683:
1007:
763:
656:
634:
717:
1161:
700:
1134:
141:
744:
109:
954:
1032:, in a clade called Halteria, which have one pair of the wings modified into halteres, and failed to support their relationship to the beetles. Further molecular studies, however, suggested they are outside the clade Mecopterida (containing the Diptera and Lepidoptera), but found no strong evidence for affinity with any other extant group. Study of their evolutionary position has been problematic due to difficulties in phylogenetic analysis arising from
1121:
123:
4062:
3213:
768:
767:
764:
769:
766:
1230:. The Elenchidae have two-segmented tarsi and four-segmented antennae, with the third segment having a lateral process. The Halictophagidae have three-segmented tarsi and seven-segmented antennae, with lateral processes from the third and fourth segments. The Stylopidae mostly parasitize wasps and bees, the Elenchidae are known to parasitize
1116:
in the same deposit indicates that the parasitic lifestyle of the group has likely existed nearly unchanged for 100 million years, though their evolutionary history prior to this remains a mystery. The idea that mengellinids' targeting of zygentomans represents the ancestral ecology of the group
869:
and transform into a less-mobile, legless larval form. They induce the host to produce a bag-like structure inside which they feed and grow. This structure, made from host tissue, protects them from the immune defences of the host. Larvae go through four more instars, and in each moult the older
765:
878:"), so multiple layers form around the larvae. Male larvae pupate after the last moult, but females directly become neotenous adults. The colour and shape of the host's abdomen may be changed and the host usually becomes sterile. The parasites then undergo
882:
to become adults. Adult males emerge from the host bodies, while females stay inside. Females may occupy up to 90% of the abdominal volume of their hosts. Adult males are very short-lived, usually surviving less than five hours, and do not feed.
514:
information. A similar organ exists in flies, though in that group the hindwings are modified instead, and the two groups are thought to have independently evolved the structures. The hindwings are generally fan-shaped, and have strongly reduced
850:(simple, single-lens eyes). When the larvae latch onto a host, they enter it by secreting enzymes that soften the cuticle, usually in the abdominal region of the host. Some species have been reported to enter the eggs of hosts. Larvae of
554:
of the entire image, the strepsipteran eyes consist of only a few dozen "eyelets" that each produce a complete image. These eyelets are separated by cuticle and/or setae, giving the cluster eye as a whole a blackberry-like appearance.
655:
945:, causing their ant hosts to linger on the tips of grass leaves, increasing the chance of being found by strepsipteran males (in the case of females) and putting them in a good position for male emergence (in the case of males).
2658:
Whiting, Michael F.; Carpenter, James C.; Wheeler, Quentin D.; Wheeler, Ward C. (1997). "The
Stresiptera Problem: Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insect Orders Inferred from 18S and 28S Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Morphology".
682:
1717:
may sometimes aid in reducing the impact of such pests, although no strepsipterans have ever been tested for use in this capacity, let alone being available for such purposes, either commercially or experimentally.
1253:
infect the developing wasp larvae in the nest and are present within the abdomens of female wasps when they hatch out. Here they remain until they thrust through the cuticle and pupate (males) or release infective
505:
cannot be used for feeding. Many have mouthparts modified into sensory structures. To the uninitiated the males superficially look like flies. The forewings are modified into small club-shaped structures called
586:). Adult female mengenillids are wingless but are free living and somewhat mobile with legs and small eyes. This is probably also true for the bahiaxenids, though this has not been observed.
2702:
Bonneton, F.; Brunet, F. G.; Kathirithamby, J.; Laudet, V. (2006). "The rapid divergence of the ecdysone receptor is a synapomorphy for
Mecopterida that clarifies the Strepsiptera problem".
435:
do emerge because they must find an unoccupied living host, and the short-lived males must emerge to seek a receptive female in her host. They are believed to be most closely related to
804:(in the case of Stylopidia, this is in a deep narrow fissure of the cephalothorax near the birth canal). Sperm passes through the opening directly into the body in a process called
612:, which are able to distinguish color. The underside of the body is covered in minute hair-like structures (microtrichia), which allow the larvae to stick to wet surfaces via
1080:
716:
3089:
1092:
800:
In the
Stylopidia, the female's anterior region protrudes out between the segments of the host's abdomen. In all strepsipterans the male mates by rupturing the female's
827:. Each female produces many thousands of planidium larvae. The larvae emerge from the brood opening/canal on the female's head, which protrudes outside the host body.
467:
Adult males are rarely observed, although specimens may be lured using cages containing virgin females. Nocturnal specimens can also be collected at light traps.
1086:
2901:"Description and biological notes of the first species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae) parasitic in Polistes carnifex F. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Mexico"
2821:
Pohl, H.; Beutel, R.G.; Kinzelbach, R. (2005). "Protoxenidae fam. nov. (Insecta, Strepsiptera) from Baltic amber—a 'missing link' in strepsipteran phylogeny".
641:
1799:"On the value of Burmese amber for understanding insect evolution: Insights from †Heterobathmilla – an exceptional stem group genus of Strepsiptera (Insecta)"
1074:
1226:
The
Stylopidae have four-segmented tarsi and four- to six-segmented antennae, with the third segment having a lateral process. The family Stylopidae may be
624:
segment of their legs have structures which allow them to cling to their hosts. Later larval instars which develop inside the host are completely immobile.
