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Stuart–Landau equation

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Watson, J. (1960). On the non-linear mechanics of wave disturbances in stable and unstable parallel flows Part 2. The development of a solution for plane Poiseuille flow and for plane Couette flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 9(3),
1850: 2463: 1992: 786: 885: 1469: 2378: 664: 2905:{\displaystyle |A|_{\mathrm {max} }\rightarrow {\frac {|l_{r}|}{2\beta _{r}}}\pm {\sqrt {{\frac {l_{r}^{2}}{4\beta _{r}^{2}}}+{\frac {2|l_{r}|\sigma _{r}}{\beta _{r}}}}},\quad {\text{as}}\quad t\gg 1/\sigma _{r}} 3149: 1087: 138: 3205:
Stuart, J. T. (1960). On the non-linear mechanics of wave disturbances in stable and unstable parallel flows Part 1. The basic behaviour in plane Poiseuille flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 9(3), 353-370.
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Schumm, M., Berger, E., & Monkewitz, P. A. (1994). Self-excited oscillations in the wake of two-dimensional bluff bodies and their control. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 271, 17-53.
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Dušek, J., Le Gal, P., & Fraunié, P. (1994). A numerical and theoretical study of the first Hopf bifurcation in a cylinder wake. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 264, 59-80.
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is a small number), the nonlinear term in the above equation is negligible in comparison to the other two terms in which case the amplitude grows in time only if
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It is instructive to consider a hydrodynamic stability case where it is found that, according to the linear stability analysis, the flow is stable when
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Provansal, M., Mathis, C., & Boyer, L. (1987). Bénard-von Kármán instability: transient and forced regimes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 182, 1-22.
1643: 2506:, we must include a negative term of higher order to arrest the unbounded increase of the perturbation. In this case, the Landau equation becomes 2386: 1899: 675: 797: 1377: 2309: 543: 3155:, that is to say, in the metastable region, the flow is stable to infinitesimal perturbations, but not to finite amplitude perturbations. 2915:
where the plus sign corresponds to the stable branch and the minus sign to the unstable branch. There exists a value of a critical value
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was given by Stuart, Watson and Palm in 1960. The perturbation in the vicinity of bifurcation is governed by the following equation
1308:{\displaystyle |A(t)|^{-2}={\frac {l_{r}}{2\sigma _{r}}}+\left(|A(0)|^{-2}-{\frac {l_{r}}{2\sigma _{r}}}\right)e^{-2\sigma _{r}t}.} 45: 3027: 533:
because otherwise the amplitude will grow indefinitely (see below equations and the general solution in the next section). The
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based on a phenomenological argument and an attempt to derive this equation from hydrodynamic equations was done by Stuart for
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Palm, E. (1960). On the tendency towards hexagonal cells in steady convection. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 8(2), 183-192.
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Stuart, J. T. (1958). On the non-linear mechanics of hydrodynamic stability. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 4(1), 1-21.
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Kuramoto, Y. (2012). Chemical oscillations, waves, and turbulence (Vol. 19). Springer Science & Business Media.
2105: 2678:{\displaystyle {\frac {d|A|^{2}}{dt}}=2\sigma _{r}|A|^{2}-l_{r}|A|^{4}-\beta _{r}|A|^{6},\quad \beta _{r}>0.} 1999: 2221: 2177: 2102:
is the critical Reynolds number; a familiar example that is applicable here is the critical Reynolds number,
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because otherwise the system is stable in the linear sense, that is to say, for infinitesimal disturbances (
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Landau, L. D. (1944). On the problem of turbulence. In Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 339-349).
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proposed an equation for the evolution of the magnitude of the disturbance, which is now called as the
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Drazin, P. G., & Reid, W. H. (2004). Hydrodynamic stability. Cambridge university press.
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Landau, L. D. (1959). EM Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics. Course of Theoretical Physics, 6.
