the city of
2089:and had been annexed by the
1362:
1349:
1311:
1297:
1265:
1092:on 24 October 1945 when the
7:
22240:1946 establishments in Asia
21402:Economic and Social Council
20484:Southern Denkalya Subregion
19480:Water supply and sanitation
19380:Weapons of mass destruction
19283:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
18520:Central Intelligence Agency
18455:. Oxford University Press.
17726:"U.S. Relations With Syria"
16937:"World Refugee Survey 2008"
16848:"Growth after War in Syria"
14810:Sanjian, Avedis K. (1956).
14287:Comparative Islamic Studies
13400:Electoral Integrity Project
13374:Electoral Integrity Project
12223:Szmolk, Inmaculada (2017).
11929:Egyptian Journal of Geology
11803:Iddon, Paul (9 June 2020).
10591:Re-Engaging the Middle East
10500:Line Khatib (23 May 2012).
10013:(in French). Archived from
9741:Montgomery Watt W. (1956).
9344:William J. Hamblin (2006).
9183:. Eisenbrauns. p. 68.
8945:. I.B.Tauris. p. 155.
8942:Monuments of Syria: A Guide
8915:A Dictionary of Archaeology
8885:William J. Hamblin (2006).
8666:Online Etymology Dictionary
7905:Central Intelligence Agency
7644:"Syria: People and society"
7234:
7212:
7200:
7134:
6921:sung poetry popularized by
6604:Assyrian Church of the East
6476:
5516:Water supply and sanitation
5482:Telecommunications in Syria
5401:Petroleum industry in Syria
5008:
4858:Union for the Mediterranean
4242:Syrian Salvation Government
4218:Electoral Integrity Project
4115:Arab Socialist Ba'ath party
3966:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3507:bombed a site near Damascus
3496:, was elected president in
3276:. On 23 February 1966, the
3214:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3210:8 March 1963 Ba'athist coup
3111:, all within the same year.
3049:Independent Syrian Republic
2654:invaded Syria, in which he
2548:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
2407:Crisis of the Third Century
2393:and the second, his cousin
2211:Temple of Jupiter, Damascus
2137:of Mesopotamia (modern day
1246:figure) and over 5 million
1240:internally displaced people
1181:Syrian Salvation Government
997:. Religious groups include
148:
123:
69:
10:
22261:
20923:British Overseas Territory
20536:Countries and dependencies
19375:Chief of the General Staff
19303:National Progressive Front
18975:independent First Republic
18368:van Dam, Nikolaos (2011),
16818:10.1142/9789812702753_0031
16694:"وزارة الاتصالات والتقانة"
14958:"Occupied Golan Heights" (
14032:, pp. xviii, 66, 200.
13868:Burç, Rosa (22 May 2020).
13744:Shahvisi, Arianne (2018).
13376:. May 2022. Archived from
13318:Election Integrity Project
12715:. Peter Lang. p. 55.
12536:(inactive 1 August 2024).
12392:– via Freedom House.
12024:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
10664:. University of Oklahoma.
10479:"A Campaign for the Books"
10157:Morris, 2008, pp. 253, 254
10072:. Houghton Mifflin Books.
9546:Rollinger, Robert (2006).
9435:. Routledge. p. 268.
9350:. Routledge. p. 259.
9296:Eisenbrauns. p. 285.
9156:. OUP Oxford. p. 16.
8996:; Don C. Benjamin (1997).
8891:. Routledge. p. 239.
7483:. Routledge. p. 147.
7344:Transparency International
7088:, before the main course.
6988:
6984:
6890:
6787:
6757:
6753:
6742:
6633:
6480:
6378:
6182:
5846:
5793:
5714:
5547:
5537:
5519:
5447:
5417:Syria's petroleum industry
5398:
5224:
5214:
5210:
5085:
5012:
4875:
4759:Foreign relations of Syria
4756:
4292:
4251:
4123:National Progressive Front
3942:National Progressive Front
3885:
3879:
3845:
3839:
3742:
3551:to end its 29-year old of
3485:
3482:21st century and civil war
3321:Syrian-led ba'ath movement
3052:
2929:
2819:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
2685:
2445:Invasion of Dumatul Jandal
2242:The northern Mesopotamian
2054:
1457:
1453:
1269:
36:
29:
22113:
22060:
21988:
21943:
21895:
21875:
21835:
21828:
21812:
21514:
21505:
21488:
21422:
21379:
21348:
21328:
21292:
21169:
21162:
21151:
21092:
21064:
21024:
20963:
20936:
20905:
20889:
20868:
20855:
20813:
20802:
20546:
20466:
20388:
20299:
20259:
20194:
20183:
20043:
19925:
19879:
19856:
19738:
19697:
19653:
19574:
19501:
19492:
19450:
19401:
19392:
19343:
19158:
19149:
19110:
19059:
19021:
19017:
19008:
18997:
18929:
18912:
18814:
18706:
18660:
18642:
18633:
18487:. Yale University Press.
18185:. Penguin Press. p.
18149:. Penguin Press. p.
17892:"Getting education right"
17582:10.1080/00263208908700793
17227:Khalifa, Mustafa (2013),
15116:"Syria's role in Lebanon"
14911:18 September 2018 at the
14518:Repository.bilkent.edu.tr
13001:. BBC. 20 November 2012.
11908:. Trubner & Company.
10811:The Middle East Quarterly
10690:Wright 2008: 243-244
10530:. CNN. 28 November 2007.
10506:. Routledge. p. 34.
10330:. New York: I.B. Tauris.
10326:Wieland, Carsten (2021).
10066:"The Middle East, p. 761"
9489:. Paradigma. p. 23.
9234:. Archive. Archived from
8117:Reporters Without Borders
7227:الجمهورية العربية السورية
6738:
6698:Syrian Private University
5682:World Refugee Survey 2008
5662:
5581:—
5308:foreign currency reserves
4689:, cultural and political
4262:Syria is divided into 14
4240:(formed in 2016) and the
4234:Syrian Interim Government
4210:People's Council of Syria
4175:Syrian Interim Government
3868:. The country had a 2019
3866:Mesopotamian shrub desert
3590:. Since spring 2011, the
3460:Madrid Conference of 1991
3317:Iraqi-led ba'ath movement
3055:Syrian Republic (1946–63)
2936:Mandatory Syrian Republic
2706:Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
2594:dynasty of Egypt. Aleppo
2159:Syria briefly came under
1771:, and to a lesser degree
1618:, closely related to the
1473:Female figurine, 5000 BC
1342:
1304:
1290:
1250:(July 2017 registered by
1232:total civilian casualties
1177:Syrian Interim Government
1121:constitutional referendum
876:
864:
852:
842:
830:
812:
797:
767:
747:
737:
725:
711:
701:
689:
671:
657:
643:
636:
626:
612:
605:
601:
588:
570:
555:
539:
525:
512:
495:
482:
478:
473:
463:
459:
444:
429:
414:
399:
395:
375:
363:
311:
268:
258:
214:
191:and the Israeli-occupied
178:
155:Guardians of the Homeland
136:
130:Unity, Freedom, Socialism
112:
78:
48:
21958:Abuja Declaration (1989)
21852:Central African Republic
21019:International membership
18587:Wikimedia Atlas of Syria
18538:templates for discussion
18472:Journal of Asian History
18022:Indiana University Press
17934:. SESRIC. Archived from
17878:6 September 2015 at the
15302:"Syria's embrace of WMD"
15292:"Syria's embrace of WMD"
14979:15 February 2021 at the
14350:10.1215/00382876-3425013
14338:South Atlantic Quarterly
13985:, pp. 219, 228–229.
13706:van Wilgenburg, Wladimir
12301:Ahmed, Saladdin (2019).
11861:Teller, Neville (2014).
10874:. London. Archived from
10451:Mark A. Tessler (1994).
10107:"Background Note: Syria"
10043:. Simon & Schuster.
9083:Stephen C. Neff (2014).
7830:Ahmed, Saladdin (2019).
7172:
6932:
6886:
6727:(3540th worldwide), the
6280:(3–4%), followed by the
5675:Most people live in the
4574:Syrian Democratic Forces
4248:Administrative divisions
4226:Central African Republic
4195:are conducted through a
3399:and the ruling elite. A
3292:), imprisoned President
3244:Syrian Arab Armed forces
2145:Syria were taken by the
1641:By the 21st century BC,
37:Not to be confused with
20881:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
20494:South Sinai Governorate
18885:Principality of Antioch
18483:Seale, Patrick (1987).
18399:Lawson, Fred H (2010),
18380:Dawisha, A. I. (1980).
18301:Glass, Charles (1990),
18046:"Syria: Events of 2018"
15646:The Wall Street Journal
15416:"Syria: Events of 2018"
15378:(subscription required)
14931:CIA World Factbook 2010
14816:The Middle East Journal
12711:Alianak, Sonia (2007).
12686:"Constitution of Syria"
12455:Encyclopædia Britannica
9793:Encyclopædia Britannica
9510:Douglas Frayne (1981).
9371:Jack M. Sasson (1969).
9204:John F. Healey (1990).
8368:U.S Department of State
8044:. CNN. 14 August 2012.
7975:"World Bank GINI index"
7104:. The Arabic flatbread
6151:Rif Dimashq Governorate
6099:Rif Dimashq Governorate
6065:Rif Dimashq Governorate
6049:Deir ez-Zor Governorate
5929:Rif Dimashq Governorate
5895:Rif Dimashq Governorate
5544:List of cities in Syria
5389:international sanctions
5204:chemical weapons attack
5063:, according to Zisser.
4852:was suspended from the
4576:(SDF), has taken part.
3876:Government and politics
3063:1963 Syrian coup d'état
3024:in September 1936, and
2863:. During the conflict,
2849:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2642:, which was won by the
2572:Principality of Antioch
2527:and still later by the
2449:William Montgomery Watt
2424:, was converted on the
2418:history of Christianity
1524:have demonstrated that
1486:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
1383:
1375:
913:. It is bounded by the
390:hereditary dictatorship
259:Official languages
22225:Military dictatorships
21847:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21717:Pakistan-OIC relations
20939:Special administrative
20915:(Sovereign Base Areas)
20155:North Syria Federation
19758:Bosnia and Herzegovina
19426:International rankings
19072:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
18736:Middle Assyrian Empire
18485:The Struggle for Syria
18415:. St. Martin's Press.
18384:. St. Martin's Press.
18177:Wright, Robin (2008).
18141:Wright, Robin (2008).
17910:"Syrian Arab Republic"
17829:"Private universities"
17570:Middle Eastern Studies
17234:Arab Reform Initiative
16656:: CS1 maint: others (
16495:Cite journal requires
15148:. BBC. 26 April 2005.
14404:Cite journal requires
13966:, pp. xviii, 112.
13925:Gammer, Moshe (2004).
13877:Philosophy and Society
13281:How to Rig an Election
13146:Cite journal requires
12631:Everyday Arab Identity
12405:Cite journal requires
12069:Federal Foreign Office
12065:"Syrian Arab Republic"
11863:The Search for Détente
9995:A Question of Genocide
9698:Muir, William (1861),
9486:Ramses II and His Time
9290:Nadav Naʼaman (2005).
8994:Victor Harold Matthews
8242:. 2022. Archived from
8168:. Vision of Humanity.
8138:. Global Peace Index.
8120:. 2024. Archived from
7710:Federal Foreign Office
7706:"Syrian Arab Republic"
7347:. 2022. Archived from
7003:
7002:, a Syrian bread salad
6948:
6801:
6772:
6706:University of Kalamoon
6678:
6659:. Total enrollment at
6648:
6506:
6500:Great Mosque of Aleppo
6312:
6194:
6133:As-Suwayda Governorate
6117:Al-Hasakah Governorate
6083:Al-Hasakah Governorate
5555:Historical populations
5508:laws, 13,000 internet
5494:Syrian Electronic Army
5467:Turkish State Railways
5440:
5413:
5338:
5303:
5251:
5243:Bank Al-Sharq and the
5236:
5101:
5036:
4997:Lebanese-Syrian border
4928:region are since 1967
4921:
4888:Sanjak of Alexandretta
4872:International disputes
4813:
4770:
4657:ambitions based on an
4581:some foreign relations
4299:
4179:Democratic Union Party
3787:cradle of civilization
3754:
3670:
3615:
3612:US-led missile strikes
3563:under construction by
3407:, which espoused that
3257:
3173:
3119:
3039:Syria-Lebanon campaign
3022:treaty of independence
3017:
2984:that broke out in the
2956:was established under
2949:
2889:François Georges-Picot
2836:
2775:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
2697:
2646:. In 1400, the Muslim
2555:
2477:
2474:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbî
2358:
2291:along the coasts, and
2213:
2203:
2196:Roman Theatre at Bosra
2082:
1980:then fell to the vast
1909:
1769:Middle Assyrian Empire
1574:, as well as with the
1547:
1477:
1090:parliamentary republic
1076:. After a period as a
927:the east and southeast
32:Syria (disambiguation)
22195:Eastern Mediterranean
21356:Arab Peace Initiative
21136:Joint Defence Council
20913:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
19890:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
19883:and other territories
19231:Government ministries
18781:Neo-Babylonian Empire
18430:Paton, L. B. (1981).
18350:Wright, Robin. 2008.
18088:Salti, Rasha (2006).
17803:"Public universities"
17357:"The Arabs of Brazil"
15612:Syria: Events of 2008
14951:24 April 2003 at the
14773:Chapter 9: Crossroads
13352:Middle East Institute
13178:Middle East Institute
13088:Middle East Institute
12571:Rubin, Barry (2015).
12534:10.7208/9780226345536
12524:Wedeen, Lisa (2015).
12004:Nature Communications
11959:10.1093/biosci/bix014
10778:George, Alan (2003).
10361:10.1017/9781316872017
10148:Gelber, 2006, pp. 138
9652:World and Its Peoples
9150:Trevor Bryce (2014).
9086:Justice among Nations
8622:Joseph, John (2008).
8320:"Civilian Death Toll"
7538:on 22 September 2022.
7267:on 22 September 2022.
6998:
6940:
6797:
6767:
6673:
6643:
6498:
6491:Christianity in Syria
6310:
6192:
5548:Further information:
5540:Demographics of Syria
5438:
5408:
5332:
5298:
5242:
5234:
5130:forced disappearances
5099:
5088:Human rights in Syria
5022:
4913:
4844:protests of the 2011
4799:
4766:
4298:Governorates of Syria
4297:
4254:Governorates of Syria
4142:High Judicial Council
4119:Ba'ath party in Syria
4010:vote of no confidence
3777:in the northeast and
3752:
3700:European Union states
3664:
3609:
3417:Israel Defense Forces
3313:pan-Arab Ba'ath Party
3282:intra-party rebellion
3262:modern Syrian history
3252:
3226:1963 seizure of power
3222:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
3164:
3117:
3007:
2992:on 21 July 1925, the
2943:
2900:Sykes-Picot Agreement
2887:diplomats (Frenchman
2827:
2695:
2640:Second Battle of Homs
2617:. The Mamluk leader,
2554:defeated the Mamluks.
2545:
2467:
2352:
2344:Mesopotamian Religion
2269:Arab Islamic Conquest
2209:
2194:
2087:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2076:
2041:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1904:
1829:to the east, and the
1616:East Semitic language
1538:
1475:Ancient Orient Museum
1472:
1169:multi-sided civil war
907:Eastern Mediterranean
628:• Water (%)
486:Arab Kingdom of Syria
383:presidential republic
18:Subdivisions of Syria
22235:West Asian countries
21969:OIC Resolution 10/11
21922:Non-Aligned Movement
21799:United Arab Emirates
21279:United Arab Emirates
20781:United Arab Emirates
20458:United Arab Emirates
20172:United Arab Emirates
19543:(2011–present)
19439:Securities Exchange
19190:Council of Ministers
18945:Haj Fadel Government
18130:on 27 December 2010.
16943:on 28 December 2012.
16532:on 15 December 2022.
15931:. 15 November 2021.
15833:on 18 February 2023.
15678:. 29 November 2011.
15590:United Nations-OHCHR
15532:on 18 February 2023.
15504:United Nations-OHCHR
14965:20 July 2009 at the
14926:Occupied territory:
14897:28 June 2011 at the
13650:. 13 February 2016.
13523:, pp. 219, 228.
12774:on 15 September 2004
12501:. 15 February 2012.
12475:. 15 February 2012.
12461:on 14 February 2024.
12427:. 15 February 2012.
12212:on 25 February 2021.
11208:. 22 December 2011.
10489:on 15 December 2008.
10305:. pp. 345–346.
10008:"Mandat Syrie-Liban"
9596:Hist. xviii., vii. 1
9513:Ugarit in Retrospect
8166:"Global Peace Index"
8140:Fragile States Index
7650:. CIA. 10 May 2022.
6956:United Arab Republic
6899:classical Arab music
6729:University of Aleppo
6694:University of Aleppo
5484:are overseen by the
5114:Freedom in the World
5092:LGBT rights in Syria
4060:and the traditional
4042:Council of Ministers
3978:Freedom in the World
3956:, has bolstered its
3735:of Bashar al-Assad.
