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347:(clear phase) which allows the cells to concentrate keratin and toughen them before they rise into a typically thicker, more cohesive stratum corneum. The mechanical stress of heavy structural strain causes this stratum lucidum phase in these regions which require additional protection in order to grasp objects, resist abrasion or impact, and avoid injury. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of corneocytes. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 μm.
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and lipid barrier sit on top of the stratum disjunctum. The stratum disjunctum is the uppermost and loosest layer of skin. The stratum compactum is the comparatively deeper, more compacted and more cohesive part of the stratum corneum. The corneocytes of the stratum disjunctum are larger, more rigid
277:
Research on osmotic permeability suggests the stratum compactum consists of two layers. The stratum disjunctum above these layers can swell, as can the lowest layer of the stratum disjunctum (two-fold). However, the first layer in the stratum compactum between them has limited swelling capacity and
218:
Among its properties are mechanical shear, impact resistance, water flux and hydration regulation, microbial proliferation and invasion regulation, initiation of inflammation through cytokine activation and dendritic cell activity, and selective permeability to exclude toxins, irritants, and
873:
Descargues P, Deraison C, Bonnart C, Kreft M, Kishibe M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Elias P, Barrandon Y, Zambruno G, Sonnenberg A, Hovnanian A (Jan 2005). "Spink5-deficient mice mimic
Netherton syndrome through degradation of desmoglein 1 by epidermal protease hyperactivity".
310:, eventually permitting cells to be shed at the surface. Desquamation and formation of the cornified envelope are both required for the maintenance of skin homeostasis. A failure to correctly regulate these processes leads to skin disorders developing.
775:
Richter, T.; Peuckert, C.; Sattler, M.; Koenig, K.; Riemann, I.; Hintze, U.; Wittern, K.-P.; Wiesendanger, R.; Wepf, R. (2004). "Dead but Highly
Dynamic – The Stratum corneum Is Divided into Three Hydration Zones".
332:
water, further aiding in hydration. In addition, this layer is responsible for the "spring back" or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape.
377:
An inability to correctly maintain the skin barrier function due to the dysregulation of epidermal components can lead to skin disorders. For example, a failure to modulate the activity of
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In the human forearm, about 1300 cells per cm per hour are shed. Stratum corneum protects the internal structures of the body from external injury and bacterial invasion.
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which become covalently linked to an envelope of structural proteins (the cornified envelope).permeabilitys complex surrounds cells in the
957:
531:"The Clinical Relevance of Maintaining the Functional Integrity of the Stratum Corneum in both Healthy and Disease-affected Skin"
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857:
587:
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Ovaere P; Lippens S; Vandenabeele P; Declercq W. (2009). "The emerging roles of serine protease cascades in the epidermis".
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215:, chemicals and mechanical stress. It is composed of 15–20 layers of flattened cells with no nuclei and cell organelles.
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306:) facilitate cellular adhesion by linking adjacent cells within this epidermal layer. These complexes are degraded by
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249:. These cells migrate through the epidermis towards the surface in a journey that takes approximately fourteen days.
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is an increased thickness of the stratum corneum, and is an unspecific finding, seen in many skin conditions.
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354:, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is replaced only during times of rapid growth, in a process called
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Sadowski T, Klose C, Gerl MJ, Wójcik-Maciejewicz A, Herzog R, Simons K, Reich A, Surma MA (2017).
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is the process of cell shedding from the surface of the stratum corneum, balancing proliferating
35:
329:
170:
820:
472:"Large-scale human skin lipidomics by quantitative, high-throughput shotgun mass spectrometry"
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290:, the process whereby living keratinocytes are transformed into non-living corneocytes, the
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of the feet (sometimes knees, elbows, knuckles,) this layer is stabilized and built by the
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The thickness of the stratum corneum varies throughout the body. In the palms of the
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932: – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Integument: thick skin"
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728:"Dissecting the formation, structure and barrier function of the stratum corneum"
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Kuo, Shu-Hua; Shen, Ching-Ju; Shen, Ching-Fen; Cheng, Chao-Min (February 2020).
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and contributes to the skin's barrier function. Corneodesmosomes (modified
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Gerioperative
Nursing Care: Principles and Practices of Surgical Care
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582:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 285–286.
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The human stratum corneum comprises several levels of flattened
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207:. Consisting of dead tissue, it protects underlying tissue from
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Sampling of human stratum corneum using a tape-stripping method
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Murphrey, Morgan B.; Miao, Julia H.; Zito, Patrick M. (2021),
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Mitra, Ashim K.; Kwatra, Deep; Vadlapudi, Aswani Dutt (2015).
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and more hydrophobic than those of the stratum compactum.