21: 2064: 1845:{\displaystyle \phi (t)-\phi (0)=\sigma _{i}t-{\frac {l_{i}}{2l_{r}}}\ln \left.} 3287: 3164: 2458:{\displaystyle |A|_{\mathrm {max} }\propto {\sqrt {Re-Re_{\mathrm {cr} }}}.} 1987:{\displaystyle \phi \sim (\sigma _{i}/\sigma _{r}-l_{i}/l_{r})\sigma _{r}t.} 1374:
approaches a constant value that is independent of its initial value, i.e.,
781:{\displaystyle {\frac {d|A|}{dt}}=\sigma _{r}|A|-{\frac {l_{r}}{2}}|A|^{3}.} 2380:
wherein the constant is positive. Thus, the limiting amplitude is given by
880:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\phi }{dt}}=\sigma _{i}-{\frac {l_{i}}{2}}|A|^{2}.} 1464:{\displaystyle |A|_{\mathrm {max} }\rightarrow (2\sigma _{r}/l_{r})^{1/2}} 2373:{\displaystyle \sigma _{r}={\text{const}}.\times (Re-Re_{\mathrm {cr} })} 659:{\displaystyle {\frac {d|A|^{2}}{dt}}=2\sigma _{r}|A|^{2}-l_{r}|A|^{4},} 400:. Here the real part of the growth rate is taken to be positive, i.e., 41: 33: 29: 332:
The evolution of the actual disturbance is given by the real part of
1082:{\displaystyle {\frac {d|A|^{-2}}{dt}}+2\sigma _{r}|A|^{-2}=l_{r}.} 20:
describes the behavior of a nonlinear oscillating system near the
133:{\displaystyle {\frac {dA}{dt}}=\sigma A-{\frac {l}{2}}A|A|^{2}.} 3144:{\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }'<Re<Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} 3076:{\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }'<Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} 2147:
in the problem of flow past a cylinder. The growth rate
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is linear when it is written for the dependent variable
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is the equation for the magnitude of the disturbance,
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The formal derivation to derive the 2136:{\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }\approx 50} 2468: 3083:, indicating that the flow in the region 2033:{\displaystyle Re\leq Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} 2255:{\displaystyle Re>Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} 2211:{\displaystyle Re<Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} 890:For non-homogeneous systems, i.e., when 1896:, the phase varies linearly with time, 3286: 2473:When the Landau constant is negative, 2953:where the above two roots are equal ( 2143:, corresponding to the transition to 2688:The limiting amplitude then becomes 1337:{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty } 910:depends on spatial coordinates, see 2946:{\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }'} 2262:and therefore in the neighbourhood 1344:, the magnitude of the disturbance 925: 13: 3135: 3132: 3102: 3099: 3067: 3064: 3043: 3040: 2934: 2931: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2444: 2441: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2361: 2358: 2290: 2287: 2246: 2243: 2202: 2199: 2121: 2118: 2095:{\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} 2086: 2083: 2024: 2021: 1889:{\displaystyle t\gg 1/\sigma _{r}} 1512:. The above solution implies that 1505:{\displaystyle t\gg 1/\sigma _{r}} 1403: 1400: 1397: 