3559:against a suspected
3415:against Israel. The
3182:United Arab Republic
3059:United Arab Republic
2676:overland trade route
2550:. The Mongols under
2353:The ancient city of
2336:Greco-Roman Religion
1504:). The discovery of
899:Syrian Arab Republic
824:Arabia Standard Time
645:• 2024 estimate
592:Current constitution
559:United Arab Republic
195:shown in light green
50:Syrian Arab Republic
27:Country in West Asia
22230:Totalitarian states
22147: /
22048:Arab–Islamic (2023)
21497:Hissein Brahim Taha
20816:States with limited
19219:Golan Heights claim
18776:Neo-Assyrian Empire
18771:Syro-Hittite states
18661:Prehistorical Syria
18323:Ashgate Publishing
18321:Just or Unjust War?
18269:. Scarecrow Press.
18014:Salamandra, Christa
17835:on 13 November 2012
17809:on 13 November 2012
17782:. Countrystudies.us
17780:"Syria – Education"
17363:on 26 November 2005
17019:on 19 February 2018
16449:on 28 December 2021
15899:The Washington Post
15574:on 1 February 2023.
15488:on 1 February 2023.
15396:on 23 December 2011
15332:. 24 January 2011.
15314:on 16 January 2009.
14998:. 12 October 2020.
14879:4 June 2009 at the
14735:on 6 December 2011.
14613:. 14 October 2019.
14583:. 14 October 2019.
14553:. 14 October 2019.
14183:Stateless Democracy
14100:, pp. 156–163.
14060:on 22 February 2016
13889:10.2298/FID2003319B
13708:(21 October 2021).
13682:. 26 October 2021.
13592:. 14 October 2019.
13380:on 9 December 2022.
13358:on 28 January 2021.
13184:on 28 January 2021.
13094:on 28 January 2021.
12513:– via Scribd.
12487:– via Scribd.
12439:– via Scribd.
12143:on 3 February 2021.
12133:"Syria: Government"
12103:on 27 January 2023.
12091:on 3 February 2021.
12081:"Syria: Government"
12016:2020NatCo..11.5978G
11777:. 1 November 2011.
11747:. 14 January 2012.
11539:. 8 February 2012.
10740:on 2 February 2012.
10715:on 2 February 2012.
10629:Rabinovich, Abraham
10039:James Barr (2011).
9701:The life of Mahomet
9456:John Lange (2006).
9391:, Jan–Mar SAAD 2005
9238:on 11 November 2006
9131:on 9 September 2008
9124:(1). Archived from
8939:Ross Burns (2009).
8755:"Book 5 Section 66"
8441:on 2 February 2021.
8302:Middle East Monitor
8286:on 3 December 2022.
8224:on 2 November 2022.
8136:"Country Dashboard"
8074:on 19 February 2018
7747:on 27 January 2023.
7735:on 3 February 2021.
7725:"Syria: Government"
7586:on 8 February 2023.
7383:on 8 February 2023.
7367:on 3 February 2023.
7351:on 4 February 2023.
7315:on 8 February 2023.
6790:Literature of Syria
6733:Tishreen University
6725:Damascus University
6690:Damascus University
6574:make up 22.4%; the
6464:Western Neo-Aramaic
6462:. Most remarkably,
5947:Latakia Governorate
5556:
5506:internet censorship
5302:in Damascus in 2010
5273:agriculture sectors
5153:Arbitrary detention
5045:Syrian Armed Forces
5015:Syrian Armed Forces
4972:announced that the
4934:effectively annexed
4579:While entertaining
4070:" and called for a
4015:cult of personality
3442:modern Arab history
3401:cult of personality
3371:party state into a
3014:Great Syrian Revolt
2994:Battle of al-Mazraa
2970:San Remo conference
2755:Assyrian Christians
2751:Maronite Christians
2611:Battle of Ain Jalut
2493:Khalid ibn al-Walid
2320:Syriac Christianity
2202:, present-day Syria
2198:in the province of
2175:, a general of the
2115:Alexander the Great
2113:which was ruled by
2051:Classical antiquity
1982:Neo Assyrian Empire
1916:group known as the
1713:Old Assyrian Empire
1691:Bronze Age Collapse
1659:Canaanite languages
1390:Çineköy inscription
1336:of Mesopotamia and
1224:illicit drug cartel
1196:cult of personality
1127:carried out by the
239: /
20474:Khuzestan Province
20279:Metropolitan areas
19470:Telecommunications
19463:Petroleum industry
18967:Mandatory Republic
18913:Early modern Syria
18668:Levantine corridor
18515:The World Factbook
18402:Demystifying Syria
18259:General references
18242:on 4 December 2009
17898:on 3 October 2010.
17308:The New York Times
16993:on 18 January 2016
16896:on 23 October 2015
16433:The New York Times
16257:. 12 October 2012.
16107:The New York Times
15770:The New York Times
15712:on 18 January 2016
15596:on 5 January 2023.
15567:Human Rights Watch
15510:on 5 January 2023.
15481:Human Rights Watch
15307:The Globe and Mail
15296:The Globe and Mail
15237:The Jerusalem Post
15178:. 25 August 2006.
15063:The Globe and Mail
14703:The New York Times
14647:on 24 October 2019
14206:on 25 October 2016
14154:The New York Times
13504:, pp. 11, 95.
12922:on 18 January 2006
12137:CIA World Factbook
12097:"Syria Government"
12085:CIA World Factbook
11836:The New York Times
11714:Human Rights Watch
11682:Human Rights Watch
11625:The New York Times
11600:on 6 November 2018
11352:on 25 October 2014
11340:2016-03-04 at the
11324:on 29 October 2012
11311:2012-04-23 at the
11261:on 25 October 2014
10990:The New York Times
10660:Itzchak Weismann.
10391:. 24 August 1993.
10389:The New York Times
10166:Tal, 2004, pp. 251
9918:The New York Times
9862:"Battle of Aleppo"
9744:Muhammad At Medina
9657:Marshall Cavendish
9207:The Early Alphabet
8654:First proposed by
8435:Human Rights Watch
8352:on 5 January 2023.
8308:on 4 January 2023.
7949:The World Factbook
7900:The World Factbook
7741:"Syria Government"
7729:CIA World Factbook
7716:on 25 March 2023.
7648:The World Factbook
7021:deriving from the
7004:
6960:Syrian soap operas
6949:
6802:
6773:
6679:
6649:
6636:Education in Syria
6507:
6381:Languages of Syria
6367:. The majority of
6313:
6292:. Syria holds the
6195:
5963:Aleppo Governorate
5840:Tartus Governorate
5824:Aleppo Governorate
5554:
5450:Transport in Syria
5441:
5414:
5395:Petroleum industry
5339:
5304:
5252:
5237:
5126:massive censorship
5122:summary executions
5106:Human Rights Watch
5102:
5041:President of Syria
5037:
4930:occupied by Israel
4922:
4814:
4771:
4719:universal equality
4585:Catalan Parliament
4300:
4258:Districts of Syria
4236:(formed in 2013),
4205:voter registration
4121:and leader of the
4100:is the unicameral
4098:legislative branch
4090:state of emergency
4086:Muslim Brotherhood
4058:Muslim Brotherhood
4023:military apparatus
4002:Head of Government
3934:presidential state
3888:Elections in Syria
3755:
3745:Geography of Syria
3676:Human Rights Watch
3671:
3616:
3429:Muslim Brotherhood
3405:Ba'athist ideology
3329:Demilitarized Zone
3298:Nureddin al-Atassi
3258:
3234:totalitarian state
3230:Military Committee
3208:culminated in the
3174:
3166:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3137:Syrian nationalist
3120:
3077:Shukri al-Quwwatli
3018:
2966:Battle of Maysalun
2950:
2837:
2698:
2696:Syrian women, 1683
2556:
2478:
2359:
2340:Canaanite Religion
2214:
2204:
2165:Tigranes the Great
2150:Hasmoneans dynasty
2093:in 539 BC. Led by
2083:
1960:(modern Spain and
1910:
1548:
1484:culture (known as
1478:
1129:military committee
1088:independence as a
1017:. The capital and
901:, is a country in
721:2020 estimate
685:2015 estimate
270:Ethnic groups
143:حُمَاةَ الدِّيَارِ
22180:Countries in Asia
22130:
22129:
22124:
22123:
22056:
22055:
21984:
21983:
21939:
21938:
21935:
21934:
21447:
21446:
21371:Foreign relations
21344:
21343:
21011:
21010:
21005:
21004:
20932:
20931:
20502:
20501:
20347:
20346:
20003:
20002:
19732:Mediterranean Sea
19692:Geographic locale
19684:
19683:
19649:
19648:
19488:
19487:
19388:
19387:
19277:Political parties
19214:Foreign relations
19145:
19144:
19141:
19140:
18995:
18994:
18955:Syrian Federation
18890:County of Tripoli
18845:Ikhshidid dynasty
18698:Yarmukian culture
18494:978-0-300-03944-3
18462:978-0-19-939670-2
18441:978-1-113-53822-2
18422:978-0-312-78206-1
18413:Syria Under Assad
18391:978-0-312-78203-0
18312:978-0-436-18130-6
18293:978-1-85984-442-7
18103:978-1-892494-70-2
18031:978-0-253-21722-6
17999:978-0-04-445039-9
17554:978-1-903900-36-9
17524:978-0-87609-105-0
17461:978-90-04-14476-7
17339:978-0-230-11552-1
17120:on 29 August 2008
17043:The Refugee Brief
16878:. United Nations.
16827:978-981-238-820-9
16790:978-94-007-5859-9
16700:on 20 August 2013
16635:978-84-935202-0-5
16482:on 12 April 2022.
16231:. 6 February 2012
16205:on 23 August 2012
15066:. 22 March 2019.
14867:978-92-2-120630-9
14796:978-1-86207-865-9
14375:Barkhoda, Dalir.
14299:10.1558/cis.29642
14196:978-90-77288-22-1
14128:on 1 October 2016
14013:978-1-62963-651-1
13938:978-0-203-00512-5
13679:Hawar News Agency
13542:, pp. 97–98.
13290:978-0-300-24665-0
13268:on 22 April 2021.
12944:. Law.emory.edu.
12722:978-0-8204-6924-9
12640:978-0-415-68488-0
12604:on 25 March 2024.
12582:978-0-7656-8094-5
12543:978-0-226-33337-3
12331:978-1-60846-912-3
12293:978-0-7556-4138-3
12260:978-0-19-976441-9
12234:978-1-4744-1528 6
12075:on 25 March 2023.
11915:978-1-84453-129-5
11717:. 20 March 2012.
11685:. 20 March 2012.
11423:. 11 March 2012.
11393:. 12 March 2012.
10961:. 27 April 2005.
10959:Los Angeles Times
10791:978-1-84277-213-3
10646:978-0-8052-4176-1
10635:. New York City:
10513:978-0-415-78203-6
10464:978-0-253-20873-6
10437:978-0-520-06976-3
10370:978-1-107-18360-5
10337:978-0-7556-4138-3
10312:978-0-472-10806-0
10299:A Study of Crisis
10079:978-0-395-65237-4
10050:978-1-84737-453-0
9947:"Syria – Ottoman"
9847:978-0-8094-6437-1
9670:978-0-7614-7571-2
9523:978-0-931464-07-2
9496:978-1-906833-74-9
9469:978-1-61756-132-0
9442:978-1-317-39195-1
9357:978-1-134-52062-6
9330:978-0-521-08230-3
9303:978-1-57506-113-9
9276:978-1-931956-02-4
9217:978-0-520-07309-8
9190:978-1-57506-060-6
9163:978-0-19-100292-2
9096:978-0-674-72654-3
9069:978-0-8028-4960-1
9009:978-0-8091-3731-2
8979:978-1-61132-228-6
8952:978-0-85771-489-3
8925:978-0-470-75196-1
8898:978-1-134-52062-6
8837:978-1-5275-5971-4
8768:978-84-249-1901-6
8418:on 13 March 2021.
8268:on 16 March 2022.
7903:(2024 ed.).
7860:978-1-60846-912-3
7822:978-0-7556-4138-3
7789:978-0-19-976441-9
7490:978-0-415-52391-2
7471:978-1-78453-115-7
7452:978-0-7556-4138-3
7419:978-0-19-976441-9
7232:
7198:
7029:, meaning leaf).
6942:Suzan Najm Aldeen
6806:Arabic literature
6719:According to the
6646:Aleppo University
6602:) make up 16.2%;
6596:Chaldean Catholic
6588:Armenian Catholic
6576:Armenian Orthodox
6483:Religion in Syria
6420:(four dialects),
6390:official language
6290:Armenian genocide
6175:
6174:
6167:Raqqa Governorate
6060:Al-Hajar al-Aswad
6031:Daraa Governorate
6015:Raqqa Governorate
5997:Idlib Governorate
5673:
5672:
5300:Al-Hamidiyah Souq
5221:Industry in Syria
5076:military spending
4932:and were in 1981
4850:Syrian government
4846:Syrian Revolution
4753:Foreign relations
4699:federalized Syria
4655:direct democratic
4530:autonomous region
4514:
4513:
4193:Syria's elections
4134:judicial branches
4110:Syrian opposition
4000:is nominally the
3954:Syrian opposition
3882:Politics of Syria
3842:Wildlife of Syria
3765:, and longitudes
3630:and the Lebanese
3592:Syrian government
3588:Ba’ath Party rule
3557:Operation Orchard
3513:. In March 2004,
3425:Islamist uprising
3242:(secret police).
3178:Shukri al-Quwatli
3043:forced the French
3008:Syrian rebels in
2990:Battle of al-Kafr
2920:League of Nations
2873:Assyrian genocide
2869:Armenian genocide
2833:Armenian genocide
2660:captured Damascus
2590:, founder of the
2480:By AD 640, Syria
2395:Alexander Severus
2367:Septimius Severus
2133:of Syria and the
2111:Macedonian Empire
2091:Achaemenid Empire
1958:Iberian peninsula
1908:Phoenician Temple
1844:Tiglath-Pileser I
1740:on the border of
1721:Babylonian Empire
1683:Ugaritic alphabet
1651:Northwest Semitic
1634:and his grandson
1620:Akkadian language
1608:Semitic languages
1554:near present-day
1502:Vaisselle blanche
1465:Ancient antiquity
1436:modern-day Israel
1399:to the south and
1234:. The war led to
1190:The country is a
1094:Republic of Syria
1062:Umayyad Caliphate
953:that consists of
915:Mediterranean Sea
897:, officially the
892:
891:
739:• Per capita
703:• Per capita
565:28 September 1961
468:People's Assembly
243:33.500°N 36.300°E
207:Show map of Syria
171:
16:(Redirected from
22252:
22245:Ba'athist states
22162:
22161:
22159:
22158:
22157:
22152:
22148:
22145:
22144:
22143:
22140:
21993:
21992:
21948:
21947:
21833:
21832:
21512:
21511:
21474:
21467:
21460:
21451:
21450:
21167:
21166:
21157:
21082:
21081:
21072:
21071:
21051:
21044:
21037:
21028:
21027:
21015:
21014:
20993:
20981:
20980:
20941:regions of China
20876:Christmas Island
20866:
20865:
20808:
20548:Sovereign states
20529:
20522:
20515:
20506:
20505:
20374:
20367:
20360:
20351:
20350:
20234:Modern conflicts
20189:
20030:
20023:
20016:
20007:
20006:
19918:
19906:
19898:
19740:Sovereign states
19724:
19717:
19710:
19701:
19700:
19688:
19687:
19669:
19662:
19544:
19499:
19498:
19442:
19441:(stock exchange)
19434:
19399:
19398:
19312:
19305:
19296:
19294:regional command
19285:
19156:
19155:
19128:Fertile Crescent
19019:
19018:
19015:
19014:
19003:
18880:County of Edessa
18860:Mirdasid dynasty
18855:Hamdanid dynasty
18834:
18801:Palmyrene Empire
18786:Achaemenid Syria
18673:Natufian culture
18640:
18639:
18616:
18609:
18602:
18593:
18592:
18585:
18584:
18498:
18478:
18466:
18445:
18426:
18406:
18395:
18375:
18355:
18340:
18336:Forward Magazine
18315:
18297:
18252:
18251:
18249:
18247:
18232:
18226:
18225:
18223:
18221:
18210:
18204:
18203:
18184:
18174:
18168:
18167:
18148:
18138:
18132:
18131:
18129:
18122:
18114:
18108:
18107:
18085:
18079:
18078:
18076:
18074:
18060:
18054:
18053:
18042:
18036:
18035:
18010:
18004:
18003:
17976:
17970:
17969:
17967:
17965:
17954:
17948:
17947:
17945:
17943:
17928:
17922:
17921:
17919:
17917:
17906:
17900:
17899:
17888:
17882:
17869:
17863:
17862:
17861:on 18 June 2008.