1501:
1208:
1050:
320:
4607:
4597:
4602:
3997:
3939:
3919:
1308:
1139:
743:
269:
4012:
3033:
1324:
1144:
275:
4461:
4170:
1421:
633:
4027:
1285:
1028:, which have similar parasitic development and forewing reduction. Early molecular research suggested their inclusion as a sister group to the
707:
263:
842:. The larvae are very active as they only have a limited amount of time to find a host before they exhaust their energy reserves. These first-
4500:
3959:
3934:
2856:
Bravo, Pohl; Silva-Neto; Beutel (2009). "Bahiaxenidae, a "living fossil" and a new family of
Strepsiptera (Hexapoda) discovered in Brazil".
2184:
Peinert, Miriam; Wipfler, Benjamin; Jetschke, Gottfried; Kleinteich, Thomas; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Beutel, Rolf G.; Pohl, Hans (2016-04-29).
3954:
3116:
2780:
Beutel, Rolf G.; Pohl, Hans; Yan, Evgeny V.; Anton, Eric; Liu, Si-Pei; Ślipiński, Adam; McKenna, Duane; Friedrich, Frank (January 2019).
1347:
281:
938:
Very rarely, multiple females may live within a single stylopized host; multiple males within a single host are somewhat more common.
4435:
823:; this behavior is unique to these insects. The offspring consume their mother from the inside in a process known as haemocoelous
563:
The females of
Stylopidia, which includes 97% of all described strepsipteran species and all modern strepsipteran families except
4474:
3060:
4107:
3047:
699:
4479:
1006:
2978:
431:. Females of most species never emerge from the host after entering its body, finally dying inside it. The early-stage
2079:"Traction force measurements on male Strepsiptera (Insecta) revealed higher forces on smooth than on hairy substrates"
3017:
891:
Strepsiptera of various species have been documented to attack hosts in many orders, including members of the orders
3058:
Survey of Modern
Counterparts of Schizochroal Trilobite Eyes: Structural and Functional Similarities and Differences
989:
977:
4414:
2482:
Engel, Michael S.; Huang, Diying; Breitkreuz, Laura C.V.; Azar, Dany; Cai, Chenyang; Alvarado, Mabel (March 2016).
4505:
2524:
1179:
The vast majority of living strepispterans are placed within the grouping
Stylopidia, which includes the families
4427:
3109:
2592:
2930:
Hughes, D. P.; Beani, L.; Turillazzi, S.; Kathirithamby, J. (2003). "Prevalence of the parasite
Strepsiptera in
931:, with a large number of stylopidians targeting wasps and bees, while the largest family of strepsipterans, the
439:, from which they diverged 300–350 million years ago, but do not appear in the fossil record until the mid-
4487:
2997:
2745:
Huelsenbeck, John P (1998). "Systematic Bias in
Phylogenetic Analysis: Is the Strepsiptera Problem Solved?".
2347:"Masquerading as Self? Endoparasitic Strepsiptera (Insecta) Enclose Themselves in Host-Derived Epidermal Bag"
3746:
456:. The name of the order translates to "twisted wing", giving rise to other common names used for the order,
965:
608: in) in length, smaller than many single-celled organisms. They are highly mobile with well developed
246:
4349:
4344:
4321:
140:
4100:
3102:
3009:
942:
583:
4554:
830:
Larvae have legs and actively seek out new hosts. Their legs are partly vestigial in that they lack a
4515:
1258:
larvae onto flowers (females). These larvae are transported back to their nests by foraging wasps.
1215:. All Stylopidia have endoparasitic females having multiple genital openings. Two living families,
3069:
3048:
Strepsiptera in Baltic amber (www.amber-inclusions.dk) - Strepsiptera, Mengeidae, Mengea tertiaria
1978:
1930:
4612:
4592:
4541:
4299:
4261:
3128:
2782:"The phylogeny of Coleopterida (Hexapoda) – morphological characters and molecular phylogenies"
1727:
1033:
805:
773:
520:
446:
The order is not well known to non-specialists, and the nearest they have to a common name is
4587:
4564:
4536:
4093:
1858:
1045:
4528:
4466:
2573:
A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby
2025:
1860:
A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby
4383:
4308:
2495:
2358:
2197:
2128:"The abdomen of a free-living female of Strepsiptera and the evolution of the birth organs"
1990:
1887:
1234:, while the Halictophagidae are found on leafhoppers, treehoppers, and mole cricket hosts.
502:
8:
3084:
2127:
1064:
794:
2499:
2362:
2201:
1994:
1891:
831:
4037:
3552:
3027:
2951:
2881:
2838:
2803:
2754:
2727:
2676:
2577:
2552:
2461:
2456:
2435:
2322:
2297:
2226:
2185:
2163:
2056:
1911:
1714:
866:
135:
3057:
2381:
2346:
1946:
1160:
4523:
4370:
4313:
4224:
3987:
3013:
2974:
2929:
2873:
2869:
2834:
2762:
2719:
2715:
2684:
2637:
2544:
2386:
2327:
2231:
2213:
2155:
2147:
2108:
2100:
2048:
2006:
1950:
1903:
1846:
1828:
1820:
1545:
1250:
1245:
1188:
1012:
801:
498:
304:
98:
4326:
2885:
2842:
2807:
2731:
2465:
2167:
2060:
1915:
621:
3929:
3780:
3466:
3001:
2955:
2943:
2912:
2865:
2830:
2793:
2711:
2668:
2627:
2536:
2503:
2484:"A new twisted-wing parasitoid from mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar (Strepsiptera)"
2451:
2405:
2376:
2366:
2317:
2309:
2221:
2205:
2139:
2090:
2040:
1998:
1942:
1895:
1810:
1171:
1133:
1125:
855:
839:
723:
613:
359:
2508:
2483:
516:
4375:
4219:
4073:
4007:
3924:
3914:
3891:
3458:
3064:
2969:
Venkateswarlu, B.; Shanker, Arun; Shanker, Chitra; Maheswari, M. (Nov 22, 2011).