1331: 14: 3315: 1542:does not have a real solution if 1118:{\displaystyle \sigma _{r}\neq 0} 3165:Landau's phase transition theory 1601:{\displaystyle \sigma _{r}>0} 669:which can also be re-written as 489:{\displaystyle \sigma _{r}>0} 426:{\displaystyle \sigma _{r}>0} 3272: 3263: 2877: 2871: 2658: 188:{\displaystyle A=|A|e^{i\phi }} 40:, to explain the transition to 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 2992: 2977: 2839: 2824: 2748: 2733: 2726: 2708: 2699: 2645: 2636: 2612: 2603: 2579: 2570: 2532: 2523: 2400: 2391: 2367: 2337: 2275: 2040:and unstable otherwise, where 1965: 1909: 1831: 1799: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1671: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1624: 1618: 1528: 1520: 1444: 1412: 1409: 1391: 1382: 1360: 1352: 1328: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1208: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1050: 1041: 1000: 991: 951: 942: 864: 855: 765: 756: 731: 723: 694: 686: 643: 634: 610: 601: 563: 554: 500:is also taken to be positive, 449: 441: 377: 369: 348: 342: 290:{\displaystyle l=l_{r}+il_{i}} 168: 160: 117: 108: 1: 3175: 920:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction 393:{\displaystyle |A|\cos \phi } 7: 3158: 2167:{\displaystyle \sigma _{r}} 246:is the complex growth rate, 10: 3320: 2499:{\displaystyle l_{r}<0} 1568:{\displaystyle l_{r}<0} 526:{\displaystyle l_{r}>0} 1125:of the above equation is 1092:The general solution for 2469:Negative Landau constant 1630:{\displaystyle \phi (t)} 967:{\displaystyle |A|^{-2}} 912:Ginzburg–Landau equation 297:is a complex number and 3170:Ginzburg–Landau theory 3145: 3077: 3018: 2947: 2906: 2679: 2500: 2459: 2374: 2300: 2256: 2212: 2168: 2137: 2096: 2057: 2034: 1988: 1890: 1846: 1631: 1602: 1569: 1536: 1506: 1465: 1368: 1338: 1309: 1119: 1083: 968: 916:hydrodynamic stability 904: 881: 782: 660: 527: 490: 457: 427: 394: 355: 318: 291: 240: 189: 134: 18:Stuart–Landau equation 3146: 3078: 3019: 2948: 2907: 2680: 2501: 2460: 2375: 2301: 2257: 2218:and is positive when 2213: 2169: 2138: 2097: 2058: 2035: 1989: 1891: 1847: 1632: 1603: 1570: 1537: 1507: 1466: 1369: 1339: 1310: 1120: 1084: 969: 905: 882: 783: 661: 528: 491: 458: 428: 395: 356: 319: 317:{\displaystyle l_{r}} 292: 241: 190: 135: 46:plane Poiseuille flow 3087: 3028: 2957: 2919: 2695: 2513: 2477: 2387: 2310: 2306:, it may written as 2266: 2222: 2178: 2151: 2145:Kármán vortex street 2106: 2071: 2044: 2000: 1900: 1859: 1644: 1612: 1579: 1546: 1516: 1475: 1378: 1348: 1322: 1132: 1096: 981: 938: 894: 798: 676: 544: 504: 467: 437: 404: 365: 354:{\displaystyle A(t)} 336: 301: 252: 201: 150: 59: 3110: 3051: 2942: 2810: 2791: 1535:{\displaystyle |A|} 1367:{\displaystyle |A|} 456:{\displaystyle |A|} 3141: 3093: 3073: 3034: 3014: 2943: 2925: 2902: 2796: 2777: 2675: 2496: 2455: 2370: 2296: 2252: 2208: 2164: 2133: 2092: 2056:{\displaystyle Re} 2053: 2030: 1984: 1886: 1842: 1627: 1598: 1565: 1532: 1502: 1461: 1364: 1334: 1305: 1115: 1079: 964: 900: 877: 778: 656: 523: 486: 453: 423: 390: 351: 314: 287: 236: 185: 130: 26:John Trevor Stuart 2875: 2866: 2864: 2812: 2768: 2551: 2450: 2329: 2174:is negative when 1797: 1720: 1269: 1197: 