17851:
17845:
17844:
17842:
17840:
17825:
17819:
17818:
17816:
17814:
17798:
17792:
17791:
17789:
17787:
17776:
17770:
17769:
17767:
17765:
17759:
17753:. Archived from
17752:
17744:
17738:
17737:
17735:
17733:
17722:
17716:
17715:
17704:
17698:
17697:
17695:
17693:
17681:. 13 July 2023.
17671:
17665:
17664:
17662:
17660:
17651:. Archived from
17649:Forward Magazine
17640:
17634:
17633:
17622:
17616:
17615:
17608:
17602:
17601:
17565:
17559:
17558:
17534:
17528:
17527:
17500:
17491:
17490:
17488:
17486:
17471:
17465:
17464:
17452:Brill Publishers
17443:
17422:
17421:
17419:
17417:
17402:
17396:
17395:
17393:
17391:
17379:
17373:
17372:
17370:
17368:
17353:
17347:
17346:
17321:
17315:
17314:
17300:
17294:
17293:
17279:
17273:
17272:
17224:
17205:
17204:
17191:
17182:
17181:
17179:
17177:
17158:
17152:
17151:
17149:
17147:
17136:
17130:
17129:
17127:
17125:
17110:
17104:
17103:
17093:
17076:(4): 1058–1064.
17061:
17055:
17054:
17052:
17050:
17035:
17029:
17028:
17026:
17024:
17009:
17003:
17002:
17000:
16998:
16989:. Archived from
16979:
16973:
16972:
16970:
16968:
16951:
16945:
16944:
16933:
16927:
16926:
16920:
16912:
16906:
16905:
16903:
16901:
16886:
16880:
16879:
16872:
16866:
16861:
16855:
16854:
16852:
16844:
16838:
16837:
16836:
16834:
16801:
16795:
16794:
16768:
16762:
16761:
16759:
16757:
16742:
16736:
16735:
16733:
16731:
16716:
16710:
16709:
16707:
16705:
16690:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16679:
16668:
16662:
16661:
16655:
16647:
16620:
16614:
16613:
16611:
16609:
16599:
16593:
16592:
16590:
16588:
16573:
16567:
16566:
16564:
16562:
16550:. 19 July 2021.
16540:
16534:
16533:
16518:
16512:
16511:
16504:
16498:
16493:
16491:
16483:
16481:
16474:
16465:
16459:
16458:
16456:
16454:
16448:
16443:. Archived from
16424:
16413:
16410:
16404:
16401:
16388:
16385:
16379:
16378:
16376:
16374:
16359:
16353:
16352:
16350:
16348:
16337:
16331:
16330:
16328:
16326:
16312:
16304:
16298:
16297:
16290:
16277:
16276:
16265:
16259:
16258:
16247:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16236:
16221:
16215:
16214:
16212:
16210:
16195:
16184:
16183:
16181:
16179:
16164:
16158:
16157:
16150:
16141:
16140:
16138:
16130:
16119:
16118:
16116:
16114:
16099:
16090:
16089:
16080:
16074:
16073:
16071:
16063:
16052:
16051:
16049:
16047:
16042:on 18 March 2011
16032:
16026:
16025:
16023:
16021:
16006:
16000:
15999:
15997:
15995:
15980:
15974:
15973:
15971:
15969:
15954:
15945:
15944:
15942:
15940:
15921:
15915:
15914:
15912:
15910:
15890:
15884:
15883:
15881:
15879:
15859:
15853:
15852:
15841:
15835:
15834:
15819:
15813:
15812:
15810:
15808:
15792:
15786:
15785:
15783:
15781:
15767:
15759:
15753:
15752:
15750:
15748:
15728:
15722:
15721:
15719:
15717:
15698:
15692:
15691:
15689:
15687:
15668:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15657:
15643:
15635:
15629:
15628:
15626:
15624:
15607:
15598:
15597:
15582:
15576:
15575:
15558:
15552:
15551:
15540:
15534:
15533:
15518:
15512:
15511:
15496:
15490:
15489:
15472:
15466:
15465:
15463:
15461:
15442:
15436:
15435:
15433:
15431:
15412:
15406:
15405:
15403:
15401:
15386:
15380:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15372:
15352:
15346:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15322:
15316:
15315:
15294:by Eyal Zisser,
15289:
15283:
15282:
15280:
15278:
15259:
15253:
15252:
15250:
15248:
15239:. 26 July 2006.
15229:
15223:
15222:
15220:
15218:
15198:
15192:
15191:
15189:
15187:
15168:
15162:
15161:
15159:
15157:
15138:
15132:
15131:
15129:
15127:
15112:
15106:
15105:
15103:
15101:
15086:
15080:
15079:
15077:
15075:
15054:
15048:
15047:
15045:
15043:
15037:
15026:
15018:
15012:
15011:
15009:
15007:
14992:
14986:
14924:
14918:
14871:
14850:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14839:
14807:
14801:
14800:
14765:
14759:
14758:
14743:
14737:
14736:
14725:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14714:
14694:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14683:
14663:
14657:
14656:
14654:
14652:
14633:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14603:
14597:
14596:
14594:
14592:
14573:
14567:
14566:
14564:
14562:
14543:
14537:
14536:
14534:
14532:
14526:
14515:
14507:
14501:
14500:
14498:
14496:
14490:
14479:
14471:
14465:
14464:
14462:
14460:
14420:
14414:
14413:
14407:
14402:
14400:
14392:
14390:
14388:
14372:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14361:
14329:
14323:
14322:
14320:
14318:
14278:
14272:
14271:
14259:
14253:
14252:
14250:
14248:
14243:on 15 March 2016
14242:
14236:. Archived from
14231:
14222:
14216:
14215:
14213:
14211:
14205:
14199:. Archived from
14188:
14177:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14166:
14144:
14138:
14137:
14135:
14133:
14114:
14108:
14107:
14095:
14089:
14088:
14076:
14070:
14069:
14067:
14065:
14046:
14040:
14039:
14027:
14021:
14020:
13999:
13993:
13992:
13980:
13974:
13973:
13961:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13950:
13922:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13911:
13905:
13874:
13865:
13859:
13858:
13856:
13846:
13837:(4): 1023–1045.
13822:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13792:
13786:
13785:
13783:
13781:
13741:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13727:
13702:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13691:
13670:
13664:
13663:
13661:
13659:
13638:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13627:
13612:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13601:
13582:
13576:
13575:
13573:
13571:
13566:on 9 August 2016
13556:
13550:
13549:
13537:
13531:
13530:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13499:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13488:
13469:
13463:
13462:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13431:
13425:
13424:
13418:
13410:
13409:on 22 July 2022.
13408:
13397:
13388:
13382:
13381:
13366:
13360:
13359:
13354:. Archived from
13343:
13337:
13336:
13331:
13329:
13324:on 15 April 2021
13320:. Archived from
13309:
13303:
13302:
13276:
13270:
13269:
13264:. Archived from
13253:
13247:
13246:
13244:
13242:
13237:on 16 April 2016
13223:
13217:
13216:
13214:
13212:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13180:. Archived from
13169:
13163:
13162:
13155:
13149:
13144:
13142:
13134:
13132:
13125:
13116:
13110:
13109:
13103:
13095:
13090:. Archived from
13079:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13048:
13042:
13041:
13039:
13037:
13021:
13015:
13014:
13012:
13010:
12995:
12989:
12988:
12986:
12984:
12964:
12958:
12957:
12955:
12953:
12938:
12932:
12931:
12929:
12927:
12912:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12901:
12896:on 28 March 2012
12886:
12877:
12876:
12875:on 9 March 2023.
12871:. Archived from
12859:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12848:
12829:
12823:
12822:
12816:
12808:
12790:
12784:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12764:
12758:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12738:
12727:
12726:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12697:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12673:
12671:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12626:
12620:
12619:
12613:
12605:
12600:. Archived from
12593:
12587:
12586:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12555:
12547:
12521:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12495:
12489:
12488:
12486:
12484:
12469:
12463:
12462:
12457:. Archived from
12447:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12436:
12421:
12415:
12414:
12408:
12403:
12401:
12393:
12391:
12389:
12383:
12376:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12360:on 9 March 2023.
12356:. Archived from
12344:
12338:
12335:
12316:
12297:
12278:
12272:
12264:
12245:
12239:
12238:
12220:
12214:
12213:
12208:. Archived from
12197:
12191:
12190:
12189:on 9 March 2023.
12185:. Archived from
12173:
12167:
12166:
12165:on 5 March 2019.
12151:
12145:
12144:
12139:. Archived from
12129:
12123:
12120:
12119:on 5 March 2019.
12104:
12099:. Archived from
12092:
12087:. Archived from
12076:
12060:
12054:
12053:
12043:
11995:
11989:
11988:
11978:
11938:
11932:
11926:
11920:
11919:
11901:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11890:
11876:
11867:
11866:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11847:
11827:
11821:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11800:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11786:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11647:
11641:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11607:
11605:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11579:
11559:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11548:
11537:The Courier-Mail
11529:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11503:
11497:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11473:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11462:
11453:. 6 April 2012.
11443:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11413:
11407:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11383:
11377:
11375:
11369:
11361:
11359:
11357:
11348:. Archived from
11333:
11331:
11329:
11320:. Archived from
11303:
11297:
11296:
11294:
11292:
11287:on 28 March 2014
11277:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11239:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11161:
11141:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11091:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11061:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11012:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10900:. Naharnet.com.
10894:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10863:
10857:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10833:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10775:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10764:
10748:
10742:
10741:
10736:. Archived from
10723:
10717:
10716:
10711:. Archived from
10698:
10692:
10687:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10673:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10612:
10604:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10555:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10497:
10491:
10490:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10448:
10442:
10441:
10414:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10381:
10375:
10374:
10348:
10342:
10341:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10216:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10205:
10190:
10167:
10164:
10158:
10155:
10149:
10146:
10140:
10134:
10133:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10103:
10084:
10083:
10061:
10055:
10054:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10019:
10012:
10004:
9998:
9988:
9982:
9979:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9943:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9920:. 22 July 2015.
9910:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9894:on 28 April 2009
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9828:
9822:
9817:Farhad Daftary.
9815:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9789:"Syria: History"
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9695:
9686:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9646:
9637:
9634:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9603:
9597:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9543:
9537:
9534:
9528:
9527:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9398:
9392:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9314:
9308:
9307:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9261:Stephanie Dalley
9257:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9115:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9023:
9014:
9013:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8821:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8635:
8628:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8568:Wylie, Alexander
8566:. Translated by
8557:
8551:
8550:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8437:. Archived from
8426:
8420:
8419:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8396:on 6 April 2022.
8382:
8376:
8375:
8370:. Archived from
8360:
8354:
8353:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8330:on 5 March 2022.
8316:
8310:
8309:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8246:on 13 July 2022.
8232:
8226:
8225:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8162:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8100:. 15 March 2024.
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8064:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8038:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8018:
8005:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7941:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7879:. Archived from
7873:
7867:
7864:
7845:
7826:
7807:
7801:
7793:
7773:
7767:
7764:
7763:on 5 March 2019.
7748:
7743:. Archived from
7736:
7731:. Archived from
7720:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7640:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7610:
7590:
7587:
7571:
7555:
7554:on 27 June 2018.
7539:
7534:. Archived from
7516:
7510:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7475:
7456:
7437:
7431:
7423:
7402:
7396:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7368:
7352:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7300:
7284:
7283:on 27 June 2018.
7268:
7263:. Archived from
7245:
7239:
7237:
7231:romanized:
7230:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7183:
7151:
7146:
7145:
6975:Syrian Civil War
6853:Khyri al-Dhahabi
6818:Muhammad Maghout
6760:Culture of Syria
6550:Syrian Civil War
6456:Classical Syriac
6400:in the west and
6266:Kurdish language
5981:Hama Governorate
5913:Homs Governorate
5861:
5851:
5808:
5798:
5746:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5712:
5711:
5697:Syrian Civil War
5570:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5409:Oil refinery in
5245:Blue Tower Hotel
5227:Tourism in Syria
5217:Economy of Syria
5178:In August 2014,
5142:chemical attacks
5072:Persian Gulf War
5033:Syrian Civil War
4954:Madinat al-Baath
4810:
4804:
4787:Syrian Civil War
4731:religious rights
4707:authoritarianism
4677:, environmental
4671:decentralization
4570:Syrian civil war
4536:in the areas of
4277:
4230:Syrian Civil War
4102:People's Council
4034:executive branch
3919:
3904:
3892:Syrian civil war
3708:observer mission
3601:Free Syrian Army
3572:Syrian civil war
3488:Syrian Civil War
3133:Arab nationalist
3026:Hashim al-Atassi
2978:Sultan al-Atrash
2954:Kingdom of Syria
2946:Hashim al-Atassi
2811:Damascus Vilayet
2627:Sunqur al-Ashqar
2578:, the so-called
2426:Road to Damascus
2283:ruling classes,
2237:Palmyrene Empire
2235:established the
2173:Pompey the Great
2121:province of the
2099:Imperial Aramaic
2077:Ancient city of
2069:Syria Palaestina
1996:until after the
1986:Imperial Aramaic
1840:Battle of Kadesh
1797:
1786:
1653:language of the
1604:language of Ebla
1460:History of Syria
1448:Eleutheris river
1430:, later renamed
1386:
1378:
1367:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1236:a refugee crisis
1125:1963 coup d'état
1117:1961 coup d'état
1066:Mamluk Sultanate
1035:Arab nationalism
961:, including the
821:
788:
787:
781:
780:
774:
763:
762:
754:
733:
718:
697:
682:
649:23,865,423 (
597:27 February 2012
580:
566:
557:• Left the
454:Hammouda Sabbagh
254:
253:
251:
250:
249:
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
217:and largest city
208:
205:
198:
185:
173:
172:
151:
145:
144:
126:
120:
119:
100:
86:
73:
72:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
21:
22260:
22259:
22255:
22254:
22253:
22251:
22250:
22249:
22165:
22164:
22155:
22153:
22149:
22146:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22134:
22133:
22131:
22126:
22125:
22120:
22109:
22052:
21980:
21931:
21900:
21898:
21891:
21880:
21878:
21871:
21857:Northern Cyprus
21840:
21839:and territories
21838:
21824:
21808:
21501:
21484:
21478:
21448:
21443:
21418:
21375:
21340:
21324:
21288:
21158:
21149:
21088:
21060:
21055:
21020:
21012:
21007:
21006:
21001:
20974:
20959:
20943:
20940:
20928:
20901:
20885:
20862:
20859:
20851:
20832:Northern Cyprus
20820:
20817:
20809:
20800:
20542:
20533:
20503:
20498:
20462:
20384:
20378:
20348:
20343:
20295:
20255:
20190:
20181:
20106:Northern Cyprus
20078:Iraqi Kurdistan
20039:
20034:
20004:
19999:
19985:Sea of Sardinia
19921:
19916:
19904:
19892:
19875:
19866:Northern Cyprus
19852:
19734:
19728:
19693:
19685:
19680:
19672:
19665:
19658:
19645:
19570:
19556:Public holidays
19542:
19484:
19446:
19440:
19432:
19384:
19339:
19308:
19301:
19288:
19281:
19137:
19106:
19055:
19004:
18991:
18981:Second Republic
18925:
18908:
18875:Crusader states
18840:Tulunid dynasty
18833:(Bilad al-Sham)
18832:
18830:Caliphal Syria
18824:Muslim conquest
18810:
18806:Byzantine Syria
18721:Akkadian Empire
18702:
18656:
18629:
18620:
18582:
18541:
18506:
18501:
18495:
18463:
18442:
18423:
18392:
18363:
18361:Further reading
18358:
18333:
18313:
18294:
18261:
18256:
18255:
18245:
18243:
18234:
18233:
18229:
18219:
18217:
18212:
18211:
18207:
18197:
18175:
18171:
18161:
18139:
18135:
18127:
18120:
18116:
18115:
18111:
18104:
18086:
18082:
18072:
18070:
18062:
18061:
18057:
18044:
18043:
18039:
18032:
18024:. p. 103.