2259:
1710:
1456:
1184:
923:, the males parasitize ants, while the females parasitize Orthoptera. Members of
690:
325:
4492:
3851:
2186:"Traumatic insemination and female counter-adaptation in Strepsiptera (Insecta)"
4422:
4409:
4239:
4085:
4066:
4022:
4017:
4002:
3949:
2351:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2002:
1523:
1238:
1200:
973:
928:
920:
835:
663:
407:
with eleven extant families that include about 600 described species. They are
330:
218:
3074:
2916:
2044:
1875:
1020:
Strepsiptera were once believed to be the sister group to the beetle families
4581:
4284:
4229:
4196:
3977:
3969:
3195:
3187:
2571:
2548:
2217:
2151:
2104:
1907:
1824:
1797:
Pohl, Hans; Wipfler, Benjamin; Boudinot, Brendon; Beutel, Rolf Georg (2020).
1434:
1384:
1216:
1192:
1148:
1097:
924:
777:
749:
Adult male strepsipteran in dorsal view, halteres highlighted with red arrows
673:
646:
579:
564:
524:
490:
299:
291:
205:
62:
3052:
2632:
2615:
2371:
1016:) with a small portion of a strepsipteran's body protruding from its abdomen
4214:
4160:
3909:
3682:
3651:
3593:
3548:
3380:
3323:
3152:
2877:
2766:
2723:
2688:
2641:
2390:
2331:
2313:
2235:
2159:
2112:
2052:
2026:"The unusual visual system of the Strepsiptera: external eye and neuropils"
2010:
1954:
1832:
1409:
1362:
1227:
1220:
1180:
1165:
1069:
1059:
1041:
1037:
1025:
935:, with over 27% of all described strepsipterans, targets bees exclusively.
733:
568:
543:
494:
408:
309:
286:
231:
192:
2947:
1773:
Whiting, M. F (2003). "Strepsiptera". In Resh, V. H.; R. T. Cardé (eds.).
4448:
4336:
4293:
4032:
3964:
3896:
3797:
3698:
3628:
3479:
3417:
3293:
2280:
1231:
1223:, are placed outside of this group, along with several extinct families.
1105:
912:
908:
576:
486:
108:
37:
2900:
4244:
4234:
4206:
4186:
3982:
3706:
3516:
3425:
3409:
3393:
3221:
2798:
2781:
2758:
2680:
2556:
2345:
Kathirithamby, Jeyaraney; Ross, Larry D.; Johnston, J. Spencer (2003).
2251:
2143:
2095:
2078:
1899:
1845:
Merriam-Webster: stylops broadly: an insect of the order Strepsiptera |
1582:
1478:
1396:
1204:
1196:
953:
932:
896:
859:
824:
793:
which the males use to locate them. Mating in at least some species is
728:
511:
440:
420:
340:
314:
82:
47:
4362:
2600:
2436:"Morphology of the female Myrmecolacidae (Strepsiptera) including the
2209:
1815:
1798:
1120:
4453:
4396:
4148:
4136:
3944:
3788:
3748:
3723:
3576:
3487:
3446:
3433:
3264:
3251:
3146:
2256:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1040:
of beetles (Coleoptera), with both groups together forming the clade
994:
982:
900:
892:
820:
816:
790:
620:, which are attached to muscles, which allow the larvae to jump. The
547:
539:
535:
428:
424:
172:
152:
87:
31:
4440:
4255:
2968:
2672:
2540:
4401:
4357:
4278:
4154:
3992:
3901:
3690:
3560:
3352:
3158:
1021:
1000:
969:
904:
879:
871:
847:
609:
572:
507:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2440:, and an associated structure analogous to the peritrophic matrix"
1715:
Inoculation of a pest population with the corresponding parasitoid
122:
3331:
3212:
2701:
2302:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2023:
1567:
1212:
1101:
916:
875:
809:
782:
669:
452:
335:
92:
67:
3094:
2183:
1876:"Strepsipteran forewings are haltere-like organs of equilibrium"
1108:, but are all more closely related to modern strepsiperans than
834:, the leg segment that forms the articulation between the basal
616:. At the back of the body are well developed large bristle-like
4142:
4130:
3668:
3568:
3495:
3401:
3310:
3302:
3140:
3125:
1255:
1113:
1055:
843:
688:
Recently hatched larvae of a stylopid strepsipteran on the bee
617:
595:
531:
436:
432:
404:
182:
162:
4061:
2657:
1104:, around 99 million years old, which all lie outside the
392:
4549:
4388:
2298:"Stand tall and they still get you in your Achilles foot-pad"
2077:
Pohl, Hans; Gorb, Elena V.; Gorb, Stanislav N. (2020-01-01).