1022: 903:{\displaystyle A} 852: 819: 753: 707: 582: 102: 80: 3311: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3106: 3105: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3047: 3046: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2980: 2969: 2968: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2790: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2711: 2702: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2668: 2667: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2526: 2517: 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1476: 1473: 1472: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1359: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1276: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1070: 1066: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1014: 1004: 999: 998: 990: 986: 984: 982: 979: 978: 955: 950: 949: 941: 939: 936: 935: 932:Landau equation 928: 895: 892: 891: 868: 863: 862: 854: 843: 839: 837: 828: 824: 811: 803: 801: 799: 796: 795: 769: 764: 763: 755: 744: 740: 738: 730: 722: 716: 712: 699: 693: 685: 681: 679: 677: 674: 673: 647: 642: 641: 633: 627: 623: 614: 609: 608: 600: 594: 590: 574: 567: 562: 561: 553: 549: 547: 545: 542: 541: 535:Landau equation 511: 507: 505: 502: 501: 498:Landau constant 474: 470: 468: 465: 464: 448: 440: 438: 435: 434: 411: 407: 405: 402: 401: 376: 368: 366: 363: 362: 337: 334: 333: 326:Landau constant 308: 304: 302: 299: 298: 281: 277: 265: 261: 253: 250: 249: 230: 226: 214: 210: 202: 199: 198: 176: 172: 167: 159: 151: 148: 147: 121: 116: 115: 107: 94: 72: 64: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50:Landau equation 38:Landau equation 12: 11: 5: 3317: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3294:Fluid dynamics 3281: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2913: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2686: 2685: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2614: 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104: 99: 96: 91: 88: 85: 82: 76: 73: 68: 65: 55: 54: 53: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3152: 3024:) such that 2914: 2687: 2472: 1995: 1854: 1637:is given by 1317: 1091: 931: 929: 889: 790: 668: 534: 497: 331: 325: 142: 49: 37: 17: 15: 32:. In 1944, 3304:Lev Landau 3288:Categories 3176:References 3153:metastable 361:i.e., by 42:turbulence 30:Lev Landau 3299:Mechanics 3006:β 2974:− 2962:σ 2894:σ 2882:≫ 2856:β 2845:σ 2798:β 2771:± 2759:β 2727:→ 2661:β 2627:β 2623:− 2590:− 2561:σ 2430:− 2419:∝ 2347:− 2335:× 2315:σ 2276:→ 2156:σ 2128:≈ 2010:≤ 1970:σ 1938:− 1929:σ 1914:σ 1907:∼ 1904:ϕ 1878:σ 1866:≫ 1826:− 1812:σ 1788:σ 1726:⁡ 1691:− 1679:σ 1663:ϕ 1660:− 1648:ϕ 1616:ϕ 1584:σ 1494:σ 1482:≫ 1420:σ 1410:→ 1332:∞ 1329:→ 1289:σ 1282:− 1260:σ 1240:− 1232:− 1188:σ 1160:− 1110:≠ 1101:σ 1056:− 1032:σ 1006:− 957:− 835:− 826:σ 808:ϕ 736:− 714:σ 621:− 592:σ 472:σ 409:σ 388:ϕ 385:⁡ 228:σ 212:σ 205:σ 181:ϕ 92:− 86:σ 3215:371-389. 3159:See also 3108:′ 3049:′ 2940:′ 2067:and the 922:, etc. 2063:is the 324:is the 143:where 496:. The 34:Landau 2328:const 1471:when 3121:< 3112:< 3053:< 2670:> 2491:< 2232:> 2188:< 1593:> 1575:and 1560:< 930:The 518:> 481:> 418:> 28:and 16:The 3151:is 1855:As 1318:As 382:cos 3290:: 2874:as 2673:0. 