1068:
31:
512:(FTU) was responsible for organising formal demonstrations against the colonial government. To consolidate the movement, the FTU established the Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Workers of All Industries for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong on 12 May. Four days later, on 16 May, the FTU and a number of other pro-CCP groups founded the Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong, or Struggle Committee for short. The goal of creating the Struggle Committee was to establish a central command to lead the anti-colonial demonstrations.
134:
823:, p. 153: "Although many accounts of the 1967 disturbances portray them as being instigated almost solely by local Communists and Red Guards from Guangdong, the Anti-British Struggle Committee enjoyed strong support in China, both – at least in the early stages – from the central government and from the population at large."
639:
607:
The regulations put stringent restrictions on public assemblies. Under the circumstances, the committee could not meet at all, let alone take command of the struggle. Consequentially, everybody proceeded with the struggle in his own way without a centralised command and it did no good for the
British
499:
and posters condemning the colonial government. They chanted communist slogans and sang
Chinese revolutionary songs. In the afternoon, demonstrators attempted to breach into a number of factories, prompting a significant police response. In the evening, the demonstrations devolved into riots, as mobs
466:
Street upon street of tall dilapidated buildings vied with each other for the limited space available, hundreds upon hundreds of hostile citizens lived out their lives in human rabbit warrens, plenty of workers were available to start a riot, plenty of workers' organisations existed to support it,
425:
Although the
British Hong Kong government blamed the Struggle Committee for a series of bombings during the 1967 riots, the group was dysfunctional and failed to unite the anti-colonial movement in Hong Kong. Before being banned by the colonial authorities in September 1967, the Struggle Committee
994:
596:
However, former members of the
Struggle Committee denied the charges and asserted that the group was non-violent and ultimately an operational failure. Wong Kin-lap, a member of the executive committee, stated that the Struggle Committee followed the principle of acting "on just grounds, to our
616:
Some people thought the
Struggle Committee directed the actions of the anti-British struggle, and even ordered the planting of bombs. It was a misunderstanding. People outside the leftist camp thought the struggle committee was a leading group for the riots, but it was only a nominal leading
442:
report broadcast on 27 May 1967 gave the name "Hong Kong and
Kowloon All Circles Struggle Committee to Oppose Persecution by the Hong Kong British Authorities". Other translations include the "Hong Kong and Kowloon Struggle Committee of Chinese Compatriots from All Circles Against British
573:
During the 1967 riots, the
Struggle Committee led strikes in a number of industries, notably transportation, which reportedly involved up to 60,000 workers. It also organised protest marches on the Hong Kong governor's residence. To fund the group's activities, the PRC government gave
438:, under the full name Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong. However, the group's full name in its original Chinese has been translated variously. An English translation of a
475:
workers clashed with management at Hong Kong
Artificial Flower Works, and police were subsequently brought in to forcefully end the unrest. Leftist newspapers in Hong Kong published scathing editorials about the incident the following morning. For example, an editorial by
462:. Locals in the neighbourhood had long endured poor living conditions and neglect from the British colonial government. John Cooper, a British writer who was living in Hong Kong at the time, spoke to San Po Kong's susceptibility to civil unrest:
617:
organisation or a 'united front' tool which did not even discuss the strategy for the struggle. The committee only held two meetings during the riots and had no grasp of what happened in the later stages of the disturbances.
446:"Struggle Committee" is the most common English-language abbreviation for the group. Other abbreviations include the "Anti-British Struggle Committee" and the "All-Circles Anti-Persecution Struggle Committee".
629:
embassy in the colony, were actually responsible for orchestrating the escalation in violence. The leadership of the
Struggle Committee claimed that they had no knowledge of Xinhua's covert activities.
557:, became increasingly concerned that the demonstrations were a preliminary attempt by the PRC to take control of the colony. At a press conference he stated, " aim is to Macau us", a reference to the
1380:
523:. The PRC government condemned what it called the "sanguinary brutality and fascist atrocities of the British imperialists" and listed five demands of the colonial government in Hong Kong:
593:
designated the group as a terrorist organisation on 8 September. The colonial government officially banned the
Struggle Committee and ordered the arrests of its members on 12 September.
1009:
603:), which he understood to mean non-violence. He also commented on the group's inability to function due to the colonial authorities' strict enforcement of its ban on public assemblies:
1264:
744:
1404:
1132:
1271:
1347:
519:(PRC) announced its support for the Struggle Committee on 15 May, following a series of protests at colonial government buildings in Hong Kong and neighbouring
1372:
1228:
1270:. Committee of Hong Kong-Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong. 1967.