1029:
808:, which has independently evolved in some other insects like
551:
2996:
927:
target Zygentoma exclusively, while Stylopidia targets only
530:
Adult male Strepsiptera have eyes unlike those of any other
3756:
2971:
Crop Stress and its Management: Perspectives and Strategies
1036:. Most modern molecular studies find strepsipterans as the
416:
395:
371:
2525:"Behavioral Interactions between Ants and Their Parasites"
3766:
3080:
2344:
1796:
412:
383:
2481:
2126:
Tröger, Daniel; Beutel, Rolf G.; Pohl, Hans (May 2019).
1072:. The earliest known strepsipteran fossils are those of
575:
in form, lacking wings, legs, and eyes, but have a well
972:, which are held at a twisted angle when at rest (from
3709:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
2973:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 104.
2281:
Borror, D.J.; Triplehorn, C.A.; Johnson, N.F. (1989).
2855:
1929:
Rokas, Antonis; Holland, Peter W.H. (November 2000).
380:
362:
2820:
389:
386:
374:
368:
365:
2898:
815:Strepsiptera eggs hatch inside the female, and the
377:
2779:
1931:"Rare genomic changes as a tool for phylogenetics"
1096:(Phthanoxenidae), discovered in middle Cretaceous
797:, where the female mates with more than one male.
1856:
4579:
4115:
2899:Kathirithamby, Jeyaraney; Hughes, David (2006).
2433:
2125:
527:, likely to detect females over long distances.
1062:, while the most basal living strepsipteran is
2616:"Long-Branch Distraction and the Strepsiptera"
2024:Buschbeck, E. K.; B. Ehmer; R. R. Hoy (2003).
1874:Pix, W.; Nalbach, G.; Zeil, J. (August 1993).
1873:
941:Strepsiptera of the family Myrmecolacidae can
661:Male pupa head (top left) and adult female of
4101:
3546:
3110:
2892:
2590:
2295:
1772:
672:) in ventral view (right) and closeup of the
571:, are not known to leave their hosts and are
3032:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2923:
2653:
2651:
2406:"Crazy wasps: when parasites manipulate the
2403:
2076:
1977:Pohl, Hans; Beutel, Rolf Georg (July 2008).
1928:
1117:as a whole has been considered questionable.
3378:
3186:
2744:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1704:
819:can move around freely within the female's
475:
4608:Taxa named by William Kirby (entomologist)
4598:Insects used as insect pest control agents
4108:
4094:
3292:
3117:
3103:
1979:"The evolution of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda)"
1976:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
121:
107:
4603:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
2934:as detected by dissection of immatures".
2849:
2797:
2648:
2631:
2507:
2455:
2444:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2380:
2370:
2321:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2225:
2094:
1814:
870:cuticle separates but is not discarded ("
598:) larvae are on average 230 micrometres (
3838:Four most speciose orders are marked in
3428:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
1709:Some insects which have been considered
1159:
1132:
1119:
1005:
952:
761:
3053:Strepsiptera - Tree of Life Web Project
2613:
2576:. Government Printing Office. pp.
1739:
999:), wing). The forewings are reduced to
546:consisting of hundreds to thousands of
4580:
2569:
2522:
2265:
1713:may have strepsipteran endoparasites.
4260:
4259:
4089:
3876:
3171:
3098:
2477:
2475:
2247:
2245:
2179:
2177:
1777:. Academic Press. pp. 1094–1096.
1112:is. The finding of a parasitic first
919:(flies). In the strepsipteran family
4555:CD1CF855-4D1A-FF9A-EE5A-FD7A14B36DDC
4516:7e162ec7-2be2-4f7e-a14c-0db571eb0319
4428:ca8624a4-c746-400e-9bf2-e2e0b3548045
3701:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
3075:The Peculiar Strepsiptera Life Cycle
2283:Introduction to the Study of Insects
2072:
2070:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
2033:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1249:, a species of social wasps. These
1237:Strepsipteran insects in the genus
1151:, around 100 million years old
865:Once inside the host, they undergo
534:, resembling the eyes found in the
443:around 100 million years ago.
13:
2990:
2472:
2457:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00164.x
2242:
2174:
14:
4624:
3124:
3041:
2591:Kathirithamby, Jeyaraney (2002).
2296:Kathirithamby, Jeyaraney (2001).
2067:
1961:
1935:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1781:
523:, and are covered in specialised
4060:
3211:
2870:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00264.x
2835:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00173.x
2716:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00654.x
1068:, the sole member of the family
943:influence their host's behaviour
742:
715:
698:
681:
654:
632:
358:
139:
35:
2962:
2814:
2773:
2738:
2695:
2607:
2584:
2570:Pierce, William Dwight (1909).
2563:
2516:
2427:
2397:
2338:
2289:
2119:
2083:Journal of Experimental Biology
485:Males of the Strepsiptera have
2017:
1922:
1867:
1850:
1839:
1:
3631:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
2509:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.008
1947:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01967-4
1733:
886:
757:
594:Newly hatched primary (first
3579:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
3070:Family outline: Strepsiptera
2614:Whiting, Michael F. (1998).
2597:The Tree of Life Web Project
1863:. Washington: US Government.