2131:50 1723:ln 974:, 918:, 3136:r 3133:c 3128:e 3124:R 3118:e 3115:R 3103:r 3100:c 3095:e 3091:R 3068:r 3065:c 3060:e 3056:R 3044:r 3041:c 3036:e 3032:R 3010:r 3002:8 2998:/ 2993:| 2987:r 2983:l 2978:| 2971:= 2966:r 2935:r 2932:c 2927:e 2923:R 2898:r 2889:/ 2885:1 2879:t 2869:, 2860:r 2849:r 2840:| 2834:r 2830:l 2825:| 2821:2 2815:+ 2807:2 2802:r 2794:4 2788:2 2783:r 2779:l 2763:r 2755:2 2749:| 2743:r 2739:l 2734:| 2721:x 2718:a 2715:m 2709:| 2704:A 2700:| 2665:r 2656:, 2651:6 2646:| 2641:A 2637:| 2631:r 2618:4 2613:| 2608:A 2604:| 2598:r 2594:l 2585:2 2580:| 2575:A 2571:| 2565:r 2557:2 2554:= 2548:t 2545:d 2538:2 2533:| 2528:A 2524:| 2520:d 2494:0 2486:r 2482:l 2453:. 2445:r 2442:c 2437:e 2433:R 2427:e 2424:R 2413:x 2410:a 2407:m 2401:| 2396:A 2392:| 2368:) 2362:r 2359:c 2354:e 2350:R 2344:e 2341:R 2338:( 2332:. 2324:= 2319:r 2291:r 2288:c 2283:e 2279:R 2273:e 2270:R 2247:r 2244:c 2239:e 2235:R 2229:e 2226:R 2203:r 2200:c 2195:e 2191:R 2185:e 2182:R 2160:r 2122:r 2119:c 2114:e 2110:R 2087:r 2084:c 2079:e 2075:R 2051:e 2048:R 2025:r 2022:c 2017:e 2013:R 2007:e 2004:R 1982:. 1979:t 1974:r 1966:) 1961:r 1957:l 1952:/ 1946:i 1942:l 1933:r 1924:/ 1918:i 1910:( 1882:r 1873:/ 1869:1 1863:t 1840:. 1836:] 1832:) 1829:1 1821:t 1816:r 1808:2 1804:e 1800:( 1792:r 1784:2 1777:r 1773:l 1767:2 1762:| 1757:) 1754:0 1751:( 1748:A 1744:| 1737:+ 1734:1 1730:[ 1715:r 1711:l 1707:2 1701:i 1697:l 1688:t 1683:i 1675:= 1672:) 1669:0 1666:( 1657:) 1654:t 1651:( 1625:) 1622:t 1619:( 1596:0 1588:r 1563:0 1555:r 1551:l 1529:| 1525:A 1521:| 1498:r 1489:/ 1485:1 1479:t 1457:2 1453:/ 1449:1 1445:) 1439:r 1435:l 1430:/ 1424:r 1416:2 1413:( 1404:x 1401:a 1398:m 1392:| 1387:A 1383:| 1361:| 1357:A 1353:| 1326:t 1303:. 1298:t 1293:r 1285:2 1278:e 1273:) 1264:r 1256:2 1250:r 1246:l 1235:2 1227:| 1222:) 1219:0 1216:( 1213:A 1209:| 1204:( 1200:+ 1192:r 1184:2 1178:r 1174:l 1168:= 1163:2 1155:| 1150:) 1147:t 1144:( 1141:A 1137:| 1113:0 1105:r 1077:. 1072:r 1068:l 1064:= 1059:2 1051:| 1046:A 1042:| 1036:r 1028:2 1025:+ 1019:t 1016:d 1009:2 1001:| 996:A 992:| 988:d 960:2 952:| 947:A 943:| 898:A 875:. 870:2 865:| 860:A 856:| 850:2 845:i 841:l 830:i 822:= 816:t 813:d 805:d 776:. 771:3 766:| 761:A 757:| 751:2 746:r 742:l 732:| 728:A 724:| 718:r 710:= 704:t 701:d 695:| 691:A 687:| 683:d 654:, 649:4 644:| 639:A 635:| 629:r 625:l 616:2 611:| 606:A 602:| 596:r 588:2 585:= 579:t 576:d 569:2 564:| 559:A 555:| 551:d 521:0 513:r 509:l 484:0 476:r 450:| 446:A 442:| 421:0 413:r 378:| 374:A 370:| 349:) 346:t 343:( 340:A 328:. 310:r 306:l 283:i 279:l 275:i 272:+ 267:r 263:l 259:= 256:l 232:i 224:i 221:+ 216:r 208:= 178:i 174:e 169:| 165:A 161:| 157:= 154:A 128:. 123:2 118:| 113:A 109:| 105:A 100:2 97:l 89:A 83:= 77:t 74:d 69:A 66:d

Index

Hopf bifurcation
John Trevor Stuart
Lev Landau
Landau
turbulence
plane Poiseuille flow
Ginzburg–Landau equation
hydrodynamic stability
Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
Reynolds number
Kármán vortex street
Landau's phase transition theory
Ginzburg–Landau theory
Categories
Fluid dynamics
Mechanics
Lev Landau

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