18011:
18007:
18000:
17977:
17973:
17963:
17961:
17956:
17955:
17951:
17941:
17939:
17930:
17929:
17925:
17915:
17913:
17908:
17907:
17903:
17890:
17889:
17885:
17880:Wayback Machine
17870:
17866:
17853:
17852:
17848:
17838:
17836:
17827:
17826:
17822:
17812:
17810:
17799:
17795:
17785:
17783:
17778:
17777:
17773:
17763:
17761:
17757:
17750:
17746:
17745:
17741:
17731:
17729:
17724:
17723:
17719:
17708:"Jews of Syria"
17706:
17705:
17701:
17691:
17689:
17673:
17672:
17668:
17658:
17656:
17655:on 2 March 2010
17641:
17637:
17624:
17623:
17619:
17610:
17609:
17605:
17566:
17562:
17555:
17535:
17531:
17525:
17501:
17494:
17484:
17482:
17481:. 1 August 2017
17473:
17472:
17468:
17462:
17454:, p. 402,
17450:, vol. 4,
17444:
17425:
17415:
17413:
17412:on 20 June 2010
17404:
17403:
17399:
17389:
17387:
17380:
17376:
17366:
17364:
17355:
17354:
17350:
17340:
17322:
17318:
17302:
17301:
17297:
17281:
17280:
17276:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17248:
17243:
17225:
17208:
17195:"Syria – Kurds"
17193:
17192:
17185:
17175:
17173:
17160:
17159:
17155:
17145:
17143:
17138:
17137:
17133:
17123:
17121:
17112:
17111:
17107:
17062:
17058:
17048:
17046:
17045:. 11 March 2020
17037:
17036:
17032:
17022:
17020:
17011:
17010:
17006:
16996:
16994:
16980:
16976:
16966:
16964:
16952:
16948:
16935:
16934:
16930:
16918:
16914:
16913:
16909:
16899:
16897:
16888:
16887:
16883:
16874:
16873:
16869:
16862:
16858:
16850:
16846:
16845:
16841:
16832:
16830:
16828:
16802:
16798:
16791:
16769:
16765:
16755:
16753:
16751:Vice (magazine)
16743:
16739:
16729:
16727:
16726:on 23 July 2013
16718:
16717:
16713:
16703:
16701:
16692:
16691:
16687:
16677:
16675:
16670:
16669:
16665:
16649:
16648:
16636:
16622:
16621:
16617:
16607:
16605:
16601:
16600:
16596:
16586:
16584:
16574:
16570:
16560:
16558:
16542:
16541:
16537:
16526:Vice World News
16520:
16519:
16515:
16505:
16496:
16494:
16485:
16484:
16479:
16472:
16466:
16462:
16452:
16450:
16425:
16416:
16411:
16407:
16402:
16391:
16386:
16382:
16372:
16370:
16360:
16356:
16346:
16344:
16339:
16338:
16334:
16324:
16322:
16305:
16301:
16292:
16291:
16280:
16275:on 13 May 2013.
16267:
16266:
16262:
16249:
16248:
16244:
16234:
16232:
16229:Financial Times
16223:
16222:
16218:
16208:
16206:
16197:
16196:
16187:
16177:
16175:
16166:
16165:
16161:
16152:
16151:
16144:
16136:
16132:
16131:
16122:
16112:
16110:
16101:
16100:
16093:
16082:
16081:
16077:
16069:
16065:
16064:
16055:
16045:
16043:
16034:
16033:
16029:
16019:
16017:
16008:
16007:
16003:
15993:
15991:
15982:
15981:
15977:
15967:
15965:
15956:
15955:
15948:
15938:
15936:
15923:
15922:
15918:
15908:
15906:
15891:
15887:
15877:
15875:
15860:
15856:
15851:on 11 May 2023.
15843:
15842:
15838:
15821:
15820:
15816:
15806:
15804:
15799:. Arutz Sheva.
15793:
15789:
15779:
15777:
15760:
15756:
15746:
15744:
15729:
15725:
15715:
15713:
15700:
15699:
15695:
15685:
15683:
15670:
15669:
15665:
15655:
15653:
15636:
15632:
15622:
15620:
15609:
15608:
15601:
15584:
15583:
15579:
15560:
15559:
15555:
15550:on 11 May 2023.
15542:
15541:
15537:
15520:
15519:
15515:
15498:
15497:
15493:
15474:
15473:
15469:
15459:
15457:
15444:
15443:
15439:
15429:
15427:
15414:
15413:
15409:
15399:
15397:
15388:
15387:
15383:
15377:
15370:
15368:
15361:Financial Times
15353:
15349:
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15337:
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15319:
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15109:
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15073:
15071:
15056:
15055:
15051:
15041:
15039:
15035:
15024:
15020:
15019:
15015:
15005:
15003:
14994:
14993:
14989:
14981:Wayback Machine
14967:Wayback Machine
14953:Wayback Machine
14925:
14921:
14913:Wayback Machine
14899:Wayback Machine
14881:Wayback Machine
14868:
14851:
14847:
14837:
14835:
14808:
14804:
14797:
14766:
14762:
14745:
14744:
14740:
14727:
14726:
14722:
14712:
14710:
14695:
14691:
14681:
14679:
14664:
14660:
14650:
14648:
14635:
14634:
14630:
14620:
14618:
14611:Times of Israel
14605:
14604:
14600:
14590:
14588:
14575:
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14558:
14545:
14544:
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14456:
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14359:
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14240:
14229:
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14178:
14174:
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14073:
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14028:
14024:
14014:
14000:
13996:
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13962:
13958:
13948:
13946:
13939:
13923:
13919:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13872:
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13819:
13809:
13807:
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13793:
13789:
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13723:
13703:
13699:
13689:
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13671:
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13655:
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13623:
13614:
13613:
13609:
13599:
13597:
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13567:
13558:
13557:
13553:
13543:
13538:
13534:
13524:
13519:
13515:
13505:
13500:
13496:
13486:
13484:
13471:
13470:
13466:
13456:
13451:
13447:
13437:
13432:
13428:
13412:
13411:
13406:
13395:
13389:
13385:
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13367:
13363:
13344:
13340:
13327:
13325:
13310:
13306:
13291:
13277:
13273:
13254:
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13220:
13210:
13208:
13193:
13189:
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13166:
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13135:
13130:
13123:
13117:
13113:
13097:
13096:
13080:
13076:
13066:
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13049:
13045:
13035:
13033:
13022:
13018:
13008:
13006:
12997:
12996:
12992:
12982:
12980:
12965:
12961:
12951:
12949:
12940:
12939:
12935:
12925:
12923:
12914:
12913:
12909:
12899:
12897:
12888:
12887:
12880:
12861:
12860:
12856:
12846:
12844:
12839:. 3 June 2004.
12831:
12830:
12826:
12810:
12809:
12805:
12791:
12787:
12777:
12775:
12766:
12765:
12761:
12751:
12749:
12742:"Syria (05/07)"
12740:
12739:
12730:
12723:
12709:
12705:
12695:
12693:
12684:
12683:
12679:
12669:
12667:
12660:Foreign Affairs
12652:
12648:
12641:
12627:
12623:
12607:
12606:
12594:
12590:
12583:
12573:The Middle East
12569:
12565:
12549:
12548:
12544:
12522:
12518:
12508:
12506:
12497:
12496:
12492:
12482:
12480:
12471:
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12466:
12449:
12448:
12444:
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12432:
12423:
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12345:
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11996:
11992:
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11794:
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11649:
11648:
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11591:
11587:
11577:
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11556:
11546:
11544:
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11514:
11505:
11504:
11500:
11490:
11488:
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11474:
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11458:
11445:
11444:
11440:
11430:
11428:
11415:
11414:
11410:
11400:
11398:
11385:
11384:
11380:
11363:
11362:
11355:
11353:
11346:"Archived copy"
11344:
11342:Wayback Machine
11327:
11325:
11316:
11313:Wayback Machine
11304:
11300:
11290:
11288:
11279:
11278:
11274:
11264:
11262:
11251:
11247:
11237:
11235:
11230:
11229:
11225:
11215:
11213:
11200:
11199:
11195:
11185:
11183:
11178:. Syriahr.com.
11174:
11173:
11169:
11159:
11157:
11150:The Independent
11142:
11129:
11119:
11117:
11104:
11103:
11099:
11089:
11087:
11082:. 8 June 2011.
11074:
11073:
11069:
11059:
11057:
11052:. 17 May 2011.
11044:
11043:
11039:
11029:
11027:
11014:
11013:
11009:
10999:
10997:
10982:
10978:
10968:
10966:
10953:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10936:
10921:
10917:
10907:
10905:
10896:
10895:
10891:
10881:
10879:
10872:The Independent
10864:
10860:
10850:
10848:
10835:
10834:
10830:
10820:
10818:
10803:
10799:
10792:
10776:
10772:
10762:
10760:
10755:. Forward.com.
10749:
10745:
10724:
10720:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10681:
10671:
10669:
10658:
10654:
10647:
10639:. p. 302.
10626:
10622:
10606:
10605:
10601:
10587:
10583:
10573:
10571:
10564:Foreign Affairs
10556:
10547:
10537:
10535:
10526:
10525:
10521:
10514:
10498:
10494:
10477:
10476:
10472:
10465:
10449:
10445:
10438:
10415:
10408:
10398:
10396:
10383:
10382:
10378:
10371:
10349:
10345:
10338:
10324:
10320:
10313:
10295:
10291:
10281:
10279:
10264:
10260:
10217:
10213:
10203:
10201:
10192:
10191:
10170:
10165:
10161:
10156:
10152:
10147:
10143:
10131:
10123:
10121:
10105:
10104:
10087:
10080:
10062:
10058:
10051:
10037:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10020:on 26 June 2008
10017:
10010:
10006:
10005:
10001:
9993:, Fuat Dundar,
9989:
9985:
9980:
9976:
9964:
9956:
9954:
9945:
9944:
9937:
9927:
9925:
9912:
9911:
9907:
9897:
9895:
9886:
9885:
9881:
9871:
9869:
9860:
9859:
9855:
9848:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9816:
9812:
9802:
9800:
9787:
9786:
9782:
9772:
9770:
9761:
9760:
9756:
9739:
9735:
9725:
9723:
9722:on 23 June 2011
9714:
9713:
9709:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9678:
9671:
9647:
9640:
9635:
9631:
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9600:
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9544:
9540:
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9508:
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9497:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9454:
9450:
9443:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9399:
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9365:
9358:
9342:
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9331:
9315:
9311:
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9239:
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9229:
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9134:
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9128:
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9108:
9104:
9097:
9081:
9077:
9070:
9054:
9050:
9040:
9038:
9025:
9024:
9017:
9010:
8991:
8987:
8980:
8964:
8960:
8953:
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8906:
8899:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8860:
8858:
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8849:
8845:
8838:
8822:
8818:
8808:
8806:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8769:
8759:Natural History
8748:
8744:
8734:
8732:
8689:
8685:
8675:
8673:
8656:Theodor Nöldeke
8653:
8649:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8606:
8604:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8558:
8554:
8523:
8519:
8480:
8476:
8466:
8464:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8427:
8423:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8374:on 2 July 2022.
8362:
8361:
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8340:
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8335:
8318:
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8313:
8296:
8295:
8291:
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8211:
8207:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8173:
8164:
8163:
8159:
8149:
8147:
8134:
8133:
8129:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8077:
8075:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8051:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7984:
7982:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7958:
7956:
7943:
7942:
7919:
7909:
7907:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7883:on 11 May 2012.
7875:
7874:
7870:
7861:
7842:
7823:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7774:
7770:
7751:
7739:
7723:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7680:. 7 June 2018.
7672:
7671:
7667:
7657:
7655:
7642:
7641:
7632:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7593:
7574:
7570:on 1 July 2018.
7558:
7542:
7517:
7513:
7504:
7500:
7491:
7472:
7453:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7390:
7371:
7355:
7337:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7303:
7299:on 1 July 2018.
7287:
7271:
7246:
7242:
7224:
7220:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7147:
7140:
7137:
6993:
6987:
6935:
6923:Sabri Moudallal
6907:Farid al-Atrash
6895:
6889:
6865:magical realism
6834:Zakariyya Tamer
6826:Ghada al-Samman
6792:
6786:
6762:
6756:
6747:
6745:Health in Syria
6741:
6638:
6632:
6624:State of Israel
6584:Syriac Catholic
6572:Syriac Orthodox
6493:
6481:Main articles:
6479:
6394:Arabic dialects
6383:
6377:
6369:Arab Argentines
6353:Syrian diaspora
6300:, Damascus and
6284:(1.5%) and the
6264:variant of the
6231:Western Aramaic
6187:
6181:
6176:
6146:Sayyidah Zaynab
5862:
5856:
5852:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5717:
5709:
5677:Euphrates River
5664:
5552:
5546:
5538:Main articles:
5536:
5524:
5518:
5488:. In addition,
5479:
5463:Syrian Railways
5452:
5446:
5403:
5397:
5375:, an addictive
5365:
5229:
5223:
5215:Main articles:
5213:
5180:UN Human Rights
5138:barrel-bombings
5094:
5086:Main articles:
5084:
5017:
5011:
4884:
4874:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4761:
4755:
4675:gender equality
4566:Rojava conflict
4519:
4260:
4252:Main articles:
4250:
4038:vice presidents
4019:al-Assad family
4017:focused on the
3974:Syrian military
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3922:Prime Minister
3920:
3912:
3911:
3909:Bashar al-Assad
3905:
3894:
3884:
3878:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3747:
3741:
3665:Aerial view of
3640:Syrian refugees
3584:Bashar al-Assad
3561:nuclear reactor
3502:Damascus Spring
3494:Bashar al-Assad
3490:
3484:
3478:in March 2000.
3389:military forces
3354:Black September
3270:one-party state
3202:
3200:Ba'athist Syria
3105:Sami al-Hinnawi
3081:State of Israel
3065:
3053:Main articles:
3051:
2938:
2930:Main articles:
2928:
2769:—constituted a
2743:Syriac Orthodox
2721:ethno-religious
2690:
2684:
2678:through Syria.
2576:Nizari Ismailis
2568:Crusader states
2531:originating in
2501:Abbasid dynasty
2497:Umayyad dynasty
2453:Dumat Al-Jandal
2438:
2399:Philip the Arab
2363:Severan dynasty
2129:world both the
2123:Seleucid Empire
2095:Cyrus the Great
2071:
2055:Main articles:
2053:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1765:Egyptian Empire
1632:Sargon of Akkad
1628:Akkadian Empire
1546:, circa 2300 BC
1467:
1462:
1456:
1405:Pliny the Elder
1326:Seleucid Empire
1274:
1268:
1260:food insecurity
1258:and 80% facing
1161:Bashar al-Assad
1137:one-party state
1029:, who advocate
955:14 governorates
905:located in the
885:
816:
785:
784:
783:
772:
761:high inequality
760:
759:
758:
752:
740:
732:$ 11.08 billion
731:
728:
716:
704:
696:$ 50.28 billion
695:
692:
676:
660:
646:
629:
615:
594:
581:
573:
564:
561:
548:
535:24 October 1945
532:
518:
516:Syrian Republic
508:1 December 1924
505:
488:
450:
435:
420:
409:Bashar al-Assad
405:
359:
315:
286:
281:
274:
247:
245:
241:
238:
233:
230:
228:
226:
225:
224:
218:
210:
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206:
199:
186:
174:
160:
152:
146:
127:
121:
108:
107:
106:
101:
93:
92:
87:
74:
67:
66:
59:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22258:
22248:
22247:
22242:
22237:
22232:
22227:
22222:
22217:
22212:
22207:
22205:Arab republics
22202:
22197:
22192:
22187:
22182:
22177:
22128:
22127:
22122:
22121:
22119:
22118:
22114:
22111:
22110:
22108:
22107:
22102:
22100:Largest cities
22097:
22092:
22091:
22090:
22085:
22080:
22078:GDP per capita
22075:
22064:
22062:
22058:
22057:
22054:
22053:
22051:
22050:
22045:
22040:
22035:
22030:
22025:
22020:
22015:
22010:
22005:
21999:
21997:
21990:
21986:
21985:
21982:
21981:
21979:
21978:
21972:
21966:
21960:
21954:
21952:
21945:
21941:
21940:
21937:
21936:
21933:
21932:
21930:
21929:
21927:United Nations
21924:
21919:
21914:
21909:
21903:
21901:
21896:
21893:
21892:
21890:
21889:
21883:
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21477:
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21454:
21445:
21444:
21442:
21441:
21440:
21439:
21437:Pan Arab Games
21429:
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20927:
20926:
20916:
20909:
20907:
20906:United Kingdom
20903:
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20900:
20899:
20893:
20891:
20887:
20886:
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20878:
20872:
20870:
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20386:
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20362:
20354:
20345:
20344:
20342:
20341:
20336:
20335:
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20314:
20309:
20303:
20301:
20297:
20296:
20294:
20293:
20292:
20291:
20281:
20276:
20271:
20265:
20263:
20257:
20256:
20254:
20253:
20251:Water conflict
20248:
20246:Water politics
20243:
20238:
20237:
20236:
20231:
20221:
20220:
20219:
20209:
20204:
20202:Climate change
20198:
20196:
20192:
20191:
20184:
20182:
20180:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20163:
20162:
20157:
20147:
20142:
20137:
20136:
20135:
20128:
20114:
20109:
20102:
20097:
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20065:
20060:
20055:
20049:
20047:
20041:
20040:
20033:
20032:
20025:
20018:
20010:
20001:
20000:
19998:
19997:
19995:Tyrrhenian Sea
19992:
19987:
19982:
19980:Sea of Marmara
19977:
19972:
19967:
19962:
19957:
19952:
19947:
19942:
19937:
19931:
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19923:
19922:
19920:
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19877:
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19868:
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19860:
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19853:
19851:
19850:
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19805:
19800:
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19755:
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19712:
19704:
19698:
19695:
19694:
19682:
19681:
19679:
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19670:
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19655:
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19647:
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19606:
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19591:
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19558:
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19508:
19502:
19496:
19490:
19489:
19486:
19485:
19483:
19482:
19477:
19472:
19467:
19466:
19465:
19454:
19452:
19451:Infrastructure
19448:
19447:
19445:
19444:
19436:
19428:
19423:
19418:
19413:
19408:
19402:
19396:
19390:
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19386:
19385:
19383:
19382:
19377:
19372:
19367:
19366:
19365:
19355:
19349:
19347:
19341:
19340:
19338:
19337:
19332:
19331:
19330:
19328:Syria (region)
19320:
19315:
19314:
19313:
19306:
19299:
19298:
19297:
19274:
19273:
19272:
19262:
19261:
19260:
19255:
19245:
19244:
19243:
19233:
19228:
19227:
19226:
19221:
19211:
19206:
19205:
19204:
19203:
19202:
19195:Prime Minister
19187:
19185:Vice President
19182:
19181:
19180:
19170:
19165:
19159:
19153:
19147:
19146:
19143:
19142:
19139:
19138:
19136:
19135:
19130:
19125:
19123:Southern Syria
19120:
19118:Syria (region)
19114:
19112:
19108:
19107:
19105:
19104:
19099:
19094:
19089:
19084:
19079:
19074:
19069:
19063:
19061:
19057:
19056:
19054:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19022:
19012:
19006:
19005:
18998:
18996:
18993:
18992:
18990:
18989:
18984:
18978:
18972:
18971:
18970:
18964:
18961:State of Syria
18958:
18950:French Mandate
18947:
18942:
18935:
18933:
18927:
18926:
18924:
18923:
18916:
18914:
18910:
18909:
18907:
18906:
18900:
18894:
18893:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18872:
18870:Saljuqid Syria
18867:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18850:Zangid dynasty
18847:
18842:
18837:
18827:
18820:
18818:
18816:Medieval Syria
18812:
18811:
18809:
18808:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18791:Seleucid Syria
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18723:
18718:
18712:
18710:
18704:
18703:
18701:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18664:
18662:
18658:
18657:
18655:
18654:
18652:Years in Syria
18649:
18643:
18637:
18631:
18630:
18619:
18618:
18611:
18604:
18596:
18590:
18589:
18578:
18577:
18567:
18558:
18549:
18523:
18505:
18504:External links
18502:
18500:
18499:
18493:
18480:
18467:
18461:
18446:
18440:
18427:
18421:
18408:
18396:
18390:
18377:
18374:, I. B. Tauris
18364:
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18317:
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18133:
18109:
18102:
18080:
18055:
18037:
18030:
18005:
17998:
17980:Hopwood, Derek
17971:
17949:
17938:on 13 May 2013
17923:
17901:
17883:
17864:
17846:
17820:
17793:
17771:
17760:on 11 May 2011
17739:
17717:
17699:
17666:
17635:
17632:. 14 May 2013.