553:, praised the demonstrators' "dauntless mettle" and warned the colonial authorities of "going against the historical trend". Hong Kong's then governor,
770:
745:
Committee of Hong Kong-Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong 1967
544:
509:
419:
30:
516:
108:
1432:
797:
982:
972:
915:
854:
805:
760:
752:
396:
Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong
24:
Committee of Hong Kong–Kowloon Chinese Compatriots of All Circles for the Struggle Against Persecution by the British Authorities in Hong Kong
905:
649:
The Struggle Committee had 104 members who elected a 17-member executive committee. The executive committee was chaired by FTU chairman
780:
482:
criticised ethnic Chinese policemen for "beating compatriots", describing them as "disgraceful" and urging them to "quickly repent".
838:: "Yeung's unionist career was marked by the 1967 riots, during which he served as director of the Anti-British Struggle Committee."
1355:
1255:
1222:
1201:
1180:
1159:
1126:
1105:
579:
485:
The original labour disputes had morphed into city-wide political riots by 11 May. On the morning of that day, several pro-
495:
125:
589:
The colonial authorities blamed the Struggle Committee for the bombings which took place during the 1967 riots, and the
1458:
351:
286:
247:
159:
536:
All those responsible for the sanguinary atrocities must apologise to the victims and offer them compensation.
1463:
455:
300:
196:
527:
All the just demands put forward by Chinese residents and workers in Hong Kong must be immediately accepted.
434:
Following the May 1967 riots in Hong Kong, the Struggle Committee published an English-language book titled
719:
539:
A guarantee must be given that there will be no repetition of similar incidents (i.e. the police response).
530:
All arrested individuals, including workers, cameramen, and journalists, must be set free immediately.
1420:
590:
486:
458:), including one at Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, a factory producing artificial flowers in
407:
1172:
Unsettling Exiles: Chinese Migrants in Hong Kong and the Southern Periphery During the Cold War
582:. The Struggle Committee received support not only from the PRC government, but also from the
1298:"Maoist Revolutionary Strategy and Modern Colonialism: The Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong"
575:
411:
118:
443:
Persecution" and the "Hong Kong–Kowloon All Sectors Anti-Persecution Struggle Committee".
187:
8:
472:
1325:
622:
500:
of local youth joined the demonstrators in throwing stones and bottles at the police.
1317:
1251:
1218:
1197:
1176:
1155:
1122:
1101:
549:
403:
139:
1309:
520:
323:
219:
1396:
1265:
1247:
Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform
1245:
1212:
1191:
1170:
1149:
1116:
1095:
638:
439:
422:, led the Struggle Committee as the chairman of a 17-member executive committee.
1193:
Sovereignty And The Status Quo: The Historical Roots Of China's Hong Kong Policy
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
583:
88:
1373:"Veteran unionist Yeung Kwong, ringleader in 1967 Hong Kong riots, dies at 89"
1452:
1321:
558:
1097:
East Asian Social Movements: Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region
554:
330:
226:
650:
642:
478:
459:
415:
52:
254:
Góng Gáu Gokgaai Tùhngbāau Fáandeui Góng Yīng Bīkhoih Daujāng Wáiyùhnwúi
1329:
1297:
490:
269:
Gong Gau Gokgaai Tungbaau Faandeoi Gong Jing Bikhoi Dauzang Waijyunwui
661:
467:
and plenty of students would come along to give it political backing.
344:
240:
1313:
621:
The colonial authorities later discovered that radicals within the
578:
3.3 million to the Struggle Committee through the state-controlled
365:
261:
612:
Liu Yat-yuen, another member of the executive committee, stated:
233:
Gǎng Jiǔ Gèjiè Tóngbāo Fǎnduì Gǎng Yīng Pòhài Dòuzhēng Wěiyuánhuì
489:(CCP) demonstrators marched around the city, carrying copies of
1397:"News from Chinese Provincial Radio Stations 23 to 29 May 1967"
1427:
1214:
Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong
1348:"Strike! A Reminder of Past Labour Militancy in Hong Kong"
16:
Anti-colonial group active during the 1967 Hong Kong riots
370:
356:
266:
252:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
1040:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1021:
960:
936:
926:
924:
454:
Three labour strikes began in Hong Kong on 1 May 1967 (
1094:
Broadbent, Jeffrey; Brockman, Vicky (7 January 2011).