1261:
1048:strepsipteran is the fossil
995:
983:
915:(wasps, ants and bees), and
737:, exposing its cephalothorax
705:Closeup of the head of male
450:, in reference to the genus
7:
3877:
1721:
1155:
1081:Kinzelbachilla ellenbergeri
948:
852:Stichotrema dallatorreanurn
10:
4629:
3769:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
3662:(twisted-winged parasites)
3334:(dragonflies, damselflies)
3172:
3079:Strepsiptera discussed in
3010:Cambridge University Press
2523:Wojcik, Daniel P. (1989).
2285:(6 ed.). Brooks Cole.
2003:10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.008
1857:Pierce, W. Dwight (1909).
988:
976:
968:in 1813, is named for the
858:were found to enter their
558:
470:
411:of other insects, such as
4268:
4205:
4169:
4125:
4054:
3887:
3883:
3872:
3834:
3779:
3737:
3722:
3681:
3650:
3641:
3623:
3592:
3542:
3515:
3478:
3445:
3389:
3374:
3351:
3322:
3301:
3288:
3263:
3247:
3220:
3209:
3182:
3178:
3167:
3135:
2917:10.11646/zootaxa.1104.1.3
2434:Kathirithamby, J (2000).
2417:Annales Zoologici Fennici
2045:10.1007/s00359-003-0443-x
1580:
1565:
1558:
1543:
1536:
1521:
1514:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1447:
1432:
1425:
1407:
1400:
1382:
1375:
1360:
1344:
1337:
1321:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1275:
1140:Heterobathmilla kakopoios
1137:Stem-group strepsipteran
1093:Heterobathmilla kakopoios
899:(grasshoppers, crickets)
895:(silverfish and allies),
789:Virgin females release a
731:) female stylopizing bee
589:
259:
254:
136:Scientific classification
134:
129:
120:
115:
106:
23:
3420:(stick and leaf insects)
3006:Evolution of the Insects
2704:Insect Molecular Biology
2529:The Florida Entomologist
1705:Relationship with humans
676:(centre and bottom left)
480:
476:Appearance and structure
462:twisted-winged parasites
3847:are paraphyletic groups
3490:(cockroaches, termites)
3254:(silverfish, firebrats)
2633:10.1080/106351598261076
2372:10.1073/pnas.1131999100
1775:Encyclopedia of Insects
3198:(jumping bristletails)
2314:10.1098/rspb.2001.1810
1728:Entomophagous parasite
1176:
1152:
1130:
1078:(Cretostylopdiae) and
1034:long branch attraction
1017:
961:
862:host's tarsus (foot).
806:traumatic insemination
786:
774:Traumatic insemination
639:Free living female of
550:, that each produce a
4537:Paleobiology Database
4190:(Bahiaxenos relictus)
2948:10.1007/s000400300010
2786:Systematic Entomology
2404:Beani, Laura (2006).
2132:Journal of Morphology
2089:(Pt 18): jeb.223784.
1175:mating on its abdomen
1163:
1136:
1123:
1087:Phthanoxenos nervosus
1009:
956:
772:
4423:Fauna Europaea (new)
3800:(moths, butterflies)
964:The order, named by
958:Mengenilla moldrzyki
642:Mengenilla moldrzyki
458:twisted-wing insects
3085:Critter of the Week
2500:2016CrRes..58..160E
2488:Cretaceous Research
2363:2003PNAS..100.7655K
2308:(1483): 2287–2289.
2202:2016NatSR...625052P
1995:2008Zool..111..318P
1892:1993NW.....80..371P
1880:Naturwissenschaften
1075:Cretostylops engeli
1065:Bahiaxenos relictus
519:. The antennae are
4067:Insects portal
4038:Triadophlebioptera
3063:2007-09-28 at the
2799:10.1111/syen.12316
2747:Systematic Biology
2661:Systematic Biology
2620:Systematic Biology
2190:Scientific Reports
2144:10.1002/jmor.20981
2096:10.1242/jeb.223784
1900:10.1007/BF01138795
1502:Protelencholacidae
1251:obligate parasites
1209:Protelencholacidae
1177:
1153:
1131:
1051:Protoxenos janzeni
1018:
962:
907:(praying mantis),
867:hypermetamorphosis
787:
403:) are an order of
321:Protelencholacidae
4575:
4574:
4524:Open Tree of Life
4262:Taxon identifiers
4253:
4252:
4225:Callipharixenidae
4192:
4180:
4083:
4082:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
3988:Palaeodictyoptera
3973:
3905:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3770:
3760:
3752:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3672:
3663:
3632:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3470:
3467:Mantophasmatodea
3462:
3451:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3314:
3303:Ephemeropteroidea
3255:
3207:
3206:
3199:
2823:Zoologica Scripta
2603:on July 15, 2017.
2357:(13): 7655–7659.