17617:
17603:
17576:(4): 429–450.
17560:
17553:
17529:
17523:
17492:
17466:
17460:
17423:
17397:
17374:
17348:
17338:
17332:, p. 62,
17316:
17295:
17274:
17206:
17183:
17172:on 11 May 2011
17153:
17131:
17105:
17082:10.1086/374384
17056:
17030:
17004:
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16763:
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16663:
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16615:
16594:
16568:
16535:
16513:
16497:|journal=
16460:
16414:
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16278:
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16242:
16216:
16185:
16159:
16142:
16120:
16109:. 13 July 2013
16091:
16075:
16053:
16027:
16016:. 23 June 2015
16001:
15975:
15962:The Daily Star
15946:
15916:
15885:
15854:
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15754:
15723:
15693:
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15553:
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15467:
15437:
15407:
15381:
15347:
15317:
15284:
15254:
15224:
15193:
15163:
15133:
15118:. Al Jazeera.
15107:
15081:
15049:
15013:
14987:
14985:
14984:
14970:
14956:
14942:
14919:
14917:
14916:
14902:
14885:www.al-bab.com
14866:
14845:
14822:(4): 379–394.
14802:
14795:
14778:The New Turkey
14760:
14757:on 7 May 2023.
14738:
14720:
14689:
14658:
14628:
14598:
14568:
14538:
14502:
14466:
14415:
14406:|journal=
14367:
14344:(1): 184–196.
14324:
14273:
14254:
14217:
14195:
14172:
14139:
14109:
14090:
14081:, p. 219.
14071:
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13994:
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13956:
13937:
13917:
13883:(3): 277–448.
13860:
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13494:
13464:
13445:
13436:, p. 154.
13426:
13383:
13361:
13338:
13304:
13289:
13271:
13248:
13218:
13187:
13164:
13148:|journal=
13111:
13074:
13043:
13016:
12990:
12959:
12933:
12907:
12878:
12854:
12824:
12803:
12785:
12759:
12728:
12721:
12703:
12677:
12646:
12639:
12621:
12588:
12581:
12563:
12542:
12516:
12490:
12464:
12442:
12416:
12407:|journal=
12363:
12339:
12337:
12336:
12330:
12317:
12311:
12298:
12292:
12259:
12240:
12233:
12215:
12192:
12168:
12146:
12124:
12122:
12121:
12105:
12093:
12055:
11990:
11953:(6): 534–545.
11933:
11921:
11914:
11896:
11868:
11865:. p. 183.
11853:
11822:
11792:
11762:
11732:
11700:
11668:
11642:
11611:
11585:
11554:
11524:
11498:
11487:on 25 May 2012
11468:
11438:
11408:
11378:
11298:
11272:
11245:
11223:
11193:
11167:
11127:
11097:
11067:
11037:
11022:. 5 May 2011.
11007:
10976:
10946:
10915:
10889:
10878:on 15 May 2011
10858:
10828:
10797:
10790:
10770:
10743:
10718:
10693:
10679:
10652:
10645:
10637:Schocken Books
10620:
10599:
10581:
10545:
10519:
10512:
10492:
10470:
10463:
10443:
10436:
10418:Seale, Patrick
10406:
10376:
10369:
10343:
10336:
10318:
10311:
10289:
10258:
10231:(4): 732–751.
10211:
10168:
10159:
10150:
10141:
10085:
10078:
10056:
10049:
10031:
9999:
9983:
9974:
9935:
9905:
9879:
9853:
9846:
9823:
9810:
9780:
9765:. Met Museum.
9754:
9733:
9707:
9687:
9676:
9669:
9638:
9629:
9598:
9589:
9564:10.1086/511103
9558:(4): 284–287.
9538:
9529:
9522:
9502:
9495:
9475:
9468:
9448:
9441:
9421:
9414:
9393:
9380:
9377:. p. 2+3.
9363:
9356:
9336:
9329:
9309:
9302:
9282:
9275:
9249:
9223:
9216:
9196:
9189:
9169:
9162:
9142:
9102:
9095:
9075:
9068:
9048:
9015:
9008:
8985:
8978:
8958:
8951:
8931:
8924:
8904:
8897:
8877:
8868:
8856:pcma.uw.edu.pl
8852:"Tell Qaramel"
8843:
8836:
8816:
8786:
8767:
8753:(March 1998).
8742:
8709:10.1086/511103
8703:(4): 283–287.
8683:
8647:
8614:
8585:
8552:
8539:10.1086/373570
8533:(4): 281–285.
8517:
8496:10.1086/511103
8490:(4): 284–287.
8474:
8444:
8421:
8399:
8377:
8355:
8333:
8311:
8289:
8271:
8249:
8227:
8205:
8202:on 3 May 2024.
8183:
8157:
8127:
8124:on 9 May 2024.
8103:
8085:
8059:
8030:
7992:
7977:. World Bank.
7966:
7917:
7886:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7859:
7846:
7840:
7827:
7821:
7808:
7788:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7749:
7737:
7721:
7695:
7665:
7630:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7572:
7556:
7540:
7521:
7511:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7489:
7476:
7470:
7457:
7451:
7438:
7418:
7397:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7369:
7353:
7326:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7301:
7285:
7269:
7250:
7240:
7218:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7136:
7133:
6991:Syrian cuisine
6989:Main article:
6986:
6983:
6965:Nearly all of
6934:
6931:
6911:Lena Chamamyan
6893:Music of Syria
6891:Main article:
6888:
6885:
6861:folk narrative
6845:Nabil Sulayman
6788:Main article:
6785:
6782:
6758:Main article:
6755:
6752:
6743:Main article:
6740:
6737:
6661:post-secondary
6634:Main article:
6631:
6628:
6580:Greek Catholic
6568:Greek Orthodox
6539:Jabal al-Druze
6517:(particularly
6487:Islam in Syria
6478:
6475:
6432:, and finally
6379:Main article:
6376:
6373:
6274:Syrian Turkmen
6183:Main article:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5845:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5813:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5707:Largest cities
5705:
5688:(543,400) and
5671:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5535:
5532:
5520:Main article:
5517:
5514:
5490:Syrian Telecom
5478:
5475:
5448:Main article:
5445:
5442:
5399:Main article:
5396:
5393:
5381:New York Times
5364:
5361:
5212:
5209:
5200:missile attack
5161:Honour killing
5083:
5080:
5013:Main article:
5010:
5007:
4904:Hatay Province
4873:
4870:
4807:
4801:
4757:Main article:
4754:
4751:
4733:within Syria.
4679:sustainability
4568:and the wider
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4249:
4246:
4146:State Security
4080:led mostly by
4006:appropriations
3998:Prime Minister
3924:Hussein Arnous
3921:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3880:Main article:
3877:
3874:
3840:Main article:
3837:
3834:
3743:Main article:
3740:
3737:
3687:of civilians.
3636:United Nations
3486:Main article:
3483:
3480:
3456:Saddam Hussein
3413:Yom Kippur War
3365:Hafiz al-Assad
3306:Hafiz al-Assad
3274:state ideology
3264:, after which
3254:Hafez al-Assad
3201:
3198:
3186:Muhammad Umran
3118:Aleppo in 1961
3109:Adib Shishakli
3097:Husni al-Za'im
3050:
3047:
2986:Druze Mountain
2927:
2926:French Mandate
2924:
2857:British Empire
2845:Ottoman Empire
2783:Southern Syria
2747:Greek Orthodox
2702:Ottoman Empire
2686:Main article:
2683:
2680:
2437:
2434:
2185:Roman province
2105:of Aram/Syria
2081:before the war
2052:
2049:
1974:Roman Republic
1956:, Sicily, the
1802:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1757:Hittite Empire
1717:Shamshi-Adad I
1522:Archaeologists
1466:
1463:
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1320:) in northern
1270:Main article:
1267:
1264:
1163:inherited the
1153:Hafiz al-Assad
1135:established a
1100:independence.
1078:French mandate
1031:Arab socialism
921:to the north,
890:
889:
880:
874:
873:
868:
862:
861:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
832:
828:
827:
814:
810:
809:
799:
795:
794:
775:
765:
764:
755:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
693:
690:
687:
686:
683:
669:
668:
661:
659:• Density
658:
655:
654:
647:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
616:
613:
610:
609:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
571:
568:
567:
562:
556:
553:
552:
549:
540:
537:
536:
533:
526:
523:
522:
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:French mandate
499:State of Syria
496:
493:
492:
489:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
445:
442:
441:
439:Hussein Arnous
436:
433:Prime Minister
430:
427:
426:
424:Najah al-Attar
421:
418:Vice President
415:
412:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
351:
345:
344:
343:
337:
331:
318:
316:
313:
309:
308:
275:
272:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
248:33.500; 36.300
219:
216:
212:
211:
200:
189:Hatay Province
180:
179:
176:
175:
158:
149:Ḥumāt ad-Diyār
134:
133:
110:
109:
102:
95:
94:
88:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
52:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22257:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22211:
22208:
22206:
22203:
22201:
22198:
22196:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22178:
22176:
22173:
22172:
22170:
22163:
22160:
22116:
22115:
22112:
22106:
22103:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22070:
22069:
22066:
22065:
22063:
22059:
22049:
22046:
22044:
22041:
22039:
22036:
22034:
22031:
22029:
22026:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22014:
22011:
22009:
22006:
22004:
22001:
22000:
21998:
21996:Extraordinary
21994:
21991:
21987:
21976:
21973:
21970:
21967:
21964:
21961:
21959:
21956:
21955:
21953:
21949:
21946:
21942:
21928:
21925:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21915:
21913:
21912:African Union
21910:
21908:
21905:
21904:
21902:
21899:organizations
21897:International
21894:
21888:
21885:
21884:
21882:
21874:
21868:
21865:
21863:
21860:
21858:
21855:
21853:
21850:
21848:
21845:
21844:
21842:
21834:
21831:
21827:
21821:
21818:
21817:
21815:
21811:
21805:
21802:
21800:
21797:
21795:
21792:
21790:
21787:
21785:
21782:
21780:
21777:
21775:
21772:
21770:
21767:
21765:
21762:
21760:
21757:
21755:
21752:
21750:
21747:
21745:
21742:
21740:
21737:
21735:
21732:
21730:
21727:
21725:
21722:
21718:
21715:
21714:
21713:
21710:
21708:
21705:
21703:
21700:
21698:
21695:
21693:
21690:
21688:
21685:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21665:
21663:
21660:
21658:
21655:
21653:
21650:
21648:
21645:
21643:
21640:
21638:
21635:
21633:
21630:
21628:
21625:
21623:
21620:
21618:
21615:
21613:
21610:
21608:
21607:Guinea-Bissau
21605:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21593:
21590:
21588:
21585:
21583:
21580:
21578:
21575:
21573:
21570:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21558:
21555:
21553:
21550:
21548:
21545:
21543:
21540:
21538:
21535:
21533:
21530:
21528:
21525:
21523:
21520:
21519:
21517:
21513:
21510:
21508:
21507:Member states
21504:
21498:
21494:
21491:
21490:
21487:
21482:
21475:
21470:
21468:
21463:
21461:
21456:
21455:
21452:
21438:
21435:
21434:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21424:
21421:
21415:
21412:
21410:
21407:
21403:
21400:
21398:
21395:
21394:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21384:
21382:
21378:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21362:
21359:
21357:
21354:
21353:
21351:
21347:
21337:
21334:
21333:
21331:
21327:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21311:
21308:
21306:
21303:
21301:
21298:
21297:
21295:
21291:
21285:
21282:
21280:
21277:
21275:
21272:
21270:
21267:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21257:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21176:
21174:
21172:
21168:
21165:
21161:
21156:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21099:
21097:
21095:
21091:
21085:
21077:
21075:
21067:
21066:
21063:
21059:
21052:
21047:
21045:
21040:
21038:
21033:
21032:
21029:
21023:
21016:
20998:
20997:
20992:
20988:
20986:
20985:
20976:
20975:
20970:
20967:
20966:
20962:
20956:
20953:
20951:
20948:
20947:
20945:
20942:
20935:
20924:
20920:
20917:
20914:
20911:
20910:
20908:
20904:
20898:
20895:
20894:
20892:
20888:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20873:
20871:
20867:
20864:
20861:
20854:
20848:
20845:
20843:
20842:South Ossetia
20840:
20838:
20835:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20824:
20822:
20819:
20812:
20807:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20727:
20724:
20722:
20719:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20702:
20699:
20697:
20694:
20692:
20689:
20687:
20684:
20682:
20679:
20677:
20674:
20672:
20669:
20667:
20664:
20662:
20659:
20657:
20654:
20652:
20649:
20647:
20644:
20642:
20639:
20637:
20634:
20632:
20629:
20627:
20624:
20622:
20619:
20617:
20614:
20612:
20609:
20607:
20604:
20602:
20599:
20597:
20594:
20592:
20589:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20579:
20577:
20574:
20572:
20569:
20567:
20564:
20562:
20559:
20557:
20554:
20553:
20551:
20549:
20545:
20541:
20537:
20530:
20525:
20523:
20518:
20516:
20511:
20510:
20507:
20495:
20492:
20490:
20487:
20485:
20482:
20480:
20477:
20475:
20472:
20471:
20469:
20465:
20459:
20456:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20446:
20444:
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20426:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20395:
20393:
20391:
20387:
20383:
20382:Arabian Plate
20375:
20370:
20368:
20363:
20361:
20356:
20355:
20352:
20340:
20337:
20333:
20330:
20329:
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20320:
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20313:
20310:
20308:
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20302:
20298:
20290:
20287:
20286:
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20280:
20277:
20275:
20272:
20270:
20269:Ethnic groups
20267:
20266:
20264:
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20258:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
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20218:
20215:
20214:
20213:
20210:
20208:
20205:
20203:
20200:
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19988:
19986:
19983:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
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19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19960:Levantine Sea
19958:
19956:
19953:
19951:
19948:
19946:
19943:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19932:
19930:
19928:
19927:Marginal seas
19924:
19915:
19911:
19908:
19903:
19900:
19896:
19891:
19888:
19887:
19885:
19882:
19878:
19872:
19869:
19867:
19864:
19863:
19861:
19859:
19855:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19821:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19745:
19743:
19741:
19737:
19733:
19725:
19720:
19718:
19713:
19711:
19706:
19705:
19702:
19696:
19689:
19677:
19674:
19673:
19668:
19664:
19661:
19657:
19656:
19652:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19616:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19607:
19605:
19602:
19599:
19595:
19592:
19590:
19587:
19585:
19582:
19581:
19579:
19577:
19573:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19557:
19554:
19550:
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19545:
19539:
19537:
19534:
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19529:
19527:
19524:
19522:
19519:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
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19495:
19491:
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19478:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
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19460:
19459:
19456:
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19443:
19437:
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19427:
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19412:
19409:
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19364:
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19316:
19311:
19307:
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19280:
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19210:
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19201:
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19160:
19157:
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19148:
19134:
19131:
19129:
19126:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19115:
19113:
19109:
19103:
19102:Syrian Desert
19100:
19098:
19095:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19083:
19082:Golan Heights
19080:
19078:
19075:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19064:
19062:
19058:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19023:
19020:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19007:
19002:
18988:
18985:
18982:
18979:
18976:
18973:
18968:
18965:
18962:
18959:
18956:
18953:
18952:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18934:
18932:
18928:
18921:
18920:Ottoman Syria
18918:
18917:
18915:
18911:
18904:
18901:
18898:
18897:Ayyubid Syria
18895:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18877:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18865:Fatimid Syria
18863:
18861:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18835:
18828:
18825:
18822:
18821:
18819:
18817:
18813:
18807:
18804:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18789:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18767:
18766:Aram-Damascus
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18713:
18711:
18709:
18708:Ancient Syria
18705:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18678:Halaf culture
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18665:
18663:
18659:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18644:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18632:
18628:
18624:
18617:
18612:
18610:
18605:
18603:
18598:
18597:
18594:
18588:
18580:
18579:
18575:
18574:Arab Decision
18571:
18568:
18566:
18562:
18561:Syria profile
18559:
18557:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18544:
18539:
18535:
18534:
18529:
18524:
18521:
18517:
18516:
18511:
18508:
18507:
18496:
18490:
18486:
18481:
18477:
18473:
18468:
18464:
18458:
18454:
18453:
18447:
18443:
18437:
18433:
18428:
18424:
18418:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18403:
18397:
18393:
18387:
18383:
18378:
18373:
18372:
18366:
18365:
18353:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18338:
18337:
18332:
18330:
18329:0-7546-2375-0
18326:
18322:
18318:
18314:
18308:
18304:
18299:
18295:
18289:
18285:
18284:
18278:
18276:
18275:0-8108-5078-8
18272:
18268:
18264:
18263:
18241:
18237:
18231:
18215:
18209:
18202:
18198:
18196:9781594201110
18192:
18188:
18183:
18182:
18173:
18166:
18162:
18160:9781594201110
18156:
18152:
18147:
18146:
18137:
18126:
18119:
18113:
18105:
18099:
18095:
18091:
18084:
18069:
18068:www.ohchr.org
18065:
18059:
18051:
18047:
18041:
18033:
18027:
18023:
18019:
18015:
18009:
18001:
17995:
17991:
17987:
17986:
17981:
17975:
17959:
17953:
17937:
17933:
17927:
17911:
17905:
17897:
17893:
17887:
17881:
17877:
17873:
17868:
17860:
17856:
17850:
17834:
17830:
17824:
17808:
17804:
17797:
17781:
17775:
17756:
17749:
17743:
17727:
17721:
17713:
17709:
17703:
17688:
17684:
17680:
17679:The Economist
17676:
17670:
17654:
17650:
17646:
17639:
17631:
17627:
17621:
17613:
17607:
17599:
17595:
17591:
17587:
17583:
17579:
17575:
17571:
17564:
17556:
17550:
17546:
17542:
17541:
17533:
17526:
17520:
17516:
17512:
17508:
17507:
17499:
17497:
17480:
17476:
17470:
17463:
17457:
17453:
17449:
17442:
17440:
17438:
17436:
17434:
17432:
17430:
17428:
17411:
17407:
17401:
17385:
17378:
17362:
17358:
17352:
17345:
17341:
17335:
17331:
17327:
17320:
17313:
17309:
17305:
17299:
17292:
17289:. BBC. 2015.