831:
829:
816:
814:
561:
in Macau, which saw the colony being placed under the
860:
846:
844:
449:
335:
231:
1035:
1018:
948:
921:
893:
881:
826:
811:
1050:
841:
1093:
756:
1450:
510:Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions
420:Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions
1395:
776:
625:'s Hong Kong branch, which acted as the PRC's
402:, was a political committee which opposed the
598:
305:
291:
201:
164:
1217:(2nd ed.). Hong Kong University Press.
517:government of the People's Republic of China
404:British colonial administration in Hong Kong
109:government of the People's Republic of China
653:. The executive committee's members were:
35:Struggle Committee meeting, 30 August 1967
1100:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1370:
835:
637:
1371:Cheung, Gary; So, Peter (16 May 2015).
1114:
875:
820:
1451:
1295:
1243:
1148:Cheung, Gary Ka-wai (1 October 2009).
1147:
1044:
1029:
966:
954:
942:
930:
899:
887:
850:
793:
764:
1346:Chan, Chris King Chi (14 June 2013).
1231:from the original on 24 November 2022
1151:Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots
1435:from the original on 7 February 2008
1345:
1189:
1168:
1121:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
978:
748:
580:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
1288:
1210:
1056:
911:
801:
13:
1407:from the original on 20 March 2024
1274:from the original on 20 March 2024
1211:Loh, Christine (1 November 2018).
450:Background and prelude to founding
14:
1475:
1425:[1967 Hong Kong riots].
1383:from the original on 1 July 2022
1338:
1169:Chin, Angelina (25 April 2023).
1135:from the original on 18 May 2023
597:advantage, and with restraint" (
533:All fascist measures must cease.
132:
29:
1190:Lane, Kevin P. (11 July 2019).
1062:
1003:
988:
633:
371:
357:
267:
253:
126:Designated as a terrorist group
1154:. Hong Kong University Press.
1118:A Concise History of Hong Kong
786:
737:
336:
306:
292:
232:
202:
165:
1:
1267:The May Upheaval in Hong Kong
1175:. Columbia University Press.
757:Broadbent & Brockman 2011
725:
568:
436:The May Upheaval in Hong Kong
1250:. Rowman & Littlefield.
747:. This name is also used by
743:For the book mentioned, see
730:
720:Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)
599:
406:. It was established by pro-
7:
1115:Carroll, John Mark (2007).
713:
645:at a rally in November 1967
503:
418:, the then chairman of the
410:(CCP) activists during the
107:Financial support from the
10:
1480:
1431:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
1403:. Guangzhou. 29 May 1967.
1081:
456:International Workers' Day
79:16 May – 12 September 1967
1074:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
1015:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
1000:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)).
591:Hong Kong Bar Association
398:, often shortened to the
388:
384:
364:
350:
343:
329:
322:
317:
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299:
285:
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246:
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225:
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158:
153:
149:
145:
124:
114:
103:
95:
84:
58:
48:
40:
28:
23:
1421:
1377:South China Morning Post
1296:Heaton, William (1970).
1244:Pepper, Suzanne (2008).
1086:
426:only held two meetings.
287:Traditional Chinese
160:Traditional Chinese
487:Chinese Communist Party
429:
408:Chinese Communist Party
301:Simplified Chinese
197:Simplified Chinese
996:Kung Sheung Daily News
800:. For the latter, see
646:
619:
610:
608:Hong Kong authorities.
469:
1459:Politics of Hong Kong
641:
614:
605:
586:population at large.
545:CCP Central Committee
464:
1464:1967 Hong Kong riots
836:Cheung & So 2015
792:For the former, see
777:Radio Guangdong 1967
565:control of the PRC.
412:1967 Hong Kong riots
119:1967 Hong Kong riots
1013:, 12 September 1967
1358:on 13 October 2013
998:, 8 September 1967
693:Wong Fu-wing, Dick
647:
623:Xinhua News Agency
547:'s newspaper, the
400:Struggle Committee
60:Dates of operation
44:Struggle Committee
1257:978-0-7425-0877-4
1224:978-988-8455-73-7
1203:978-1-000-31238-6
1182:978-0-231-55821-1
1161:978-962-209-089-7
1128:978-0-7425-3422-3
1107:978-0-387-09626-1
969:, pp. 35–36.
945:, pp. 34–35.