2210:10.1038/srep25052
1816:10.1111/cla.12433
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1546:Callipharixenidae
1246:Polistes carnifex
1189:Callipharixenidae
1013:Odynerus spinipes
987:), to twist; and
770:
350:
349:
305:Callipharixenidae
250:
99:Middle Cretaceous
4620:
4568:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4545:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4495:
4493:NBNSYS0000161065
4483:
4482:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4317:
4316:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4257:
4256:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4065:
4064:
3998:Permoplectoptera
3971:
3930:Diaphanopterodea
3903:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3799:
3790:
3781:Amphiesmenoptera
3768:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3670:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3578:
3570:
3563:(barklice, lice)
3562:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3497:
3489:
3468:
3460:
3459:Grylloblattodea
3449:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3333:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3215:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3037:
3031:
3023:
2985:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2936:Insectes Sociaux
2927:
2921:
2920:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2599:. Archived from
2588:
2582:
2581:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2263:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1794:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1538:
1517:
1516:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1471:
1450:
1449:
1428:
1427:
1403:
1402:
1378:
1377:
1340:
1339:
1301:
1300:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1172:Stylops melittae
1126:Stylops melittae
998:
992:
986:
980:
856:Papua New Guinea
817:planidium larvae
771:
746:
724:Stylops melittae
719:
702:
685:
658:
636:
614:capillary action
607:
606:
602:
582:(fused head and
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
245:
144:
143:
130:Stylopid female
125:
111:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Order of insects
4628:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4220:Halictophagidae
4201:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4121:
4114:
4084:
4079:
4059:
4042:
4008:Protelytroptera
3940:Eudiaphanoptera
3925:Coxoplectoptera
3920:Carbotriplurida
3915:Campylopteridae
3892:Aethiocarenodea
3879:
3860:
3806:
3775:
3751:(scorpionflies)
3738:
3727:
3725:
3714:
3677:
3642:
3637:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3584:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3474:
3448:
3441:
3436:(angel insects)
3379:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3318:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3259:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3203:
3174:
3163:
3131:
3123:
3065:Wayback Machine
3044:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2993:
2991:Further reading
2988:
2981:
2967:
2963:
2928:
2924:
2897:
2893:
2854:
2850:
2819:
2815:
2778:
2774:
2743:
2739:
2700:
2696:
2673:10.2307/2413635
2656:
2649:
2612:
2608:
2589:
2585:
2568:
2564:
2541:10.2307/3494966
2521:
2517:
2480:
2473:
2432:
2428:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2343:
2339:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2266:
2260:Greenwood Press
2250:
2243:
2182:
2175:
2124:
2120:
2075:
2068:
2028:
2022:
2018:
1975:
1962:
1941:(11): 454–459.
1927:
1923:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1795:
1782:
1771:
1740:
1736:
1724:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1457:Halictophagidae
1309:Cretostylopidae
1264:
1185:Halictophagidae
1169:male bee, with
1158:
951:
903:(cockroaches),
889:
854:Hofeneder from
762:
760:
755:
754:
753:
750:
747:
738:
720:
711:
703:
694:
691:Andrena nivalis
686:
677:
659:
650:
637:
604:
600:
599:
592:
561:
542:. Instead of a
501:, though their
483:
478:
473:
361:
357:
326:Halictophagidae
270:Cretostylopidae
244:
138:
102:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4510:
4497:
4484:
4471:
4458:
4445:
4432:
4419:
4410:Fauna Europaea
4406:
4393:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4331:
4318:
4305:
4290:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:Myrmecolacidae
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4183:
4181:
4177:(paraphyletic)
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Protozygoptera
4020:
4018:Protorthoptera
4015:
4013:Protephemerida
4010:
4005:
4003:Protanisoptera
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3972:(griffinflies)
3970:Meganisoptera
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:Glosselytrodea
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3691:Raphidioptera
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3643:Neuropteroidea
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3537:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3461:(ice-crawlers)
3455:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3369:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:Ephemeroptera
3307:
3305:
3296:
3283:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3248:
3242:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:Archaeognatha
3192:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:30 August 2022
3077:
3072:
3067:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3042:External links
3040:
3039:
3038:
3018:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:978-9400722194
2979:
2961:
2922:
2891:
2864:(6): 614–623.
2848:
2813:
2772:
2753:(3): 519–537.
2737:
2710:(3): 351–362.
2694:
2647:
2626:(1): 134–138.
2606:
2593:"Strepsiptera"
2583:
2562:
2515:
2471:
2450:(3): 269–287.
2426:
2396:
2337:
2288:
2264:
2241:
2173:
2138:(5): 739–755.
2118:
2066:
2039:(8): 617–630.
2016:
1989:(4): 318–338.
1960:
1921:
1886:(8): 371–374.
1866:
1849:
1838:
1809:(2): 211–229.
1780:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:Myrmecolacidae
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:Phthanoxenidae
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1211:(extinct) and
1201:Myrmecolacidae
1157:
1154:
1145:Phthanoxenidae
1054:discovered in
960:(Mengenilidae)
950:
947:
929:winged insects
921:Myrmecolacidae
888:
885:
783:Stylops ovinae
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
741:
739:
721:
714:
712:
704:
697:
695:
687:
680:
678:
660:
653:
651:
638:
631:
628:
627:
626:
591:
588:
560:
557:
525:chemoreceptors
510:, which sense
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
333:
331:Myrmecolacidae
328:
323:
317:
312:
307:
302:
294:
289:
284:
278:
276:Phthanoxenidae
272:
266:
257:
256:
252:
251:
239:
235:
234:
229:
222:
221:
219:Neuropteroidea
216:
209:
208:
203:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
127:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
104:
103:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4625:
4614:
4613:Endoparasites
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Insect orders
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Bohartillidae
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4197:Mengenillidae
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:Bahiaxenidae
4185:
4184:
4182:
4172:
4171:Mengenillidia
4168:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Megasecoptera
3976:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3791:(caddisflies)
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3757:Siphonaptera
3754:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:(Mecopterida)
3721:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3660:Strepsiptera
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3591:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:Thysanoptera
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3412:(webspinners)
3408:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3350:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3219:
3214:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3019:0-521-82149-5
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2792:(1): 75–102.