17288:
17284:
17278:
17271:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17235:
17230:
17223:
17221:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17213:
17211:
17202:
17201:
17196:
17190:
17188:
17171:
17167:
17166:Today's Zaman
17163:
17157:
17141:
17135:
17119:
17115:
17109:
17101:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17083:
17079:
17075:
17071:
17067:
17060:
17044:
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17034:
17018:
17014:
17008:
16992:
16988:
16985:
16978:
16963:
16962:
16957:
16950:
16942:
16938:
16932:
16924:
16917:
16911:
16895:
16891:
16885:
16877:
16871:
16865:
16860:
16849:
16843:
16829:
16823:
16819:
16815:
16811:
16807:
16800:
16792:
16786:
16782:
16778:
16774:
16767:
16752:
16748:
16741:
16725:
16721:
16715:
16699:
16695:
16689:
16673:
16667:
16659:
16653:
16645:
16641:
16637:
16631:
16627:
16626:
16619:
16604:
16598:
16583:
16579:
16572:
16557:
16553:
16549:
16548:The Economist
16545:
16539:
16531:
16527:
16523:
16517:
16509:
16502:
16489:
16478:
16471:
16464:
16447:
16442:
16438:
16434:
16430:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16409:
16400:
16398:
16396:
16394:
16384:
16369:
16365:
16358:
16342:
16336:
16320:
16316:
16315:The Telegraph
16311:
16303:
16295:
16289:
16287:
16285:
16283:
16274:
16270:
16264:
16256:
16252:
16246:
16230:
16226:
16220:
16204:
16200:
16194:
16192:
16190:
16174:. 4 July 2012
16173:
16169:
16163:
16155:
16149:
16147:
16135:
16129:
16127:
16125:
16108:
16104:
16098:
16096:
16087:
16086:
16079:
16072:. World Bank.
16068:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16041:
16037:
16031:
16015:
16011:
16005:
15989:
15985:
15979:
15963:
15959:
15953:
15951:
15934:
15930:
15926:
15920:
15904:
15900:
15896:
15889:
15873:
15869:
15865:
15858:
15850:
15846:
15840:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15818:
15802:
15798:
15791:
15775:
15771:
15766:
15758:
15742:
15738:
15734:
15727:
15711:
15707:
15703:
15697:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15667:
15651:
15647:
15642:
15634:
15618:
15614:
15613:
15606:
15604:
15595:
15591:
15587:
15581:
15573:
15569:
15568:
15563:
15557:
15549:
15545:
15539:
15531:
15527:
15523:
15517:
15509:
15505:
15501:
15495:
15487:
15483:
15482:
15477:
15471:
15455:
15451:
15450:www.ohchr.org
15447:
15441:
15425:
15421:
15417:
15411:
15395:
15391:
15385:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15351:
15335:
15331:
15327:
15321:
15313:
15309:
15308:
15303:
15297:
15293:
15288:
15273:on 3 May 2011
15272:
15268:
15264:
15258:
15242:
15238:
15234:
15228:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15197:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15167:
15151:
15147:
15143:
15137:
15121:
15117:
15111:
15095:
15091:
15085:
15069:
15065:
15064:
15059:
15053:
15034:
15030:
15023:
15017:
15001:
14997:
14991:
14982:
14978:
14975:
14971:
14968:
14964:
14961:
14957:
14954:
14950:
14947:
14943:
14940:
14939:1-60239-727-9
14936:
14932:
14928:
14927:
14923:
14914:
14910:
14907:
14903:
14900:
14896:
14893:
14889:
14888:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14875:
14869:
14863:
14859:
14858:
14849:
14833:
14829:
14825:
14821:
14817:
14813:
14806:
14798:
14792:
14788:
14784:
14780:
14779:
14774:
14770:
14769:Morris, Chris
14764:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14742:
14734:
14730:
14724:
14708:
14704:
14700:
14693:
14677:
14673:
14669:
14662:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14632:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14602:
14586:
14582:
14578:
14572:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14542:
14523:
14519:
14512:
14506:
14487:
14483:
14476:
14470:
14454:
14450:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14434:
14430:
14426:
14419:
14411:
14398:
14382:
14378:
14371:
14355:
14351:
14347:
14343:
14339:
14335:
14328:
14312:
14308:
14304:
14300:
14296:
14293:(1): 87–109.
14292:
14288:
14284:
14277:
14269:
14263:
14258:
14239:
14235:
14228:
14221:
14202:
14198:
14192:
14185:
14184:
14176:
14160:
14156:
14155:
14150:
14143:
14127:
14123:
14119:
14113:
14105:
14099:
14094:
14086:
14080:
14075:
14059:
14055:
14051:
14045:
14037:
14031:
14026:
14019:
14015:
14009:
14005:
13998:
13990:
13984:
13979:
13971:
13965:
13960:
13944:
13940:
13934:
13930:
13929:
13921:
13902:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13886:
13882:
13878:
13871:
13864:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13821:
13805:
13801:
13797:
13791:
13775:
13771:
13767:
13763:
13759:
13755:
13751:
13747:
13740:
13738:
13721:
13717:
13716:
13711:
13707:
13701:
13685:
13681:
13680:
13675:
13669:
13653:
13649:
13648:
13647:The Economist
13643:
13637:
13621:
13617:
13611:
13595:
13591:
13587:
13581:
13565:
13561:
13555:
13547:
13541:
13536:
13528:
13522:
13517:
13509:
13503:
13498:
13482:
13478:
13474:
13468:
13460:
13455:, p. 89.
13454:
13449:
13441:
13435:
13434:Lister (2015)
13430:
13422:
13416:
13405:
13401:
13394:
13387:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13365:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13308:
13300:
13296:
13292:
13286:
13282:
13275:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13252:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13191:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13168:
13160:
13153:
13140:
13129:
13122:
13115:
13107:
13101:
13093:
13089:
13085:
13078:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13047:
13031:
13027:
13020:
13004:
13000:
12994:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12963:
12947:
12943:
12937:
12921:
12917:
12911:
12895:
12891:
12885:
12883:
12874:
12870:
12869:
12868:Freedom House
12864:
12858:
12842:
12838:
12834:
12828:
12820:
12814:
12806:
12804:0-8160-5953-5
12800:
12796:
12789:
12773:
12769:
12763:
12747:
12744:. State.gov.
12743:
12737:
12735:
12733:
12724:
12718:
12714:
12707:
12691:
12687:
12681:
12665:
12661:
12657:
12650:
12642:
12636:
12632:
12625:
12617:
12611:
12603:
12599:
12592:
12584:
12578:
12574:
12567:
12559:
12553:
12545:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12520:
12504:
12500:
12494:
12478:
12474:
12468:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12446:
12430:
12426:
12420:
12412:
12399:
12380:
12373:
12367:
12359:
12355:
12354:
12353:Freedom House
12349:
12343:
12333:
12327:
12323:
12318:
12314:
12312:9781438472911
12308:
12304:
12299:
12295:
12289:
12285:
12280:
12279:
12276:
12270:
12262:
12256:
12252:
12244:
12236:
12230:
12226:
12219:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12196:
12188:
12184:
12183:
12182:Freedom House
12178:
12172:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12150:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12128:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12086:
12082:
12078:
12077:
12074:
12070:
12066:
12059:
12051:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12001:
11994:
11986:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11937:
11930:
11925:
11917:
11911:
11907:
11900:
11885:
11881:
11875:
11873:
11864:
11857:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11826:
11810:
11806:
11799:
11797:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11750:
11746:
11742:
11736:
11720:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11704:
11688:
11684:
11683:
11678:
11672:
11656:
11652:
11646:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11599:
11595:
11589:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11558:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11512:
11508:
11502:
11486:
11482:
11478:
11472:
11456:
11452:
11448:
11442:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11412:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11382:
11373:
11367:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11336:
11323:
11319:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11302:
11286:
11282:
11276:
11260:
11256:
11249:
11233:
11227:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11197:
11181:
11177:
11171:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11071:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11041:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11011:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10980:
10964:
10960:
10956:
10950:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10919:
10903:
10899:
10893:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10862:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10832:
10816:
10812:
10808:
10801:
10793:
10787:
10783:
10782:
10774:
10758:
10754:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10734:
10729:
10722:
10714:
10710:
10709:
10704:
10697:
10691:
10686:
10684:
10667:
10663:
10656:
10648:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10624:
10616:
10610:
10602:
10600:9780815737629
10596:
10592:
10585:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10515:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10496:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10466:
10460:
10456:
10455:
10447:
10439:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10424:
10419:
10413:
10411:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10380:
10372:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10347:
10339:
10333:
10329:
10322:
10314:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10262:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10215:
10199:
10195:
10189:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10163:
10154:
10145:
10138:
10137:public domain
10119:
10115:
10113:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10081:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10060:
10052:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10016:
10009:
10003:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9978:
9971:
9970:public domain
9952:
9948:
9942:
9940:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9909:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9857:
9849:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9814:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9768:
9764:
9758:
9751:
9746:
9745:
9737:
9721:
9717:
9711:
9703:
9702:
9694:
9692:
9685:
9680:
9672:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9645:
9643:
9633:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9602:
9593:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9533:
9525:
9519:
9515:
9514:
9506:
9498:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9479:
9471:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9452:
9444:
9438:
9434:
9433:
9425:
9417:
9415:9780500051597
9411:
9407:
9406:
9397:
9390:
9384:
9376:
9375:
9367:
9359:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9340:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9313:
9305:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9286:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9219:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9200:
9192:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9173:
9165:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9146:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9112:
9106:
9098:
9092:
9088:
9087:
9079:
9071:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9052:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9011:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8989:
8981:
8975:
8971:
8970:
8962:
8954:
8948:
8944:
8943:
8935:
8927:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8908:
8900:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8881:
8872:
8857:
8853:
8847:
8839:
8833:
8829:
8828:
8820:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8790:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8687:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8658:in 1881; cf.
8657:
8651:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8602:
8598:
8597:
8589:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8564:
8556:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8478:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8381:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8359:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8275:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8187:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8073:
8069:
8063:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8035:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8002:
7996:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7862:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7841:9781438472911
7837:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7791:
7785:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7602:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7502:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7392:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7236:
7222:
7214:
7202:
7196:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7139:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7113:Arabic coffee
7109:
7107:
7103:
7102:hors d'œuvres
7099:
7096:, and cheese
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7072:and baklava.