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allergens. The cytoplasm of its cells shows filamentous
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Cells of the stratum corneum contain a dense network of
577:
645:"Role of pH Value in Clinically Relevant Diagnosis"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
535:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
402:showing prominent hyperkeratosis in skin without
203:for 'horny layer') is the outermost layer of the
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726:Matsui, Takeshi; Amagai, Masayuki (2015-03-26).
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642:
321:that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing
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702:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
529:Del Rosso, James Q.; Levin, Jacqueline (2011).
366:, which provides a much more rigid skin layer.
924:medicine/dermatology/melton/skinlsn/stcorn.htm
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849:Human Embryology and Developmental Biology
819:Dr. Raelene V. Shippee-Rice (2011-11-14).
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852:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 178.
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278:provides the stratum corneum's barrier.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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362:. This is conferred by the presence of
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261:that are divided into two layers: the
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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388:causes the debilitating disorder
846:Carlson, Bruce M. (2018-11-30).
778:Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
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16:Outermost layer of the epidermis
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34:needs additional citations for
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610:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
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1:
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696:"Histology, Stratum Corneum"
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967:Skin and related structures
662:10.3390/diagnostics10020107
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164:stratum corneum epidermidis
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622:10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.001
381:via the disruption of the
294:is replaced by a layer of
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930:Histology image: 08422loa
825:. Springer. p. 322.
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732:International Immunology
269:. The skin's protective
1121:Loose connective tissue
328:. These cells can also
1244:Bulb with matrix cells
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192:
171:Anatomical terminology
745:10.1093/intimm/dxv013
442:Peeling skin syndrome
398:
190:
1267:Arrector pili muscle
1157:Apocrine sweat gland
43:improve this article
1162:Eccrine sweat gland
1110:Panniculus carnosus
1105:Panniculus adiposus
1089:Subcutaneous tissue
490:2017NatSR...743761S
1277:Pilosebaceous unit
1126:Superficial fascia
1035:Basal keratinocyte
1002:Stratum granulosum
477:Scientific Reports
447:Stratum granulosum
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390:Netherton syndrome
383:protease inhibitor
263:stratum disjunctum
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1199:Inner root sheath
1194:Outer root sheath
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1027:Basement membrane
859:978-0-323-66144-7
790:10.1159/000080218
589:978-1-284-02568-2
498:10.1038/srep43761
267:stratum compactum
245:that form in the
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58:"Stratum corneum"
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1007:Stratum spinosum
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124:Stratum corneum
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142:in thick skin
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99:December 2008
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1360:Skin anatomy
1153:Sweat glands
1045:Lamina densa
991:
922:
882:(1): 56–65.
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541:(9): 22–42.
538:
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437:Kallikrein-5
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373:Skin disease
368:
364:beta-keratin
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239:Desquamation
237:
217:
196:
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163:
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96:
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72:
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53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1335:Hyponychium
1330:Paronychium
1308:Nail matrix
1186:Root sheath
1145:Skin glands
649:Diagnostics
379:kallikreins
326:evaporation
271:acid mantle
259:corneocytes
233:fatty acids
229:cholesterol
213:dehydration
153:Identifiers
1354:Categories
1325:Eponychium
1313:Nail plate
1221:Hair shaft
1097:Panniculus
713:2021-07-18
700:StatPearls
655:(2): 107.
458:References
400:Micrograph
304:desmosomes
136:Histologic
69:newspapers
1167:Sebaceous
1075:Reticular
1063:Papillary
984:Epidermis
876:Nat Genet
798:1660-5527
754:0953-8178
547:1941-2789
484:: 43761.
308:proteases
296:ceramides
253:Structure
225:ceramides
209:infection
205:epidermis
140:epidermis
904:11404025
896:15619623
806:15452411
762:25813515
708:30020671
681:32079129
630:19726197
565:21938268
516:28266621
432:Hexastix
421:See also
360:moulting
352:reptiles
339:and the
282:Function
1239:Medulla
1229:Cuticle
672:7167948
556:3175800
507:5339821
486:Bibcode
356:ecdysis
319:protein
315:keratin
286:During
221:keratin
148:Details
83:scholar
1318:Lunula
1259:Muscle
1234:Cortex
1136:Adnexa
1101:Pannus
1055:Dermis
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404:atypia
330:absorb
231:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1284:Hair
900:S2CID
386:LEKTI
341:soles
337:hands
323:water
201:Latin
175:[
159:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
1300:Nail
1177:Hair
975:Skin
892:PMID
854:ISBN
827:ISBN
802:PMID
794:ISSN
758:PMID
750:ISSN
704:PMID
677:PMID
626:PMID
584:ISBN
561:PMID
543:ISSN
512:PMID
317:, a
265:and
195:The
62:news
884:doi
786:doi
740:doi
667:PMC
657:doi
618:doi
551:PMC
502:PMC
494:doi
358:or
350:In
45:by
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