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:Bohartillidae
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:Stylopiformia
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:Mengenillidae
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1273:Strepsiptera
1272:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:Mengenillidae
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Bohartillidae
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1150:
1149:Burmese amber
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Burmese amber
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1002:
997:
991:
985:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:William Kirby
959:
955:
946:
944:
939:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:Mengenillidae
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
881:
877:
873:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
785:
784:
779:
778:endoparasitic
775:
745:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
725:
718:
713:
710:
709:
701:
696:
693:
692:
684:
679:
675:
674:cephalothorax
671:
668:(Stylopidia,
667:
665:
657:
652:
648:
647:Mengenillidae
644:
643:
635:
630:
629:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
597:
587:
585:
581:
580:cephalothorax
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Mengenillidae
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
468:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:endoparasites
406:
400:
355:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Bohartillidae
298:
297:
295:
293:
292:Mengenillidae
290:
288:
285:
283:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
265:
261:
260:
258:
253:
248:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:Aparaglossata
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:
105:
100:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
4588:Strepsiptera
4327:Strepsiptera
4314:Strepsiptera
4300:Strepsiptera
4270:Strepsiptera
4269:
4215:Corioxenidae
4189:
4161:Holometabola
4159:Superorder:
4153:Infraclass:
4118:Strepsiptera
4117:
4072:
4058:
4028:Syntonoptera
3910:Caloneurodea
3902:Blattoptera
3853:
3844:
3839:
3798:Lepidoptera
3796:
3789:Trichoptera
3765:
3747:
3699:Megaloptera
3693:(snakeflies)
3683:Neuropterida
3667:
3659:
3652:Coleopterida
3629:Hymenoptera
3627:
3549:Paraneoptera
3547:
3469:(gladiators)
3418:Phasmatodea
3396:(stoneflies)
3381:Polyneoptera
3324:Odonatoptera
3188:Monocondylia
3153:Pancrustacea
3151:(unranked):
3083:
3005:
2998:Grimaldi, D.
2970:
2964:
2942:(1): 62–68.
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2664:
2660:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2601:the original
2596:
2586:
2572:
2565:
2535:(1): 43–51.
2532:
2528:
2518:
2491:
2487:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2399:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2282:
2255:
2193:
2189:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2086:
2082:
2036:
2032:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1852:
1841:
1806:
1802:
1774:
1708:
1581:
1566:
1544:
1522:
1499:
1477:
1455:
1433:
1410:Corioxenidae
1408:
1383:
1363:Bahiaxenidae
1361:
1345:
1322:
1306:
1286:Protoxenidae
1283:
1265:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1228:paraphyletic
1225:
1221:Bahiaxenidae
1181:Corioxenidae
1178:
1170:
1166:Andrena vaga
1164:
1138:
1124:
1109:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1070:Bahiaxenidae
1063:
1060:Baltic amber
1049:
1042:Coleopterida
1038:sister group
1026:Ripiphoridae
1019:
1011:
963:
957:
940:
937:
890:
864:
851:
846:larvae have
829:
814:
799:
788:
781:
734:Andrena vaga
732:
722:
708:Xenos peckii
706:
689:
662:
640:
593:
569:Bahiaxenidae
562:
544:compound eye
529:
484:
466:
461:
457:
451:
447:
445:
354:Strepsiptera
353:
351:
310:Corioxenidae
287:Bahiaxenidae
264:Protoxenidae
242:Strepsiptera
241:
232:Coleopterida
225:
212:
199:
193:Holometabola
189:(unranked):
24:Strepsiptera
18:
4449:iNaturalist
4294:Wikispecies
4074:Wikispecies
4033:Titanoptera
3965:Lapeyriidae
3960:Hypoperlida
3935:Eoblattodea
3904:(roachoids)
3897:Archodonata
3739:Antliophora
3707:Neuroptera
3669:Coleoptera
3480:Dictyoptera
3450:(Xenonomia)
3426:Orthoptera
3410:Embioptera
3402:Dermaptera
3394:Plecoptera
3294:Palaeoptera
3157:Subphylum:
3002:Engel, M.S.
2667:(1): 1–68.
2494:: 160–167.
2252:Piper, Ross
1243:parasitize
1232:Fulgoroidea
1106:crown group
1044:. The most
913:Hymenoptera
909:Heteroptera
860:orthopteran
795:polyandrous
577:sclerotised
429:cockroaches
421:leafhoppers
296:Stylopidia
4582:Categories
4245:Stylopidae
4235:Elenchidae
4207:Stylopidia
4147:Subclass:
4137:Arthropoda
3983:Miomoptera
3749:Mecoptera
3577:Hemiptera
3498:(mantises)
3488:Blattodea
3434:Zoraptera
3313:(mayflies)
3252:Zygentoma
3147:Arthropoda
2858:Cladistics
2423:: 564–574.