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7030:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6967:Syria's media
6963:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6894:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6869:Salim Barakat
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6849:Fawwaz Haddad
6846:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6830:Nizar Qabbani
6827:
6823:
6822:Haidar Haidar
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6751:
6746:
6736:
6734:
6731:(7176th) and
6730:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6510:Sunni Muslims
6505:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6444:lingua franca
6441:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6191:
6186:
6179:Ethnic groups
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5739:
5734:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5663:2019 estimate
5661:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5567:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5504:. Because of
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5369:illegal drugs
5363:Drug industry
5360:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5110:Freedom House
5107:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4974:United States
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4926:Golan Heights
4920:
4916:
4915:Golan Heights
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4779:Golan Heights
4776:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4721:, respecting
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:Kurdification
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
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3798:al-Suwaydiyah
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3791:Arabian plate
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3696:United States
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3654:, as well to
3653:
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3614:in April 2018
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3531:Assassination
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3409:Assad dynasty
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3381:secret police
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3350:Yasser Arafat
3348:(PLO) led by
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3341:Golan Heights
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2700:In 1516, the
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2688:Ottoman Syria
2682:Ottoman Syria
2679:
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2656:sacked Aleppo
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2534:
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
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1995:
1991:
1990:lingua franca
1987:
1983:
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1950:Mediterranean
1947:
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1805:Tuthmosis III
1796:
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1746:Indo-European
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1586:. Gifts from
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1272:Name of Syria
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917:to the west,
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869:
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866:ISO 3166 code
863:
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579:
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551:17 April 1946
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531:independence
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474:Establishment
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271:
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194:
193:Golan Heights
190:
184:
177:
156:
150:
139:
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131:
125:
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111:
105:
99:
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77:
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22061:Demographics
21951:Declarations
21819:
21784:Turkmenistan
21744:Sierra Leone
21734:Saudi Arabia
21557:Burkina Faso
21409:Institutions
21387:Demographics
21268:
21254:Saudi Arabia
21122:Headquarters
20994:
20982:
20897:Kastellorizo
20776:Turkmenistan
20755:
20741:Saudi Arabia
20452:
20448:Saudi Arabia
20261:Demographics
20241:Human rights
20149:
20145:Saudi Arabia
20130:
20124:
20117:
20105:
19990:Thracian Sea
19975:Sea of Crete
19970:Ligurian Sea
19950:Balearic Sea
19935:Adriatic Sea
19881:Dependencies
19837:
19589:Coat of arms
19511:Demographics
19411:Central Bank
19292: /
19253:High council
19236:Human rights
19163:Constitution
19041:Governorates
18939:Arab kingdom
18931:Modern Syria
18903:Mamluk Syria
18831:
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18230:
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14126:the original
14112:
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14079:Zabad (2017)
14074:
14062:. Retrieved
14058:the original
14044:
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14017:
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13997:
13983:Zabad (2017)
13978:
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13947:. Retrieved
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13589:
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13564:the original
13554:
13535:
13521:Zabad (2017)
13516:
13497:
13485:. Retrieved
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13230:
13221:
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13201:euronews.com
13200:
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13177:
13167:
13139:cite journal
13128:the original
13114:
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13087:
13077:
13067:15 September
13065:. Retrieved
13056:
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13034:. Retrieved
13019:
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12993:
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12973:The Guardian
12972:
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12366:
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12206:EA Worldview
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10522:
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10002:
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9882:
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9720:the original
9710:
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9612:The Guardian
9611:
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9555:
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9030:
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8880:
8871:
8861:14 September
8859:. Retrieved
8855:
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8346:The New Arab
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7677:
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7647:
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7584:the original
7579:
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7564:Ahram Online
7563:
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7547:
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7529:
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7377:The New Arab
7376:
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7308:
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7293:Ahram Online
7292:
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7276:
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7258:
7243:
7221:
7181:
7129:white coffee
7110:
7100:are popular
7031:
7026:
7018:
7012:
7005:
6979:Akram Raslan
6964:
6950:
6927:Sabah Fakhri
6917:, a form of
6896:
6877:Nuhad Sharif
6838:
6803:
6774:
6748:
6718:
6687:
6683:Ba'ath Party
6680:
6650:
6613:
6554:
6543:
6515:Shia Muslims
6508:
6472:
6438:
6405:
6402:Mesopotamian
6384:
6355:outside the
6314:
6251:
6219:Syrian Arabs
6207:Palestinians
6196:
5924:Douma, Syria
5694:
5681:
5674:
5534:Demographics
5525:
5480:
5471:
5460:
5453:
5430:
5422:
5415:
5380:
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5340:
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5316:
5305:
5257:Syrian pound
5253:
5177:
5169:
5146:
5118:totalitarian
5103:
5082:Human rights
5065:
5049:
5038:
4993:Shebaa farms
4990:
4986:Rafik Hariri
4978:
4970:Donald Trump
4923:
4885:
4815:
4791:
4772:
4735:
4723:human rights
4695:constitution
4653:polity with
4648:
4578:
4526:
4520:
4264:governorates
4261:
4214:Assad regime
4197:sham process
4191:
4170:constitution
4136:include the
4131:
4071:
4061:
4031:
3970:police state
3950:Assad regime
3940:-controlled
3931:
3851:
3836:Biodiversity
3822:Dayr az–Zawr
3820:fields near
3795:
3756:
3689:
3685:displacement
3672:
3617:
3569:
3565:North Korean
3549:Assad regime
3538:
3535:Rafic Hariri
3515:Syrian Kurds
3491:
3472:Bill Clinton
3445:
3397:intelligence
3377:armed forces
3373:totalitarian
3358:
3352:during the "
3310:
3266:Ba'ath party
3259:
3237:
3218:Michel Aflaq
3203:
3175:
3148:Soviet Union
3141:
3121:
3066:
3035:Vichy France
3031:World War II
3019:
2975:
2951:
2838:
2735:Sunni Muslim
2718:
2704:invaded the
2699:
2648:Turco-Mongol
2608:
2588:Salah ad-Din
2557:
2479:
2458:William Muir
2439:
2422:Apostle Paul
2415:
2403:Roman Arabia
2377:(modern day
2360:
2332:Manicheanism
2310:such as the
2304:
2268:
2241:
2215:
2177:Roman Empire
2158:
2084:
1911:
1884:Syro-Hittite
1831:West Semitic
1820:
1695:
1669:of Babylon.
1640:
1560:Mesopotamian
1549:
1526:civilization
1490:Tell Qaramel
1479:
1424:Roman Empire
1421:
1394:
1381:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1309:
1295:
1277:
1275:
1200:Assad family
1192:totalitarian
1189:
1133:Ba'ath Party
1102:
1097:
1085:
1045:
1042:wider region
1039:
1019:largest city
898:
894:
893:
878:Internet TLD
854:Calling code
834:dd/mm/yyyy (
802:Syrian pound
727:• Total
691:• Total
614:• Total
584:8 March 1963
575:Ba'ath Party
546:independence
542:
528:
491:8 March 1920
387:totalitarian
137:
114:Motto:
113:
104:Coat of arms
43:
22154: /
21917:Arab League
21879:communities
21632:Ivory Coast
21522:Afghanistan
21427:Pan-Arabism
21336:South Sudan
21074:Arab League
21058:Arab League
20996:Asia portal
20860:territories
20818:recognition
20726:Philippines
20666:South Korea
20661:North Korea
20556:Afghanistan
20307:Archaeology
20037:Middle East
19945:Alboran Sea
19406:Agriculture
19363:air defense
19323:Nationalism
18983:(1950–1963)
18922:(1516–1918)
18905:(1260–1516)
18899:(1174–1260)
18796:Roman Syria
18688:Abu Hureyra
18683:Uruk period
18526:‹ The
18246:26 November
17916:26 February
17692:27 December
17261:Circassians
16967:1 September
16923:Pead Tracey
16561:27 December
15780:18 February
15686:29 November
15656:29 November
15267:China Daily
15247:30 December
15217:30 December
15186:30 December
14838:22 December
14785:. pp.
14713:12 November
14435:(4): 1–25.
14429:Geopolitics
13831:Geopolitics
13756:(4): 1–25.
13750:Geopolitics
13715:Kurdistan24
13477:Kurdistan24
12983:13 December
12952:18 February
12926:20 February
12010:(1): 5978.
11846:12 November
11785:12 November
11635:19 February
11578:16 February
11547:16 February
11491:22 February
11481:Google News
11356:13 December
11160:22 February
11152:. Antakya.
10399:18 February
10272:Toronto Sun
9684:Acts 9:1–43
9622:13 December
9135:17 February
8779:20 February
8593:Herodotus.
8196:Enab Baladi
7658:30 December
7149:Asia portal
7094:minced beef
7076:is made of
7009:shish kebab
6909:and singer
6881:Talib Umran
6857:Nihad Siris
6608:monasteries
6560:Palestinian
6418:Neo-Aramaic
6282:Circassians
6247:Neo-Aramaic
6223:Palestinian
6044:Deir ez-Zor
5528:agriculture
5425:Deir ez-Zor
5377:amphetamine
5349:Aleppo soap
5265:war economy
5261:state-owned
5184:Navi Pillay
5057:North Korea
5025:Syrian Army
5005:territory.
4958:Circassians
4946:Purple Line
4919:Six-Day War
4890:joining to
4854:Arab League
4842:Arab Spring
4783:Arab Spring
4659:anarchistic
4640:Circassians
4593:sustainable
4562:Deir Ez-Zor
4534:sub-regions
4459:Rif Dimashq
4419:Deir ez-Zor
4414:Deir ez-Zor
4285:Governorate
4187:Arab League
3986:South Sudan
3932:Syria is a
3692:Arab League
3596:Syrian Army
3576:Arab Spring
3523:al-Qamishli
3498:an election
3448:Arab states
3438:Syrian Army
3393:bureaucracy
3337:Six-Day War
3302:Salah Jadid
3190:Salah Jadid
3144:Suez Crisis
3012:during the
2881:World War I
2877:Deir ez-Zor
2875:, of which
2841:World War I
2728:Shia Muslim
2535:founded by
2436:Middle Ages
2371:Julia Domna
2305:pre-Islamic
2289:Phoenicians
2246:kingdom of
2154:Hellenistic
2127:Greco-Roman
2119:Coele-Syria
2065:Roman Syria
2061:Coele-Syria
2013:Babylonians
1968:(in modern
1918:Phoenicians
1848:Bit Bahiani
1687:Sea Peoples
1530:Mesopotamia
1508:tools from
1444:Coele-Syria
1322:Mesopotamia
1242:(July 2015
1208:journalists
1198:around the
1109:brief union
975:Circassians
831:Date format
782: 0.557
578:takes power
521:14 May 1930
464:Legislature
307:and others)
301:Circassians
291:(including
246: /
22169:Categories
22095:Population
21794:Uzbekistan
21764:Tajikistan
21692:Mozambique
21682:Mauritania
21652:Kyrgyzstan
21642:Kazakhstan
21547:Bangladesh
21537:Azerbaijan
21329:Candidates
21229:Mauritania
21163:Membership
21145:Arab Union
21140:Parliament
20786:Uzbekistan
20761:Tajikistan
20676:Kyrgyzstan
20656:Kazakhstan
20606:East Timor
20576:Bangladesh
20566:Azerbaijan
20289:Irreligion
19965:Libyan Sea
19955:Ionian Sea
19940:Aegean Sea
19818:Montenegro
19624:television
19506:Censorship
19433:(currency)
19265:Parliament
19224:Iskandaron
19168:Corruption
18731:Canaanites
18354:. Penguin.
18236:"Damascus"
18073:19 October
17839:22 January
17813:22 January
17786:25 October
17732:25 January
17659:30 January
17513:, p.
17479:WorldAtlas
17416:30 January
17367:30 January
17124:30 January
16900:18 October
16833:19 January
16678:25 October
16608:15 October
16587:28 January
16453:6 December
16178:27 October
15807:19 October
15623:4 December
15460:19 October
15430:18 October
15006:19 January
14781:. London:
14751:Al Jazeera
14682:15 January
14651:1 November
14621:1 November
14591:1 November
14561:1 November
14531:4 December
14495:4 December
14459:14 October
14387:19 January
14360:14 October
14317:19 January
13949:22 October
13910:14 October
13854:1887/87090
13810:14 October
13780:14 October
13726:27 October
13690:27 October
13600:1 November
13487:14 October
13299:1089560229
12900:30 January
12847:22 October
12752:25 October
12696:22 October
12509:30 January
12483:30 January
12435:30 January
11947:BioScience
11815:19 January
11775:Al Jazeera
11238:6 February
11110:Al Jazeera
11080:Al Jazeera
11050:Al Jazeera
11030:20 January
11000:15 October
10908:25 October
10882:23 October
10851:25 October
10763:25 October
10672:30 January
10538:25 October
10282:25 January
10204:23 October
10024:25 January
9957:25 January
9872:25 January
9803:25 January
9726:19 January
9659:. p.
9582:19 January
9242:25 January
9041:19 January
8809:25 October
8735:19 January
8607:19 January
8176:14 October
7985:22 January
7678:WorldAtlas
7361:Al-Monitor
7168:References
6946:Arab world
6915:muwashshah
6784:Literature
6735:(7968th).
6653:vocational
6556:Christians
6531:Christians
6422:Circassian
6357:Arab world
6272:-speaking
6211:Jordanians
6162:Al-Thawrah
5655:18,528,105
5644:18,734,987
5633:21,124,000
5622:17,921,000
5611:13,782,000
5498:hacktivist
5456:Syrian Air
5385:narcostate
5333:A cove in
5269:World Bank
5225:See also:
5196:Christians
5172:John Kerry
4876:See also:
4715:democratic
4669:promoting
4616:polyethnic
4597:autonomous
4589:democratic
4509:Al-Suwayda
4504:Al-Suwayda
4374:Al-Hasakah
4369:Al-Hasakah
4183:sharia law
3996:, and the
3962:Presidency
3907:President
3886:See also:
3846:See also:
3810:al-Hasakah
3726:north and
3580:Arab World
3517:and Arabs
3239:Mukhabarat
3156:İskenderun
3101:Arab World
2896:Mark Sykes
2785:, rebuilt
2650:conqueror
2586:liberator
2525:Ikhshidids
2391:Elagabalus
2316:Ghassanids
2261:Byzantines
2225:Odaenathus
2037:Carchemish
2029:Cimmerians
1892:Carchemish
1860:Aram-Rehob
1753:Asia Minor
1584:Asia Minor
1562:states of
1540:Ishqi-Mari
1432:Palaestina
1401:Asia Minor
1371:Phoenician
1165:presidency
1159:, his son
1027:Ba'athists
1003:Christians
949:. It is a
638:Population
377:Government
365:Demonym(s)
197:Show globe
22151:35°N 38°E
22105:Education
21837:Countries
21829:Observers
21813:Suspended
21724:Palestine
21617:Indonesia
21349:Diplomacy
21320:Venezuela
21293:Observers
21244:Palestine
21117:Geography
20950:Hong Kong
20869:Australia
20858:Dependent
20837:Palestine
20751:Sri Lanka
20746:Singapore
20626:Indonesia
20438:Palestine
20390:Countries
20322:Etiquette
20207:Democracy
20132:West Bank
20118:Palestine
20045:Countries
19902:Gibraltar
19871:Palestine
19566:Squatting
19541:refugees
19516:Education
19475:Transport
19416:Companies
19358:Air force
19335:Terrorism
19248:Judiciary
19209:Elections
19173:President
19077:Euphrates
19067:Al-Jazira
19051:Volcanoes
19036:Districts
19010:Geography
18987:Civil war
18977:(1946–50)
18969:(1930–46)
18963:(1925–30)
18957:(1922–25)
18563:from the
18286:. Verso.
17990:Routledge
17687:0013-0613
17598:143250254
17330:Routledge
17266:Armenians
17256:Assyrians
17023:29 August
16997:29 August
16756:28 August
16730:28 August
16704:28 August
16652:cite book
16644:144596963
16556:0013-0613
16441:0362-4331
16235:24 August
16209:28 August
15929:France 24
15747:28 August
15706:The Hindu
15400:22 August
15156:11 August
15126:11 August
14771:(2005). "
14449:150297675
14307:1743-1638
14247:9 October
14234:Ekurd.net
14132:8 October
14064:23 August
13897:226412887
13770:149972015
13626:5 October
13262:Arab News
13057:USA Today
13036:28 August
13009:28 August
12813:cite book
12552:cite book
12269:cite book
12032:2041-1723
11967:0006-3568
11206:USA Today
10609:cite book
10253:158837784
10245:0707-5332
9928:8 January
9572:162760021
9031:ThoughtCo
8725:162760021
8717:0022-2968
8547:161323237
8512:162760021
8504:0022-2968
8467:5 January
8262:reliefweb
8218:Reliefweb
8052:14 August
7798:cite book
7688:18 August
7623:31 August
7597:Citations
7518:Sources:
7428:cite book
7333:Sources:
7247:Sources:
7195:romanized
7062:shanklish
7058:mujaddara
7042:tabbouleh
6841:1966 coup
6657:admission
6630:Education
6452:Assyrians
6398:Levantine
6375:Languages
6325:Georgians
6317:Albanians
6286:Armenians
6278:Assyrians
6239:Jubb'adin
6227:Assyrians
6199:Levantine
5883:1,552,161
5828:2,132,100
5686:Palestine
5600:9,046,000
5589:6,305,000
5578:4,565,000
5510:activists
5502:Anonymous
5444:Transport
5263:and part
5188:civil war
5149:censoring
5134:massacres
5002:Hezbollah
4982:civil war
4962:Beer Ajam
4866:massacres
4691:diversity
4687:religious
4681:, social
4636:Armenians
4600:pluralist
4546:Euphrates
4268:districts
4082:Islamists
3990:President
3802:Karatchok
3783:Euphrates
3775:Al-Jazira
3739:Geography
3632:Hezbollah
3464:Palestine
3369:Ba'athist
3216:, led by
3206:1961 coup
3129:Nasserism
3124:1954 coup
3069:Palestine
2976:In 1925,
2962:Hashemite
2853:Near East
2759:Armenians
2723:minority—
2664:Samarkand
2652:Tamurlane
2636:Ilkhanate
2580:Assassins
2546:The 1299
2529:Hamdanids
2381:), whose
2328:Mithraism
2301:Nabateans
2285:Assyrians
2169:Seleucids
2135:Assyrians
2107:Eber-Nari
2057:Eber-Nari
2033:Scythians
2025:Scythians
2017:Chaldeans
2005:Eber-Nari
1994:Near East
1978:Near East
1922:Palestine
1914:Canaanite
1833:speaking
1827:Babylonia
1773:Babylonia
1667:Hammurabi
1636:Naram-Sin
1482:Neolithic
1409:Commagene
1380:"Assur",
1334:Assyrians
1266:Etymology
1228:civil war
1141:Ba'athist
1056:. In the
991:Albanians
971:Armenians
967:Assyrians
935:the south
903:West Asia
844:Drives on
813:Time zone
717:(nominal)
403:President
349:Christian
312:Religion
305:Armenians
297:Assyrians
293:Turkomans
287:15–16.5%
21989:Sessions
21867:Thailand
21759:Suriname
21712:Pakistan
21672:Maldives
21667:Malaysia
21582:Djibouti
21567:Cameroon
21194:Djibouti
21132:Military
21094:Politics
20984:Category
20827:Abkhazia
20766:Thailand
20721:Pakistan
20701:Mongolia
20696:Maldives
20691:Malaysia
20591:Cambodia
20403:Djibouti
20284:Religion
20274:Genetics
20229:Timeline
19828:Slovenia
19676:Category
19636:Religion
19561:Scouting
19536:diaspora
19421:Industry
19345:Military
19290:national
19270:Speakers
19151:Politics
19060:Features
18726:Arameans
18716:Amorites
18647:Timeline
18627:articles
18565:BBC News
18528:template
18094:ArteEast
18016:(2004).