392:
391:
380:
379:
352:Yale Romanization
324:Standard Mandarin
276:
275:
248:Yale Romanization
220:Standard Mandarin
203:港九各界同胞反对港英迫害斗争委员会
140:British Hong Kong
1471:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:. Archived from
1333:
1289:Journal articles
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1281:
1279:
1261:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1207:
1186:
1165:
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839:
833:
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602:
601:
584:mainland Chinese
521:Portuguese Macau
376:
375:
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360:
359:
339:
338:
315:
314:
309:
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235:
234:
211:
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191:
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138:
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115:Battles and wars
104:Means of revenue
80:
77:
75:
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68:
61:
33:
21:
20:
1479:
1478:
1474:
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1470:
1469:
1468:
1449:
1448:
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1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1401:Radio Guangdong
1386:
1384:
1361:
1359:
1341:
1336:
1314:10.2307/2643033
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1286:
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571:
506:
496:Little Red Book
452:
440:Radio Guangdong
432:
372:
268:
133:
131:
78:
73:
71:
66:
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59:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1446:
1445:
1417:
1393:
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1342:
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1334:
1308:(9): 840–857.
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1187:
1181:
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1160:
1145:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1061:
1059:, p. 107.
1049:
1034:
1017:
1011:Wah Kiu Yat Po
1002:
987:
971:
959:
947:
935:
920:
904:
892:
880:
878:, p. 151.
859:
840:
825:
810:
785:
769:
767:, p. 851.
735:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
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715:
712:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
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688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:Wang Kuancheng
670:
667:
664:
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635:
632:
570:
567:
550:People's Daily
541:
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345:Yue: Cantonese
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318:Transcriptions
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214:Transcriptions
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89:Decolonisation
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1352:Harbour Times
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1339:News articles
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1196:. Routledge.
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1073:
1072:, 24 May 1967
1071:
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1058:
1053:
1047:, p. 39.
1046:
1041:
1039:
1032:, p. 38.
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1024:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1006:
999:
997:
991:
984:
980:
975:
968:
963:
957:, p. 36.
956:
951:
944:
939:
933:, p. 91.
932:
927:
925:
917:
913:
908:
902:, p. 33.
901:
896:
890:, p. 30.
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678:Huang Yanfang
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559:12-3 incident
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1437:. Retrieved
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1356:the original
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1302:Asian Survey
1301:
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699:Liu Yat-yuen
669:Wong Kin-lap
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331:Hanyu Pinyin
281:Abbreviation
227:Hanyu Pinyin
154:Chinese name
91:of Hong Kong
18:
1439:19 December
1070:Ta Kung Pao
1045:Cheung 2009
1030:Cheung 2009
967:Cheung 2009
955:Cheung 2009
943:Cheung 2009
931:Cheung 2009
900:Cheung 2009
888:Cheung 2009
851:Cheung 2009
794:Pepper 2008
765:Heaton 1970
696:Pan Desheng
687:Guo Tianhai
666:Xie Honghui
658:Yeung Kwong
651:Yeung Kwong
643:Yeung Kwong
479:Ta Kung Pao
460:San Po Kong
416:Yeung Kwong
373:Dau Wai Wui
358:Dau Wái Wúi
337:Dòu Wěi Huì
99:104 members
53:Yeung Kwong
1453:Categories
1362:4 December
981:, p.
914:, p.
853:, p.
804:, p.
796:, p.
779:, p.
759:, p.
751:, p.
726:References
690:Deng Chuan
569:Operations
491:Mao Zedong
471:On 6 May,
74:1967-09-12
67:1967-05-16
1322:0004-4687
979:Lane 2019
749:Lane 2019
731:Citations
705:Chen Hong
702:Ren Yizhi
662:Fei Yimin
473:picketing
1433:Archived
1411:20 March
1405:Archived
1387:13 March
1381:Archived
1278:20 March
1272:Archived
1235:20 March
1229:Archived
1139:20 March
1133:Archived
1057:Loh 2018
912:Loh 2018
802:Loh 2018
714:See also
684:Liu Xian
627:de facto
600:有理，有利，有節
563:de facto
504:Founding
366:Jyutping
262:Jyutping
1422:六七年香港暴動
1330:2643033
1082:Sources
85:Motives
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763:, and
675:Hu Jiu
137:
49:Leader
1326:JSTOR
1087:Books
681:Wu Yi
1441:2007
1428:RTHK
1413:2024
1389:2022
1364:2021
1318:ISSN
1280:2024
1252:ISBN
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1219:ISBN
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1177:ISBN
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1123:ISBN
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576:US$
543:The
515:The
430:Name
394:The
96:Size
1310:doi
983:113
916:107
855:188
806:107
798:163
781:M–3
761:346
753:113
493:'s
307:斗委会
293:鬥委會
188:委員會
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185:鬥爭
182:迫害
179:港英
176:反對
173:同胞
170:各界
167:港九
128:by
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