2410:phenotype"
1803:Cladistics
1734:References
1583:Stylopidae
1479:Elenchidae
1397:Stylopidia
1205:Stylopidae
1197:Elenchidae
1110:Protoxenos
933:Stylopidae
897:Orthoptera
887:Parasitism
832:trochanter
825:viviparity
780:female in
758:Life cycle
729:Stylopidae
521:flabellate
512:gyroscopic
503:mouthparts
441:Cretaceous
425:silverfish
341:Stylopidae
315:Elenchidae
173:Arthropoda
30:99–0
4149:Pterygota
4129:Kingdom:
3955:Heraridea
3945:Geroptera
3850:Based on
3724:Panorpida
3671:(beetles)
3561:Psocodea
3496:Mantodea
3447:Notoptera
3404:(earwigs)
3139:Kingdom:
3028:cite book
2911:: 35–45.
2829:: 57–69.
2549:0015-4040
2218:2045-2322
2196:: 25052.
2152:0362-2525
2105:1477-9145
1908:0028-1042
1825:1096-0031
1348:Mengeidae
1262:Cladogram
984:strephein
970:hindwings
901:Blattodea
893:Zygentoma
821:haemocoel
791:pheromone
548:ommatidia
540:Phacopina
536:trilobite
282:Mengeidae
255:Families
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
4358:BugGuide
4334:BioLib:
4279:Wikidata
4155:Neoptera
4135:Phylum:
4131:Animalia
4120:families
3993:Paoliida
3767:Diptera
3571:(thrips)
3332:Odonata
3159:Hexapoda
3145:Phylum:
3141:Animalia
3061:Archived
3004:(2005).
2932:Polistes
2886:83936131
2878:34879590
2843:85232914
2808:92390950
2767:12066692
2732:25178911
2724:16756554
2689:11975347
2642:12064233
2466:83484969
2408:Polistes
2391:12788973
2332:11703867
2254:(2007),
2236:27125507
2168:84185553
2160:30892750
2113:32719048
2061:21888897
2053:12879355
2011:18356032
1955:11050348
1916:43790345
1833:34478185
1722:See also
1156:Families
1022:Meloidae
1010:A wasp (
1001:halteres
978:στρέϕειν
949:Taxonomy
911:(bugs),
905:Mantodea
880:pupation
874:without
872:apolysis
848:stemmata
838:and the
810:bed bugs
610:stemmata
573:neotenic
517:venation
508:halteres
499:antennae
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
101:- recent
4565:4779760
4285:Q327144
4143:Insecta
4141:Class:
4116:Extant
3878:Extinct
3852:Sasaki
3759:(fleas)
3553: *
2956:9691419
2905:Zootaxa
2759:2585257
2681:2413635
2557:3494966
2496:Bibcode
2359:Bibcode
2323:1088878
2227:4850473
2198:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1983:Zoology
1888:Bibcode
1568:Xenidae
1266:After:
1213:Xenidae
1102:Myanmar
917:Diptera
876:ecdysis
802:cuticle
670:Xenidae
603:⁄
559:Females
471:Biology
453:Stylops
448:stylops
437:beetles
405:insects
336:Xenidae
238:Order:
183:Insecta
179:Class:
4562:uBio:
4529:457406
4513:NZOR:
4480:114989
4402:1STREO
4350:106972
3856:(2013)
3854:et al.
3845:Italic
3173:Extant
3129:orders
3126:Insect
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1256:instar
1254:first-
1114:instar
1056:Eocene
996:pteron
990:πτερόν
844:instar
776:of an
622:tarsal
596:instar
590:Larvae
584:thorax
538:group
532:insect
497:, and
433:larvae
427:, and
249:, 1813
4550:Plazi
4542:69406
4506:30261
4467:11510
4462:IRMNG
4454:83202
4415:12664
4337:16903
2952:S2CID
2882:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2804:S2CID
2755:JSTOR
2728:S2CID
2677:JSTOR
2553:JSTOR
2462:S2CID
2438:apron
2413:(PDF)
2164:S2CID
2057:S2CID
2029:(PDF)
1912:S2CID
1711:pests
1240:Xenos
1147:) in
1100:from
1058:aged
1046:basal
1030:flies
974:Greek
840:femur
666:yangi
664:Xenos
618:cerci
552:pixel
487:wings
481:Males
417:wasps
247:Kirby
226:Clade
213:Clade
200:Clade
116:Male
4501:NCBI
4475:ITIS
4441:1227
4436:GBIF
4397:EPPO
4389:1091
4363:9667
4345:BOLD
3840:bold
3034:link
3014:ISBN
3000:and
2975:ISBN
2909:1104
2874:PMID
2763:PMID
2720:PMID
2685:PMID
2638:PMID
2545:ISSN
2387:PMID
2328:PMID
2232:PMID
2214:ISSN
2156:PMID
2148:ISSN
2109:PMID
2101:ISSN
2049:PMID
2007:PMID
1951:PMID
1904:ISSN
1829:PMID
1821:ISSN
1219:and
1129:male
1090:and
1024:and
836:coxa
567:and
495:eyes
491:legs
460:and
413:bees
352:The
38:PreꞒ
4488:NBN
4384:EoL
4376:465
4371:CoL
4322:AFD
4309:ADW
3081:RNZ
2944:doi
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2866:doi
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2794:doi
2712:doi
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2537:doi
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2452:doi
2448:128
2377:PMC
2367:doi
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2140:doi
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