17982:(1988).
17960:. SESRIC
17932:"Health"
17876:Archived
17764:23 April
17545:Brighton
17310:. 2015.
17287:BBC News
17176:23 April
17100:12629598
16319:Archived
16255:HuffPost
16014:BBC News
15988:Archived
15933:Archived
15903:Archived
15872:Archived
15868:Fox News
15801:Archived
15774:Archived
15741:Archived
15680:Archived
15650:Archived
15617:Archived
15454:Archived
15424:Archived
15365:Archived
15334:Archived
15277:23 April
15241:Archived
15211:Archived
15207:Ynetnews
15180:Archived
15176:BBC News
15150:Archived
15146:BBC News
15120:Archived
15100:17 March
15094:Archived
15074:25 March
15068:Archived
15033:Archived
15000:Archived
14977:Archived
14963:Archived
14949:Archived
14909:Archived
14895:Archived
14877:Archived
14832:Archived
14707:Archived
14676:Archived
14615:Archived
14585:Archived
14555:Archived
14522:Archived
14486:Archived
14482:Imemo.ru
14453:Archived
14381:Archived
14354:Archived
14311:Archived
14210:19 April
14159:Archived
14122:ARA News
14054:ARA News
13943:Archived
13901:Archived
13804:Archived
13800:ANF News
13774:Archived
13720:Archived
13684:Archived
13652:Archived
13620:Archived
13594:Archived
13590:BBC News
13481:Archived
13415:cite web
13241:15 April
13231:efsyn.gr
13211:15 April
13205:Archived
13100:cite web
13061:Archived
13030:Archived
13003:Archived
12977:Archived
12946:Archived
12841:Archived
12837:BBC News
12778:10 March
12746:Archived
12690:Archived
12670:10 March
12664:Archived
12610:cite web
12503:Archived
12477:Archived
12429:Archived
12379:Archived
12159:refworld
12113:refworld
12050:33293507
11985:28608869
11840:Archived
11809:Archived
11779:Archived
11749:Archived
11745:BBC News
11725:20 March
11719:Archived
11693:20 March
11687:Archived
11661:10 April
11655:Archived
11629:Archived
11604:10 April
11572:Archived
11541:Archived
11517:17 April
11511:Archived
11461:10 April
11455:Archived
11451:BBC News
11431:10 April
11425:Archived
11401:10 April
11395:Archived
11366:cite web
11338:Archived
11309:Archived
11216:10 April
11210:Archived
11180:Archived
11154:Archived
11114:Archived
11084:Archived
11054:Archived
11024:Archived
11020:BBC News
10994:Archived
10969:17 March
10963:Archived
10939:28 April
10933:Archived
10929:BBC News
10902:Archived
10845:Archived
10841:BBC News
10821:10 March
10815:Archived
10757:Archived
10666:Archived
10631:(2005).
10574:10 March
10568:Archived
10532:Archived
10420:(1988).
10393:Archived
10276:Archived
10198:Archived
10118:Archived
9951:Archived
9922:Archived
9898:23 April
9866:Archived
9797:Archived
9767:Archived
9616:Archived
9576:Archived
9263:(2002).
9035:Archived
8803:Archived
8773:Archived
8729:Archived
8670:Archived
8631:Archived
8601:Archived
8572:Archived
8461:Archived
8170:Archived
8144:Archived
8078:9 August
8046:Archived
8014:Archived
7979:Archived
7953:Archived
7757:refworld
7682:Archived
7652:Archived
7395:Sources:
7225:Arabic:
7207:سُورِيَة
7190:سُورِيَا
7135:See also
7098:manakish
7066:pastırma
7054:shawarma
7046:fattoush
7000:Fattoush
6919:Andalous
6665:literacy
6620:Qamishii
6592:Maronite
6527:Alawites
6523:Twelvers
6519:Ismailis
6477:Religion
6468:Ma'loula
6442:was the
6430:Armenian
6365:refugees
6345:Arabized
6341:Russians
6337:Pashtuns
6333:Persians
6321:Bosnians
6298:Qamishli
6262:Kurmanji
6235:Ma'loula
6203:Lebanese
6112:Qamishli
5933:110,893
5899:114,363
5890:Jaramana
5879:Damascus
5874:Damascus
5844:115,769
5811:Damascus
5783:Province
5767:Province
5701:refugees
5665:Source:
5373:captagon
5320:captagon
5277:offshore
5249:Damascus
5192:Alawites
5029:Damascus
5009:Military
4960:such as
4950:Quneitra
4785:and the
4727:minority
4703:partisan
4663:feminist
4628:Assyrian
4608:feminist
4527:de facto
4479:Quneitra
4474:Quneitra
4449:Damascus
4444:Damascus
4288:Capital
4166:tribunal
4148:Courts.
3667:Damascus
3624:Alawites
3540:Intifada
3454:against
3452:Gulf War
3421:Quneitra
3188:, Major
3095:by Col.
3073:attacked
2982:a revolt
2958:Faisal I
2865:genocide
2829:Armenian
2795:Tanzimat
2672:Assyrian
2564:Crusades
2521:Tulunids
2468:Umayyad
2441:Muhammad
2387:El-Gabal
2312:Lakhmids
2297:Armenian
2273:Arameans
2248:Adiabene
2244:Assyrian
2229:Shapur I
2161:Armenian
2156:Empire.
2143:Seleucid
2131:Arameans
2021:Persians
1966:Carthage
1962:Portugal
1942:Ramitha,
1888:Palistin
1880:Hittites
1835:Arameans
1809:Rekhmire
1763:Empire,
1749:Hittites
1734:Hurrians
1707:(modern
1679:Ugaritic
1655:Amorites
1647:Amorites
1643:Hurrians
1612:Akkadian
1588:Pharaohs
1514:Hamoukar
1510:Anatolia
1506:obsidian
1498:Mureybet
1440:Phoenice
1417:Adiabene
1358:Akkadian
1338:Arameans
1248:refugees
1098:de facto
1023:Damascus
1007:Alawites
995:Chechens
983:Turkmens
951:republic
909:and the
798:Currency
543:De facto
385:under a
381:Unitary
282:9.5–10%
222:Damascus
22088:Imports
22083:Exports
22068:Economy
22033:Seventh
21944:History
21774:Tunisia
21749:Somalia
21739:Senegal
21702:Nigeria
21687:Morocco
21657:Lebanon
21577:Comoros
21542:Bahrain
21532:Algeria
21527:Albania
21515:Members
21392:Economy
21310:Eritrea
21300:Armenia
21274:Tunisia
21259:Somalia
21234:Morocco
21219:Lebanon
21189:Comoros
21184:Bahrain
21179:Algeria
21171:Members
21127:History
21107:Council
21102:Charter
20791:Vietnam
20706:Myanmar
20686:Lebanon
20616:Georgia
20571:Bahrain
20561:Armenia
20467:Regions
20428:Lebanon
20398:Bahrain
20339:Studies
20317:Cuisine
20300:Culture
20224:History
20212:Economy
20195:Society
20100:Lebanon
20053:Bahrain
19917:(Spain)
19914:Melilla
19843:Tunisia
19823:Morocco
19798:Lebanon
19763:Croatia
19753:Algeria
19748:Albania
19660:Outline
19641:Smoking
19594:Cuisine
19576:Culture
19494:Society
19394:Economy
19111:Related
19097:Orontes
19026:Borders
18635:History
18576:project
18530:below (
17964:5 March
17942:5 March
17630:Reuters
17590:4283331
17390:24 July
17250:Turkmen
17237:: 3–5,
17146:24 July
17091:1180338
16987:Reuters
16582:Reuters
16373:11 June
16347:11 June
16325:11 June
16172:Reuters
16154:"Syria"
16113:13 July
16046:26 July
16020:24 June
15994:11 June
15909:7 April
15878:7 April
15827:UN News
15716:13 July
15526:UN News
15371:6 April
15330:Reuters
14828:4322848
14787:203–227
14672:Haaretz
14641:Reuters
14581:Reuters
14551:Reuters
13570:12 June
13028:. BBC.
12916:"Syria"
12451:"Syria"
12041:7723057
12012:Bibcode
11976:5451287
11889:15 June
11755:20 June
11328:17 July
11120:12 June
11090:21 June
11060:12 June
9773:21 July
8676:13 June
8662:"Syria"
8640:21 July
8578:2 March
8112:"Syria"
7959:7 April
7945:"Syria"
7910:22 June
7895:"Syria"
7548:DW News
7531:Reuters
7277:DW News
7260:Reuters
7197::
7090:Za'atar
7074:Baklava
7023:Turkish
6985:Cuisine
6903:Asmahan
6873:utopiae
6754:Culture
6440:Aramaic
6426:Chechen
6414:Turkish
6410:Kurdish
6388:is the
6270:Turkish
6258:Yazidis
6185:Syrians
6171:69,425
6155:136,427
6137:73,641
6128:Suwayda
6121:184,231
6103:78,763
6094:Darayya
6087:188,160
6078:Hasakah
6069:84,948
6053:211,857
6035:97,969
6019:220,488
6001:98,791
5985:312,994
5967:99,497
5951:383,786
5942:Latakia
5917:652,609
5864:Latakia
5690:Somalia
5569:±% p.a.
5550:Syrians
5337:in 2014
5335:Latakia
5211:Economy
5157:torture
5144:, etc.
4830:Lebanon
4818:Algeria
4683:ecology
4651:secular
4644:Yazidis
4632:Turkmen
4620:Kurdish
4612:parties
4314:Latakia
4309:Latakia
4222:Comoros
4201:rigging
4162:Islamic
4154:Ottoman
4150:Islamic
4094:amnesty
4084:of the
3818:al-Taym
3814:al-Omar
3732:Alawite
3724:Kurdish
3720:Sunnite
3669:in 2020
3652:Lebanon
3545:Lebanon
3527:Hasakeh
3519:clashed
3427:by the
3385:Alawite
3331:led to
3228:by its
2960:of the
2948:in 1936
2855:to the
2839:During
2791:peasant
2739:Aramean
2668:Aramean
2644:Mamluks
2634:of the
2632:Mongols
2623:Qalawun
2619:Baibars
2615:Galilee
2600:Mongols
2598:to the
2592:Ayyubid
2584:Kurdish
2560:Italian
2517:Aramaic
2505:Baghdad
2491:led by
2484:by the
2430:Antioch
2324:Judaism
2265:Aramaic
2259:to the
2233:Zenobia
2221:Aramaic
2217:Palmyra
2181:Antioch
2103:satrapy
2079:Palmyra
2001:Islamic
1988:as the
1970:Tunisia
1823:Suteans
1813:Retjenu
1761:Mitanni
1726:Alalakh
1675:Latakia
1600:Abarsal
1580:Hattian
1576:Hurrian
1568:Assyria
1454:History
1413:Sophene
1351:Assyria
1343:Ἀσσυρία
1318:Assyria
1256:poverty
1171:, with
1131:of the
1086:de jure
1082:Ottoman
1058:Islamic
1046:al-Sham
999:Muslims
943:Lebanon
789: (
707:$ 2,900
590:•
572:•
541:•
529:De jure
527:•
514:•
497:•
484:•
446:•
431:•
416:•
401:•
335:Alawite
277:74–75%
234:36°18′E
231:33°30′N
215:Capital
138:Anthem:
22200:Levant
22156:35; 38
22038:Eighth
22018:Fourth
22008:Second
21977:(2010)
21971:(2008)
21965:(1990)
21877:Muslim
21862:Russia
21789:Uganda
21779:Turkey
21647:Kuwait
21637:Jordan
21612:Guyana
21602:Guinea
21597:Gambia
21562:Brunei
21305:Brazil
21214:Kuwait
21209:Jordan
20890:Greece
20847:Taiwan
20771:Turkey
20736:Russia
20671:Kuwait
20651:Jordan
20641:Israel
20601:Cyprus
20586:Brunei
20581:Bhutan
20423:Kuwait
20418:Jordan
20413:Israel
20312:Cinema
20217:Energy
20167:Turkey
20095:Kuwait
20090:Jordan
20085:Israel
20058:Cyprus
19848:Turkey
19813:Monaco
19788:Israel
19783:Greece
19778:France
19768:Cyprus
19584:Anthem
19531:People
19526:Hunger
19521:Health
19431:Pound
19133:Levant
19092:Hermon
19087:Hauran
19046:Rivers
19031:Cities
18941:(1920)
18761:Ugarit
18746:Yamhad
18625:
18547:Curlie
18533:Curlie
18491:
18459:
18438:
18419:
18405:, Saqi
18388:
18327:
18309:
18290:
18273:
18193:
18157:
18100:
18028:
17996:
17685:
17596:
17588:
17551:
17521:
17458:
17336:
17098:
17088:
17049:20 May
16824:
16787:
16642:
16632:
16554:
16439:
15968:31 May
15340:5 July
14937:
14864:
14826:
14793:
14447:
14305:
14193:
14165:20 May
14010:
13935:
13895:
13768:
13328:12 May
13297:
13287:
12801:
12719:
12637:
12579:
12540:
12388:12 May
12328:
12309:
12290:
12257:
12231:
12048:
12038:
12030:
11983:
11973:
11965:
11912:
11391:News24
11291:17 May
11265:17 May
11186:17 May
10788:
10643:
10597:
10510:
10461:
10434:
10367:
10334:
10309:
10251:
10243:
10124:21 May
10076:
10047:
9844:
9667:
9570:
9520:
9493:
9466:
9439:
9412:
9354:
9327:
9300:
9273:
9214:
9187:
9160:
9093:
9066:
9006:
8976:
8949:
8922:
8895:
8834:
8765:
8723:
8715:
8545:
8510:
8502:
8240:unicef
8150:3 June
7857:
7838:
7819:
7786:
7580:RFE/RL
7487:
7468:
7449:
7416:
7309:RFE/RL
7213:Sūriya
7201:Sūriyā
7186:Arabic
7125:jallab
7050:labneh
7038:hummus
7034:kibbeh
7027:yaprak
7019:yabraʾ
7014:yabraʾ
6814:Adonis
6799:Adunis
6778:Dabkeh
6739:Health
6535:Druzes
6529:, 10%
6521:, and
6504:Aleppo
6489:, and
6454:, and
6448:Arabic
6386:Arabic
6361:Brazil
6359:is in
6349:Muslim
6329:Greeks
6243:Bakh'a
5958:Manbij
5835:Tartus
5819:Aleppo
5801:Aleppo
5716:
5658:−0.28%
5647:−2.96%
5636:+2.38%
5625:+2.66%
5614:+3.29%
5603:+3.34%
5592:+3.28%
5500:group
5286:Russia
5182:chief
5035:, 2012
4938:Israel
4892:Turkey
4848:, the
4809:
4803:
4742:Kobani
4738:Manbij
4665:, and
4642:, and
4606:, and
4558:Manbij
4542:Jazira
4389:Tartus
4384:Tartus
4344:Aleppo
4339:Aleppo
4238:Rojava
4232:, the
4177:, the
4160:, and
4158:French
4140:, the
4046:Muslim
3988:. The
3938:Ba'ath
3864:, and
3830:Kirkuk
3806:Rmelan
3779:Hawran
3728:Shiite
3722:east,
3702:, the
3698:, the
3694:, the
3656:Turkey
3644:Jordan
3476:Geneva
3468:Jordan
3325:Israel
3315:: one
3172:, 1960
3170:Aleppo
3152:Turkey
3061:, and
3010:Ghouta
2893:Briton
2885:Allied
2883:, two
2843:, the
2835:, 1915
2807:Beirut
2799:Aleppo
2771:millet
2658:, and
2604:Hulegu
2552:Ghazan
2533:Aleppo
2509:Arabic
2470:fresco
2411:Shahba
2383:family
2355:Apamea
2293:Jewish
2257:Romans
2253:Arbeia
2200:Arabia
2147:Jewish
2067:, and
1946:Shuksi
1938:Paltos
1930:Simyra
1896:Sam'al
1872:Aramea
1868:Luhuti
1866:, and
1856:Hamath
1732:, the
1709:Aleppo
1705:Yamhad
1697:Aleppo
1671:Ugarit
1630:after
1610:after
1596:Ibrium
1570:, and
1428:Judaea
1415:, and
1397:Arabia
1330:Levant
1298:Sýrioi
1291:Σύριοι
1288:name:
1282:Luwian
1185:Rojava
1183:, and
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